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Amer EI, El-Azzouni MZ, El-Bannan RT, Shalaby TI, El-Achy SN, Gomaa MM. Schistosomiasis mansoni: A new therapeutic target for ubiquinol, a natural inhibitor of neutral magnesium-dependent sphingomyelinase in murine model. Acta Trop 2022; 226:106231. [PMID: 34785184 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Constituting the host-parasite interface and playing a censorious role in host immune response modulation and parasite survival, tegument represents a crucial target for many antischistosomal drugs. Sphingomyelin forms a stable outer leaflet of tegumental membrane-lipid bilayer. Neutral magnesium-dependent sphingomyelinase (Mg2+-nSMase) is a key enzyme in sphingomyelin breakdown was identified in schistosomes. We investigated the in vivo efficacy of ubiquinol, a natural inhibitor of Mg2+-nSMase, in free and niosomes-encapsulated forms, through five-day and 15-day regimens on the early and late Schistosoma mansoni parasitic stages, respectively, compared to PZQ. Oral administration of 300 mg/kg/day ubiquinol-encapsulated niosomes (U-N) showed significant deterioration of the parasitic growth and development in the term of reduction of lung schistosomula burden (39.12%), adult worm burden (50.81%), hepatic and intestinal tissue-egg counts (80.89% and 75.54%, respectively). PZQ and free ubiquinol regimens reported reductions in lung schistosomula counts (45.36% and 22.90%, respectively) and total worm burdens of 86.28% and 24.58%, respectively. U-N therapy revealed worms de-pairing and remarkable diminution in female worms' perimeters and fecundity. Scanning electron microscope revealed disruption of tegumental ridges with excessive longitudinal corrugation. Transmission electron microscope showed testicular and ovarian parenchymal degeneration, signs of immaturity and cell apoptosis. Indirect immunofluorescence assay approved parasite's tegumental changes. Remarkable reduction of granulomas size with amelioration of hepatic pathology and fibrosis were assumed to be attributed to the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties of ubiquinol. These findings with the drug safety profile suggest that U-N could be a promising candidate for a new antischistosomal drug development.
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Parreira RLT, Costa ES, Heleno VCG, Magalhães LG, Souza JM, Pauletti PM, Cunha WR, Januário AH, Símaro GV, Bastos JK, Laurentiz RS, Kar T, Caramori GF, Kawano DF, Andrade E Silva ML. Evaluation of Lignans from Piper cubeba against Schistosoma mansoni Adult Worms: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study. Chem Biodivers 2018; 16:e1800305. [PMID: 30335227 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201800305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Six dibenzylbutyrolactonic lignans ((-)-hinokinin (1), (-)-cubebin (2), (-)-yatein (3), (-)-5-methoxyyatein (4), dihydrocubebin (5) and dihydroclusin (6)) were isolated from Piper cubeba seed extract and evaluated against Schistosoma mansoni. All lignans, except 5, were able to separate the adult worm pairs and reduce the egg numbers during 24 h of incubation. Lignans 1, 3 and 4 (containing a lactone ring) were the most efficient concerning antiparasitary activity. Comparing structures 3 and 4, the presence of the methoxy group at position 5 appears to be important for this activity. Considering 1 and 3, it is possible to see that the substitution pattern change (methylenedioxy or methoxy groups) in positions 3' and 4' alter the biological response, with 1 being the second most active compound. Computational calculations suggest that the activity of compound 4 can be correlated with the largest lipophilicity value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato L T Parreira
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, Av. Dr. Armando Salles Oliveira 201, 14404-600 Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eveline S Costa
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, Av. Dr. Armando Salles Oliveira 201, 14404-600 Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vladimir C G Heleno
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, Av. Dr. Armando Salles Oliveira 201, 14404-600 Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lizandra G Magalhães
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, Av. Dr. Armando Salles Oliveira 201, 14404-600 Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julia M Souza
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, Av. Dr. Armando Salles Oliveira 201, 14404-600 Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia M Pauletti
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, Av. Dr. Armando Salles Oliveira 201, 14404-600 Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wilson R Cunha
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, Av. Dr. Armando Salles Oliveira 201, 14404-600 Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana H Januário
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, Av. Dr. Armando Salles Oliveira 201, 14404-600 Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme V Símaro
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, Av. Dr. Armando Salles Oliveira 201, 14404-600 Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jairo K Bastos
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosangela S Laurentiz
- Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Avenida Brasil 56, 15385-000 Ilha Solteira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tapas Kar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 84322-0300, USA
| | - Giovanni F Caramori
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário Trindade, 88040-900, CP 476 Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Daniel Fábio Kawano
