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You H, Jones MK, Gordon CA, Arganda AE, Cai P, Al-Wassiti H, Pouton CW, McManus DP. The mRNA Vaccine Technology Era and the Future Control of Parasitic Infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 2023; 36:e0024121. [PMID: 36625671 PMCID: PMC10035331 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00241-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite intensive long-term efforts, with very few exceptions, the development of effective vaccines against parasitic infections has presented considerable challenges, given the complexity of parasite life cycles, the interplay between parasites and their hosts, and their capacity to escape the host immune system and to regulate host immune responses. For many parasitic diseases, conventional vaccine platforms have generally proven ill suited, considering the complex manufacturing processes involved and the costs they incur, the inability to posttranslationally modify cloned target antigens, and the absence of long-lasting protective immunity induced by these antigens. An effective antiparasite vaccine platform is required to assess the effectiveness of novel vaccine candidates at high throughput. By exploiting the approach that has recently been used successfully to produce highly protective COVID mRNA vaccines, we anticipate a new wave of research to advance the use of mRNA vaccines to prevent parasitic infections in the near future. This article considers the characteristics that are required to develop a potent antiparasite vaccine and provides a conceptual foundation to promote the development of parasite mRNA-based vaccines. We review the recent advances and challenges encountered in developing antiparasite vaccines and evaluate the potential of developing mRNA vaccines against parasites, including those causing diseases such as malaria and schistosomiasis, against which vaccines are currently suboptimal or not yet available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong You
- Department of Infection and Inflammation, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Malcolm K. Jones
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Catherine A. Gordon
- Department of Infection and Inflammation, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Alexa E. Arganda
- Department of Infection and Inflammation, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Pengfei Cai
- Department of Infection and Inflammation, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Harry Al-Wassiti
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Colin W. Pouton
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Donald P. McManus
- Department of Infection and Inflammation, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
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Gauci CG, Jenkins DJ, Lightowlers MW. Protection against cystic echinococcosis in sheep using an Escherichia coli-expressed recombinant antigen (EG95) as a bacterin. Parasitology 2022; 150:1-3. [PMID: 36226566 PMCID: PMC10090584 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182022001457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The EG95 recombinant vaccine is protective against cystic echinococcus in animal intermediate hosts. Preparation of the existing, registered EG95 vaccines involves semi-purification of the vaccine protein, adding to the cost of production. Truncation of the EG95 cDNA, shortening both the amino and carboxy-termini of the protein, leads to high levels of recombinant protein expression. The recombinant EG95 protein was prepared as a bacterin from clarified, whole bacterial lysate, and used in a vaccine trial in sheep against an experimental challenge infection with Echinococcus granulosus eggs. The EG95 bacterin was found to induce 98% protection. Use of this in a new generation EG95 vaccine would simplify production, facilitate new sources of the vaccine and potentially enhance uptake of vaccination in control of E. granulosus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles G. Gauci
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - David J. Jenkins
- Charles Sturt University, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia
| | - Marshall W. Lightowlers
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION : Human infections with helminth worm parasites are extraordinarily prevalent across tropical and subtropical parts of the world, and control relies primarily on drugs that offer short-term suppression of infection. There is an urgent need for new vaccines that would confer long-lived immunity, protecting children in particular and minimizing community transmission. AREAS COVERED : This article discusses the development of helminth vaccines, from the first successful veterinary vaccines that demonstrated the feasibility of inducing protective immunity to helminths, to more recent initiatives to test human helminth antigens. The field has focussed primarily on evaluating individual antigens that could constitute targets amenable to antibody attack to inhibit parasite establishment. In a new direction, vaccines employing extracellular vesicles released by helminths have also given exciting results. EXPERT OPINION : Taking into account the complex life cycles and sophisticated immune evasion strategies of many helminths, a combination of antigens and approaches designed to target essential functional pathways of the parasite will be required to achieve a high level of protection in future anti-helminth vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick M. Maizels
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK,CONTACT Rick M. Maizels Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, GlasgowG12 8TA, UK
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Lightowlers MW, Gasser RB, Hemphill A, Romig T, Tamarozzi F, Deplazes P, Torgerson PR, Garcia HH, Kern P. Advances in the treatment, diagnosis, control and scientific understanding of taeniid cestode parasite infections over the past 50 years. Int J Parasitol 2021; 51:1167-1192. [PMID: 34757089 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the past 50 years, enormous progress has been made in the diagnosis, treatment and control of taeniid cestode infections/diseases and in the scientific understanding thereof. Most interest in this group of parasites stems from the serious diseases that they cause in humans. It is through this lens that we summarize here the most important breakthroughs that have made a difference to the treatment of human diseases caused by these parasites, reduction in transmission of the taeniid species associated with human disease, or understanding of the parasites' biology likely to impact diagnosis or treatment in the foreseeable future. Key topics discussed are the introduction of anti-cestode drugs, including benzimidazoles and praziquantel, and the development of new imaging modalities that have transformed the diagnosis and post-treatment monitoring of human echinococcoses and neurocysticercosis. The availability of new anti-cestode drugs for use in dogs and a detailed understanding of the transmission dynamics of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato have underpinned successful programs that have eliminated cystic echinococcosis in some areas of the world and greatly reduced the incidence of infection in others. Despite these successes, cystic and alveolar echinococcosis and neurocysticercosis continue to be prevalent in many parts of the world, requiring new or renewed efforts to prevent the associated taeniid infections. Major advances made in the development of practical vaccines against E. granulosus and Taenia solium will hopefully assist in this endeavour, as might the understanding of the parasites' biology that have come from an elucidation of the nuclear genomes of each of the most important taeniid species causing human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshall W Lightowlers
- Department of Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia.
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Department of Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Andrew Hemphill
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Romig
- University of Hohenheim, Parasitology Unit, Emil-Wolff-Strasse 34, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Francesca Tamarozzi
- Department of Infectious Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, 37024 Negrar di Valpolicella, Verona, Italy
| | - Peter Deplazes
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse, and Medical Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Paul R Torgerson
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hector H Garcia
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory Research-LID, Faculty of Science and Philosophy, Alberto Cazorla Talleri, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú; Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Perú
| | - Peter Kern
- Ulm University Hospital, Division of Infectious Diseases, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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Xu D, Tang B, Yang Y, Cai X, Jia W, Luo X, Yan H, Zhang Z, Lin J, Liu M, Liu X. Vaccination with a DNase II recombinant protein against Trichinella spiralis infection in pigs. Vet Parasitol 2021; 297:109069. [PMID: 32156436 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Trichinellosis caused by Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis) is an important public health problem. DNase II is an acidic endonuclease that catalyzes the degradation of DNA into oligonucleotides. DNase II-7 has been detected at the adult stage of T. spiralis and has been examined in excretory/secretory products. Previous studies have indicated that the DNase II-7 recombinant protein has a high rate of protection against T. spiralis infection in mice. In the present study, the protective effect of DNase II-7 recombinant protein against T. spiralis infection in Large White pigs was further explored. The humoral and cellular immune responses to the DNase II-7 recombinant protein were evaluated, including the dynamic trends of specific IgG, IgG1, IgG2a and IgM antibodies levels, as well as the levels of Th1 (IFN-γ and IL-2) and Th2 (IL-10 and IL-4) cytokines in serum. Our results showed that a Th1 dominated Th1/Th2 mixed immune response was induced by the DNase II-7 recombinant protein for all the time or a short period after vaccination. And the DNase II-7 recombinant protein induced partial protection against T. spiralis infection in pigs, compared to the control group. Our results showed that the DNase II-7 recombinant protein group displayed a 45.7 % reduction in the muscle larvae burden five weeks after being challenged. This study suggested that DNaseII-7 recombinant protein could be used as a potential candidate vaccine against T. spiralis infection in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoxiu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuepeng Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wanzhong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xuenong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hongbin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhuangzhi Zhang
- Xinjiang Veterinary Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jiaojiao Lin
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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Combined use of two separate but protective vaccine antigens provides protection against Taenia ovis infection in lambs in the presence of protective maternal antibody. Vaccine 2021; 39:2035-2040. [PMID: 33736918 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Three recombinant Taenia ovis antigens (To45, To16, To18) each induce protective immunity in lambs or ewes against infection with T. ovis metacestodes. The degree and duration of immunity were assessed in lambs born from vaccinated ewes. Treatment group sizes varied, typically not fewer than 5 animals per group. Ewes were immunised with one T. ovis recombinant protein prior to lambing and the degree and duration of passive immunity in their lambs was assessed by challenge infection up to 18 weeks. Lambs were fully protected up to 6 weeks of age but immunity waned from 6 to 12 weeks and there was no protection when lambs were challenged at 15 weeks. Immunisation of lambs with the homologous recombinant antigen was not effective when vaccinations were given when maternal antibody was high. Lambs were effectively immunised in the presence of passively protective antibody when vaccinated with an antigen that was different to that given to ewes. Vaccination of lambs with a combination of two proteins, To16 and To18, was more effective than giving these single antigens and gave a significant reduction of cyst numbers when lambs were challenged 12 months after immunisation. These results indicate that the use of combinations of T. ovis recombinant antigens could enable complete protection of lambs against infection, if a delivery system becomes available that will maintain antibody at protective levels for 12 months. Alternatively, a third injection given at 6 months may promote the anamnestic response to give long lasting protection.
