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Ortiz-Baez AS, Shi M, Hoffmann AA, Holmes EC. RNA virome diversity and Wolbachia infection in individual Drosophila simulans flies. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 34704919 PMCID: PMC8604192 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The endosymbiont bacteria of the genus Wolbachia are associated with multiple mutualistic effects on insect biology, including nutritional and antiviral properties. Members of the genus Wolbachia naturally occur in fly species of the genus Drosophila, providing an operational model host for studying how virome composition may be affected by its presence. Drosophila simulans populations can carry a variety of strains of members of the genus Wolbachia, with the wAu strain associated with strong antiviral protection under experimental conditions. We used D. simulans sampled from the Perth Hills, Western Australia, to investigate the potential virus protective effect of the wAu strain of Wolbachia on individual wild-caught flies. Our data revealed no appreciable variation in virus composition and abundance between individuals infected or uninfected with Wolbachia associated with the presence or absence of wAu. However, it remains unclear whether wAu might affect viral infection and host survival by increasing tolerance rather than inducing complete resistance. These data also provide new insights into the natural virome diversity of D. simulans. Despite the small number of individuals sampled, we identified a repertoire of RNA viruses, including nora virus, galbut virus, thika virus and La Jolla virus, that have been identified in other species of the genus Drosophila. Chaq virus-like sequences associated with galbut virus were also detected. In addition, we identified five novel viruses from the families Reoviridae, Tombusviridae, Mitoviridae and Bunyaviridae. Overall, this study highlights the complex interaction between Wolbachia and RNA virus infections and provides a baseline description of the natural virome of D. simulans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayda Susana Ortiz-Baez
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Mang Shi
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Ary A Hoffmann
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Edward C Holmes
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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2
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Abstract
Monoxenous (one host) trypanosomatids from insects and other invertebrates can be introduced into axenic culture relatively easily and efficiently, allowing for their transfer from the field into the laboratory. Here we describe simple methods and alternative cultivation protocols, the wider application of which will allow substantial expansion of trypanosomatids available for research.
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3
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Kostygov AY, Frolov AO, Malysheva MN, Ganyukova AI, Chistyakova LV, Tashyreva D, Tesařová M, Spodareva VV, Režnarová J, Macedo DH, Butenko A, d'Avila-Levy CM, Lukeš J, Yurchenko V. Vickermania gen. nov., trypanosomatids that use two joined flagella to resist midgut peristaltic flow within the fly host. BMC Biol 2020; 18:187. [PMID: 33267865 PMCID: PMC7712620 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-00916-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The family Trypanosomatidae encompasses parasitic flagellates, some of which cause serious vector-transmitted diseases of humans and domestic animals. However, insect-restricted parasites represent the ancestral and most diverse group within the family. They display a range of unusual features and their study can provide insights into the biology of human pathogens. Here we describe Vickermania, a new genus of fly midgut-dwelling parasites that bear two flagella in contrast to other trypanosomatids, which are unambiguously uniflagellate. Results Vickermania has an odd cell cycle, in which shortly after the division the uniflagellate cell starts growing a new flagellum attached to the old one and preserves their contact until the late cytokinesis. The flagella connect to each other throughout their whole length and carry a peculiar seizing structure with a paddle-like apex and two lateral extensions at their tip. In contrast to typical trypanosomatids, which attach to the insect host’s intestinal wall, Vickermania is separated from it by a continuous peritrophic membrane and resides freely in the fly midgut lumen. Conclusions We propose that Vickermania developed a survival strategy that relies on constant movement preventing discharge from the host gut due to intestinal peristalsis. Since these parasites cannot attach to the midgut wall, they were forced to shorten the period of impaired motility when two separate flagella in dividing cells interfere with each other. The connection between the flagella ensures their coordinate movement until the separation of the daughter cells. We propose that Trypanosoma brucei, a severe human pathogen, during its development in the tsetse fly midgut faces the same conditions and follows the same strategy as Vickermania by employing an analogous adaptation, the flagellar connector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Y Kostygov
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Chittussiho 10, 710 00, Ostrava, Czechia. .,Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia.