- Universidade de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Rua Cândido Portinari 200, 13083-871 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Márcio L Andrade E Silva
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, Av. Dr. Armando Salles Oliveira 201, 14404-600 Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
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Exfoliated Egyptian kaolin immobilized heteropolyoxotungstate nanocomposite as an innovative antischistosomal agent: In vivo and in vitro bioactive studies. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 59:717-730. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.10.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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4
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Fabri RL, Aragão DMDO, Florêncio JR, Pinto NDCC, Mattos ACA, Coelho PMZ, Castañon MCMN, Vasconcelos EG, Pinto PDF, Scio E. Chromatographic fingerprint analysis and effects of the medicinal plant species Mitracarpus frigidus on adult Schistosoma mansoni worms. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:941318. [PMID: 24901000 PMCID: PMC4034476 DOI: 10.1155/2014/941318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this work were to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo schistosomicidal properties of the methanolic extract of the aerial parts of Mitracarpus frigidus (MFM) and to determine its HPLC profile. For the in vitro experiment, four pairs of adult worms, obtained from infected mice, were exposed to different concentrations of MFM (100 to 400 μg/mL) for 24 and 48 h and analyzed under an inverted microscope. For the in vivo experiment, mice were inoculated with cercariae and, 20 days after infection, MFM (100 and 300 mg/kg) was administered orally for the following 25 days. Mice were euthanized after 60 days. MFM showed in vitro schistosomicidal activity, exhibiting the opening of the gynaecophoral canal of some male schistosomes, the presence of contorted muscles, vesicles, and the darkening of the paired worms skin. In vivo experiments showed that MFM treatments significantly reduced total worm count, as praziquantel, showing a decrease in liver and spleen weight. Also, a significant reduction in granuloma density was observed. MFM treatment did not cause alterations in the liver function of either infected or noninfected mice. The HPLC chromatogram profile showed the presence of kaempferol-O-rutinoside, rutin, kaempferol, psychorubrin, and ursolic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Luiz Fabri
- Bioactive Natural Products Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036 900 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Danielle Maria de Oliveira Aragão
- Bioactive Natural Products Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036 900 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Jônatas Rodrigues Florêncio
- Bioactive Natural Products Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036 900 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Nícolas de Castro Campos Pinto
- Bioactive Natural Products Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036 900 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Alves Mattos
- Schistosomiasis Laboratory, René Rachou Research Center, FIOCRUZ, 30190 002 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Paulo Marcos Zech Coelho
- Schistosomiasis Laboratory, René Rachou Research Center, FIOCRUZ, 30190 002 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Eveline Gomes Vasconcelos
- Protein Structure and Function Study Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036 900 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Priscila de Faria Pinto
- Protein Structure and Function Study Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036 900 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Elita Scio
- Bioactive Natural Products Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036 900 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
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Aly HF, Mantawy MM. Efficiency of ginger (Zingbar officinale) against Schistosoma mansoni infection during host-parasite association. Parasitol Int 2013; 62:380-9. [PMID: 23583317 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The possible protective effect of ethanolic extract of ginger against infection with Schistosome mansonii was evaluated in mice. The extract was given daily for 45 days beginning at either 2nd day or 45 days post infection. Oral supplementation of ginger extract to infected animals was effective in reducing worm burden and the egg load in the liver and intestine which coincided with the reduction in granuloma diameters. Ginger extract had also the effect to offset liver fibrosis in response to S. mansoni infection indicated by reduced liver hydroxyproline level and serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). The extract reduces some inflammatory mediators that play a crucial role in schistosomal liver fibrosis and its complications. These include liver xanthine oxidase (XO); nitric oxide (NO); tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α); immunoglobins E, G, and M (Ig-E, Ig-G and Ig-M, respectively), and interleukin 4, 10 and 12 (IL-4, IL-10 and IL-12, respectively). Administration of ginger extract ameliorated the infection-induced alterations in serum gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), alanine amintransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). It was concluded that oral administration of ginger extract to S. mansoni infected mice could minimize the deleterious effects of this parasite on the vital functions of infected animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan F Aly
- Therapeutical Chemistry Department, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt.