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Amarir F, Rhalem A, Sadak A, Raes M, Oukessou M, Saadi A, Bouslikhane M, Gauci CG, Lightowlers MW, Kirschvink N, Marcotty T. Control of cystic echinococcosis in the Middle Atlas, Morocco: Field evaluation of the EG95 vaccine in sheep and cesticide treatment in dogs. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009253. [PMID: 33684115 PMCID: PMC7971873 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is an important cause of human morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly in Morocco and other North African countries. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We investigated the potential of three strategies to reduce Echinococcus granulosus transmission: (1) 4-monthly treatment of dogs with praziquantel, (2) vaccination of sheep with the EG95 vaccine and (3) a combination of both measures. These measures were implemented during four consecutive years in different areas of the Middle Atlas Mountains in Morocco. The outcome of the interventions was assessed through hydatid cyst (viable and non-viable) counts in liver and lungs using necropsy or in vivo ultrasound examination of the liver. A total of 402 lambs were recruited for annual vaccination with the EG95 anti-E. granulosus vaccine and 395 similar lambs were selected as non-vaccinated controls. At approximately four years of age the relative risk (estimated as odds ratio) for vaccinated sheep to have viable hydatid cysts compared with non-vaccinated controls was 3% (9.37% of the vaccinated sheep were found infected while 72.82% of the controls were infected; p = 0.002). The number of viable cysts in vaccinated animals was reduced by approximately 97% (mean counts were 0.28 and 9.18 respectively; p<0.001). An average of 595 owned dogs received 4-monthly treatment during the 44 months trial, corresponding to 91% of the owned dog population. Approximately, 5% of them were examined for E. granulosus adult worms by arecoline purge or eggs in feces (confirmed by PCR). The proportion of infected dogs significantly decreased after treatment (12% versus 35%; p<0.001). Post-treatment incidence of re-infestation corresponded to a monthly risk of 4% (95% CI: 3-6%). Treatment of owned dogs on a 4-monthly basis did not reduce the level of transmission of E. granulosus to sheep, nor did it enhance the level of control generated by vaccination of sheep with EG95, possibly because of unowned dogs and wild canids were not treated. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These data suggest that vaccination of sheep with EG95 has the potential to reduce the level of CE in Morocco and in other parts of the world with similar transmission dynamics. Under the epidemiological circumstances existing in the trial area, 4-monthly treatment of owned dogs with praziquantel was insufficient to have a major impact of E. granulosus transmission to sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatimaezzahra Amarir
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Hassan II Agronomy and Veterinary Institute (IAV), Rabat, Morocco
- Integrated Veterinary Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, Belgium
- Laboratory of Zoology and General Biology, Parasitological and Ecological Unit, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Abdelkbir Rhalem
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Hassan II Agronomy and Veterinary Institute (IAV), Rabat, Morocco
| | - Abderrahim Sadak
- Laboratory of Zoology and General Biology, Parasitological and Ecological Unit, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Marianne Raes
- Integrated Veterinary Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, Belgium
| | - Mohamed Oukessou
- Unit of Physiology and Therapeutics, Department of Veterinary Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hassan II Agronomic and Veterinary Institute, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Aouatif Saadi
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Hassan II Agronomy and Veterinary Institute (IAV), Rabat, Morocco
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH), University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Mohammed Bouslikhane
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Hassan II Agronomy and Veterinary Institute (IAV), Rabat, Morocco
| | - Charles G. Gauci
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Nathalie Kirschvink
- Integrated Veterinary Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, Belgium
| | - Tanguy Marcotty
- Integrated Veterinary Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur, Belgium
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Mendlovic F, Fleury A, Flisser A. Zoonotic Taenia infections with focus on cysticercosis due to Taenia solium in swine and humans. Res Vet Sci 2020; 134:69-77. [PMID: 33321377 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Zoonotic taeniasis caused by the adult stage of Taenia solium, Taenia saginata or Taenia asiatica are considered neglected tropical diseases by the World Health Organization. The life cycle of these 3 metazoan species is very similar and includes an intermediate host: pigs in the case of T. solium and T. asiatica, and cattle in the case of T. saginata. By eating meat (pork/T. solium, T. asiatica; beef/T. saginata) containing live cysticerci, humans develop taeniasis, which is practically asymptomatic but is the main risk factor for intermediate hosts to become infected. T. saginata causes bovine cysticercosis, while T. solium and T. asiatica cause swine cysticercosis, of veterinary and economic importance. T. solium cysticerci cause neurological disease in humans: neurocysticercosis. Cysticerci develop after ingesting microscopic eggs released from a human tapeworm carrier. Here we describe the life stages of the parasites, diagnosis, pathogenesis, symptomatology of neurocysticercosis, and prevention and control measures. Highlighting the need to validate diagnostic tools, treatments and vaccination in endemic areas, with the challenge of addressing the most vulnerable populations that lack resources. If people understand the transmission route, avoid eating uncooked or insufficiently cooked meat and have adequate hygienic habits, the life cycle of the 3 zoonotic Taenia species may be interrupted. In addition, we describe the growing field of immune response and immunomodulation elicited by the parasites, which may provide essential tools for diagnosis, treatment, control of taeniasis/cysticercosis, as well as for identification of parasite-derived immunomodulators that could aid in the treatment of emerging inflammatory diseases worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fela Mendlovic
- Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Av. Universidad 3000, Col. Copilco-Universidad, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico; Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac México Norte, Huixquilucan, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Agnes Fleury
- Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugia "Manuel Velasco Suárez", SSA, Av. Insurgentes sur 3877, Col. La Fama, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México 14269, Mexico; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Av. Universidad 3000, Col. Copilco-Universidad, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Ana Flisser
- Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Av. Universidad 3000, Col. Copilco-Universidad, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico.
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Taenia solium insulin receptors: promising candidates for cysticercosis treatment and prevention. Acta Trop 2020; 209:105552. [PMID: 32485167 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Insulin signaling pathway is an ancient and highly conserved pathway known to play critical roles in cell growth, control and metabolic regulation. In this study, we identified and characterized two insulin receptor genes (TsIR-1316 and TsIR-4810) from Taenia solium. TsIR-1316 was grouped with E. multilocularis insulin receptor (EmIR-1) and TsIR-4810 was closer to Taenia pisiformis insulin-like growth factor receptor (TpIR) on the same branch with a very high bootstrap value. TsIR-1316 was located on the integument of larvae and adult worms, as well as the ovary of adults and eggs. Alternatively, TsIR-4810 was located in the parenchyma and reproductive organs of the adult worms. By using in vitro cultivation systems with Cysticercus pisiformis as a model, we demonstrated that anti-TsIRs-LBD antibodies could effectively block the insulin signaling pathway, resulting in reduced phosphorylation of the insulin receptor as well as lower levels of glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis. The rabbits immunized with TsIR-1316-LBD, TsIR-4810-LBD and TsIR-1316-LBD + TsIR-4810-LBD produced protection against infection of T. pisiformis as demonstrated by a 94.6%, 96% and 80% reduction of establishment of larvae, respectively. These data suggested that TsIR-1316-LBD and TsIR-4810-LBD are promising vaccine candidates or novel drug targets against swine cysticercosis.
