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Ali Q, Ma S, La S, Guo Z, Liu B, Gao Z, Farooq U, Wang Z, Zhu X, Cui Y, Li D, Shi Y. Microbial short-chain fatty acids: a bridge between dietary fibers and poultry gut health. Anim Biosci 2022; 35:1461-1478. [PMID: 35507857 PMCID: PMC9449382 DOI: 10.5713/ab.21.0562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of poultry gut health is complex depending on the intricate balance among diet, the commensal microbiota, and the mucosa, including the gut epithelium and the superimposing mucus layer. Changes in microflora composition and abundance can confer beneficial or detrimental effects on fowl. Antibiotics have devastating impacts on altering the landscape of gut microbiota, which further leads to antibiotic resistance or spread the pathogenic populations. By eliciting the landscape of gut microbiota, strategies should be made to break down the regulatory signals of pathogenic bacteria. The optional strategy of conferring dietary fibers (DFs) can be used to counterbalance the gut microbiota. DFs are the non-starch carbohydrates indigestible by host endogenous enzymes but can be fermented by symbiotic microbiota to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). This is one of the primary modes through which the gut microbiota interacts and communicate with the host. The majority of SCFAs are produced in the large intestine (particularly in the caecum), where they are taken up by the enterocytes or transported through portal vein circulation into the bloodstream. Recent shreds of evidence have elucidated that SCFAs affect the gut and modulate the tissues and organs either by activating G-protein-coupled receptors or affecting epigenetic modifications in the genome through inducing histone acetylase activities and inhibiting histone deacetylases. Thus, in this way, SCFAs vastly influence poultry health by promoting energy regulation, mucosal integrity, immune homeostasis, and immune maturation. In this review article, we will focus on DFs, which directly interact with gut microbes and lead to the production of SCFAs. Further, we will discuss the current molecular mechanisms of how SCFAs are generated, transported, and modulated the pro-and anti-inflammatory immune responses against pathogens and host physiology and gut health.
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Delaney S, Do TT, Corrigan A, Murphy R, Walsh F. Investigation into the effect of mannan-rich fraction supplementation on the metagenome of broiler chickens. Microb Genom 2021; 7. [PMID: 34259622 PMCID: PMC8477404 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is regarded as one of the most serious threats to human health worldwide. The rapid increase in resistance rates has been attributed to the extensive use of antibiotics since they became commercially available. The use of antibiotics as growth promotors has been banned in numerous regions for this reason. Mannan-rich fraction (MRF) has been reported to show similar growth-promoting effects to antibiotics. We investigated the effect of MRF on the microbial community, resistome and metabolic pathways within the caecum of commercial broilers at two different timepoints within the growth of the broiler, day 27 and day 34. The data indicated an overall increase in health and economic gain for the producer with the addition of MRF to the diet of the broilers. The only significant difference across the microbial composition of the samples was in the richness of the microbial communities across all samples. While all samples harboured resistance genes conferring resistance to the same classes of antibiotics, there was significant variation in the antimicrobial resistance gene richness across time and treatment and across combinations of time and treatment. The taxa with positive correlation comprised Bacilli and Clostridia. The negative correlation taxa were also dominated by Bacilli, specifically the Streptococcus genera. The KEGG-pathway analysis identified an age-related change in the metabolism pathway abundances of the caecal microflora. We suggest that the MRF-related increases in health and weight gain in the broilers may be associated with changes in the metabolism of the microbiomes rather than the microbial composition. The resistome variations across samples were correlated with specific genera. These data may be used to further enhance the development of feed supplements to reduce the presence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) within poultry. While the ARGs of greatest concern to human or animal health were not detected in this study, it has identified the potential to reduce the presence of ARGs by the increase in specific genera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Delaney
- Antimicrobial Resistance & Microbiome Research Group, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland.,Alltech European Bioscience CentreDunboyne, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - Thi Thuy Do
- Antimicrobial Resistance & Microbiome Research Group, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Aoife Corrigan
- Alltech European Bioscience CentreDunboyne, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - Richard Murphy
- Alltech European Bioscience CentreDunboyne, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - Fiona Walsh
- Antimicrobial Resistance & Microbiome Research Group, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