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In vitro and in vivo effects of hesperidin treatment on adult worms of Schistosoma mansoni. J Helminthol 2013; 88:362-70. [PMID: 23656891 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x13000278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Hesperidin has been reported to exert a wide range of pharmacological effects, including antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic activities. Herein, the schistosomicidal activity of this compound was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Using an in vitro assay, a concentration of 200 μg/ml of hesperidin resulted in the mortality of 100% adult worms of Schistosoma (S.) mansoni within 72 h and a partial tegumental alteration in 10% of worms. However, after 144 h incubation, 50 and 100 μg/ml concentrations showed 0% and 10% mortality in adult worms, respectively, without any changes to the tegument. Sublethal doses did not influence egg output nor the development of eggs deposited by pairs of adult worms. In an in vivo study, mice infected with S. mansoni and treated with 600 mg hesperidin/kg body weight showed a respective reduction of 50, 45.2, 50 and 47.5% of males, females, worm pairs and total worm burden. In addition, a respective reduction, based on the number of eggs/g tissue, of 41.5, 63.7 and 58.6% was observed in the liver, intestine and liver/intestinal tissue combined. Furthermore, S. mansoni-specific IgG level significantly increased with hesperidin treatment, whereas IgA and IgE levels were not significantly changed. IgM levels decreased in response to cercarial antigen preparation but were not altered in response to soluble worm or soluble egg antigen. As in hesperidin-treated mice, praziquantel-treated mice showed a similar pattern of specific antibody response to S. mansoni antigens. The present study represents the first report on the effects of the schistosomicidal activity of hesperidin.
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Snyman JR, Sommers DK. Effect of levamisole on the immune response of patients with schistosomiasis after treatment with praziquantel. Clin Drug Investig 2012; 15:483-9. [PMID: 18370505 DOI: 10.2165/00044011-199815060-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Successful therapy with praziquantel in schistosomiasis is dependent on a normal host immune system, i.e. the recognition of parasite antigen, to be effective in eradicating the parasite. Levamisole, a nonspecific immunomodulator, has been hypothesised to normalise deficient cell-mediated immunity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of levamisole on the immune response seen after presumed curative doses of praziquantel. After ethical approval, 29 male volunteers infected with Schistosoma haematobium were recruited and randomised to receive orally either (a) levamisole 5 mg/kg for 2 consecutive days, plus praziquantel 40 mg/kg as a single dose, (b) levamisole 5 mg/kg for 2 days, or (c) praziquantel 40 mg/kg as a single dose. Blood samples were collected on day 0 and again 3 months later for differential counts and specific IgG and IgE to whole-worm-antigen, as well as for the detection of eosinophil cationic protein (ECP). Levamisole treatment alone resulted in a significant drop in circulating eosinophil counts, i.e. a median (95% confidence interval) drop of 6.0 (1;7)%. Eosinophil counts did not change significantly after praziquantel therapy alone. ECP values were significantly reduced with levamisole alone and praziquantel alone, i.e. respective median (95% confidence interval) drops of 33.58 (18.94; 55.9) and 16.54 (3.6; 33.5) microg/L (p < 0.05). The group receiving combination therapy demonstrated significant increases in specific IgG values (p = 0.02) with no decline in ECP levels and eosinophil counts compared with baseline values. Levamisole alone had no effect on egg counts. In conclusion, levamisole inhibited circulating eosinophils and eosinophil activation when given alone, but caused immune stimulation when combined with praziquantel. The exact mechanism of action still needs to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Snyman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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9
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Akbarieh M, Besner JG, Galal A, Tawashi R. Liposomal delivery system for the targeting and controlled release of praziquantel. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/03639049209043701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Bashtar A, Ahmed S, Soliman A, Hamed M. Biochemical Studies on Hepatocytes after Immunization of Mice with Schistosomal Worm and Egg Antigens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.3923/ajb.2006.224.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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11
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A. Ali S, . MAH. Effect of Ailanthus altissima and Zizyphus spina-christi on Bilharzial Infestation in Mice: Histological and Histopathological Studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.3923/jas.2006.1437.1446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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12