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Sander VA, Sánchez López EF, Mendoza Morales L, Ramos Duarte VA, Corigliano MG, Clemente M. Use of Veterinary Vaccines for Livestock as a Strategy to Control Foodborne Parasitic Diseases. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:288. [PMID: 32670892 PMCID: PMC7332557 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Foodborne diseases (FBDs) are a major concern worldwide since they are associated with high mortality and morbidity in the human population. Among the causative agents of FBDs, Taenia solium, Echinococcus granulosus, Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptosporidium spp., and Trichinella spiralis are listed in the top global risk ranking of foodborne parasites. One common feature between them is that they affect domestic livestock, encompassing an enormous risk to global food production and human health from farm to fork, infecting animals, and people either directly or indirectly. Several approaches have been employed to control FBDs caused by parasites, including veterinary vaccines for livestock. Veterinary vaccines against foodborne parasites not only improve the animal health by controlling animal infections but also contribute to increase public health by controlling an important source of FBDs. In the present review, we discuss the advances in the development of veterinary vaccines for domestic livestock as a strategy to control foodborne parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Marina Clemente
- Laboratorio de Molecular Farming y Vacunas, Unidad Biotecnológica 6-UB6, INTECH, UNSAM-CONICET, Chascomús, Argentina
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Jazouli M, Lightowlers MW, Bamouh Z, Gauci CG, Tadlaoui K, Ennaji MM, Elharrak M. Immunological responses and potency of the EG95NC - recombinant sheep vaccine against cystic echinococcosis. Parasitol Int 2020; 78:102149. [PMID: 32464256 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2020.102149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonotic disease caused by the cestode parasite Echinococcus granulosus. The disease has an important impact on human health as well as economic costs including the cost of treatment as well as loss of productivity for the livestock industry. In many parts of the world where the disease is endemic, sheep and other livestock play an important role in the parasite's transmission. A vaccine to protect livestock against CE can be effective in reducing transmission and economic costs of the disease. A recombinant antigen vaccine has been developed against infection with E. granulosus (EG95) which could potentially be used to reduce the level of E. granulosus transmission and decrease the incidence of human infections. Further development of the EG95 recombinant vaccine as a combined product with clostridial vaccine antigens is one potential strategy which could improve application of the hydatid vaccine by providing an indirect economic incentive to livestock owners to vaccinate against CE. In this study we investigated the efficacy of the EG95 recombinant vaccine produced in Morocco by vaccination of sheep, including a combined vaccine incorporating EG95 and clostridia antigens. Vaccination with EG95 either as a monovalent vaccine or combined with clostridia antigens, protected sheep against a challenge infection with E. granulosus eggs and induced a strong, long lasting, and specific antibody response against the EG95 antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jazouli
- Research and Development of Recombinant Vaccine, Multi-Chemical Industry, Lot. 157, Z I, Sud-Ouest (ERAC) B.P.:278, 28810 Mohammedia, Morocco; Laboratory of Virology, Hygiene and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Hassan II-Casablanca, 20650 Mohammedia, Morocco
| | - M W Lightowlers
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia.
| | - Z Bamouh
- Research and Development of Recombinant Vaccine, Multi-Chemical Industry, Lot. 157, Z I, Sud-Ouest (ERAC) B.P.:278, 28810 Mohammedia, Morocco
| | - C G Gauci
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia
| | - K Tadlaoui
- Research and Development of Recombinant Vaccine, Multi-Chemical Industry, Lot. 157, Z I, Sud-Ouest (ERAC) B.P.:278, 28810 Mohammedia, Morocco
| | - M M Ennaji
- Laboratory of Virology, Hygiene and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Hassan II-Casablanca, 20650 Mohammedia, Morocco
| | - M Elharrak
- Research and Development of Recombinant Vaccine, Multi-Chemical Industry, Lot. 157, Z I, Sud-Ouest (ERAC) B.P.:278, 28810 Mohammedia, Morocco
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12
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How to eliminate taeniasis/cysticercosis: porcine vaccination and human chemotherapy (Part 2). Theor Biol Med Model 2019; 16:4. [PMID: 30803437 PMCID: PMC6390339 DOI: 10.1186/s12976-019-0100-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The application of effective vaccines against pig cysticercosis and mass chemotherapy against pig cysticercosis and human taeniasis have shown the feasibility of interrupting the parasite's life cycle in endemic areas. METHODS A mathematical model that divides the population into susceptible, infected, and vaccinated individuals is formulated. The model is based upon the life cycle of the parasite. Computer numerical simulation experiments to evaluate the impact of pig vaccination under different vaccination schedules, and combined intervention strategies including pig vaccination and anthelmintic treatment against human taeniasis are carried out. RESULTS Vaccination against either pig cysticercosis or against human taeniasis will influence the transmission dynamics not only among vaccinees but also the dynamics of the other hosts as well. When the protective efficacy and/or the coverage rate is less than 100%, different mass interventions like vaccinating the pig population twice in combination with chemotherapeutic treatment against human taeniasis, the elimination of the infection in both pigs and humans can also be achieved. CONCLUSIONS Our mathematical model has the potential for planning, and designing effective intervention strategies including both mass vaccination and/or chemotherapeutic treatment to eliminate pig cysticercosis, human taeniasis and human neurocysticercosis. The model can be adapted to any given community with mild, moderate endemicity, or even in hyperendemic regions.
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Li W, Liu B, Yang Y, Ren Y, Wang S, Liu C, Zhang N, Qu Z, Yang W, Zhang Y, Yan H, Jiang F, Li L, Li S, Jia W, Yin H, Cai X, Liu T, McManus DP, Fan W, Fu B. The genome of tapeworm Taenia multiceps sheds light on understanding parasitic mechanism and control of coenurosis disease. DNA Res 2019; 25:499-510. [PMID: 29947776 PMCID: PMC6191302 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsy020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Coenurosis, caused by the larval coenurus of the tapeworm Taenia multiceps, is a fatal central nervous system disease in both sheep and humans. Though treatment and prevention options are available, the control of coenurosis still faces presents great challenges. Here, we present a high-quality genome sequence of T. multiceps in which 240 Mb (96%) of the genome has been successfully assembled using Pacbio single-molecule real-time (SMRT) and Hi-C data with a N50 length of 44.8 Mb. In total, 49.5 Mb (20.6%) repeat sequences and 13, 013 gene models were identified. We found that Taenia spp. have an expansion of transposable elements and recent small-scale gene duplications following the divergence of Taenia from Echinococcus, but not in Echinococcus genomes, and the genes underlying environmental adaptability and dosage effect tend to be over-retained in the T. multiceps genome. Moreover, we identified several genes encoding proteins involved in proglottid formation and interactions with the host central nervous system, which may contribute to the adaption of T. multiceps to its parasitic life style. Our study not only provides insights into the biology and evolution of T. multiceps, but also identifies a set of species-specific gene targets for developing novel treatment and control tools for coenurosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Agricultural Genomic Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuwei Ren
- Agricultural Genomic Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Conghui Liu
- Agricultural Genomic Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Nianzhang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zigang Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wanxu Yang
- Agricultural Genomic Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Agricultural Genomic Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongbing Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fan Jiang
- Agricultural Genomic Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shuqu Li
- Agricultural Genomic Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wanzhong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuepeng Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Annoroad Gene Tech. (Beijing) Co Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Donald P McManus
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Wei Fan
- Agricultural Genomic Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Baoquan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Świderski Z, Miquel J, Azzouz-Maache S, Pétavy AF. Echinococcus multilocularis (Cestoda, Cyclophyllidea, Taeniidae): functional ultrastructure of the penetration glands and nerve cells within the oncosphere. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:2653-2663. [PMID: 29948200 PMCID: PMC6061043 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5957-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The fine structure of the infective hexacanths of Echinococcus multilocularis was examined with particular emphasis on the functional ultrastructure of penetration glands and nerve cells directly involved in the mechanism of initial host infection. The oncosphere contains two types of penetration glands, PG1 and PG2, that differ slightly in size and form a large U-shaped bi-nucleated syncytial structure. The arms of each gland at each end of the U, directed towards the hook region, exit into the tegument peripheral layer between the median and lateral hook pairs. The lobate nuclei of PG1 and PG2 contain prominent spherical nucleoli surrounded by several large electron-dense islands of heterochromatin. The syncytial cytoplasm of both types of glands is rich in free ribosomes, polysomes, several mitochondria, and heavy accumulations of discoid secretory granules of moderate to high electron density. The secretory granules, sg1 and sg2, differ in their ultrastructure and electron density; the sg2 are much smaller and more flattened in shape. A common characteristic for sg1 and sg2, evident under high magnification, is their high electron density and discoidal shape, with two bi-concave surfaces. Both sg1 and sg2 are frequently grouped in characteristic parallel stacks, the "rouleau"-shaped assemblages with sometimes six to ten granules. Two nerve cells of neurosecretory type are situated in the central part of the hexacanth, each one in a deep U-shaped invagination between the two penetration glands. The nuclei of nerve cells contain several large heterochromatin islands closely adjacent to their nuclear membranes. Their cytoplasm is characterized by having membrane-bound, dense-cored neurosecretory-like granules not only in nerve cell perikarya but also in the elongated nerve processes frequently adjacent to gland arms and to both somatic or body musculature, including the complex system of hook muscles. The results of the present study, when supported with literature data on oncospheres of other cestode species, allow for a better understanding of the important role and coordinated functions of three structural components, i.e., oncospheral hooks, penetration glands, and nerve cells, in the mechanism of intermediate host infection. Presence or absence of nerve cells in oncospheres of various cestodes is reviewed, and perspectives on the value and application of research on functional morphology of oncospheres are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdzisław Świderski
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 51/55 Twarda Street, 00-818, Warszawa, Poland.