| | - Alexander O Frolov
- Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Marina N Malysheva
- Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Anna I Ganyukova
- Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | | | - Daria Tashyreva
- Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Martina Tesařová
- Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Viktoria V Spodareva
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Chittussiho 10, 710 00, Ostrava, Czechia.,Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Jana Režnarová
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Chittussiho 10, 710 00, Ostrava, Czechia
| | - Diego H Macedo
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Chittussiho 10, 710 00, Ostrava, Czechia
| | - Anzhelika Butenko
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Chittussiho 10, 710 00, Ostrava, Czechia.,Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | | | - Julius Lukeš
- Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czechia.,Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Vyacheslav Yurchenko
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Chittussiho 10, 710 00, Ostrava, Czechia.,Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Sechenov University, Moscow, 119435, Russia
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4
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Kapun M, Barrón MG, Staubach F, Obbard DJ, Wiberg RAW, Vieira J, Goubert C, Rota-Stabelli O, Kankare M, Bogaerts-Márquez M, Haudry A, Waidele L, Kozeretska I, Pasyukova EG, Loeschcke V, Pascual M, Vieira CP, Serga S, Montchamp-Moreau C, Abbott J, Gibert P, Porcelli D, Posnien N, Sánchez-Gracia A, Grath S, Sucena É, Bergland AO, Guerreiro MPG, Onder BS, Argyridou E, Guio L, Schou MF, Deplancke B, Vieira C, Ritchie MG, Zwaan BJ, Tauber E, Orengo DJ, Puerma E, Aguadé M, Schmidt P, Parsch J, Betancourt AJ, Flatt T, González J. Genomic Analysis of European Drosophila melanogaster Populations Reveals Longitudinal Structure, Continent-Wide Selection, and Previously Unknown DNA Viruses. Mol Biol Evol 2020; 37:2661-2678. [PMID: 32413142 PMCID: PMC7475034 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variation is the fuel of evolution, with standing genetic variation especially important for short-term evolution and local adaptation. To date, studies of spatiotemporal patterns of genetic variation in natural populations have been challenging, as comprehensive sampling is logistically difficult, and sequencing of entire populations costly. Here, we address these issues using a collaborative approach, sequencing 48 pooled population samples from 32 locations, and perform the first continent-wide genomic analysis of genetic variation in European Drosophila melanogaster. Our analyses uncover longitudinal population structure, provide evidence for continent-wide selective sweeps, identify candidate genes for local climate adaptation, and document clines in chromosomal inversion and transposable element frequencies. We also characterize variation among populations in the composition of the fly microbiome, and identify five new DNA viruses in our samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kapun
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maite G Barrón
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fabian Staubach
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Darren J Obbard
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - R Axel W Wiberg
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Centre for Biological Diversity, School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jorge Vieira
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Clément Goubert
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Omar Rota-Stabelli
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’ Adige, Italy
| | - Maaria Kankare
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - María Bogaerts-Márquez
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Annabelle Haudry
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Lena Waidele
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Iryna Kozeretska
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- General and Medical Genetics Department, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
- State Institution National Antarctic Scientific Center of Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Elena G Pasyukova
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Laboratory of Genome Variation, Institute of Molecular Genetics of RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Volker Loeschcke
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Department of Bioscience—Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Marta Pascual
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina P Vieira
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Svitlana Serga
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- General and Medical Genetics Department, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Catherine Montchamp-Moreau
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, IRD, UMR Évolution, Génomes, Comportement et Écologie, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jessica Abbott
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Section for Evolutionary Ecology, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Patricia Gibert
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Damiano Porcelli
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Nico Posnien
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institut für Zoologie und Anthropologie, Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alejandro Sánchez-Gracia
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sonja Grath
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg, Germany
| | - Élio Sucena
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Alan O Bergland
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Maria Pilar Garcia Guerreiro