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Role of Dietary Fiber in Poultry Nutrition. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020461. [PMID: 33572459 PMCID: PMC7916228 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Dietary fiber is an inherent compound found in common vegetables that are fed to broiler chickens. Fiber has the ability to scape digestion and absorption in the small intestine, which makes it able to affect the way other nutrients are absorbed and metabolized in the gastrointestinal tract. The functionality attributed to fiber varies based on chemical and physical structure, and most of the time, it is hard to make a clear differentiation among attributes due to the complexity of carbohydrates found in common feedstuffs. Data on the effect of dietary fiber have been gaining importance due to the use of grains for ethanol production and the search for feed alternatives that could help in sustainable and cost-effective broiler production. Therefore, it is paramount to integrate the current knowledge on the nutritional and physiological attributes of dietary fiber in poultry diets to be able to make correct use of fibrous feedstuffs. Abstract Dietary fiber (DF) is an intrinsic component in plant feedstuffs that has been associated with physiological, structural, and functional changes in the gastrointestinal tract. DF is composed of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), oligosaccharides, and lignin that scape digestion and enzymatic hydrolysis. In general terms, fiber can be classified as insoluble or soluble based on their solubility in water. Both fiber types have direct nutritional implications in broiler diets. Inclusion of insoluble DF in broiler diets modulates intestinal morphology, digestive organ development, nutrient absorption, growth performance, and intestinal microbiota. Soluble DF is thought to increase intestinal viscosity and is associated with negative changes in intestinal microflora and reduction in nutrient absorption. Nevertheless, there is a group of soluble fibers, integrated by oligosaccharides, that function as prebiotics positively modulating intestinal microbiota. Due to the changes in chemical structure and subsequent variation in functionality, it is a difficult task to assign clear attributes to DF as a whole. Therefore, the following review paper compiles data from research conducted using DF and tries to unify such information into practical decisions to be considered when using DF as a functional nutrient in poultry nutrition.
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Ge B, Yang H, Meng J, Chen X, Wang Z. Effects of Mannan Oligosaccharides and/or Bifidobacterium on Growth and Immunity in Domestic Pigeon ( Columba livia domestica). J Poult Sci 2020; 57:277-283. [PMID: 33132727 PMCID: PMC7596034 DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.0190100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to evaluate the influences of mannan oligosaccharides (MOSs) and/or Bifidobacterium on the growth and immunity of pigeons over a 56-day period. One hundred paired adult pigeons were randomly divided into four groups of five paired pigeons. Paired pigeons with two young squabs were housed in a man-made aviary. Parent pigeons in the control group received a basal diet (C), while the other three groups were fed with the basal diet supplemented with 20 g of MOSs/kg of feed (M), 10 g Bifidobacterium (1×1010 CFU/g)/kg of feed (B), or a combination of M and B (MB). We found higher body weights (BW) in pigeons of the B group than in the C, M, and MB groups. None of the treatments exerted significant effects involving spleen and thymus indices, whereas M birds tended to improve the bursa of Fabricius index. Pigeons fed with the M-supplemented diet exhibited improved serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) concentrations compared with those fed with C and the B- and MB-supplemented diets. In addition, M treatment increased immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels compared with MB treatment. MB treatment improved serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations compared to that by the C treatment. The concentration of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) was significantly reduced in the duodenum and increased in the ileum in pigeons fed with the MB-supplemented diet. This study indicated that dietary supplementation with Bifidobacterium increased the growth performance. Dietary supplementation with MOSs or in combination with Bifidobacterium was able to improve immune function in pigeons but exerted no apparent effect on weight gain. Accordingly, in terms of economic benefits, the findings suggested that supplementation with Bifidobacterium alone may improve production performance, and that supplementation with MOSs alone may improve immune function in pigeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjie Ge
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Haiming Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Jun Meng
- Jiangsu Province Cuigu Pigeon Industry Co., Ltd, Nanjing 211131, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoshuai Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyue Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