| | - Jordi Miquel
- Secció de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, sn, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 645, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Samira Azzouz-Maache
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie Médicale, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Claude Bernard-Lyon 1, 8 Av. Rockefeller, 69373, Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Anne-Françoise Pétavy
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie Médicale, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Claude Bernard-Lyon 1, 8 Av. Rockefeller, 69373, Lyon Cedex 08, France
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Stutzer C, Richards SA, Ferreira M, Baron S, Maritz-Olivier C. Metazoan Parasite Vaccines: Present Status and Future Prospects. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:67. [PMID: 29594064 PMCID: PMC5859119 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic parasites and pathogens continue to cause some of the most detrimental and difficult to treat diseases (or disease states) in both humans and animals, while also continuously expanding into non-endemic countries. Combined with the ever growing number of reports on drug-resistance and the lack of effective treatment programs for many metazoan diseases, the impact that these organisms will have on quality of life remain a global challenge. Vaccination as an effective prophylactic treatment has been demonstrated for well over 200 years for bacterial and viral diseases. From the earliest variolation procedures to the cutting edge technologies employed today, many protective preparations have been successfully developed for use in both medical and veterinary applications. In spite of the successes of these applications in the discovery of subunit vaccines against prokaryotic pathogens, not many targets have been successfully developed into vaccines directed against metazoan parasites. With the current increase in -omics technologies and metadata for eukaryotic parasites, target discovery for vaccine development can be expedited. However, a good understanding of the host/vector/pathogen interface is needed to understand the underlying biological, biochemical and immunological components that will confer a protective response in the host animal. Therefore, systems biology is rapidly coming of age in the pursuit of effective parasite vaccines. Despite the difficulties, a number of approaches have been developed and applied to parasitic helminths and arthropods. This review will focus on key aspects of vaccine development that require attention in the battle against these metazoan parasites, as well as successes in the field of vaccine development for helminthiases and ectoparasites. Lastly, we propose future direction of applying successes in pursuit of next generation vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Stutzer
- Tick Vaccine Group, Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Limitations of the Echinococcus granulosus genome sequence assemblies for analysis of the gene family encoding the EG95 vaccine antigen. Parasitology 2017; 145:807-813. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182017001767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractEchinococcus granulosus is an important zoonotic parasite that is distributed worldwide. The EG95 vaccine was developed to assist with control of E. granulosus transmission through the parasite's livestock intermediate hosts. The vaccine is based on a recombinant antigen encoded by a gene which is a member of a multi-gene family. With the recent availability of two E. granulosus draft genomes, we sought to map the eg95 gene family to the genomes. We were unable to map unequivocally any of the eg95 gene family members which had previously been characterized by cloning and sequencing both strands of genomic DNA fragments. Our inability to map EG95-related genes to the genomes has revealed limitations in the assembled sequence data when utilized for gene family analyses. This study contrasts with the expectations expressed in often high-profile publications describing draft genomes of parasitic organisms, highlighting deficiencies in currently available genomic resources for E. granulosus and provides a cautionary note for research which seeks to utilize these genome datasets.
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Okello AL, Thomas LF. Human taeniasis: current insights into prevention and management strategies in endemic countries. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2017; 10:107-116. [PMID: 28615981 PMCID: PMC5461055 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s116545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human taeniasis is a zoonotic condition resulting from infection with the adult stages of Taenia saginata ("beef tapeworm"), Taenia solium ("pork tapeworm") or Taenia asiatica ("Asian tapeworm"). Although these parasites have a worldwide distribution, the overwhelming burden is felt by communities in low- and middle-income countries. This is particularly true for T. solium, whereby infection of the central nervous system with the larval stage of the parasite (neurocysticercosis) is a major cause of acquired epilepsy in low-resource settings. With a focus on endemic countries, this review provides an insight into the prevention and management of human taeniasis, concluding with some recent case studies describing their implementation. Discussion of the opportunities and challenges regarding current fecal and serological diagnostic assays for detecting Taenia spp. highlights the importance of accurate and accessible diagnostic options for the field situation. The lack of long-term impact on the parasites' lifecycle from human anthelmintic treatment, coupled with the propensity for adverse reactions, highlights the importance of a "two-pronged" approach that considers the relevant animal hosts, particularly in the case of T. solium. Aside from the therapeutic options, this review reiterates the importance of adequate assessment and consideration of the associated behavioral and policy aspects around sanitation, hygiene and meat inspection that have been shown to support parasite control, and potential elimination, in endemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Okello
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, Edinburgh Medical School, Biomedical Sciences College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Scotland
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18
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Designing a Minimal Intervention Strategy to Control Taenia solium. Trends Parasitol 2017; 33:426-434. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Larrieu E, Poggio TV, Mujica G, Gauci CG, Labanchi JL, Herrero E, Araya D, Grizmado C, Calabro A, Talmon G, Crowley P, Santillán G, Vizcaychipi K, Seleiman M, Sepulveda L, Arezo M, Cachau MG, Lamberti R, Molina L, Gino L, Donadeu M, Lightowlers MW. Pilot field trial of the EG95 vaccine against ovine cystic echinococcosis in Rio Negro, Argentina: Humoral response to the vaccine. Parasitol Int 2017; 66:258-261. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2017.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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20
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Winskill P, Harrison WE, French MD, Dixon MA, Abela-Ridder B, Basáñez MG. Assessing the impact of intervention strategies against Taenia solium cysticercosis using the EPICYST transmission model. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:73. [PMID: 28183336 PMCID: PMC5301381 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-1988-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pork tapeworm, Taenia solium, and associated human infections, taeniasis, cysticercosis and neurocysticercosis, are serious public health problems, especially in developing countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) has set goals for having a validated strategy for control and elimination of T. solium taeniasis/cysticercosis by 2015 and interventions scaled-up in selected countries by 2020. Timely achievement of these internationally-endorsed targets requires that the relative benefits and effectiveness of potential interventions be explored rigorously within a quantitative framework. METHODS A deterministic, compartmental transmission model (EPICYST) was developed to capture the dynamics of the taeniasis/cysticercosis disease system in the human and pig hosts. Cysticercosis prevalence in humans, an outcome of high epidemiological and clinical importance, was explicitly modelled. A next generation matrix approach was used to derive an expression for the basic reproduction number, R 0. A full sensitivity analysis was performed using a methodology based on Latin-hypercube sampling partial rank correlation coefficient index. RESULTS EPICYST outputs indicate that chemotherapeutic intervention targeted at humans or pigs would be highly effective at reducing taeniasis and cysticercosis prevalence when applied singly, with annual chemotherapy of humans and pigs resulting, respectively, in 94 and 74% of human cysticercosis cases averted. Improved sanitation, meat inspection and animal husbandry are less effective but are still able to reduce prevalence singly or in combination. The value of R 0 for taeniasis was estimated at 1.4 (95% Credible Interval: 0.5-3.6). CONCLUSIONS Human- and pig-targeted drug-focussed interventions appear to be the most efficacious approach from the options currently available. The model presented is a forward step towards developing an informed control and elimination strategy for cysticercosis. Together with its validation against field data, EPICYST will be a valuable tool to help reach the WHO goals and to conduct economic evaluations of interventions in varying epidemiological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Winskill
- Medical Research Council Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, London, W2 1PG UK
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, London, W2 1PG UK
| | - Wendy E. Harrison
- Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St. Mary’s Campus, London, W2 1PG UK
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, London, W2 1PG UK
| | - Michael D. French
- Schistosomiasis Control Initiative, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St. Mary’s Campus, London, W2 1PG UK
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, London, W2 1PG UK
- Current address: Research Triangle Institute, 701 13st Street NW, Washington D.C., 20005 USA
| | - Matthew A. Dixon
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, London, W2 1PG UK
| | - Bernadette Abela-Ridder
- Neglected Zoonotic Diseases Team, Department of Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD), World Health Organization (WHO), 20 Avenue Appia, 1211, Geneva 27, Switzerland
| | - María-Gloria Basáñez
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, London, W2 1PG UK
- London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, London, W2 1PG UK
