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Dario MA, Pavan MG, Rodrigues MS, Lisboa CV, Kluyber D, Desbiez ALJ, Herrera HM, Roque ALR, Lima L, Teixeira MMG, Jansen AM. Trypanosoma rangeli Genetic, Mammalian Hosts, and Geographical Diversity from Five Brazilian Biomes. Pathogens 2021; 10:736. [PMID: 34207936 PMCID: PMC8230690 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma rangeli is a generalist hemoflagellate that infects mammals and is transmitted by triatomines around Latin America. Due to its high genetic diversity, it can be classified into two to five lineages. In Brazil, its distribution outside the Amazon region is virtually unknown, and knowledge on the ecology of its lineages and on host species diversity requires further investigation. Here, we analyzed 57 T. rangeli samples obtained from hemocultures and blood clots of 1392 mammals captured in different Brazilian biomes. The samples were subjected to small subunit (SSU) rDNA amplification and sequencing to confirm T. rangeli infection. Phylogenetic inferences and haplotype networks were reconstructed to classify T. rangeli lineages and to infer the genetic diversity of the samples. The results obtained in our study highlighted both the mammalian host range and distribution of T. rangeli in Brazil: infection was observed in five new species (Procyon cancrivorous, Priodontes maximum, Alouatta belzebul, Sapajus libidinosus, and Trinomys dimidiatus), and transmission was observed in the Caatinga biome. The coati (Nasua nasua) and capuchin monkey (S. libidinosus) are the key hosts of T. rangeli. We identified all four T. rangeli lineages previously reported in Brazil (A, B, D, and E) and possibly two new genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Augusta Dario
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (M.A.D.); (M.S.R.); (C.V.L.); (A.L.R.R.)
| | - Márcio Galvão Pavan
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-36, Brazil;
| | - Marina Silva Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (M.A.D.); (M.S.R.); (C.V.L.); (A.L.R.R.)
| | - Cristiane Varella Lisboa
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (M.A.D.); (M.S.R.); (C.V.L.); (A.L.R.R.)
| | - Danilo Kluyber
- Associate Researcher, Naples Zoo at Caribbeans Gardens, Naples, FL 34102, USA;
- Instituto de Conservação de Animais Silvestres (ICAS), Campo Grande 79037-100, Brazil;
| | - Arnaud L. J. Desbiez
- Instituto de Conservação de Animais Silvestres (ICAS), Campo Grande 79037-100, Brazil;
| | - Heitor Miraglia Herrera
- Pós-Graduação em Ciência Ambientais e Sustentabilidade Agropecuária, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande 79117-900, Brazil;
- Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79117-900, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Rodrigues Roque
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (M.A.D.); (M.S.R.); (C.V.L.); (A.L.R.R.)
| | - Luciana Lima
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (L.L.); (M.M.G.T.)
| | - Marta M. G. Teixeira
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (L.L.); (M.M.G.T.)
| | - Ana Maria Jansen
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (M.A.D.); (M.S.R.); (C.V.L.); (A.L.R.R.)