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Hamed MA, Hetta MH. Efficacy of Citrus reticulata and Mirazid in treatment of Schistosoma mansoni. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2005; 100:771-8. [PMID: 16410968 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762005000700017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This work has been carried out to investigate the effect of Schistosoma mansoni infection on mice livers after treatment with the ethanolic extract of Citrus reticulata root or the oleo-resin extract from Myrrh of Commiphora molmol tree (Mirazid), as a new antishistosomal drug. Marker enzymes for different cell organelles were measured; succinate dehydrogenase (SDH); lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and its isoenzymes; glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase); acid phosphatase (AP) and 5'- nucleotidase. Liver function enzymes; aspartate aminotransferase (AST); alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were also estimated. Parasitological studies through ova count and worm burden will also be taken into consideration. The results showed a marked reduction in SDH, LDH, AST, and ALT enzyme activities and a significant increase in G-6-Pase, AP, 5'- nucleotidase, and ALP after S. mansoni infection. A noticeable alteration in LDH subunits were also noticed. Treatment with C. reticulata or Mirazid improved all the previous enzyme activities with a noticeable reduction in ova count and worm burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal A Hamed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
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13
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Silva LM, Menezes RMC, de Oliveira SA, Andrade ZA. Chemotherapeutic effects on larval stages of Schistosoma mansoni during infection and re-infection of mice. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2003; 36:335-41. [PMID: 12908033 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822003000300004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The sensitivity of the larval stages of Schistosoma mansoni to chemotherapy with praziquantel and oxamniquine was tested in mice during primary and secondary infections and after different intervals from cercarial exposure. Worm recovery by perfusion of the porto-mesenteric system, followed by counting and a morphometric study of the parasite, allowed the conclusion that the relative resistance of the larval stages of S. mansoni to schistosomicide drugs, demonstrated in primary infections, also persists when the host is already infected. This indicates that a therapeutic failure may result when an infected host is treated some time after being re-infected, because of the presence of migrating, drug-resistant, immature forms of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana M Silva
- Laboratório de Patologia Experimental, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, BA, Brazil
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14
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Brindley PJ. Relationships between chemotherapy and immunity in schistosomiasis. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 1994; 34:133-61. [PMID: 7976749 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-308x(08)60138-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P J Brindley
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Bancroft Centre, Brisbane, Australia
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15
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Nabih I, Rizk M, Soliman AM. Studies on carbohydrates extracted from native and chemically treated Biomphalaria alexandrina snails. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY PART C: COMPARATIVE PHARMACOLOGY 1992; 102:397-402. [PMID: 1360350 DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(92)90132-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
1. Carbohydrates were extracted from total tissue extracts of Biomphalaria alexandrina snails and were analyzed to their monosaccharides using GLC. 2. The snails were chemically treated with thioxanthone derivatives (compounds I, II, III) and the change in the monosaccharide constituents of their carbohydrates was investigated. 3. The isolated monosaccharides from native and chemically pretreated snails were injected into mice and their protective effects were examined after infection of mice with cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni. 4. The results showed that the main monosaccharides in carbohydrates of snails were galactose, glucose, fucose and mannose and that chemical treatment caused a drop in the galactose content. 5. Moreover, monosaccharide fractions from snails treated with compound III were the most effective in inducing protection against Schistosoma infection in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Nabih
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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16