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Gazioglu A, Simsek S, Kizil O, Ceribasi AO, Kesik HK, Ahmed H. Clinical, pathological and molecular evaluations and CT scan screening of coenurosis (Coenurus cerebralis) in sheep and calves. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2017; 26:3-9. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612016090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract The aims of this study were to diagnose coenurosis by means of computerized tomography (CT) scan imaging and molecular characterization of the CO1 gene using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Sheep and calves were necropsied, and CT scans on the cephalic region were performed on the animals. Sections of brain tissue infected with parasites were then stained with hematoxylin and eosin for microscopic examination. Material collected from brain cysts was fixed in 70% ethanol. PCR amplification was carried out using the CO1 mitochondrial gene. A total of 60 calves and 80 sheep were examined clinically and, of these, 15 calves and 38 sheep showed signs of depression, with counterclockwise circling movements and altered head carriage. Four sheep and one calf were necropsied, and C. cerebralis cysts were detected in all of them. A hypodense cyst was monitored in the right cerebellar hemisphere on a CT scan on one sheep. A cyst was found in the left frontal lobe on a CT scan on one calf. Microscopically, C. cerebralis cysts were surrounded by a fibrous or epithelial wall that presented necrosis on cerebral sections of both the sheep and the cattle. The CO1-PCR assay yielded a 446 bp band, which was sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed: the results confirmed the presence of T. multiceps. This study reports the first use of CT imaging on naturally infected calves and sheep for diagnosing coenurosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Haroon Ahmed
- University of Firat, Turkey; COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Pakistan
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Zheng Y. Proteomic analysis of Taenia ovis metacestodes by high performance liquid chromatography-coupled tandem mass spectrometry. Vet Parasitol 2017; 236:113-116. [PMID: 28288753 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Taenia ovis metacestodes reside in the muscle of sheep and goats, and may cause great economic loss due to condemnation of carcasses if not effectively controlled. Although advances have been made in the control of T. ovis infection, our knowledge of T. ovis biology is limited. Herein the protein profiling of T. ovis metacestodes was determined by liquid chromatography-linked tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 966 proteins were identified and 25.1% (188/748) were annotated to be associated with metabolic pathways. Consistently, GO analysis returned a metabolic process (16.27%) as one of two main biological process terms. Moreover, it was found that 24 proteins, including very low-density lipoprotein receptor, enolase, paramyosin and endophilin B1, were abundant in T. ovis metacestodes. These proteins may be associated with motility, metabolism, signaling, stress, drug resistance and immune responses. Furthermore, comparative analysis of 5 cestodes revealed the presence of Taenia-specific enolases. These data provide clues for better understanding of T. ovis biology, which is informative for effective control of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou 730046, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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Abstract
Human cystic echinococcosis (CE) has been eliminated or significantly reduced as a public health problem in several previously highly endemic regions. This has been achieved by the long-term application of prevention and control measures primarily targeted to deworming dogs, health education, meat inspection, and effective surveillance in livestock and human populations. Human CE, however, remains a serious neglected zoonotic disease in many resource-poor pastoral regions. The incidence of human alveolar echinococcosis (AE) has increased in continental Europe and is a major public health problem in parts of Eurasia. Better understanding of wildlife ecology for fox and small mammal hosts has enabled targeted anthelmintic baiting of fox populations and development of spatially explicit models to predict population dynamics for key intermediate host species and human AE risk in endemic landscapes. Challenges that remain for echinococcosis control include effective intervention in resource-poor communities, better availability of surveillance tools, optimal application of livestock vaccination, and management and ecology of dog and wildlife host populations.
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Zheng Y. Taenia ovis: an emerging threat to the Chinese sheep industry? Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:415. [PMID: 27460570 PMCID: PMC4962542 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1700-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Taenia ovis is a tapeworm that is mainly transmitted between dogs and sheep. Although T. ovis infection is not a public health issue, it causes a great financial loss due to condemnation of carcasses. The first outbreak of T. ovis infection in China occurred in 2015. Reassessment of adverse effects of T. ovis infection on Chinese sheep industry in future is necessary. Discussion The first T. ovis outbreak in China suggests that the epidemic situation across the country is underestimated. For the transmission of T. ovis, many factors, including eggs, dogs and wild canids, human behaviours and sheep trade, should be seriously considered. In blocking the transmission chain, regular treatments of the infected dogs using anthelmintics play a crucial step, but at the moment it is difficult to be fully executed in China, largely due to the behaviours, customs and faith of local farmers. Moreover, combined with no clinical symptoms in the infected adult sheep and goats, the lack of pre-mortem diagnostic tools makes it harder to practice a national wide surveillance as well as inspection and quarantine in increasingly frequent free sheep trade activities in China, leading to an inability to restrict T. ovis infection into small areas. Furthermore, the ongoing campaigns against Echinococcus granulosus may have an adverse effect on control of T. ovis infection because of no consideration of a role of dogs in the transmission of the parasite. Conclusion Lack of national epidemic data, pre-mortem diagnostic reagents and vaccines severely hampers the implementation of disease control campaigns and the restriction of T. ovis infection into small areas. Consequently, sheep and goats are at an increasing risk of T. ovis exposure and the possibility of large-scale outbreaks across China in future is possible, causing great adversity towards sheep industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, 1 Xujiaping, Yanchangbu, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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Monreal-Escalante E, Govea-Alonso DO, Hernández M, Cervantes J, Salazar-González JA, Romero-Maldonado A, Rosas G, Garate T, Fragoso G, Sciutto E, Rosales-Mendoza S. Towards the development of an oral vaccine against porcine cysticercosis: expression of the protective HP6/TSOL18 antigen in transgenic carrots cells. PLANTA 2016; 243:675-685. [PMID: 26613600 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2431-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The Taenia solium HP6/TSOL18 antigen was produced in carrot cells, yielding an immunogenic protein that induced significant protection in an experimental murine model against T. crassiceps cysticercosis when orally administered. This result supports the potential of HP6/TSOL18-carrot as a low-cost anti-cysticercosis vaccine candidate. Cysticercosis is a zoonosis caused by Taenia solium that can be prevented by interrupting the parasite life cycle through pig vaccination. Several injectable vaccine candidates have been reported, but the logistic difficulties and costs for its application limited its use in nationwide control programs. Oral plant-based vaccines can deal with this limitation, because of their easy administration and low cost. A stable expression of the HP6/TSOL18 anti-T. solium cysticercosis protective antigen in carrot calli transformed with an optimized transgene is herein reported. An antigen accumulation up to 14 µg g(-1) of dry-weight biomass was achieved in the generated carrot lines. Mouse immunization with one of the transformed calli induced both specific IgG and IgA anti-HP6/TSOL18 antibodies. A statistically significant reduction in the expected number of T. crassiceps cysticerci was observed in mice orally immunized with carrot-made HP6/TSOL18, in a similar extent to that obtained by subcutaneous immunization with recombinant HP6/TSOL18 protein. In this study, a new oral plant-made version of the HP6/TSOL18 anti-cysticercosis vaccine is reported. The vaccine candidate should be further tested against porcine cysticercosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Monreal-Escalante
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, 78210, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Dania O Govea-Alonso
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, 78210, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Marisela Hernández
- Dpto. Inmunología. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Escolar, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Mexico, D.F., Mexico
| | - Jacquelynne Cervantes
- Dpto. Inmunología. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Escolar, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Mexico, D.F., Mexico
| | - Jorge A Salazar-González
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, 78210, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Andrea Romero-Maldonado
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, 78210, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Rosas
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Teresa Garate
- Dpto. de Parasitología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gladis Fragoso
- Dpto. Inmunología. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Escolar, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Mexico, D.F., Mexico
| | - Edda Sciutto
- Dpto. Inmunología. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Escolar, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Mexico, D.F., Mexico.
| | - Sergio Rosales-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, 78210, San Luis Potosí, Mexico.
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Anamnestic responses in pigs to the Taenia solium TSOL18 vaccine and implications for control strategies. Parasitology 2016; 143:416-20. [PMID: 26892239 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182016000202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Specific antibody responses were assessed in pigs immunized with the Taenia solium vaccine TSOL18. Anti-TSOL18 responses were compared 2 weeks after secondary immunization, where the interval between primary and secondary immunization was 4, 8, 12, 16 or 20 weeks. All animals responded to the vaccine and there was no diminution in antibody responses in animals receiving their second injection after an interval up to 20 weeks. Pigs receiving vaccinations at an interval of 12 weeks developed significantly increased antibody responses compared with animals receiving immunizations 4 weeks apart (P = 0.046). The ability to deliver TSOL18 vaccination effectively where the revaccination schedule can be delayed for up to 12-16 weeks in pigs increases the options available for designing T. solium control interventions that incorporate TSOL18 vaccination.