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Bradwell KR, Koparde VN, Matveyev AV, Serrano MG, Alves JMP, Parikh H, Huang B, Lee V, Espinosa-Alvarez O, Ortiz PA, Costa-Martins AG, Teixeira MMG, Buck GA. Genomic comparison of Trypanosoma conorhini and Trypanosoma rangeli to Trypanosoma cruzi strains of high and low virulence. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:770. [PMID: 30355302 PMCID: PMC6201504 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5112-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Trypanosoma conorhini and Trypanosoma rangeli, like Trypanosoma cruzi, are kinetoplastid protist parasites of mammals displaying divergent hosts, geographic ranges and lifestyles. Largely nonpathogenic T. rangeli and T. conorhini represent clades that are phylogenetically closely related to the T. cruzi and T. cruzi-like taxa and provide insights into the evolution of pathogenicity in those parasites. T. rangeli, like T. cruzi is endemic in many Latin American countries, whereas T. conorhini is tropicopolitan. T. rangeli and T. conorhini are exclusively extracellular, while T. cruzi has an intracellular stage in the mammalian host. Results Here we provide the first comprehensive sequence analysis of T. rangeli AM80 and T. conorhini 025E, and provide a comparison of their genomes to those of T. cruzi G and T. cruzi CL, respectively members of T. cruzi lineages TcI and TcVI. We report de novo assembled genome sequences of the low-virulent T. cruzi G, T. rangeli AM80, and T. conorhini 025E ranging from ~ 21–25 Mbp, with ~ 10,000 to 13,000 genes, and for the highly virulent and hybrid T. cruzi CL we present a ~ 65 Mbp in-house assembled haplotyped genome with ~ 12,500 genes per haplotype. Single copy orthologs of the two T. cruzi strains exhibited ~ 97% amino acid identity, and ~ 78% identity to proteins of T. rangeli or T. conorhini. Proteins of the latter two organisms exhibited ~ 84% identity. T. cruzi CL exhibited the highest heterozygosity. T. rangeli and T. conorhini displayed greater metabolic capabilities for utilization of complex carbohydrates, and contained fewer retrotransposons and multigene family copies, i.e. trans-sialidases, mucins, DGF-1, and MASP, compared to T. cruzi. Conclusions Our analyses of the T. rangeli and T. conorhini genomes closely reflected their phylogenetic proximity to the T. cruzi clade, and were largely consistent with their divergent life cycles. Our results provide a greater context for understanding the life cycles, host range expansion, immunity evasion, and pathogenesis of these trypanosomatids. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-5112-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie R Bradwell
- Center for the Study of Biological Complexity, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Present address: Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vishal N Koparde
- Center for the Study of Biological Complexity, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Andrey V Matveyev
- Center for the Study of Biological Complexity, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Myrna G Serrano
- Center for the Study of Biological Complexity, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - João M P Alves
- Department of Parasitology, ICB, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Hardik Parikh
- Center for the Study of Biological Complexity, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Bernice Huang
- Center for the Study of Biological Complexity, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Vladimir Lee
- Center for the Study of Biological Complexity, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | - Paola A Ortiz
- Department of Parasitology, ICB, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Marta M G Teixeira
- Department of Parasitology, ICB, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gregory A Buck
- Center for the Study of Biological Complexity, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
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Stoco PH, Wagner G, Talavera-Lopez C, Gerber A, Zaha A, Thompson CE, Bartholomeu DC, Lückemeyer DD, Bahia D, Loreto E, Prestes EB, Lima FM, Rodrigues-Luiz G, Vallejo GA, Filho JFDS, Schenkman S, Monteiro KM, Tyler KM, de Almeida LGP, Ortiz MF, Chiurillo MA, de Moraes MH, Cunha ODL, Mendonça-Neto R, Silva R, Teixeira SMR, Murta SMF, Sincero TCM, Mendes TADO, Urmenyi TP, Silva VG, DaRocha WD, Andersson B, Romanha ÁJ, Steindel M, de Vasconcelos ATR, Grisard EC. Genome of the avirulent human-infective trypanosome--Trypanosoma rangeli. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3176. [PMID: 25233456 PMCID: PMC4169256 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trypanosoma rangeli is a hemoflagellate protozoan parasite infecting humans and other wild and domestic mammals across Central and South America. It does not cause human disease, but it can be mistaken for the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, Trypanosoma cruzi. We have sequenced the T. rangeli genome to provide new tools for elucidating the distinct and intriguing biology of this species and the key pathways related to interaction with its arthropod and mammalian hosts. Methodology/Principal Findings The T. rangeli haploid genome is ∼24 Mb in length, and is the smallest and least repetitive trypanosomatid genome sequenced thus far. This parasite genome has shorter subtelomeric sequences compared to those of T. cruzi and T. brucei; displays intraspecific karyotype variability and lacks minichromosomes. Of the predicted 7,613 protein coding sequences, functional annotations could be determined for 2,415, while 5,043 are hypothetical proteins, some with evidence of protein expression. 