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Departament de Genètica i Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Banu Sebnem Onder
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Eliza Argyridou
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg, Germany
| | - Lain Guio
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mads Fristrup Schou
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Department of Bioscience—Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Section for Evolutionary Ecology, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bart Deplancke
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Institute of Bio-engineering, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Vieira
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Michael G Ritchie
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Centre for Biological Diversity, School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, St Andrews, Scotland
| | - Bas J Zwaan
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Eran Tauber
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Dorcas J Orengo
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Puerma
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Aguadé
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paul Schmidt
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - John Parsch
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg, Germany
| | - Andrea J Betancourt
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Behaviour, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Flatt
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Josefa González
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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5
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Wang L, Sloan MA, Ligoxygakis P. Intestinal NF-κB and STAT signalling is important for uptake and clearance in a Drosophila-Herpetomonas interaction model. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1007931. [PMID: 30822306 PMCID: PMC6415867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dipteran insects transmit serious diseases to humans, often in the form of trypanosomatid parasites. To accelerate research in more difficult contexts of dipteran-parasite relationships, we studied the interaction of the model dipteran Drosophila melanogaster and its natural trypanosomatid Herpetomonas muscarum. Parasite infection reduced fecundity but not lifespan in NF-κB/Relish-deficient flies. Gene expression analysis implicated the two NF-κB pathways Toll and Imd as well as STAT signalling. Tissue specific knock-down of key components of these pathways in enterocytes (ECs) and intestinal stem cells (ISCs) influenced initial numbers, infection dynamics and time of clearance. Herpetomonas triggered STAT activation and proliferation of ISCs. Loss of Relish suppressed ISCs, resulting in increased parasite numbers and delayed clearance. Conversely, overexpression of Relish increased ISCs and reduced uptake. Finally, loss of Toll signalling decreased EC numbers and enabled parasite persistence. This network of signalling may represent a general mechanism with which dipteran respond to trypanosomatids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Wang
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Development and Genetics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Megan A. Sloan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Development and Genetics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Petros Ligoxygakis
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Development and Genetics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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6
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Votýpka J, Kment P, Kriegová E, Vermeij MJ, Keeling PJ, Yurchenko V, Lukeš J. High Prevalence and Endemism of Trypanosomatids on a Small Caribbean Island. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2018; 66:600-607. [DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Votýpka
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre; Czech Academy of Sciences; 370 05 České Budějovice (Budweis) Czech Republic
- Department of Parasitology; Faculty of Science; Charles University; 128 44 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kment
- Department of Entomology; National Museum; 148 00 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Eva Kriegová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre; Czech Academy of Sciences; 370 05 České Budějovice (Budweis) Czech Republic
| | - Mark J.A. Vermeij
- Carmabi Foundation; Willemstad Curaçao
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Patrick J. Keeling
- Department of Botany; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Vyacheslav Yurchenko
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre; Czech Academy of Sciences; 370 05 České Budějovice (Budweis) Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science; University of Ostrava; 710 00 Ostrava Czech Republic
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases; Sechenov University; Moscow Russia
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre; Czech Academy of Sciences; 370 05 České Budějovice (Budweis) Czech Republic
- Faculty of Sciences; University of South Bohemia; 370 05 České Budějovice (Budweis) Czech Republic
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7