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Laranjo-González M, Devleesschauwer B, Gabriël S, Dorny P, Allepuz A. Epidemiology, impact and control of bovine cysticercosis in Europe: a systematic review. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:81. [PMID: 26860313 PMCID: PMC4748494 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1362-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine cysticercosis in Europe has been known for centuries but the data showing the occurrence of this zoonosis are scarce. The aim of this paper is to review and present the current knowledge on bovine cysticercosis in Europe. METHODS We conducted a systematic review of studies published between 1990 and November 2014. Qualitative and quantitative data on prevalence, risk factors, burden and interventions were extracted and analysed. RESULTS Reports on prevalence were available for 23 European countries, mostly from western and central Europe; for a few of these only data before 1990 were available. Prevalence based on meat inspection was generally low (below 6.2% in 95% of the records) and varied between and within countries. Serology and detailed meat inspection provided a higher prevalence range (0.41-14%). Only few studies analysing risk factors were identified. Reported factors related to access to pastures and risky waters, dairy production and uncontrolled human defecation in the proximity of the farm among others. Only one estimate of the economic impact of the disease could be identified. Recommended interventions were focused on increasing diagnostic tests sensitivity or the application of risk based surveillance strategies. CONCLUSIONS There is a lack of complete and updated data on most countries, especially in eastern Europe. Further risk factor studies might be needed together with estimates on the burden of the disease in all European countries. Risk-based interventions are being encouraged but current data are limited to guide this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minerva Laranjo-González
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA)-Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain.
| | - Brecht Devleesschauwer
- Department of Animal Sciences and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Sarah Gabriël
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Pierre Dorny
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Alberto Allepuz
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA)-Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain.
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain.
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Larrieu E, Mujica G, Gauci CG, Vizcaychipi K, Seleiman M, Herrero E, Labanchi JL, Araya D, Sepúlveda L, Grizmado C, Calabro A, Talmon G, Poggio TV, Crowley P, Cespedes G, Santillán G, García Cachau M, Lamberti R, Gino L, Donadeu M, Lightowlers MW. Pilot Field Trial of the EG95 Vaccine Against Ovine Cystic Echinococcosis in Rio Negro, Argentina: Second Study of Impact. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004134. [PMID: 26517877 PMCID: PMC4627725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is an important zoonotic disease caused by the cestode parasite Echinococcus granulosus. It occurs in many parts of the world where pastoral activities predominate, including the Rio Negro province of Argentina. Although CE control activities have been undertaken in the western regions of Rio Negro for more than two decades, the disease continues to remain prevalent in both the human and livestock animal populations. Vaccination of animal intermediate hosts of CE with the EG95 vaccine may provide a new opportunity to improve the effectiveness of CE control measures, although data are lacking about field application of the vaccine. Aims Evaluate the impact of EG95 vaccination in sheep on the transmission of Echinococcus granulosus in a field environment. Methodology Two trial sites were established in western Rio Negro province within indigenous communities. Vaccination of lambs born into one trial site was introduced and continued for 6 years. Prior to initiation of the trial, and at the end of the trial, the prevalence of CE in sheep was determined by necropsy. Weaned lambs received two injections of EG95 vaccine, approximately one month apart, and a single booster injection one year later. Vaccination was not implemented at the second trial site. A total of 2725 animals were vaccinated in the first year. Animals from this cohort as well as age-matched sheep from the control area were evaluated by necropsy. Key results Introduction of the vaccine led to a statistically significant in the number and size of hydatid cysts in comparison to the situation prior to the introduction of the vaccine, or compared to CE prevalence in the control area where the vaccine was not applied. The prevalence of infection in the vaccinated area was also significantly reduced by 62% compared to the re-intervention level, being lower than the prevalence seen in the control area, although the difference from the control area after the intervention was not significant possibly due to limitations in the numbers of animals available for necropsy. Conclusions Vaccination of sheep with the EG95 vaccine provides a valuable new tool which improves the effectiveness of CE control activities. Vaccination was effective even in a difficult, remote environment where only approximately half the lambs born into the communities were fully vaccinated. Hydatid disease, otherwise known as cystic echinococcosis (CE), is caused by Echinococcus granulosus. The disease is common in many pastoral areas, including parts of the Rio Negro province of Argentina, and is formally recognised by the WHO as a Neglected Tropical Disease. We undertook the first scientific evaluation of the EG95 vaccine against transmission of hydatid disease in a field situation. Sheep in remote indigenous communities of Rio Negro were vaccinated over a six year period. Young lambs received two injections of vaccine and a single booster injection as one year old sheep. A similar region acted as a control where vaccination was not implemented. Evaluation of the outcomes of vaccination revealed a significant, 62% decrease in the prevalence of hydatid infection in 6 year old sheep. Our study provides a template for the application of vaccination in future efforts to control transmission of E. granulosus and reduce the burden of human disease caused by the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmundo Larrieu
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, General Pico, Argentina
- Escuela de Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Choele Choel, Argentina
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Charles G. Gauci
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Australia
| | | | - Marcos Seleiman
- Ministerio de Salud, Provincia de Río Negro, Viedma, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Herrero
- Ministerio de Salud, Provincia de Río Negro, Viedma, Argentina
| | | | - Daniel Araya
- Ministerio de Salud, Provincia de Río Negro, Viedma, Argentina
| | - Luis Sepúlveda
- Ministerio de Salud, Provincia de Río Negro, Viedma, Argentina
| | | | - Arnoldo Calabro
- Ministerio de Salud, Provincia de Río Negro, Viedma, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Talmon
- Ministerio de Salud, Provincia de Río Negro, Viedma, Argentina
| | - Thelma Verónica Poggio
- Centro de Virología Animal (CEVAN), Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología / Cesar Milstein-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo Crowley
- Escuela de Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Choele Choel, Argentina
| | - Graciela Cespedes
- Departamento de Parasitología "INEI- ANLIS", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Mariela García Cachau
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, General Pico, Argentina
| | - Roberto Lamberti
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, General Pico, Argentina
| | - Lilia Gino
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, General Pico, Argentina
| | - Meritxell Donadeu
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Australia
| | - Marshall W. Lightowlers
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Australia
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Boufana B, Scala A, Lahmar S, Pointing S, Craig PS, Dessì G, Zidda A, Pipia AP, Varcasia A. A preliminary investigation into the genetic variation and population structure of Taenia hydatigena from Sardinia, Italy. Vet Parasitol 2015; 214:67-74. [PMID: 26296591 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cysticercosis caused by the metacestode stage of Taenia hydatigena is endemic in Sardinia. Information on the genetic variation of this parasite is important for epidemiological studies and implementation of control programs. Using two mitochondrial genes, the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (ND1) we investigated the genetic variation and population structure of Cysticercus tenuicollis from Sardinian intermediate hosts and compared it to that from other hosts from various geographical regions. The parsimony cox1 network analysis indicated the existence of a common lineage for T. hydatigena and the overall diversity and neutrality indices indicated demographic expansion. Using the cox1 sequences, low pairwise fixation index (Fst) values were recorded for Sardinian, Iranian and Palestinian sheep C. tenuicollis which suggested the absence of genetic differentiation. Using the ND1 sequences, C. tenuicollis from Sardinian sheep appeared to be differentiated from those of goat and pig origin. In addition, goat C. tenuicollis were genetically different from adult T. hydatigena as indicated by the statistically significant Fst value. Our results are consistent with biochemical and morphological studies that suggest the existence of variants of T. hydatigena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belgees Boufana
- Cestode Zoonoses Research Group, School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, M5 4WT Greater Manchester, UK.