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Bautil A, Verspreet J, Buyse J, Goos P, Bedford MR, Courtin CM. Age-related arabinoxylan hydrolysis and fermentation in the gastrointestinal tract of broilers fed wheat-based diets. Poult Sci 2019; 98:4606-4621. [PMID: 30993340 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoxylanases are frequently used in cereal-based broiler feeds to improve the nutritional quality of the feed. It is hypothesized that the age of broilers and the age-related development of their intestinal microbiota influence the efficacy of these enzymes. Hence, the objective of this study was to identify possible age-related changes in arabinoxylan (AX) digestion in the different parts of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of broilers. A feeding trial was performed with 240 1-day-old chicks (Ross 308) receiving a wheat-based feed containing no supplemented endoxylanase. Digesta samples from every section of the GI tract were collected at 5, 10, 15, 21, 28, and 35 d of age and analyzed for AX content, AX digestibility, intestinal viscosity, and microbial endoxylanase and arabinofuranosidase activities. In the first 2 wk, the microbiota were able to solubilize a part of the water-unextractable arabinoxylan (WU-AX), thereby increasing intestinal viscosity and water-extractable arabinoxylan (WE-AX) concentrations in the GI tract. In these young birds, WU-AX and WE-AX with low arabinose to xylose ratios were able to enter the caeca but were not yet extensively fermented by the caecal microbiota as indicated by the high caecal AX concentrations at 5 and 10 d (P < 0.01). Establishment of a more mature microbial community at 3 wk of age resulted in a further increase in both the solubilization of WU-AX and fermentation of WE-AX at the ileum and caecum (P < 0.10). Furthermore, the increase in AX degrading enzyme activities with age denotes the high AX degrading capacity of the caecal microbiota. Finally, a total tract AX digestion of 24% was achieved at slaughter age (day 35). Our results clearly indicate that the capacity of intestinal microbiota to degrade AX in the hindgut increases as the broiler ages. This suggests that the benefits of endoxylanase supplementation of broiler feeds depend on the interaction of the intestinal microbiota and AX present in the GI tract at specific broiler ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bautil
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M²S), KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Verspreet
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M²S), KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Buyse
- Laboratory of Livestock Physiology, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - P Goos
- MeBioS Division, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - M R Bedford
- AB Vista, Marlborough, Wiltshire SN8 4AN, UK
| | - C M Courtin
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M²S), KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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de Souza de Azevedo PO, de Azevedo HF, Figueroa E, Converti A, Domínguez JM, de Souza Oliveira RP. Effects of pH and sugar supplements on bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance production by Pediococcus pentosaceus. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:4883-4891. [PMID: 31243723 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04938-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To improve bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance (BLIS) production by Pediococcus pentosaceus ATCC 43200, the influence of pH as well as the addition of sugars-either prebiotic (inulin) or not (sucrose)-on its metabolism were investigated. This strain was grown at pH 5.0 or 6.0 either in glucose-based MRS medium (control) or after addition of 0.5, 1.0 or 1.5% (w/w) sucrose and inulin (GSI-MRS) in the same percentages. In the control medium at pH 5.0, cell mass concentration after 48 h of fermentation (Xmax = 2.26 g/L), maximum specific growth rate (µmax = 0.180 h-1) and generation time (Tg = 3.84 h) were statistically coincident with those obtained in supplemented media. At pH 6.0 some variations occurred in these parameters between the control medium (Xmax = 2.68 g/L; µmax = 0.32 h-1; Tg = 2.17 h) and the above supplemented media (Xmax = 1.90, 2.52 and 1.86 g/L; µmax = 0.26, 0.33 and 0.32 h-1; Tg = 2.62, 2.06 and 2.11 h, respectively). Lactate production was remarkable at both pH values (13 and 16 g/L) and improved in all supplemented media, being 34 and 54% higher than in their respective control media, regardless of the concentration of these ingredients. Cell-free supernatant of the fermented control medium at pH 5.0 displayed an antimicrobial activity against Enterococcus 101 5.3% higher than that at pH 6.0 and even 20% higher than those of all supplemented media, regardless of the concentration of supplements. BLIS production was favored either at pH 5.0 or in the absence of any additional supplements, which were able, instead, to stimulate growth and lactate production by P. pentosaceus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Oliveira de Souza de Azevedo
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology Department, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes 580, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Hernando Fernandes de Azevedo
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology Department, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes 580, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Elías Figueroa
- Núcleo de Investigación en Producción Alimentaria. Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Químicas. Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile
| | - Attilio Converti
- Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Pole of Chemical Engineering, Via Opera Pia 15, 16145, Genoa, Italy
| | - José Manuel Domínguez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science, University of Vigo (Campus Ourense), As Lagoas s/n, 32004, Ourense, Spain
| | - Ricardo Pinheiro de Souza Oliveira
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology Department, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes 580, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil.