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d’Avila-Levy CM, Boucinha C, Kostygov A, Santos HLC, Morelli KA, Grybchuk-Ieremenko A, Duval L, Votýpka J, Yurchenko V, Grellier P, Lukeš J. Exploring the environmental diversity of kinetoplastid flagellates in the high-throughput DNA sequencing era. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 110:956-65. [PMID: 26602872 PMCID: PMC4708014 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760150253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The class Kinetoplastea encompasses both free-living and parasitic species from a wide range of hosts. Several representatives of this group are responsible for severe human diseases and for economic losses in agriculture and livestock. While this group encompasses over 30 genera, most of the available information has been derived from the vertebrate pathogenic genera Leishmaniaand Trypanosoma. Recent studies of the previously neglected groups of Kinetoplastea indicated that the actual diversity is much higher than previously thought. This article discusses the known segment of kinetoplastid diversity and how gene-directed Sanger sequencing and next-generation sequencing methods can help to deepen our knowledge of these interesting protists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Masini d’Avila-Levy
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Estudos
Integrados em Protozoologia, Coleção de Protozoários, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Carolina Boucinha
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Estudos
Integrados em Protozoologia, Coleção de Protozoários, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Alexei Kostygov
- University of Ostrava, Life Science Research Centre, Ostrava, Czech
Republic
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Zoological Institute, Laboratory of
Molecular Systematics, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Helena Lúcia Carneiro Santos
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Estudos
Integrados em Protozoologia, Coleção de Protozoários, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Karina Alessandra Morelli
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Estudos
Integrados em Protozoologia, Coleção de Protozoários, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia Roberto
Alcântara Gomes, Departamento de Ecologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Linda Duval
- Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Centre
National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation
des Microorganisme, Unités Mixte de Recherche 7245, Paris, France
| | - Jan Votýpka
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre,
České Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Parasitology,
Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vyacheslav Yurchenko
- University of Ostrava, Life Science Research Centre, Ostrava, Czech
Republic
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre,
České Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Philippe Grellier
- Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Centre
National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation
des Microorganisme, Unités Mixte de Recherche 7245, Paris, France
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre,
České Budejovice, Czech Republic
- University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Sciences, České Budejovice,
Czech Republic
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Canada
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8
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Kozminsky E, Kraeva N, Ishemgulova A, Dobáková E, Lukeš J, Kment P, Yurchenko V, Votýpka J, Maslov DA. Host-specificity of Monoxenous Trypanosomatids: Statistical Analysis of the Distribution and Transmission Patterns of the Parasites from Neotropical Heteroptera. Protist 2015; 166:551-68. [PMID: 26466163 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Host-parasite relationships and parasite biodiversity have been the center of attention for many years; however the primary data obtained from large-scale studies remain scarce. Our long term investigations of trypanosomatid (Euglenozoa: Kinetoplastea) biodiversity from Neotropical Heteroptera have yielded almost one hundred typing units (TU) of trypanosomatids from one hundred twenty host species. Half of the parasites' TUs were documented in a single host species only but the rest were found parasitizing two to nine species of hosts, with logarithmic distribution best describing the observed distribution of parasites among hosts. Different host superfamilies did not show significant differences in numbers of trypanosomatid TUs they carry, with exception of Pyrrhocoroidea which showed higher parasite richness than any other group tested. Predatory reduviids shared significantly larger numbers of parasite TUs with phytophagous mirids and coreids than the numbers shared between any other groups. These results show that the specificity of trypanosomatid-heteropteran associations is not very strict: parasites seem to be transmissible between different host groups within the same niche and predatory hosts may acquire parasites from their prey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Kozminsky
- Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St.-Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Natalya Kraeva
- Life Science Research Centre, University of Ostrava, 70200 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Aygul Ishemgulova
- Life Science Research Centre, University of Ostrava, 70200 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Dobáková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005 České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005 České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 37005 České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON M5G 1Z8, Canada
| | - Petr Kment
- Department of Entomology, National Museum, 19300 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vyacheslav Yurchenko
- Life Science Research Centre, University of Ostrava, 70200 Ostrava, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 37005 České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Jan Votýpka
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 37005 České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12843 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dmitri A Maslov
- Department of Biology, University of California - Riverside, Riverside, CA 91521, USA.