7,101 genes (93%) are shared with other trypanosomatids that infect humans. An ortholog of the dcl2 gene involved in the T. brucei RNAi pathway was found in T. rangeli, but the RNAi machinery is non-functional since the other genes in this pathway are pseudogenized. T. rangeli is highly susceptible to oxidative stress, a phenotype that may be explained by a smaller number of anti-oxidant defense enzymes and heat-shock proteins. Conclusions/Significance Phylogenetic comparison of nuclear and mitochondrial genes indicates that T. rangeli and T. cruzi are equidistant from T. brucei. In addition to revealing new aspects of trypanosome co-evolution within the vertebrate and invertebrate hosts, comparative genomic analysis with pathogenic trypanosomatids provides valuable new information that can be further explored with the aim of developing better diagnostic tools and/or therapeutic targets. Comparative genomics is a powerful tool that affords detailed study of the genetic and evolutionary basis for aspects of lifecycles and pathologies caused by phylogenetically related pathogens. The reference genome sequences of three trypanosomatids, T. brucei, T. cruzi and L. major, and subsequent addition of multiple Leishmania and Trypanosoma genomes has provided data upon which large-scale investigations delineating the complex systems biology of these human parasites has been built. Here, we compare the annotated genome sequence of T. rangeli strain SC-58 to available genomic sequence and annotation data from related species. We provide analysis of gene content, genome architecture and key characteristics associated with the biology of this non-pathogenic trypanosome. Moreover, we report striking new genomic features of T. rangeli compared with its closest relative, T. cruzi, such as (1) considerably less amplification on the gene copy number within multigene virulence factor families such as MASPs, trans-sialidases and mucins; (2) a reduced repertoire of genes encoding anti-oxidant defense enzymes; and (3) the presence of vestigial orthologs of the RNAi machinery, which are insufficient to constitute a functional pathway. Overall, the genome of T. rangeli provides for a much better understanding of the identity, evolution, regulation and function of trypanosome virulence determinants for both mammalian host and insect vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Hermes Stoco
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- * E-mail: (PHS); (ECG)
| | - Glauber Wagner
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina, Joaçaba, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Carlos Talavera-Lopez
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexandra Gerber
- Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica, Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Arnaldo Zaha
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Diana Bahia
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elgion Loreto
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Fábio Mitsuo Lima
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Sérgio Schenkman
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Kevin Morris Tyler
- Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, Health Policy and Practice, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mauro Freitas Ortiz
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Miguel Angel Chiurillo
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado, Barquisimeto, Venezuela
| | | | | | | | - Rosane Silva
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Turán Peter Urmenyi
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Björn Andersson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Álvaro José Romanha
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Mário Steindel
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | - Edmundo Carlos Grisard
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- * E-mail: (PHS); (ECG)
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Differentiation of Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma rangeli of Colombia using minicircle hybridization tests. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2010; 68:265-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2010.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Revised: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Sequencing and analysis of chromosomal extremities of Trypanosoma rangeli in comparison with Trypanosoma cruzi lineages. Parasitol Res 2010; 108:459-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-2087-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ortiz P, Maia da Silva F, Cortez A, Lima L, Campaner M, Pral E, Alfieri S, Teixeira M. Genes of cathepsin L-like proteases in Trypanosoma rangeli isolates: markers for diagnosis, genotyping and phylogenetic relationships. Acta Trop 2009; 112:249-59. [PMID: 19683503 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2009] [Revised: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We have sequenced genes encoding cathepsin L-like (CatL-like) cysteine proteases from isolates of Trypanosoma rangeli from humans, wild mammals and Rhodnius species of Central and South America. Phylogenetic trees of sequences encoding mature CatL-like enzymes of T. rangeli and homologous genes from other trypanosomes, Leishmania spp. and bodonids positioned sequences of T. rangeli (rangelipain) closest to T. cruzi (cruzipain). Phylogenetic tree of kinetoplastids based on sequences of CatL-like was totally congruent with those derived from SSU rRNA and gGAPDH genes. Analysis of sequences from the CatL-like catalytic domains of 17 isolates representative of the overall phylogenetic diversity and geographical range of T. rangeli supported all the lineages (A-D) previously defined using ribosomal and spliced leader genes. Comparison of the proteolytic activities of T. rangeli isolates revealed heterogeneous banding profiles of cysteine proteases in gelatin gels, with differences even among isolates of the same lineage. CatL-like sequences proved to be excellent targets for diagnosis and genotyping of T. rangeli by PCR. Data from CatL-like encoding genes agreed with results from previous studies of kDNA markers, and ribosomal and spliced leader genes, thereby corroborating clonal evolution, independent transmission cycles and the divergence of T. rangeli lineages associated with sympatric species of Rhodnius.