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Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum 15-1 and fructooligosaccharides on the response of broilers to pathogenic Escherichia coli O78 challenge. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212079. [PMID: 31194771 PMCID: PMC6563962 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
One-day-old broilers were randomly allocated to five treatment groups: basal diet and orally administered sterile saline (negative control, n-control); basal diet challenged with E. coli O78 (positive control, p-control); basal diet supplemented with 1×108 CFU/kg L. plantarum 15-1 and challenged with E. coli O78 (LP); basal diet supplemented with 5 g/kg fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and challenged with E. coli O78 (FOS); and basal diet supplemented with both L. plantarum 15-1 and FOS and challenged with E. coli O78 (LP+FOS). The broilers in the LP, FOS, and LP+FOS groups displayed a decrease of crypt depth at day 14 compared with the control groups. Furthermore, at days 14 and 21, the broilers in the LP group exhibited reduced serum levels of diamine oxidase (DAO) compared with the p-control group (p<0.05), and the broilers in the LP+FOS group showed increased serum concentrations of IgA and IgG relative to both control groups and decreased DAO levels compared with the p-control group (p<0.05). Moreover, the LP group displayed higher levels of acetic acid and total short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) compared with the p-control group at day 14 (p<0.05), and the FOS group showed higher levels of valeric acid and total SCFAs at day 21 (p<0.05). The LP+FOS group also displayed a higher level of butyric acid at day 14 (p<0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation with FOS improved the growth performance, while supplementation with L. plantarum 15-1 and FOS improved intestinal health by increasing the levels of SCFAs and mitigating the damage caused by E. coli O78, thus preventing intestinal damage and enhancing the immune response.
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Iqbal M, Roohi N, Khan O. Dietary supplemented effects of mannan-oligosaccharides on biochemical parameters of 4 close-bred flocks of Japanese quail breeders. Poult Sci 2018; 97:3718-3727. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Clavijo V, Flórez MJV. The gastrointestinal microbiome and its association with the control of pathogens in broiler chicken production: A review. Poult Sci 2018; 97:1006-1021. [PMID: 29253263 PMCID: PMC5850219 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbiome of the broiler chicken gastrointestinal tract (GIT) has been extensively studied, and it has been amply demonstrated that it plays an important role in the health of the host, as it has a positive impact on the immune system, the physiology of the GIT, and productivity. Also, the microbiota is involved in reducing and preventing colonization by enteric pathogens through the process of competitive exclusion and the production of bacteriostatic and bactericidal substances. The taxonomic composition of the microbiota is affected by different factors, such as the organ, the age of the animal, diet and the use of antimicrobials. Different kinds of additives that regulate the microbial community in feed include probiotics (live microorganisms that when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host), prebiotics (ingredients that stimulate increased beneficial microbial activity in the digestive system in order to improve the health of the host) and phytobiotics (primary or secondary components of plants that contain bioactive compounds that exert a positive effect on the growth and health of animals). Phages may potentially provide an integrated solution to modulate the intestinal microbiome of chicken intestines, as they reduce specific pathogenic microbial populations, permitting the proliferation of beneficial microbiota. Studies have shown that the use of cocktails of phages, especially in high concentrations and with short lapses of time between exposure to the bacteria and treatment with phages, optimize the reduction of Salmonella in chickens. Each of these technologies has demonstrable positive effects on the health of the host and the reduction of the pathogen load in controlled assays. This paper presents a comprehensive summary of the role of the microbiota in the broiler chicken gastrointestinal tract, and discusses the usefulness of different strategies for its modulation to control pathogens, with a particular emphasis on bacteriophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Clavijo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 Este N° 19A-40, Bogotá, Colombia