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9
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Abstract
Trypanosomatid parasites are significant causes of human disease and are ubiquitous in insects. Despite the importance of Drosophila melanogaster as a model of infection and immunity and a long awareness that trypanosomatid infection is common in the genus, no trypanosomatid parasites naturally infecting Drosophila have been characterized. Here, we establish a new model of trypanosomatid infection in Drosophila—Jaenimonas drosophilae, gen. et sp. nov. As far as we are aware, this is the first Drosophila-parasitic trypanosomatid to be cultured and characterized. Through experimental infections, we find that Drosophila falleni, the natural host, is highly susceptible to infection, leading to a substantial decrease in host fecundity. J. drosophilae has a broad host range, readily infecting a number of Drosophila species, including D. melanogaster, with oral infection of D. melanogaster larvae resulting in the induction of numerous immune genes. When injected into adult hemolymph, J. drosophilae kills D. melanogaster, although interestingly, neither the Imd nor the Toll pathway is induced and Imd mutants do not show increased susceptibility to infection. In contrast, mutants deficient in drosocrystallin, a major component of the peritrophic matrix, are more severely infected during oral infection, suggesting that the peritrophic matrix plays an important role in mediating trypanosomatid infection in Drosophila. This work demonstrates that the J. drosophilae-Drosophila system can be a powerful model to uncover the effects of trypanosomatids in their insect hosts. Trypanosomatid parasites are ubiquitous in insects and are significant causes of disease when vectored to humans by blood-feeding insects. In recent decades, Drosophila has emerged as the predominant insect model of infection and immunity and is also known to be infected by trypanosomatids at high rates in the wild. Despite this, there has been almost no work on their trypanosomatid parasites, in part because Drosophila-specific trypanosomatids have been resistant to culturing. Here, we present the first isolation and detailed characterization of a trypanosomatid from Drosophila, finding that it represents a new genus and species, Jaenimonas drosophilae. Using this parasite, we conducted a series of experiments that revealed many of the unknown aspects of trypanosomatid infection in Drosophila, including host range, transmission biology, dynamics of infection, and host immune response. Taken together, this work establishes J. drosophilae as a powerful new opportunity to study trypanosomatid infections in insects.
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10
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Votýpka J, Kostygov AY, Kraeva N, Grybchuk-Ieremenko A, Tesařová M, Grybchuk D, Lukeš J, Yurchenko V. Kentomonas gen. n., a new genus of endosymbiont-containing trypanosomatids of Strigomonadinae subfam. n. Protist 2014; 165:825-38. [PMID: 25460233 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Compared to their relatives, the diversity of endosymbiont-containing Trypanosomatidae remains under-investigated, with only two new species described in the past 25 years, bringing the total to six. The possible reasons for such a poor representation of this group are either their overall scarcity or susceptibility of their symbionts to antibiotics that are traditionally used for cultivation of flagellates. In this work we describe the isolation, cultivation, as well as morphological and molecular characterization of a novel endosymbiont-harboring trypanosomatid species, Kentomonas sorsogonicus sp. n. The newly erected genus Kentomonas gen. n. shares many common features with the genera Angomonas and Strigomonas, such as the presence of an extensive system of peripheral mitochondrial branches distorting the corset of subpellicular microtubules, large and loosely packed kinetoplast, and a rudimentary paraflagellar rod. Here we also propose to unite all endosymbiont-bearing trypanosomatids into the new subfamily Strigomonadinae subfam. n.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Votýpka
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Alexei Yu Kostygov
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic; Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Natalya Kraeva
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | | | - Martina Tesařová
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Danyil Grybchuk
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Vyacheslav Yurchenko
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic; Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.