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Cabrine-Santos M, Ferreira KA, Tosi LR, Lages-Silva E, Ramírez LE, Pedrosa AL. Karyotype variability in KP1(+) and KP1(-) strains of Trypanosoma rangeli isolated in Brazil and Colombia. Acta Trop 2009; 110:57-64. [PMID: 19283897 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the molecular karyotypes of 12 KP1(+) and KP1(-) Trypanosoma rangeli strains were determined and 10 different molecular markers were hybridized to the chromosomes of the parasite, including seven obtained from T. rangeli [ubiquitin hydrolase (UH), a predicted serine/threonine protein kinase (STK), hexose transporter, hypothetical protein, three anonymous sequences] and three from Trypanosoma cruzi [ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 (UBE2), ribosomal RNA methyltransferase (rRNAmtr), proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 6 (PSMD6)]. Despite intraspecific variation, analysis of the karyotype profiles permitted the division of the T. rangeli strains into two groups coinciding with the KP1(+) and KP1(-) genotypes. Southern blot hybridization showed that, except for the hexose transporter probe, all other probes produced distinct patterns able to differentiate the KP1(+) and KP1(-) genotypes. The UH, STK and An-1A04 probes exclusively hybridized to the chromosomes of KP1(+) strains and can be used as markers of this group. In addition, the UBE2, rRNAmtr and PSMD6 markers, which are present in a conserved region in all trypanosomatid species sequenced so far, co-hybridized to the same T. rangeli chromosomal bands, suggesting the occurrence of gene synteny in these species. The finding of distinct molecular karyotypes in KP1(+) and KP1(-) strains of T. rangeli is noteworthy and might be used as a new approach to the study of genetic variability in this parasite. Together with the Southern blot hybridization results, these findings demonstrate that differences at the kDNA level might be associated with variations in nuclear DNA.