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A comparative study on the effects of dietary sunflower hulls on growth performance and digestive tract traits of broilers and pullets fed a pullet diet from 0 to 21 days of age. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sharma N, Ranjitkar S, Sharma NK, Engberg RM. Influence of feeding crimped kernel maize silage on the course of subclinical necrotic enteritis in a broiler disease model. ANIMAL NUTRITION 2017; 3:392-398. [PMID: 29767123 PMCID: PMC5941266 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This experiment was carried out with 375 male broilers (Ross 308) from days 1 to 28 to evaluate the influence of crimped kernel maize silage (CKMS) on the manifestation of subclinical necrotic enteritis, microbiota counts, organic acid production and relative weights of gastrointestinal segments. A necrotic enteritis disease model was applied. Birds were allocated into 3 different dietary treatments: a maize-based feed (MBF, control diet), and 2 diets supplemented with 15% (CKMS15) or 30% (CKMS30) of crimped ensiled kernel maize. The disease model involved a 10-time overdose of an attenuated live vaccine against coccidiosis given orally on day 17, followed by oral inoculation of Clostridium perfringens Type A (S48, 108 to 109 bacteria/bird) twice daily on days 18, 19, 20 and 21. Scoring of intestinal lesions was performed on days 22, 23, 25 and 28. Ileal and caecal digesta samples were collected for the quantification of selected bacterial groups and organic acids. The results showed that there was no effect of dietary treatments on small intestinal lesion scores (P > 0.05). Lesions scores peaked on days 23 and 25 and decreased again on day 28 (P = 0.001). No effect of age on microbiota counts was observed, but feeding of CKMS30 reduced the number of coliforms in ileal contents (P = 0.01). Dietary treatments did not affect organic acid concentrations in ileum and caeca, but there was an effect of age; butyric acid was higher on days 22, 23 and 25 than on day 28 (P = 0.04). Acetic acid and propionic acid concentrations in caeca were the highest on days 22 and 28 but the lowest on days 23 and 25. Relative gizzard and caeca weights were increased, and relative ileum weights were decreased when birds were fed CKMS30 (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the inclusion of CKMS in broiler diets had no effects on the course of necrotic enteritis but had potential benefits in terms of inhibition of potentially harmful microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Sharma
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, 8830, Denmark
- School of Environment and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale 2351, Australia
| | - Samir Ranjitkar
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, 8830, Denmark
| | - Nishchal K. Sharma
- School of Environment and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale 2351, Australia
| | - Ricarda M. Engberg
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, 8830, Denmark
- Corresponding author.
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Effects of isomalto-oligosaccharides as potential prebiotics on performance, immune function and gut microbiota in weaned pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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13
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Saeed M, Abd El-Hac ME, Alagawany M, A. Arain M, Arif M, A. Mirza M, Naveed M, Chao S, Sarwar M, Sayab M, Dhama K. Chicory (Cichorium intybus) Herb: Chemical Composition, Pharmacology, Nutritional and Healthical Applications. INT J PHARMACOL 2017. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2017.351.360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Bacterial Succession in the Broiler Gastrointestinal Tract. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:2399-2410. [PMID: 26873323 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02549-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A feeding trial was performed with broilers receiving a diet of wheat-based feed (WBF), maize-based feed (MBF), or maize-based concentrates supplemented with 15% or 30% crimped kernel maize silage (CKMS-15 or CKMS-30, respectively). The aim of the study was to investigate the bacterial community compositions of the crop, gizzard, ileum, and cecum contents in relation to the feeding strategy and age (8, 15, 22, 25, 29, or 36 days). Among the four dietary treatments, bacterial diversity was analyzed for MBF and CKMS-30 by 454 pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Since the diets had no significant influence on bacterial diversity, data were pooled for downstream analysis. With increasing age, a clear succession of bacterial communities and increased bacterial diversity were observed.Lactobacillaceae(belonging mainly to the genus Lactobacillus) represented most of the Firmicutesat all ages and in all segments of the gut except the cecum. The development of a "mature" microbiota in broilers occurred during the period from days 15 to 22. Striking increases in the relative abundances of Lactobacillus salivarius(17 to 36%) and clostridia (11 to 18%), and a concomitant decrease in the relative abundance of Lactobacillus reuteri, were found in the ileum after day 15. The concentration of deconjugated bile salts increased in association with the increased populations of L. salivarius and clostridia. Both L. salivarius and clostridia deconjugate bile acids, and increases in the abundances of these bacteria might be associated with growth reduction and gastrointestinal (GI) disorders occurring in the critical period of broiler life between days 20 and 30.