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Fallon PG, Cooper RO, Probert AJ, Doenhoff MJ. Immune-dependent chemotherapy of schistosomiasis. Parasitology 1992; 105 Suppl:S41-8. [PMID: 1308928 DOI: 10.1017/s003118200007534x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Host immune responses have been shown to enhance the efficacy of several schistosomicidal drugs. The evidence derives mainly from experiments on Schistosoma mansoni infections in the mouse with their immune status variously modulated; this review emphasises praziquantel (PZQ), which is now the main drug used for treatment of human schistosomiasis. Electron microscopy and indirect immunofluorescence indicate that PZQ disrupts the integrity of the surface membranes of S. mansoni, particularly those covering the dorsal tubercles of adult male worms, and this causes antigens which are the targets of antibody attack to be revealed. We review the evidence that two S. mansoni antigens in particular are implicated in the immune-dependent action of PZQ: a 200 kDa glycoprotein and a 27 kDa antigen with non-specific esterase activity. Consistent with the involvement of the latter antigen, increased non-specific esterase activity was demonstrated histochemically on the surface of intact PZQ-treated male worms, and we describe a chromogenic substrate assay for quantifying the amount of esterase activity that is exposed after drug treatment. The potential relevance of these observations for enhancing the efficacy of drugs currently used to treat human schistosomiasis, and for devising novel therapeutic strategies, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Fallon
- School of Biological Sciences, University College of North Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd
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17
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Piper KP, Mott RF, Hockley DJ, McLaren DJ. Schistosoma mansoni: larval damage and role of effector cell(s) in the synergy between vaccine immunity and praziquantel treatment. Parasitology 1991; 103 Pt 2:207-24. [PMID: 1660590 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182000059497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A number of authors have demonstrated that the schistosomicidal compound, Praziquantel (Pzq), depends for its action upon the immune status of the host (Sabah et al. 1985; Brindley & Sher, 1987; Doenhoff et al. 1987). We have attempted to define the synergistic interaction between immuno- and chemotherapy further, using the murine irradiated vaccine model of schistosomiasis mansoni. In vaccinated mice, resistance operates in the skin but not the lungs; drug targeted towards lung-stage worms exacerbates lung-phase immunity, however, as depicted by the increased number and size of inflammatory reactions in the pulmonary tissues. Parasites are often found trapped within such foci. In the present investigation, light and ultrastructural studies have been utilized to examine the nature and extent of damage inflicted upon lung-stage larvae recovered from day 6 Pzq-treated vaccinated mice. Such studies have revealed that damage involves muscle disorganization, internal disruption and occasionally, loss of the tegument; in the latter case, cells are often seen attached to the denuded lung worms. To identify the crucial cellular effector cell(s) involved in the synergy between immuno- and chemotherapy, cell depletion studies have been performed in vivo. It would appear from these experiments that eosinophils or lymphocytes rather than neutrophils or macrophages are important effector cells in this synergy. Histological studies argue in favour of eosinophils being the key effector cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Piper
- Division of Parasitology, National Institute for Medical Research, London
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Coelho PM, Mello RT, Gerken SE. Schistosoma mansoni: acquired immunity in mice after the use of oxamniquine at the evolutive skin and pulmonary phases. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1991; 33:28-31. [PMID: 1843393 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46651991000100006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice infected with 350 cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni (LE strain) were treated with oxamniquine, at the dose of 400 mg/kg, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h after infection. Forty days after the treatment, the animals were submitted to a challenge infection with 80 cercariae, through the abdominal and ear skins. The number of immature worms in the animal groups treated 24 and 96 h after the first infection was found to be lower than that in the control group, thus showing that the death of schistosomes by chemotherapy, at the skin and pulmonary phases, causes an acquired resistance state.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Coelho
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (ICB/UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brasil
