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Nosková E, Sambucci KM, Petrželková KJ, Červená B, Modrý D, Pafčo B. Strongyloides in non-human primates: significance for public health control. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230006. [PMID: 38008123 PMCID: PMC10676817 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Primates are an important source of infectious disease in humans. Strongyloidiasis affects an estimated 600 million people worldwide, with a global distribution and hotspots of infection in tropical and subtropical regions. Recently added to the list of neglected tropical diseases, global attention has been demanded in the drive for its control. Through a literature review of Strongyloides in humans and non-human primates (NHP), we analysed the most common identification methods and gaps in knowledge about this nematode genus. The rise of molecular-based methods for Strongyloides detection is evident in both humans and NHP and provides an opportunity to analyse all data available from primates. Dogs were also included as an important host species of Strongyloides and a potential bridge host between humans and NHP. This review highlights the lack of molecular data across all hosts-humans, NHP and dogs-with the latter highly underrepresented in the database. Despite the cosmopolitan nature of Strongyloides, there are still large gaps in our knowledge for certain species when considering transmission and pathogenicity. We suggest that a unified approach to Strongyloides detection be taken, with an optimized, repeatable molecular-based method to improve our understanding of this parasitic infection. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Strongyloides: omics to worm-free populations'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Nosková
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kelly M. Sambucci
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Klára J. Petrželková
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Červená
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David Modrý
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Pafčo
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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Nosková E, Modrý D, Baláž V, Červená B, Jirků-Pomajbíková K, Zechmeisterová K, Leowski C, Petrželková KJ, Pšenková I, Vodička R, Kessler SE, Ngoubangoye B, Setchell JM, Pafčo B. Identification of potentially zoonotic parasites in captive orangutans and semi-captive mandrills: Phylogeny and morphological comparison. Am J Primatol 2023; 85:e23475. [PMID: 36776131 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Cysts and trophozoites of vestibuliferid ciliates and larvae of Strongyloides were found in fecal samples from captive orangutans Pongo pygmaeus and P. abelii from Czech and Slovak zoological gardens. As comparative material, ciliates from semi-captive mandrills Mandrillus sphinx from Gabon were included in the study. Phylogenetic analysis of the detected vestibuliferid ciliates using ITS1-5.8s-rRNA-ITS2 and partial 18S ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (rDNA) revealed that the ciliates from orangutans are conspecific with Balantioides coli lineage A, while the ciliates from mandrills clustered with Buxtonella-like ciliates from other primates. Morphological examination of the cysts and trophozoites using light microscopy did not reveal differences robust enough to identify the genera of the ciliates. Phylogenetic analysis of detected L1 larvae of Strongyloides using partial cox1 revealed Strongyloides stercoralis clustering within the cox1 lineage A infecting dogs, humans, and other primates. The sequences of 18S rDNA support these results. As both B. coli and S. stercoralis are zoonotic parasites and the conditions in captive and semi-captive settings may facilitate transmission to humans, prophylactic measures should reflect the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Nosková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David Modrý
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources/CINeZ, Czech University of Life Sciences , Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Baláž
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Červená
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Clotilde Leowski
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Klára J Petrželková
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Liberec Zoo, Liberec, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Sharon E Kessler
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland
| | - Barthélémy Ngoubangoye
- Centre de Primatologie, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
- Department of Anthropology, and Behaviour, Ecology and Evolution Research Centre, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Joanna M Setchell
- Centre de Primatologie, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
- Department of Anthropology, and Behaviour, Ecology and Evolution Research Centre, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - Barbora Pafčo
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
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3
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Sultana Y, Kong F, Mukutmoni M, Fahria L, Begum A, Lee R. Internal transcribed spacer region 1 as a promising target for detection of intra-specific polymorphisms for Strongyloides stercoralis. Trop Parasitol 2022; 12:48-53. [PMID: 35923272 PMCID: PMC9341138 DOI: 10.4103/tp.tp_13_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Strongyloides stercoralis, the causative agent of strongyloidiasis, is a parasitic worm that has larvae capable of reinfecting the same host. This nematode infection is therefore difficult to treat and to achieve total cure. Information about genetic variation and differences in drug susceptibility between strains is needed to improve treatment outcomes. Aim: To develop a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to identify the intra-species variation among 13 S. stercoralis isolates collected from Bangladesh, USA and Australia. Material & Methods: PCR assays were designed by using primers targeting S. stercoralis internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions 1 and 2. Sequence data generated by these PCR products were compared to the existing ITS1/2, 18S and 28S rRNA gene sequences in GenBank for phylogenetic analysis. Results: Intra-species single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified in ITS1 and in the 5.8S rRNA gene. The generated phylogram grouped the 13 isolates into dog, Orangutan and human clusters. Conclusion: This method could be used as an epidemiological tool to study strain differences in larger collections of S. stercoralis isolates. The study forms the basis for further development of an ITS-based assay for S. stercoralis molecular epidemiological studies