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Wang XX, Song PX, Wu H, Xue JX, Zhong X, Zhang LY. Effects of Graded Levels of Isomaltooligosaccharides on the Performance, Immune Function and Intestinal Status of Weaned Pigs. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2016; 29:250-6. [PMID: 26732450 PMCID: PMC4698705 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.15.0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of graded levels of isomaltooligosaccharides (IMO) on the performance, immune function and intestinal microflora and intestinal mucosal morphology of weaned pigs. In a 28-day experiment, one hundred eighty, twenty eight-day-old, crossbred (Duroc×Large White×Landrace), weaned pigs, with an initial body weight of 8.19±1.45 kg, were fed either an unsupplemented corn-soybean meal based diet or similar diets supplemented with 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, or 0.8% IMO added at the expense of corn. Each treatment was replicated six times with six pigs (three barrows and three gilts) per pen. From day 0 to 14, weight gain was linearly increased (p<0.05), while gain:feed (p<0.05) was linearly improved and diarrhea rate (p = 0.05) linearly declined as the IMO level increased. On d 14, the level of the immunoglobulins IgA, IgM, and IgG in the serum of pigs were linearly increased (p<0.05) with increasing IMO supplementation. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) was linearly (p<0.05) and quadratically (p<0.05) decreased as IMO intake increased. From day 15 to 28, there was a trend for weight gain to be linearly increased, and IL-2 was linearly (p<0.05) increased as IMO supplementation increased on d 28. Over the entire experiment, weight gain was linearly increased (p<0.05), while gain:feed (p<0.05) was linearly improved and diarrhea rate (p<0.05) was linearly decreased as the IMO level increased. Supplementation with IMO had no effect on the intestinal microflora of pigs in the ileum and cecum of pigs, as well as the villus height and crypt depth in the ileum and jejunum (p>0.05). These results indicate that dietary inclusion of IMO increases weight gain, gain:feed and enhanced the immune status of pigs, and could be a valuable feed additive for use in weaned pigs, particularly during the period immediately after weaning.
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Calik A, Ergün A. Effect of lactulose supplementation on growth performance, intestinal histomorphology, cecal microbial population, and short-chain fatty acid composition of broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2015; 94:2173-82. [PMID: 26188035 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of dietary lactulose supplementation on broiler growth performance, intestinal histomorphology, cecal microflora, and cecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations. A total of 245 one-day-old male broiler chickens were randomly assigned to 5 different treatments, with 7 replicates including 7 birds each. The birds received the same basal diet based on corn--soybean meal, and lactulose was included in the diet at 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, or 0.8% at the expense of corn and/or soybean meal. The body weight gain (linear, P=0.027) and feed conversion (linear, P=0.003) from 0 to 21 d showed significant improvement as dietary lactulose was increased from 0.2 to 0.8%. However, dietary lactulose did not affect broiler performance at the end of the experiment (42 d). Furthermore, intestinal measurements and the goblet cell count of broilers fed a lactulose-containing diet differed from those of birds fed a diet that did not contain lactulose. In addition, a significant quadratic response in the Lactobacillus count (P≤0.001) was observed at 42 d on increasing the level of lactulose. The cecal coliform bacterial population was not affected by the dietary treatments. Supplementation with lactulose significantly increased the concentrations of acetate, propionate, butyrate, and total SCFA measured on d 7 and d 42. In conclusion, inclusion of lactulose in the diet can enhance broiler performance and intestinal morphology by selectively stimulating intestinal microflora and increasing cecal SCFA concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Calik
- Department of Animal Nutrition & Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara 06110, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Ergün
- Department of Animal Nutrition & Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara 06110, Turkey
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Kareem KY, Hooi Ling F, Teck Chwen L, May Foong O, Anjas Asmara S. Inhibitory activity of postbiotic produced by strains of Lactobacillus plantarum using reconstituted media supplemented with inulin. Gut Pathog 2014; 6:23. [PMID: 24991236 PMCID: PMC4076511 DOI: 10.1186/1757-4749-6-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The present study aimed to determine the inhibitory activity of postbiotic produced by L. plantarum using reconstituted media supplemented with different levels of inulin and to select the best combination based on the modified inhibitory activity (MAU/mL) against pathogens. Methods Postbiotics were produced by 6 strains of L. plantarum (RG11, RG14, RI11, UL4, TL1 and RS5) using reconstituted media supplemented with different levels of Inulin (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0) yielding 36 combinations. Results The combination of