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Cuervo C, López MC, Puerta C. The Trypanosoma rangeli histone H2A gene sequence serves as a differential marker for KP1 strains. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2006; 6:401-9. [PMID: 16504597 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2006.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2005] [Revised: 01/16/2006] [Accepted: 01/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma rangeli has recently been divided in two primary lineages denoted as KP1(+) and KP1(-) strains because of epidemiological and evolutionary interest in the molecular differentiation of these two groups. We report the molecular characterization of the genes encoding histone H2A protein from a T. rangeli KP1(+) strain (H14), its comparison to T. rangeli KP1(-) strain (C23) histone H2A coding genes [Puerta, C., Cuervo, P., Thomas, M.C., López, M.C., 2000. Molecular characterization of the histone H2A gene from the parasite Trypanosoma rangeli. Parasitol. Res. 86, 916-922], and its application in a low-stringency single specific primer polymerase chain reaction (LSSP-PCR) assay to differentiate these parasite groups. The results show that the locus encoding the H2A protein in the H14 strain is formed by at least 11 gene units measuring 799 nucleotides in length, organized in tandem, and located in two chromosomes of approximately 1.9 and 1.1Mb in size. Remarkably, in KP1(-) strains these genes are on pairs of chromosomes of about 1.7 and 1.9Mb. In addition, there is a hybridization signal in the compression region above 2.1Mb in all T. rangeli strains. Therefore, the chromosomal location of these genes is a useful marker to distinguish between KP1(+) and KP1(-) T. rangeli strains. The alignment of the H2A nucleotide sequences from H14 and C23 strains showed an identity of 99.5% between the coding regions and an identity of 95% between the non-coding regions. The deduced amino acid sequences proved to be identical. Based on 5% of the difference between the intergenic regions, we developed a LSSP-PCR assay which can differentiate between KP1(+) and KP1(-) strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cuervo
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad Ciencias, Universidad Javeriana, Carrera 7 No. 43-82, Edificio 50, Laboratorio 113, Bogotá, Colombia
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Da Silva FM, Noyes H, Campaner M, Junqueira ACV, Coura JR, Añez N, Shaw JJ, Stevens JR, Teixeira MMG. Phylogeny, taxonomy and grouping of Trypanosoma rangeli isolates from man, triatomines and sylvatic mammals from widespread geographical origin based on SSU and ITS ribosomal sequences. Parasitology 2004; 129:549-61. [PMID: 15552400 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182004005931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Phylogenetic relationships among Trypanosoma rangeli isolates from man, wild mammals and triatomine bugs from widespread geographical origin were inferred by comparison of the small subunit of ribosomal gene sequences. The phylogenetic trees indicated that the subgenus Herpetosoma is polyphyletic and strongly supported division of this group into two monophyletic lineages, one made up of T. rangeli, T. rangeli-like and allied species and other consisting of T. lewisi and related taxa. Based on phylogenetic analysis, morphology, behaviour in vertebrate and invertebrate hosts and epidemiology we propose: a) the validation of Herpetosoma as a taxon comprised only for species of group lewisi and the maintenance of T. lewisi as the type-species of this subgenus; b) the classification of T. rangeli, T. rangeli-like and allied species into a ‘T. rangeli-clade’ more closely related to Schizotrypanum than to T. lewisi or T. brucei. The phylogenetic tree disclosed at least 4 groups within the clade T. rangeli, all confirmed by polymorphism of the internal transcribed spacer, thus conferring for the first time phylogenetic support to groups of T. rangeli and corroborating the high complexity of this taxon. Grouping was independent of their mammalian host-species and geographical origin, indicating that other factors are determining this segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Maia Da Silva
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
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Macedo AM, Machado CR, Oliveira RP, Pena SDJ. Trypanosoma cruzi: genetic structure of populations and relevance of genetic variability to the pathogenesis of chagas disease. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2004; 99:1-12. [PMID: 15057339 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762004000100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, has a variable clinical course, ranging from symptomless infection to severe chronic disease with cardiovascular or gastrointestinal involvement or, occasionally, overwhelming acute episodes. The factors influencing this clinical variability have not been elucidated, but it is likely that the genetic variability of both the host and the parasite are of importance. In this work we review the the genetic structure of T. cruzi populations and analyze the importance of genetic variation of the parasite in the pathogenesis of the disease under the light of the histotropic-clonal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa M Macedo
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30161-970, Brasil