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Doenhoff MJ, Curtis RH, Ngaiza J, Modha J. Proteases in the schistosome life cycle: a paradigm for tumour metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 1990; 9:381-92. [PMID: 2097086 DOI: 10.1007/bf00049526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cancers and parasites have a number of properties in common, particularly those that relate to their respective capacities to evade host defence mechanisms. This review highlights the similarities between metastatic tumours and schistosomes in particular, and describes the role that proteases may have in the migration, growth, survival and transmission of the different stages of the schistosome life-cycle in the vertebrate host. An elastase-like serine protease of schistosome larvae has been particularly well characterized, and its substrate profile and other properties are indicative of a role in facilitating migration of the parasite through skin tissue early after infection. The primary structures of a cathepsin B-like enzyme, and a putative 'haemoglobinase' found in adult worms have also recently been derived, these enzymes being responsible for degradation of haemoglobin in erythrocytes upon which the adults feed. Adult schistosome worms reside and produce eggs intravascularly, and the processes that mediate the extravasation and subsequent migration of the egg through host tissue are dependent on both blood platelets and the immune response. Fibrino(geno)lytic enzymatic activity that is present in the egg could modulate the thrombogenic potential that eggs might have as a result of their capacity to cause platelet aggregation in vitro and in vivo. The roles of other proteases and peptidases that have been found in schistosome larvae, worms and eggs are less clear. Some of these enzymes may modulate immunological and haemostatic defence mechanisms and thus prolong survival of the parasite, and the consequences of the interactions between schistosomes and host protease inhibitors could also be immune modulatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Doenhoff
- School of Biological Sciences, University College of North Wales, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Brindley
- Immunology and Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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21
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Piper KP, Mott RF, McLaren DJ. Schistosoma mansoni: histological analysis of the synergistic interaction between vaccine immunity and praziquantel therapy in the lungs of mice. Parasite Immunol 1990; 12:367-87. [PMID: 2119493 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.1990.tb00975.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Naive CBA mice and mice vaccinated 4 weeks previously with gamma-irradiated cercariae of S. mansoni were challenged percutaneously with normal cercariae and then treated with 500 mg/kg body weight of Praziquantel (Pzq). The drug was administered intradermally on day 1 or intramuscularly on day 6, thus targeting against skin stage or lung stage challenge larvae respectively. The skin site of challenge and/or the lungs were removed at various time points to provide samples for histological examination. As reported elsewhere (Flisser, Delgado & McLaren 1989) the efficacy of Pzq was significantly enhanced in vaccinated mice and was influenced by the treatment regime. Histological analysis revealed that when Pzq was administered I/D on day 1 to vaccinated mice, the inflammatory response to challenge differed in extent but not nature from that seen in vaccinated but untreated cohorts. This correlates with worm recovery data showing no (this study), or only marginal synergy between drug treatment and immunity using this regimen of drug treatment (Flisser et al. 1989). Following the day 6 protocol of drug delivery, however, lungs from treated vaccinated mice exhibited many large inflammatory reactions containing trapped challenge larvae. In contrast, lungs from untreated vaccinated mice had only few foci which were small and rarely contained trapped larvae. These data again correlate well with worm recovery data showing that there is a highly significant synergy between vaccination and drug treatment administered at this time (Flisser et al. 1989; this study). It would seem, therefore, that Pzq exacerbates lung phase immunity in the NIMR vaccine mouse model where skin phase immunity predominates and pulmonary attrition is normally minimal. The results are discussed in the light of published data concerning the effector mechanisms thought to characterize skin and lung phase vaccine resistance in the murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Piper
- Division of Parasitology, National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, UK
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22