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Bradbury RS, Pafčo B, Nosková E, Hasegawa H. Strongyloides genotyping: a review of methods and application in public health and population genetics. Int J Parasitol 2021; 51:1153-1166. [PMID: 34757088 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Strongyloidiasis represents a major medical and veterinary helminthic disease. Human infection is caused by Strongyloides stercoralis, Strongyloides fuelleborni fuelleborni and Strongyloides fuelleborni kellyi, with S.stercoralis accounting for the majority of cases. Strongyloides f. fuelleborni likely represents a zoonosis acquired from non-human primates (NHPs), while no animal reservoir for S. f. kellyi infection has been found. Whether S. stercoralis represents a zoonosis acquired from dogs and cats remains unanswered. Over the past two decades various tools have been applied to genotype Strongyloides spp. The most commonly sequenced markers have been the hyper-variable regions I and IV of the 18S rRNA gene and selected portions of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene. These markers have been sequenced and compared in Strongyloides from multiple hosts and geographical regions. More recently, a machine learning algorithm multi-locus sequence typing approach has been applied using these markers, while others have applied whole genome sequencing. Genotyping of Strongyloides from dogs, cats, NHPs and humans has identified that S. stercoralis likely originated in dogs and adapted to human hosts. It has also been demonstrated that S. stercoralis is distinct from S. f. fuelleborni and S. f. kellyi. Two distinct genetic clades of S. stercoralis exist, one restricted to dogs and another infecting humans, NHPs, dogs and cats. Genotyping of S. f. fuelleborni has identified two separate clades, one associated with African isolates and another Indochinese peninsular clade. This review summarises the history and development of genotyping tools for Strongyloides spp. It describes the findings of major studies to date in the context of the epidemiology and evolutionary biology of these helminths, with a specific focus on human-infecting species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Bradbury
- Health Innovation and Transformation Centre, Federation University, Berwick, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Barbora Pafčo
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Nosková
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hideo Hasegawa
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita, Japan
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Conga DF, de Souza NF, Jaques AMCC, Benigno RNM, Pereira WLA. Hyperinfection by Strongyloides in captive callitrichids with progressive weight loss syndrome. J Med Primatol 2021; 50:212-215. [PMID: 34105161 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We report three cases of disseminated hyperinfection by Strongyloides in primates Callithrix jacchus and Callithrix penicillata in captivity and with progressive weight loss syndrome. Histopathological examination revealed severe lesions in lungs, liver, and intestines with the presence of Strongyloides larvae and in a generalized manner, including other organs such as the pancreas and heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Conga
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Produção Animal na Amazônia, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA), Belém-Pará, Brazil.,Laboratório de Patologia Animal, Instituto da Saúde e Produção Animal (ISPA), Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA), Belém-Pará, Brazil
| | - Natalia F de Souza
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Adriana M C C Jaques
- Laboratório de Patologia Animal, Instituto da Saúde e Produção Animal (ISPA), Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA), Belém-Pará, Brazil
| | - Raimundo N M Benigno
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Produção Animal na Amazônia, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA), Belém-Pará, Brazil
| | - Washington L A Pereira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Produção Animal na Amazônia, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA), Belém-Pará, Brazil.,Laboratório de Patologia Animal, Instituto da Saúde e Produção Animal (ISPA), Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA), Belém-Pará, Brazil
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6
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Yalcindag E, Stuart P, Hasegawa H, Streit A, Doležalová J, Morrogh-Bernard H, Cheyne SM, Nurcahyo W, Foitová I. Genetic characterization of nodular worm infections in Asian Apes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7226. [PMID: 33790353 PMCID: PMC8012698 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86518-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic nematodes of Oesophagostomum spp., commonly known, as 'nodular worms' are emerging as the most widely distributed and prevalent zoonotic nematodes. Oesophagostomum infections are well documented in African non-human primates; however, the taxonomy, distribution and transmission of Oesophagostomum in Asian non-human primates are not adequately studied. To better understand which Oesophagostomum species infect Asian non-human primates and determine their phylogeny we analysed 55 faecal samples from 50 orangutan and 5 gibbon individuals from Borneo and Sumatra. Both microscopy and molecular results revealed that semi-wild animals had higher Oesophagostomum infection prevalence than free ranging animals. Based on sequence genotyping analysis targeting the Internal transcribed spacer 2 of rDNA, we report for the first time the presence of O. aculeatum in Sumatran apes. Population genetic analysis shows that there is significant genetic differentiation between Bornean and Sumatran O. aculeatum populations. Our results clearly reveal that O. aculeatum in free-ranging animals have a higher genetic variation than those in semi-wild animals, demonstrating that O. aculeatum is circulating naturally in wildlife and zoonotic transmission is possible. Further studies should be conducted to better understand the epidemiology and dynamics of Oesophagostomum transmission between humans, non-human primates and other wild species and livestock in Southeast Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erhan Yalcindag