| | - Antonio Scala
- Laboratorio di Parassitologia, Ospedale Didattico Veterinario, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Italy
| | - Samia Lahmar
- Parasitology Laboratory, National School of Veterinary Medicine, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Steve Pointing
- Department of Agriculture, FIQQ 1ZZ Stanley, Falkland Islands
| | - Philip S Craig
- Cestode Zoonoses Research Group, School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, M5 4WT Greater Manchester, UK
| | - Giorgia Dessì
- Laboratorio di Parassitologia, Ospedale Didattico Veterinario, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonella Zidda
- Laboratorio di Parassitologia, Ospedale Didattico Veterinario, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Italy
| | - Anna Paola Pipia
- Laboratorio di Parassitologia, Ospedale Didattico Veterinario, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonio Varcasia
- Laboratorio di Parassitologia, Ospedale Didattico Veterinario, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Italy
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Ito A. Basic and applied problems in developmental biology and immunobiology of cestode infections:Hymenolepis,TaeniaandEchinococcus. Parasite Immunol 2015; 37:53-69. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Ito
- Department of Parasitology and NTD Research Laboratory; Asahikawa Medical University; Asahikawa Japan
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Rogan MT, Bodell AJ, Craig PS. Post-encystment/established immunity in cystic echinococcosis: is it really that simple? Parasite Immunol 2014; 37:1-9. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. T. Rogan
- Cestode Zoonoses Research Group; School of Environment and Life Sciences; University of Salford; Salford M54WT UK
| | - A. J. Bodell
- Cestode Zoonoses Research Group; School of Environment and Life Sciences; University of Salford; Salford M54WT UK
| | - P. S. Craig
- Cestode Zoonoses Research Group; School of Environment and Life Sciences; University of Salford; Salford M54WT UK
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Ultrasound as a monitoring tool for cystic echinococcosis in sheep. Vet Parasitol 2014; 203:59-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Helminths in Meat. Food Microbiol 2014. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555818463.ch26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato genotypes infecting humans--review of current knowledge. Int J Parasitol 2013; 44:9-18. [PMID: 24269720 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variability in the species group Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato is well recognised as affecting intermediate host susceptibility and other biological features of the parasites. Molecular methods have allowed discrimination of different genotypes (G1-10 and the 'lion strain'), some of which are now considered separate species. An accumulation of genotypic analyses undertaken on parasite isolates from human cases of cystic echinococcosis provides the basis upon which an assessment is made here of the relative contribution of the different genotypes to human disease. The allocation of samples to G-numbers becomes increasingly difficult, because much more variability than previously recognised exists in the genotypic clusters G1-3 (=E. granulosus sensu stricto) and G6-10 (Echinococcus canadensis). To accommodate the heterogeneous criteria used for genotyping in the literature, we restrict ourselves to differentiate between E. granulosus sensu stricto (G1-3), Echinococcus equinus (G4), Echinococcus ortleppi (G5) and E. canadensis (G6-7, G8, G10). The genotype G1 is responsible for the great majority of human cystic echinococcosis worldwide (88.44%), has the most cosmopolitan distribution and is often associated with transmission via sheep as intermediate hosts. The closely related genotypes G6 and G7 cause a significant number of human infections (11.07%). The genotype G6 was found to be responsible for 7.34% of infections worldwide. This strain is known from Africa and Asia, where it is transmitted mainly by camels (and goats), and South America, where it appears to be mainly transmitted by goats. The G7 genotype has been responsible for 3.73% of human cases of cystic echinococcosis in eastern European countries, where the parasite is transmitted by pigs. Some of the samples (11) could not be identified with a single specific genotype belonging to E. canadensis (G6/10). Rare cases of human cystic echinococcosis have been identified as having been caused by the G5, G8 and G10 genotypes. No cases of human infection with G4 have been described. Biological differences between the species and genotypes have potential to affect the transmission dynamics of the parasite, requiring modification of methods used in disease control initiatives. Recent investigations have revealed that the protective vaccine antigen (EG95), developed for the G1 genotype, is immunologically different in the G6 genotype. Further research will be required to determine whether the current EG95 vaccine would be effective against the G6 or G7 genotypes, or whether it will be necessary, and possible, to develop genotype-specific vaccines.
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DeWolf BD, Peregrine AS, Jones-Bitton A, Jansen JT, Menzies PI. Taenia ovisinfection and its control: a Canadian perspective. N Z Vet J 2013; 62:1-7. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2013.832109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Control of Taenia solium taeniasis/cysticercosis: past practices and new possibilities. Parasitology 2013; 140:1566-77. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182013001005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYNeurocysticercosis continues to be a major health burden on humans living in many regions of the world, despite the availability of highly effective taeniacides and identification of the cause, Taenia solium, as being potentially eradicable. Several T. solium control trials have been undertaken, generally achieving limited success and none that has been fully documented has achieved what was demonstrated to be a sustainable level of disease control. Pigs act as intermediate hosts for T. solium and two new control tools have become available for application in pigs – single-dose oxfendazole treatment of porcine cysticercosis and the TSOL18 vaccine. Three potential intervention scenarios for pigs are compared for control of cysticercosis, using either oxfendazole or vaccination. A control scenario involving vaccination plus oxfendazole treatment delivered at 4 monthly intervals was predicted to achieve the best outcome, with no pigs slaughtered at 12 months of age having viable T. solium cysticerci. Now that new control tools are available, there are opportunities to concentrate research attention on evaluation of novel control scenarios leading to the implementation of effective and sustainable control programmes and a reduction in the global burden of neurocysticercosis.
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Kaminsky R, Rufener L, Bouvier J, Lizundia R, Schorderet Weber S, Sager H. Worms—A “license to kill”. Vet Parasitol 2013; 195:286-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Nothing is perfect! Trouble-shooting in immunological and molecular studies of cestode infections. Parasitology 2013; 140:1551-65. [PMID: 23790247 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182013000966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This personal review focuses on ways to approach and overcome some of the more common issues encountered while studying cestode zoonoses. The information presented here is based on the author's own experiences with immunological and molecular approaches for the detection of these parasites. There are many incongruities between immunological and molecular studies due to biased work. Nothing is perfect. Indirect approaches using either immunological, or even molecular tools, are limited without confirmation from direct evidence of infection. The dilemma of whether developing countries should develop their own diagnostic tests or rely on commercially available kits is also discussed.
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Marcotty T, Thys E, Conrad P, Godfroid J, Craig P, Zinsstag J, Meheus F, Boukary AR, Badé MA, Sahibi H, Filali H, Hendrickx S, Pissang C, Van Herp M, van der Roost D, Thys S, Hendrickx D, Claes M, Demeulenaere T, van Mierlo J, Dehoux JP, Boelaert M. Intersectoral collaboration between the medical and veterinary professions in low-resource societies: The role of research and training institutions. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 36:233-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2012.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Parasitic diseases present a considerable socio-economic impact to society. Zoonotic parasites can result in a considerable burden of disease in people and substantive economic losses to livestock populations. Ameliorating the effects of these diseases may consist of attempts at eradicating specific diseases at a global level, eliminating them at a national or local level or controlling them to minimise incidence. Alternatively with some parasitic zoonoses it may only be possible to treat human and animal cases as they arise. The choice of approach will be determined by the potential effectiveness of a disease control programme, its cost and the cost effectiveness or cost benefit of undertaking the intervention. Furthermore human disease burden is being increasingly measured by egalitarian non-financial measures which are difficult to apply to livestock. This adds additional challenges to the assessment of socio-economic burdens of zoonotic diseases. Using examples from the group of neglected zoonotic diseases, information regarding the socio-economic effects is reviewed together with how this information is used in decision making with regard to disease control and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Torgerson
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurestrasse 270, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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The role of nuclear technologies in the diagnosis and control of livestock diseases--a review. Trop Anim Health Prod 2013; 44:1341-66. [PMID: 22286376 PMCID: PMC3433664 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-012-0077-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear and nuclear-related technologies have played an important role in animal health, particularly in relation to disease diagnosis and characterization of pathogenic organisms. This review focuses primarily on how and where nuclear technologies, both non-isotopic and isotopic methods, have made their impact in the past and where it might be expected they could have an impact in the future. The review outlines the extensive use of radiation attenuation in attempts to create vaccines for a multiplicity of pathogenic organisms and how the technology is being re-examined in the light of recent advances in irradiation techniques and cryopreservation/lyophilization that might obviate some of the problems of maintenance of viable, attenuate vaccines and their transport and use in the field. This approach could be used for a number of parasitic diseases where vaccination has been problematic and where investigations into the development of molecular vaccines have still failed to deliver satisfactory candidates for generating protective immune responses. Irradiation of antigens or serum samples also has its uses in diagnosis, especially when the samples need to be transported across international boundaries, or when handling the pathogens in question when carrying out a test presents serious health hazards to laboratory personnel. The present-day extensive use of enzyme immunoassays and molecular methods (e.g., polymerase chain reaction) for diagnosis and characterization of animal pathogens has its origins in the use of isotope-labeled antigens and antibodies. These isotopic techniques that included the use of 75Se, 32P, 125I, and 35S isotopes enabled a level of sensitivity and specificity that was hitherto unrealized, and it is prescient to remind ourselves of just how successful these technologies were, in spite of their infrequent use nowadays. Finally, the review looks at the potential for stable isotope analysis for a variety of applications--in the tracking of animal migrations, where the migrant are potential carriers of transboundary animal diseases, and where it would be useful to determine the origins of the carrier, e.g., Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza and its dissemination by wild water fowl. Other applications could be in monitoring sequestered microbial culture (e.g., rinderpest virus) where in the case of accidental or deliberate release of infective culture it would be possible to identify the laboratory from which the isolate originated.