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11
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Hamilton PT, Leong JS, Koop BF, Perlman SJ. Transcriptional responses in a Drosophila defensive symbiosis. Mol Ecol 2013; 23:1558-1570. [PMID: 24274471 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inherited symbionts are ubiquitous in insects and can have important consequences for the fitness of their hosts. Many inherited symbionts defend their hosts against parasites or other natural enemies; however, the means by which most symbionts confer protection is virtually unknown. We examine the mechanisms of defence in a recently discovered case of symbiont-mediated protection, where the bacterial symbiont Spiroplasma defends the fly Drosophila neotestacea from a virulent nematode parasite, Howardula aoronymphium. Using quantitative PCR of Spiroplasma infection intensities and whole transcriptome sequencing, we attempt to distinguish between the following modes of defence: symbiont-parasite competition, host immune priming and the production of toxic factors by Spiroplasma. Our findings do not support a model of exploitative competition between Howardula and Spiroplasma to mediate defence, nor do we find strong support for host immune priming during Spiroplasma infection. Interestingly, we recovered sequence for putative toxins encoded by Spiroplasma, including a novel putative ribosome-inactivating protein, transcripts of which are up-regulated in response to nematode exposure. Protection via the production of toxins may be a widely used and important mechanism in heritable defensive symbioses in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phineas T Hamilton
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, PO Box 1800, STN CSC, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, V8W 2Y2
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12
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Týč J, Votýpka J, Klepetková H, Suláková H, Jirků M, Lukeš J. Growing diversity of trypanosomatid parasites of flies (Diptera: Brachycera): frequent cosmopolitism and moderate host specificity. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2013; 69:255-64. [PMID: 23747522 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2013.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Widely distributed, highly prevalent and speciose, trypanosomatid flagellates represent a convenient model to address topics such as host specificity, diversity and distribution of parasitic protists. Recent studies dealing with insect parasites of the class Kinetoplastea have been focused mainly on trypanosomatids from true bugs (Heteroptera), even though flies (Diptera, Brachycera) are also known as their frequent hosts. Phylogenetic position, host specificity and geographic distribution of trypanosomatids parasitizing dipteran hosts collected in nine countries on four continents (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Ecuador, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mongolia, Papua New Guinea and Turkey) are presented. Spliced leader (SL) RNA gene repeats and small subunit (SSU) rRNA genes were PCR amplified from trypanosomatids infecting the gut of a total of forty fly specimens belonging to nine families. While SL RNA was mainly used for barcoding, SSU rRNA was utilized in phylogenetic analyses. Thirty-six different typing units (TUs) were revealed, of which 24 are described for the first time and represent potential new species. Multiple infections with several TUs are more common among brachyceran hosts than in true bugs, reaching one third of cases. When compared to trypanosomatids from heteropteran bugs, brachyceran flagellates are more host specific on the genus level. From seven previously recognized branches of monoxenous trypanosomatids, the Blastocrithidia and "jaculum" clades accommodate almost solely parasites of Heteroptera; two other clades (Herpetomonas and Angomonas) are formed primarily by flagellates found in dipteran hosts, with the most species-rich Leishmaniinae and the small Strigomonas and "collosoma" clades remaining promiscuous. Furthermore, two new clades of trypanosomatids from brachyceran flies emerged in this study. While flagellates from brachyceran hosts have moderate to higher host specificity, geographic distribution of at least some of them seems to be cosmopolitan. Moreover, the genus Angomonas, so far known only from South America, is present on other continents as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Týč
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05 České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
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13
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Chandler JA, James PM. Discovery of trypanosomatid parasites in globally distributed Drosophila species. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61937. [PMID: 23658617 PMCID: PMC3639215 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial parasites of animals include bacteria, viruses, and various unicellular eukaryotes. Because of the difficulty in studying these microorganisms in both humans and disease vectors, laboratory models are commonly used for experimental analysis of host-parasite interactions. Drosophila is one such model that has made significant contributions to our knowledge of bacterial, fungal, and viral infections. Despite this, less is known about other potential parasites associated with natural Drosophila populations. Here, we surveyed sixteen Drosophila populations comprising thirteen species from four continents and Hawaii and found that they are associated with an extensive diversity of trypanosomatids (Euglenozoa, Kinetoplastea). Phylogenetic analysis finds that Drosophila-associated trypanosomatids are closely related to taxa that are responsible for various types of leishmaniases and more distantly related to the taxa responsible for human African trypanosomiasis and Chagas disease. We suggest that Drosophila may provide a powerful system for studying the interactions between trypanosomatids and their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Angus Chandler
- Department of Evolution and Ecology and Center for Population Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
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