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Peter Stuart
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Munster Technological University, Tralee, Co. Kerry, Ireland
| | - Hideo Hasegawa
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama, Yufu, Oita, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Adrian Streit
- Department Evolutionary Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Max-Planck-Ring 9, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jana Doležalová
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Palackého tř. 1, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Helen Morrogh-Bernard
- Borneo Nature Foundation, Palangkaraya, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Susan M Cheyne
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Wisnu Nurcahyo
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ivona Foitová
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Potters I, Micalessi I, Van Esbroeck M, Gils S, Theunissen C. A rare case of imported Strongyloides fuelleborni infection in a Belgian student. CLINICAL INFECTION IN PRACTICE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinpr.2020.100031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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8
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Janwan P, Rodpai R, Intapan PM, Sanpool O, Tourtip S, Maleewong W, Thanchomnang T. Possible transmission of Strongyloides fuelleborni between working Southern pig-tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) and their owners in Southern Thailand: Molecular identification and diversity. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 85:104516. [PMID: 32860989 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Human strongyloidiasis is caused by Strongyloides stercoralis, S. fuelleborni fuelleborni and Strongyloides f. kellyi. Strongyloides fuelleborni is a soil-transmitted nematode parasite typically infecting non-human primates. The southern pig-tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina) is distributed throughout the southern part of Thailand and could be a source of zoonotic transmission of this nematode. Here, we extracted DNA from Strongyloides speciescultured from the feces of southern pig-tailed macaques and their owners. Using PCR and sequencing of the extracted DNA, we compared the nucleotide sequences of these worms using portions of the 18S rDNA hypervariable region IV (HVR-IV) and the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene. Sequences from the 18S rRNA gene were obtained from worms from 23 southern pig-tailed macaques and from one owner. These sequences were identical with each other and with all East and Southeast Asian S. fuelleborni sequences (from Japan, Thailand, and Lao PDR) in the GenBank database. A median-joining network of published cox1 sequences (n = 123), in combination with the present 24 new sequences, represented 107 haplotypes distributed among six clusters, which corresponded to geographical localities but did not relate to host species. The S. fuelleborni cox1 sequences from some southern pig-tailed macaques and the one infected owner shared the same cox1 haplotype. This is the first evidence of likely zoonotic transmission of S. fuelleborni from a reservoir host, M. nemestrina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penchom Janwan
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand
| | - Rutchanee Rodpai
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Pewpan M Intapan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Oranuch Sanpool
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Somjintana Tourtip
- Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44000, Thailand
| | - Wanchai Maleewong
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
| | - Tongjit Thanchomnang
- Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44000, Thailand.
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9
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Balachandra D, Ahmad H, Arifin N, Noordin R. Direct detection of Strongyloides infection via molecular and antigen detection methods. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 40:27-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s10096-020-03949-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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10
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Costa FS, Rodrigues VF, de Rezende MC, Rodrigues-Oliveira JL, Coelho PMZ, Negrão-Corrêa D. The effect of maternal Strongyloides venezuelensis infection on mice offspring susceptibility and immune response. Vet Parasitol 2020; 278:109037. [PMID: 32004853 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Species of Strongyloides infect a wide range of hosts worldwide. Due to their complex life cycle, it is hard to control the transmission of these parasites. Several species show evidence of vertical transmission; however, the impact of this transmission route on the susceptibility of the offspring has been poorly investigated. Herein, we used Strongyloides venezuelensis infected mice to evaluate transplacental and transmammary parasite transmission and their effect on the susceptibility of offspring. Swiss female mice were infected at the end of the gestation or during the breastfeeding period, and their offspring were examined for the presence of the parasite one week after infection of the mother. Our data showed that female mice infected with S. venezuelensis during gestation did not transmit the parasite to their offspring. On the other hand, all newborn mice breastfeeding in S. venezuelensis infected females got infected. To evaluate the effect of early exposure to the parasite on susceptibility and immune response of the hosts, the offspring of each experimental group (non-infected, gestation-infected, and breastfeeding-infected mothers) received anti-helminth treatment after parasite evaluation and were subcutaneously infected with S. venezuelensis upon reaching adulthood. Mice from the group of breastfeeding-infected mothers showed lower susceptibility to S. venezuelensis in adulthood in comparison with mice from non-infected mothers. The low parasite burden was accompanied by earlier eosinophil and neutrophil activation in the gut and higher serum levels of IgE. In contrast, S. venezuelensis infection in adult mice born from gestation-infected mothers presented with more worms in the intestine and lower levels of parasite-reactive IgM in serum in comparison with mice born from non-infected mothers, thus suggesting that early exposure to parasite antigens may modulate the protective immune response. Altogether, our data confirmed transmammary, but not transplacental, transmission of S. venezuelensis in mice and demonstrated that early exposure to the parasite and/or their antigens has an important effect on host susceptibility to a later infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda S Costa