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Modha J, Lambertucci JR, Doenhoff MJ, McLaren DJ. Immune dependence of schistosomicidal chemotherapy: an ultrastructural study of Schistosoma mansoni adult worms exposed to praziquantel and immune serum in vivo. Parasite Immunol 1990; 12:321-34. [PMID: 2117266 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.1990.tb00958.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the immune-dependence of praziquantel (PZQ) for the treatment of Schistosomiasis mansoni in mice. We have shown elsewhere from worm recovery data that the efficacy of PZQ is significantly enhanced when mice are treated concomitantly with antisera raised against antigens released from adult schistosomes, even though such antisera show no intrinsic helminthotoxic activity (Doenhoff et al. 1987, Doenhoff, Modha & Lambertucci 1988). Moreover, indirect immunofluorescence assays have shown that male worms exposed to the dual treatment regime in vivo bind antiserum to their dorsal surfaces in a pattern that seems to follow the outline of the dorsal tubercles. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy have now been used to further define the features of damage inflicted upon worms through exposure to antiserum alone, drug alone, or the two treatments in combination. Such investigations revealed that the antiserum induces a classical membrane repair process in worms of both sexes, but little other damage. PZQ causes the formation of spherical protuberances on the dorsal tubercles of male worms, while the dual treatment regime induces both kinds of damage in male schistosomes, but with much enhanced severity. The protuberances show evidence of explosion and some regions of the tegument become completely destroyed. Regions other than the dorsal surfaces of the male worms do not exhibit comparable trauma, and neither do the females. These data are discussed in relation to the known schistosomicidal activity of PZQ, the notion that male and female worms exhibit regional and sexual differences in susceptibility, documented evasive strategies of the parasite and the interdependence of immuno- and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Modha
- Department of Medical Parasitology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, St Albans, Herts, UK
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23
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Shaw MK. Schistosoma mansoni: stage-dependent damage after in vivo treatment with praziquantel. Parasitology 1990; 100 Pt 1:65-72. [PMID: 2107508 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182000060121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The in vivo effects of a single, subcurative dose (200 mg/kg body wt of mouse) of praziquantel on the structure of the tegument and subtegumental tissues of juvenile (21-, 26- and 30-day-old) and adult Schistosoma mansoni are described. In juvenile worms praziquantel caused only moderate damage to both the tegument and subtegumental tissues although the degree of drug-induced damage was related to both the sex of the worms and to the developmental status of each individual worm. In general, male worms exhibited more extensive and longer lasting surface damage than females. However, the level and extent of the changes increased as the worms became more developmentally advanced with adult worms showing extensive damage to the tegument and vacuolization and disruption of the subtegumental tissues. The possible correlation between the stage-dependent changes in susceptibility to praziquantel and age-related changes, particularly in the phospholipid composition of the outer tegumental membrane is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Shaw
- Department of Zoology, University College, Cardiff, Wales, UK
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24
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Flisser A, Delgado VS, McLaren DJ. Schistosoma mansoni: enhanced efficacy of praziquantel treatment in immune mice. Parasite Immunol 1989; 11:319-28. [PMID: 2506506 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.1989.tb00670.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Naive CBA/Ca mice and CBA/Ca mice vaccinated 4 weeks previously with radiation-attenuated cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni were challenged with normal cercariae and then treated with 500 mg/kg body weight of Praziquantel (Pzq). The drug was administered intramuscularly or intradermally on day 1, but intramuscularly only on day 6. The results show clearly that in naive mice skin-stage larvae were susceptible to Pzq provided the drug was given intradermally on day 1. Lung worms were susceptible to Pzq given intramuscularly on day 6. Drug efficacy in naive mice is thus dependent upon treatment being given at the correct time and via the optimal route. The efficiency of Pzq treatment was enhanced in vaccinated mice, but was again affected by the treatment regime. Analysis of the data revealed a highly significant synergistic effect between drug treatment and vaccination when Pzq was given intramuscularly on day 6. Synergy was detectable but only marginally significant when the drug was administered intradermally on day 1, and could not be demonstrated when Pzq was given via the intramuscular route on day 1. These findings are discussed in the light of known sites and mechanisms of vaccine resistance in mice, as well as in relation to the mode of action of Pzq against schistosome parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Flisser
- Division of Parasitology, National Institute for Medical Research, London, UK
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