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Chiurillo MA, Crisante G, Rojas A, Peralta A, Dias M, Guevara P, Añez N, Ramírez JL. Detection of Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma rangeli infection by duplex PCR assay based on telomeric sequences. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2003; 10:775-9. [PMID: 12965903 PMCID: PMC193880 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.10.5.775-779.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We used the species specificity and repetitious nature of subtelomeric kinetoplastida sequences to generate a duplex PCR assay for the simultaneous detection of Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma rangeli in experimentally and naturally infected triatomine (Reduviid) bugs and in infected human subjects. The assay was species specific and was capable of detecting 1/20th of T. cruzi and 1/4th of T. rangeli cell equivalents without complementary hybridization. In addition, the PCR-based assay was robust enough for direct application to difficult biological samples such as Reduviid feces or guts and was capable of recognizing all T. cruzi and T. rangeli strains and lineages. Because the assay primers amplify entirely different target sequences, no reaction interference was observed, facilitating future adaptation of this assay to an automated format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Angel Chiurillo
- Decanato de Medicina, Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado, Barquisimeto 3001, Venezuela
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Abstract
Trypanosoma rangeli, a parasite generally considered non-pathogenic for man, is the second species of human trypanosome to be reported from the New World. The geographical distribution of T. rangeli often overlaps with that of T. cruzi, the same vertebrate and invertebrate hosts being infected. Their differentiation thus becomes of real, practical importance, particularly as they share approximately half the antigenic determinants recognized by the humoral response. Little is known about the life cycle of T. rangeli in the vertebrate host, although thousands of human and wild animal infections have been reported. Recent studies have revealed 2 major phylogenetic lineages in T. rangeli having different characteristics, thus leading to better understanding of the epidemiology and interactions with this parasite's vertebrate hosts and triatomine vectors. Based on further genetic characterization analysis, the authors have proposed 2 alternative hypotheses and consider that T. rangeli could have had clonal evolution or have been subjected to speciation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Guhl
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Tropical, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
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Guhl F, Jaramillo C, Carranza JC, Vallejo GA. Molecular characterization and diagnosis of trypanosoma cruzi and T. rangeli. Arch Med Res 2002; 33:362-70. [PMID: 12234526 DOI: 10.1016/s0188-4409(02)00380-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The parasitic protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi infects an estimated 16 million individuals in Latin America. In a variable proportion of patients, this infection can result in a life-threatening cardiac or digestive pathology recognized as Chagas disease. In the majority of cases, the parasitemic phase of infection is transient and often goes unnoticed against the high background of endemic diseases present in the low-income groups usually affected by T. cruzi infection. Consequently, diagnosis of the infection by direct microscopic examination is rarely possible; therefore, routine serologic procedures as well as modern molecular techniques provide the most sensitive indicators of human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Guhl
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Tropical, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.
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Toaldo CB, Steindel M, Sousa MA, Tavares CC. Molecular karyotype and chromosomal localization of genes encoding beta-tubulin, cysteine proteinase, hsp 70 and actin in Trypanosoma rangeli. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2001; 96:113-21. [PMID: 11285482 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762001000100013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular karyotype of nine Trypanosoma rangeli strains was analyzed by contour-clamped homogeneous electric field electrophoresis, followed by the chromosomal localization of beta-tubulin, cysteine proteinase, 70 kDa heat shock protein (hsp 70) and actin genes. The T. rangeli strains were isolated from either insects or mammals from El Salvador, Honduras, Venezuela, Colombia, Panama and southern Brazil. Also, T. cruzi CL-Brener clone was included for comparison. Despite the great similarity observed among strains from Brazil, the molecular karyotype of all T. rangeli strains analyzed revealed extensive chromosome polymorphism. In addition, it was possible to distinguish T. rangeli from T. cruzi by the chromosomal DNA electrophoresis pattern. The localization of beta-tubulin genes revealed differences among T. rangeli strains and confirmed the similarity between the isolates from Brazil. Hybridization assays using probes directed to the cysteine proteinase, hsp 70 and actin genes discriminated T. rangeli from T. cruzi, proving that these genes are useful molecular markers for the differential diagnosis between these two species. Numerical analysis based on the molecular karyotype data revealed a high degree of polymorphism among T. rangeli strains isolated from southern Brazil and strains isolated from Central and the northern South America. The T. cruzi reference strain was not clustered with any T. rangeli strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Toaldo