- Department of Parasitology, Biological Science Institute of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Laboratory of Schistosomiasis, René Rachou Research Center/ Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Fernandes Rodrigues
- Department of Parasitology, Biological Science Institute of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Michelle Carvalho de Rezende
- Department of Parasitology, Biological Science Institute of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Jailza Lima Rodrigues-Oliveira
- Department of Parasitology, Biological Science Institute of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Paulo M Z Coelho
- Laboratory of Schistosomiasis, René Rachou Research Center/ Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Deborah Negrão-Corrêa
- Department of Parasitology, Biological Science Institute of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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11
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Van De N, Minh PN, Van Duyet L, Mas-Coma S. Strongyloidiasis in northern Vietnam: epidemiology, clinical characteristics and molecular diagnosis of the causal agent. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:515. [PMID: 31685003 PMCID: PMC6829963 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3776-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Strongyloidiasis is a health problem in Vietnam, but appropriate information is still limited. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, geographical distribution, epidemiological aspects, symptoms and other health indicators of Strongyloides stercoralis infections in patients from 27 provinces of northern Vietnam attending the Hanoi Medical University Hospital during 2016 and 2017. Methods Blood samples of 2000 patients were analyzed for S. stercoralis infection with an IgG ELISA test. Seroprevalence was analyzed by gender, age group, locality of origin (rural or urban areas) and symptoms. Stools from the seropositive patients were examined for the detection of worms which were subsequently used for species identification by morphology and rDNA ITS1 sequencing. Results A seroprevalence of 20% was detected, showing an increasing prevalence from young to older age groups but without significant gender difference. Seroprevalence was higher in rural areas than in urban areas, both in general and individually in all provinces without exception, and lower in the mountainous areas than in the large valley lowlands. The follow-up of the 400 patients showed eosinophilia in 100% of cases, diarrhoea in 64.5%, digestion difficulties in 58.0%, stomachache in 45.5%, stomach and duodenal ulcers in 44.5%, itching in 28.0% and fever in 9.5%. The prevalence of symptoms and signs were also higher in older age groups than in younger age groups. Worms were detected in stools of 10.5% of the patients. Sequencing of a 501-bp nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS1 fragment allowed for the verification of infection by Strongyloides stercoralis. Conclusions To our knowledge, this study is the largest survey of human strongyloidiasis in Vietnam so far and the first molecular identification of this nematode species in this country. Long-term chronicity may probably be usual in infected subjects, mainly in the older age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Van De
- Hanoi Medical University, 01 Ton That Tung, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Pham Ngoc Minh
- Hanoi Medical University, 01 Ton That Tung, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Le Van Duyet
- National Hospital of Tropical Diseases 78 Giai Phong, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Santiago Mas-Coma
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain
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12
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A Review of Strongyloides spp. Environmental Sources Worldwide. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8030091. [PMID: 31252665 PMCID: PMC6789455 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8030091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Strongyloides spp. are parasitic nematodes that are transmitted through the environment and are capable of causing disease. These nematodes affect an estimated 3–300 million humans worldwide. Identifying the environmental reservoirs of Strongyloides spp. is essential for the development of appropriate control strategies. This systematic literature review examined all published studies that identified Strongyloidesstercoralis, Strongyloidesfuelleborni, Strongyloidesfuellebornikellyi, and Strongyloides spp. from an environmental source. Most studies detected the nematode from dog and primate fecal samples. Other environmental sources identified were ruminants, cats, rodents, insects, water, soil, as well as fruit and vegetables. Most studies used microscopy-based identification techniques; however, several employed molecular-based techniques, which have become increasingly popular for the detection of Strongyloides spp. A limitation identified was a lack of studies that comprehensively screened all potential environmental samples in a region. Future research should undertake this holistic screening process to identify which environmental reservoirs pose the greatest significance to human health. Potential controls can be identified through the identification of environmental sources. Understanding where Strongyloides spp. is commonly found within the environment of endemic areas will inform environmental control strategies to reduce this neglected disease.