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Feng S, Wu X, Wang X, Bai X, Shi H, Tang B, Liu X, Song Y, Boireau P, Wang F, Zhao Y, Liu M. Vaccination of mice with an antigenic serine protease-like protein elicits a protective immune response against Trichinella spiralis infection. J Parasitol 2012; 99:426-32. [PMID: 23252743 DOI: 10.1645/12-46.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichinellosis has major economic impacts on animal husbandry and food safety, and the control and elimination of trichinellosis is a major objective of veterinary medicine. A gene encoding serine protease of Trichinella spiralis (Ts-Adsp) was identified by immunoscreening an adult T. spiralis cDNA library. In this study, the recombinant Ts-Adsp protein (rTs-Adsp) was cloned and expressed in a prokaryotic expression system and purified by Ni-affinity chromatography. To determine whether the purified rTs-Adsp is a potential vaccine candidate for the control of T. spiralis infection, we immunized BALB/c mice with this protein in combination with an alum adjuvant and subsequently challenged with T. spiralis larvae. The results showed that mice vaccinated with rTs-Adsp exhibited an average reduction in the muscle larvae burden of 46.5% relative to the control group. Immunization with the rTs-Adsp antigen induced both humoral and cellular immune responses, which manifested as elevated specific anti-rTs-Adsp IgG and IgE antibodies and a mixed Th1-Th2 response, as determined by Th1 (IFN-γ and IL-2) and Th2 (IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13) cytokine profiling, with the Th2 predominant. Thus, purified rTs-Adsp is able to limit the invasion of T. spiralis , and this protein could be an effective vaccine candidate for trichinellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Feng
- Key Lab of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Gauci C, Jayashi C, Lightowlers MW. Vaccine development against the Taenia solium parasite: the role of recombinant protein expression in Escherichia coli. Bioengineered 2012. [PMID: 23196744 DOI: 10.4161/bioe.23003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Taenia solium is a zoonotic parasite that causes cysticercosis. The parasite is a major cause of human disease in impoverished communities where it is transmitted to humans from pigs which act as intermediate hosts. Vaccination of pigs to prevent transmission of T. solium to humans is an approach that has been investigated to control the disease. A recombinant vaccine antigen, TSOL18, has been remarkably successful at reducing infection of pigs with T. solium in several experimental challenge trials. The vaccine has been shown to eliminate transmission of naturally acquired T. solium in a field trial conducted in Africa. We recently reported that the vaccine was also effective in a field trial conducted in Peru. The TSOL18 recombinant antigen for each of these trials has been produced by expression in Escherichia coli. Here we discuss research that has been undertaken on the TSOL18 antigen and related antigens with a focus on improved methods of preparation of recombinant TSOL18 and optimized expression in Escherichia coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Gauci
- University of Melbourne; Faculty of Veterinary Science; Werribee, Australia; Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology; University of Queensland; Queensland, Australia
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Heath DD, Robinson C, Lightowlers MW. Maternal antibody parameters of cattle and calves receiving EG95 vaccine to protect against Echinococcus granulosus. Vaccine 2012; 30:7321-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.08.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Jayashi CM, Gonzalez AE, Castillo Neyra R, Kyngdon CT, Gauci CG, Lightowlers MW. Characterisation of antibody responses in pigs induced by recombinant oncosphere antigens from Taenia solium. Vaccine 2012; 30:7475-80. [PMID: 23116696 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant antigens cloned from the oncosphere life cycle stage of the cestode parasite Taenia solium (T. solium) have been proven to be effective as vaccines for protecting pigs against infections with T. solium. Previous studies have defined three different host protective oncosphere antigens, TSOL18, TSOL16 and TSOL45. In this study, we evaluated the potential for combining the antigens TSOL16 and TSOL18 as a practical vaccine. Firstly, in a laboratory trial, we compared the immunogenicity of the combined antigens (TSOL16/18) versus the immunogenicity of the antigens separately. Secondly, in a field trial, we tested the ability of the TSOL16/18 vaccine to induce detectable antibody responses in animals living under environmental stress and traditionally reared in areas where T. solium cysticercosis is endemic; and finally, we characterised the immune response of the study population. Pigs of 8-16 weeks of age were vaccinated with 200 μg each of TSOL16 and TSOL18, plus 5mg of Quil-A. Specific total IgG, IgG(1) and IgG(2) antibody responses induced by TSOL16 and TSOL18 were determined with ELISA. The immunogenicity of both antigens was retained in the combined TSOL16/18 vaccine. The combined vaccine TSOL16/18 induced detectable specific anti-TSOL18 antibody responses in 100% (113/113) and specific anti-TSOL16 in 99% (112/113) of the vaccinated animals measured at 2 weeks following the booster vaccination. From the two IgG antibody subtypes analysed we found there was stronger response to IgG(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- César M Jayashi
- Veterinary Clinical Centre, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia.
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McWilliam HEG, Driguez P, Piedrafita D, McManus DP, Meeusen ENT. Novel immunomic technologies for schistosome vaccine development. Parasite Immunol 2012; 34:276-84. [PMID: 22486551 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2011.01330.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis remains one of the most common human helminthiases, despite the availability of an effective drug against the causative parasites. Drug treatment programmes have several limitations, and it is likely that a vaccine is required for effective control. While decades of vaccine development have seen the discovery and testing of several candidate antigens, none have shown consistent and acceptable high levels of protection. The migrating larval stages are susceptible to immunity, however few larval-specific antigens have been discovered. Therefore, there is a need to identify novel larval-specific antigens, which may prove to be more efficacious than existing targets. Immunomics, a relatively new field developed to cope with the recent large influx of biological information, holds promise for the discovery of vaccine targets, and this review highlights some immunomic approaches to schistosome vaccine development. Firstly, a method to focus on the immune response elicited by the important and vulnerable larval stage is described, which allows a targeted study of the immunome at different tissue sites. Then, two high-throughput arrays are discussed for the identification of protein and carbohydrate antigens. It is anticipated that these approaches will progress vaccine development against the schistosomes, as well as other parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamish E G McWilliam
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Olson PD, Zarowiecki M, Kiss F, Brehm K. Cestode genomics - progress and prospects for advancing basic and applied aspects of flatworm biology. Parasite Immunol 2012; 34:130-50. [PMID: 21793855 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2011.01319.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of the first tapeworm genome, Echinococcus multilocularis, is now nearly complete, and genome assemblies of E. granulosus, Taenia solium and Hymenolepis microstoma are in advanced draft versions. These initiatives herald the beginning of a genomic era in cestodology and underpin a diverse set of research agendas targeting both basic and applied aspects of tapeworm biology. We discuss the progress in the genomics of these species, provide insights into the presence and composition of immunologically relevant gene families, including the antigen B- and EG95/45W families, and discuss chemogenomic approaches toward the development of novel chemotherapeutics against cestode diseases. In addition, we discuss the evolution of tapeworm parasites and introduce the research programmes linked to genome initiatives that are aimed at understanding signalling systems involved in basic host-parasite interactions and morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Olson
- Department of Zoology, The Natural History Museum, London, UK
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References. Parasitology 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119968986.refs] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Alvarez Rojas CA, Gauci CG, Nolan MJ, Harandi MF, Lightowlers MW. Characterization of the eg95 gene family in the G6 genotype of Echinococcus granulosus. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2012; 183:115-21. [PMID: 22349630 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis in humans and livestock animals is caused by infection with the cestode parasite Echinococcus granulosus. A number of genotypes of the parasite (designated G1-G10) are known to exist, with the genotype cluster G1-G3 and genotype G6 being responsible for the majority of humans infections. A recombinant vaccine has been developed for use in livestock to prevent infection with E. granulosus. The vaccine is based on the antigen EG95 which is expressed in the early larval stage (oncosphere) of the parasite. The EG95 antigen was originally cloned from the G1 genotype of E. granulosus and the protein has been found to be encoded by members of a small family of related genes in this genotype. Reliable information has not been available about the likely efficacy of the EG95 vaccine against genotypes other than G1. In this study, genomic DNA cloning techniques were used to characterize seven eg95-related gene fragments from the G6 genotype of E. granulosus. Three proteins appear to be encoded by these genes. Considerable differences were found between the EG95 related proteins from the G6 genotype compared with the EG95 protein from the G1 genotype. These differences suggest that the EG95-related proteins from the G6 genotype may have different antigenic epitopes compared with the current vaccine antigen. Data presented in this study have implications for future vaccine design and provide the information that would enable a G6 genotype-specific vaccine to be developed against E. granulosus, should this be considered a desirable addition to the available tools for control of cystic echinococcosis transmission.
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Cysticercosis and Echinococcosis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-45792-4_234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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