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-013, Brasil
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el Tai NO, Osman OF, el Fari M, Presber W, Schönian G. Genetic heterogeneity of ribosomal internal transcribed spacer in clinical samples of Leishmania donovani spotted on filter paper as revealed by single-strand conformation polymorphisms and sequencing. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2000; 94:575-9. [PMID: 11132393 DOI: 10.1016/s0035-9203(00)90093-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A polymerase chain reaction and single-strand conformation polymorphism determination (PCR-SSCP) was used to detect deoxyribonucleic acid sequence polymorphisms in the transcribed non-coding regions between the small and large sub-unit ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) genes in Leishmania donovani from 63 clinical samples collected in eastern Sudan, between April 1997 and October 1998. Specific Leishmania primers were used to amplify the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of L. donovani isolates directly from clinical samples spotted on filter papers. Amplification products were subsequently analysed by SSCP. Eleven polymorphic patterns were detected in the first part of the spacer, the ITS1 region, and were sequenced. Most of the changes were due to deletions of adenine bases and AT pairs within the first 192 nucleotides of the ITS region. This is the first application of PCR-linked SSCP analysis for the detection of population variation with direct display of sequence variation in parasitologically positive clinical samples spotted on filter paper. Culturing the parasite is thus not required, which is beneficial particularly in epidemiological studies based on field work where obtaining cultures can be extremely difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- N O el Tai
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum, P.O. Box 321, Sudan
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Bontempi EJ, García GA, Buschiazzo A, Henriksson J, Pravia CA, Ruiz AM, Pettersson U, Pszenny V. The tyrosine aminotransferase from Trypanosoma rangeli: sequence and genomic characterization. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2000; 189:253-7. [PMID: 10930747 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2000.tb09239.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The complete sequence and genomic characterization of the tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) gene from Trypanosoma rangeli is reported. The gene was found to be organized in a tandem multicopy gene array. A homologous mRNA species (2.5 kb) was identified in the epimastigote form of the parasite. From the deduced amino acid sequence, the gene encodes a protein of 420 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 46.4 kDa and a theoretical pI of 6.23. A high sequence identity was found with the Trypanosoma cruzi, human and rat enzymes. All the essential residues for TAT enzymatic activity are conserved, as well as a pyridoxal-phosphate attachment site typical of class-I aminotransferases. The recombinant enzyme was recognized by a monoclonal antibody against the T. cruzi enzyme. Additionally, the recombinant protein showed enzymatic activity when incubated with L-tyrosine and 2-oxoglutaric acid as substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Bontempi
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitologia Dr. M. Fatala Chaben, Buenos Aires,Argentina.
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Cuba Cuba A. [Review of the biologic and diagnostic aspects of Trypanosoma (Herpetosoma) rangeli]. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 1998; 31:207-20. [PMID: 9608240 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86821998000200007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review has three objectives: a) To stimulate further research of this prevalent human infection b) to examine the progress of current diagnostic techniques and c) to emphasise the significance of the flagellate parasite Trypanosoma (Herpetosoma) rangeli in Chagas' Disease endemic areas of South and Central America. Both Trypanosoma rangeli and Trypanosoma cruzi overlap in many of the areas of Latin America utilising the same triatomine vectors. Also a vast range of mammalian species have been found naturally infected with T. rangeli. The biology of the parasitism of T. rangeli is revised and emphasis is given regarding its biological cycle. T. cruzi and T. rangeli share common antigens and cross react serologically. Human infection in the chronic phase may be misdiagnosed as T. cruzi infection. Conventional and modern diagnostic and identification methods are discussed. Unfortunately we do not know the real distribution of T. rangeli infections in most areas and epidemiological studies to examine concomitant dual infections deserve further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cuba Cuba
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade de Brasilia, DF, Brasil
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