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Cole R, Viney M. The population genetics of parasitic nematodes of wild animals. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:590. [PMID: 30424774 PMCID: PMC6234597 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3137-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic nematodes are highly diverse and common, infecting virtually all animal species, and the importance of their roles in natural ecosystems is increasingly becoming apparent. How genes flow within and among populations of these parasites - their population genetics - has profound implications for the epidemiology of host infection and disease, and for the response of parasite populations to selection pressures. The population genetics of nematode parasites of wild animals may have consequences for host conservation, or influence the risk of zoonotic disease. Host movement has long been recognised as an important determinant of parasitic nematode population genetic structure, and recent research has also highlighted the importance of nematode life histories, environmental conditions, and other aspects of host ecology. Commonly, factors influencing parasitic nematode population genetics have been studied in isolation, such that an integrated view of the drivers of population genetic structure of parasitic nematodes is still lacking. Here, we seek to provide a comprehensive, broad, and integrative picture of these factors in parasitic nematodes of wild animals that will be a useful resource for investigators studying non-model parasitic nematodes in natural ecosystems. Increasingly, new methods of analysing the population genetics of nematodes are becoming available, and we consider the opportunities that these afford in resolving hitherto inaccessible questions of the population genetics of these important animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Cole
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK.
| | - Mark Viney
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
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14
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First molecular identification of Strongyloides fuelleborni in long-tailed macaques in Thailand and Lao People's Democratic Republic reveals considerable genetic diversity. J Helminthol 2018; 93:608-615. [PMID: 30027858 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x18000512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Strongyloides fuelleborni is a soil-transmitted nematode parasite of non-human primates. The worm is prevalent also in human populations in Africa and South-East Asia. In this study, we amplified and sequenced a portion of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene (rRNA) and of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene of Strongyloides adult males recovered from faecal samples from long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in Thailand and Lao PDR. The prevalence in Thailand was 31.1% (55/177) and in Lao PDR it was 62.1% (41/66), with an overall prevalence of 39.5% (96/243). All 18S rRNA sequences that we obtained (n = 96) showed 100% identity with published S. fuelleborni sequences. The 96 cox1 sequences that we obtained represented 32 new haplotypes. When included with the 17 previously known haplotypes from S. fuelleborni, the cox1 sequences fell into four clusters, which had clear geographical structure. This is the first molecular confirmation of S. fuelleborni in long-tailed macaques in Thailand and Lao PDR. Clearly, awareness needs to be raised of the zoonotic potential of S. fuelleborni. A monitoring programme should be organized, taking into account the role of reservoir hosts (i.e. monkeys) in the natural background of human strongyloidiasis caused by S. fuelleborni.
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15
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Frias L, Stark DJ, Lynn MS, Nathan SK, Goossens B, Okamoto M, MacIntosh AJJ. Lurking in the dark: Cryptic Strongyloides in a Bornean slow loris. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2018; 7:141-146. [PMID: 29988792 PMCID: PMC6031959 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Within host communities, related species are more likely to share common parasitic agents, and as a result, morphological similarities have led researchers to conclude that parasites infecting closely related hosts within a community represent a single species. However, genetic diversity within parasite genera and host range remain poorly investigated in most systems. Strongyloides is a genus of soil-transmitted nematode that has been reported from several primate species in Africa and Asia, and has been estimated to infect hundreds of millions of people worldwide, although no precise estimates are available. Here we describe a case of infection with a cryptic species of Strongyloides in a Bornean (Philippine) slow loris (Nycticebus menagensis) living within a diverse community of several primate species in the Lower Kinabatangan Wildlife Sanctuary, Malaysian Borneo. Fresh fecal samples were collected from five primate species and nematode larvae cultured from these samples were selected for phylogenetic analyses. Sequences obtained for most larvae were identified as S. fuelleborni, grouping into three different clusters and showing no aggregation within specific hosts or geographic location. In contrast, a set of parasite sequences obtained from a slow loris clustered closely with S. stercoralis into a different group, being genetically distinct to sequences reported from other primate hosts, humans included. Our results suggest that although S. fuelleborni infects all haplorrhines sampled in this primate community, a different species might be infecting the slow loris, the only strepsirrhine in Borneo and one of the least studied primates in the region. Although more data are needed to support this conclusion, we propose that Strongyloides species in primates might be more diverse than previously thought, with potential implications for ecological and evolutionary host-parasite associations, as well as epidemiological dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth Frias
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Danica J Stark
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.,Danau Girang Field Centre, Lower Kinabatangan Wildlife Sanctuary, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Milena Salgado Lynn
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.,Danau Girang Field Centre, Lower Kinabatangan Wildlife Sanctuary, Sabah, Malaysia.,Wildlife Health, Genetic and Forensic Laboratory, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.,Sustainable Places Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Benoit Goossens
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.,Danau Girang Field Centre, Lower Kinabatangan Wildlife Sanctuary, Sabah, Malaysia.,Sabah Wildlife Department, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.,Sustainable Places Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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16
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Kleinschmidt LM, Kinney ME, Hanley CS. Treatment of disseminated Strongyloides spp. infection in an infant Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii). J Med Primatol 2018; 47:201-204. [PMID: 29493782 PMCID: PMC7166570 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Strongyloides nematodes have been reported in all species of great apes with orangutans ≤5 years old most susceptible to severe clinical disease. This brief communication describes the first published case of antemortem diagnosis and treatment of disseminated strongyloidiasis in a clinically affected 5‐month‐old Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii).
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17
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Jaleta TG, Zhou S, Bemm FM, Schär F, Khieu V, Muth S, Odermatt P, Lok JB, Streit A. Different but overlapping populations of Strongyloides stercoralis in dogs and humans-Dogs as a possible source for zoonotic strongyloidiasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005752. [PMID: 28793306 PMCID: PMC5565190 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Strongyloidiasis is a much-neglected soil born helminthiasis caused by the nematode Strongyloides stercoralis. Human derived S. stercoralis can be maintained in dogs in the laboratory and this parasite has been reported to also occur in dogs in the wild. Some authors have considered strongyloidiasis a zoonotic disease while others have argued that the two hosts carry host specialized populations of S. stercoralis and that dogs play a minor role, if any, as a reservoir for zoonotic S. stercoralis infections of humans. We isolated S. stercoralis from humans and their dogs in rural villages in northern Cambodia, a region with a high incidence of strongyloidiasis, and compared the worms derived from these two host species using nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequence polymorphisms. We found that in dogs there exist two populations of S. stercoralis, which are clearly separated from each other genetically based on the nuclear 18S rDNA, the mitochondrial cox1 locus and whole genome sequence. One population, to which the majority of the worms belong, appears to be restricted to dogs. The other population is indistinguishable from the population of S. stercoralis isolated from humans. Consistent with earlier studies, we found multiple sequence variants of the hypervariable region I of the 18 S rDNA in S. stercoralis from humans. However, comparison of mitochondrial sequences and whole genome analysis suggest that these different 18S variants do not represent multiple genetically isolated subpopulations among the worms isolated from humans. We also investigated the mode of reproduction of the free-living generations of laboratory and wild isolates of S. stercoralis. Contrary to earlier literature on S. stercoralis but similar to other species of Strongyloides, we found clear evidence of sexual reproduction. Overall, our results show that dogs carry two populations, possibly different species of Strongyloides. One population appears to be dog specific but the other one is shared with humans. This argues for the strong potential of dogs as reservoirs for zoonotic transmission of S. stercoralis to humans and suggests that in order to reduce the exposure of humans to infective S. stercoralis larvae, dogs should be treated for the infection along with their owners.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cambodia/epidemiology
- Cluster Analysis
- DNA, Helminth/chemistry
- DNA, Helminth/genetics
- DNA, Mitochondrial/chemistry
- DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry
- DNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- Disease Reservoirs
- Dog Diseases/epidemiology
- Dog Diseases/parasitology
- Dog Diseases/transmission
- Dogs
- Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics
- Genotype
- Humans
- Molecular Epidemiology
- Phylogeny
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/genetics
- Rural Population
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Strongyloides stercoralis/classification
- Strongyloides stercoralis/genetics
- Strongyloides stercoralis/isolation & purification
- Strongyloidiasis/epidemiology
- Strongyloidiasis/parasitology
- Strongyloidiasis/transmission
- Strongyloidiasis/veterinary
- Zoonoses/epidemiology
- Zoonoses/parasitology
- Zoonoses/transmission
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Affiliation(s)
- Tegegn G. Jaleta
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Siyu Zhou
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Felix M. Bemm
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Fabian Schär
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Virak Khieu
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sinuon Muth
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Peter Odermatt
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - James B. Lok
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Adrian Streit
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
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18
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Thanchomnang T, Intapan PM, Sanpool O, Rodpai R, Tourtip S, Yahom S, Kullawat J, Radomyos P, Thammasiri C, Maleewong W. First molecular identification and genetic diversity of Strongyloides stercoralis and Strongyloides fuelleborni in human communities having contact with long-tailed macaques in Thailand. Parasitol Res 2017; 116:1917-1923. [PMID: 28500375 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5469-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The parasitic nematodes, Strongyloides stercoralis and Strongyloides fuelleborni, can infect humans and non-human primates. We amplified and sequenced a portion of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene (rRNA) and of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene of Strongyloides from humans in the study area in Thailand, where people have frequent contact with long-tailed macaques. Fresh stool samples were obtained from 213 people and were examined using the agar plate culture method. The overall prevalence of Strongyloides infection was 8.92% (19/213). From a total of 19 worms (one per infected person), 18 adult males had 18S rRNA sequences identical with that of S. stercoralis and one adult female had a sequence almost identical with that of S. fuelleborni. A median-joining network of cox1 sequences revealed nine new haplotypes from S. stercoralis, and an overall haplotype diversity (Hd) of 0.9309. The single haplotype of S. fuelleborni was also new and contributed to an overall haplotype diversity for that species of 0.9842. This is the first molecular identification of S. stercoralis and S. fuelleborni in a human community having contact with long-tailed macaques in Thailand. It is also the first report of S. fuelleborni infecting a human in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongjit Thanchomnang
- Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand.,Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Pewpan M Intapan
- Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Oranuch Sanpool
- Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand.,Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Rutchanee Rodpai
- Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | - Sujitra Yahom
- Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand
| | - Jitsuda Kullawat
- Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand
| | - Prayong Radomyos
- Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand
| | - Chalida Thammasiri
- Primary Care Unit, Kumpawapi Hospital, Kumpawapi District, Udon Thani, Thailand
| | - Wanchai Maleewong
- Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand. .,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
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19
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Nurcahyo W, Konstanzová V, Foitová I. Parasites of orangutans (primates: ponginae): An overview. Am J Primatol 2017; 79. [PMID: 28345757 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Wild orangutan populations exist in an increasingly fragile state. As numbers continue to decline and populations became fragmented, the overall health of remaining individuals becomes increasingly at risk. Parasitic infections can have a serious impact on the health of wild orangutans, and can be fatal. It has been reported that rehabilitated individuals demonstrate a higher prevalence of parasitic diseases, and it is possible that they may spread these infections to wild orangutans upon reintroduction. In order to ensure the success of reintroduction and conservation efforts, it is crucial to understand the potential risks by fully understanding what parasites they have been reported to be infected with. Using this knowledge, future conservation strategies can be adapted to minimize the risk and prevalence of parasite transmission in the remaining orangutan populations. There is still limited information available on orangutan parasites, with several still not identified to the species level. Based on comprehensive literature review, we found 51 parasite taxa known to infect wild, semi-wild, and captive orangutans, including newly reported species. Here, we summarize methods used to identify parasites and draw conclusions relative to their reported prevalence. We also recommend fecal sample preservation and analytical methods to obtain best result in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wisnu Nurcahyo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Parasitology, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Ivona Foitová
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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20
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Schär F, Giardina F, Khieu V, Muth S, Vounatsou P, Marti H, Odermatt P. Occurrence of and risk factors for Strongyloides stercoralis infection in South-East Asia. Acta Trop 2016; 159:227-38. [PMID: 25795619 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The soil-transmitted nematode, Strongyloides stercoralis is one of the most-neglected of all neglected tropical diseases. It is globally distributed, favouring the humid, wet climates of the tropics and subtropics. Inadequate sanitary conditions promote the spread of S. stercoralis infection. In South-East Asia, many countries provide the ideal ecological and economic setting for high S. stercoralis infection rates. Yet, in most of these countries, little is known about the actual prevalence and distribution of S. stercoralis. One reason for this lack of knowledge pertains to the time- and resource-intensive diagnostic methods used to detect S. stercoralis infection. The Koga Agar culture method and the Baermann method are considered to be the best coprological diagnostic methods for field settings today. Both detect the parasite with high sensitivity. This sensitivity can be increased further by examining stool samples for several consecutive days, thereby increasing the chances of detecting low-intensity chronic infections. Diagnostic challenges, however, lead to the omission of S. stercoralis in studies of soil-transmitted helminths and few studies focus on S. stercoralis, specifically. These factors lead to an underreporting of the nematode's prevalence, not only in South-East Asia but worldwide. We have reviewed the scientific literature of the last 25 years and estimated country-wide prevalence rates for South-East Asia. We aim to summarise what is known today about the prevalence of S. stercoralis in South-East Asia, as well as to ascertain the risk factors and diagnostic methods most commonly applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Schär
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Federica Giardina
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Virak Khieu
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sinuon Muth
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Penelope Vounatsou
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hanspeter Marti
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Medical and Diagnostics Department, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Odermatt
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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21
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Molecular testing for clinical diagnosis and epidemiological investigations of intestinal parasitic infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 2016; 27:371-418. [PMID: 24696439 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00122-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, nucleic acid-based methods have been developed for the diagnosis of intestinal parasitic infections. Advantages of nucleic acid-based methods are numerous; typically, these include increased sensitivity and specificity and simpler standardization of diagnostic procedures. DNA samples can also be stored and used for genetic characterization and molecular typing, providing a valuable tool for surveys and surveillance studies. A variety of technologies have been applied, and some specific and general pitfalls and limitations have been identified. This review provides an overview of the multitude of methods that have been reported for the detection of intestinal parasites and offers some guidance in applying these methods in the clinical laboratory and in epidemiological studies.
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22
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Laymanivong S, Hangvanthong B, Insisiengmay B, Vanisaveth V, Laxachack P, Jongthawin J, Sanpool O, Thanchomnang T, Sadaow L, Phosuk I, Rodpai R, Maleewong W, Intapan PM. First molecular identification and report of genetic diversity of Strongyloides stercoralis, a current major soil-transmitted helminth in humans from Lao People's Democratic Republic. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:2973-80. [PMID: 27083185 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5052-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Strongyloidiasis is a major soil-transmitted helminth (STH) disease that affects people worldwide. We present updated data on prevalence in the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) in 2015, arising from a community cross-sectional helminthiasis survey. Fecal samples were collected from 327 individuals across three provinces in Lao PDR (Luang Prabang in the north, Khammouane in the center, and Champasack in the south). Agar plate culture and Kato-Katz methods were used to examine duplicate stool samples from each participant to detect Strongyloides stercoralis and co-infecting helminths. Overall prevalences of S. strercoralis human hookworm, Taenia spp., Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides, and Enterobius vermicularis were 41.0, 28.1, 4.9, 4.0, 1.5, and 0.9 %, respectively. The prevalence of miscellaneous trematodiases (including opisthorchiasis) was 37.9 % and of Schistosoma mekongi infection was 0.3 %. Strongyloidiasis is a current major STH disease in Lao PDR. We also report the molecular-phylogenetic identification of S. stercoralis adult males collected from 40 representative human strongyliodiasis fecal samples. DNA was extracted, amplified, and sequenced from a portion of the mitochondrial cox1 gene and the nuclear 18S ribosomal DNA. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that all specimens sequenced belonged to S. stercoralis (Bavay, 1876) Stiles and Hassall, 1902. The cox1 sequences exhibited great diversity (24 haplotypes) in Lao PDR. This is the first molecular identification and report of genetic diversity of S. stercoralis in humans from Lao PDR. An effective parasite control program is needed to reduce the serious health impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakhone Laymanivong
- Department of Parasitology and Research and Diagnostic Center for Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Centre of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Ministry of Health, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Bouasy Hangvanthong
- Centre of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Ministry of Health, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | | | - Viengxay Vanisaveth
- Centre of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Ministry of Health, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Pinnakhone Laxachack
- Centre of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Ministry of Health, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Jurairat Jongthawin
- Department of Parasitology and Research and Diagnostic Center for Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Oranuch Sanpool
- Department of Parasitology and Research and Diagnostic Center for Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Faculty of Medicine, Maha Sarakram University, Maha Sarakram, Thailand
| | | | - Lakkhana Sadaow
- Department of Parasitology and Research and Diagnostic Center for Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Issarapong Phosuk
- Department of Parasitology and Research and Diagnostic Center for Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Rutchanee Rodpai
- Department of Parasitology and Research and Diagnostic Center for Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Wanchai Maleewong
- Department of Parasitology and Research and Diagnostic Center for Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Pewpan M Intapan
- Department of Parasitology and Research and Diagnostic Center for Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
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23
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Srivathsan A, Sha JCM, Vogler AP, Meier R. Comparing the effectiveness of metagenomics and metabarcoding for diet analysis of a leaf-feeding monkey (Pygathrix nemaeus). Mol Ecol Resour 2014; 15:250-61. [DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Srivathsan
- Department of Biological Sciences; National University of Singapore; 14 Science Drive 4 Singapore City 117543 Singapore
- Department of Life Sciences; Imperial College London; Silwood Park Campus Ascot SL5 7PY UK
| | - John C. M. Sha
- Conservation and Research Department; Wildlife Reserves Singapore; 80 Mandai Lake Road Singapore City 729826 Singapore
| | - Alfried P. Vogler
- Department of Life Sciences; Imperial College London; Silwood Park Campus Ascot SL5 7PY UK
- Department of Life Sciences; Natural History Museum; Cromwell Road London SW7 5BD UK
| | - Rudolf Meier
- Department of Biological Sciences; National University of Singapore; 14 Science Drive 4 Singapore City 117543 Singapore
- University Scholars Programme; National University of Singapore; 14 Science Drive 4 Singapore City 117543 Singapore
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Genetic characterization of Strongyloides spp. from captive, semi-captive and wild Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) in Central and East Kalimantan, Borneo, Indonesia – CORRIGENDUM. Parasitology 2011. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182011001892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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