postbiotic and inulin had higher inhibitory activity than postbiotic alone against all indicator organisms except Pediococcus acidilactici, and E. coli. The RI11 + 0.8% Inulin, RG14 + 0.8% Inulin and RG14 + 0% Inulin had significantly (p < 0.05) higher MAU/mL against P. acidilactici than other treatments. The RI11 + 0.8% Inulin and RG14 + 0.4% Inulin had a significantly (p < 0.05) higher MAU/mL against VRE. The MAU/mL against L. monocytogenes was greater in RI11 + 1.0% Inulin, RI11 + 0.6% Inulin and RI11 + 0.8% Inulin. The combinations of RS5 + 1.0% Inulin, RS5 + 0.8% Inulin and RS5 + 0.6% Inulin had greater MAU/mL against S. enterica; whereas in E. coli, the inhibitory activity had higher activity that can only be found in RS5 + 0.8% Inulin. Conclusion Combination of postbiotics and inulin which had higher optical density tends to have lower pH which corresponds to increased inhibitory activity against indicator organisms. The results of this study show that postbiotics and inulin supplementation enable to inhibit proliferation of pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karwan Yassen Kareem
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Animal Resource, University of Salah al- Din, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Foo Hooi Ling
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Loh Teck Chwen
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ooi May Foong
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Samsudin Anjas Asmara
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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van der Hoeven-Hangoor E, van der Vossen JMBM, Schuren FHJ, Verstegen MWA, de Oliveira JE, Montijn RC, Hendriks WH. Ileal microbiota composition of broilers fed various commercial diet compositions. Poult Sci 2013; 92:2713-23. [PMID: 24046419 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbiota plays a role in the release and absorption of nutrients from feed components, thereby affecting digesta composition and moisture content of the excreta. The objective of the current study was to determine the effects of 5 different diets varying in ingredients (medium-chain fatty acids, nonstarch polysaccharides, and starch) on the microbiota composition of ileal digesta of broiler chickens and excreta DM content. Each treatment was repeated 6 times in cages each containing 18 Ross 308 broilers, with growth performance measured from 0 to 34 d of age and excreta DM and ileal microbiota composition analyzed at 34 d of age. Microbiota composition was evaluated using a novel ribosomal RNA microarray technology containing 370 different probes covering various genera, groups of microbial species, and individual species of the chicken gut microbiota, of which 321 had a signal above the background threshold. Replacing part of the animal fat and soybean oil in the wheat-based diet with medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA; 0.3% C10 and 2.7% C12) improved feed efficiency compared with the other dietary treatments. This coincided with a suppression of gram-positive bacteria belonging to the phylum of the Firmicutes, including Lactobacillus species, and species belonging to the family of the Enterococcaceae and Micrococcaceae, whereas the gram-negative bacteria belonging to the family of the Enterobacteriaceae were promoted. None of the other diets used in the present study notably changed the ileal digesta bacteria composition. Excreta DM content was not affected by dietary treatment. The variation between individual birds per dietary treatment was more pronounced than variation caused by feed composition, with the exception of the digesta microbiota of the birds fed the MCFA diet. It is concluded that a diet with MCFA significantly changes the ileal microbiota composition, whereas the effect of the other diets on the composition of the microbiota and excreta DM content is small in broiler chickens.
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Rumpold BA, Schlüter OK. Potential and challenges of insects as an innovative source for food and feed production. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 429] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Bovera F, Lestingi A, Iannaccone F, Tateo A, Nizza A. Use of dietary mannanoligosaccharides during rabbit fattening period: Effects on growth performance, feed nutrient digestibility, carcass traits, and meat quality. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:3858-66. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- F. Bovera
- Department of Animal Science and Food Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Napoli Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - A. Lestingi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, S.P. Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano (Ba), Italy
| | - F. Iannaccone
- Department of Animal Science and Food Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Napoli Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - A. Tateo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, S.P. Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano (Ba), Italy
| | - A. Nizza
- Department of Animal Science and Food Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Napoli Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
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Khan A, Yousaf M, Rehman H, Zaneb H, Pasha T, Fatima N, Khushal A, Ijaz A, Ashraf K, Afzal M. Response of maternally isolated rock pigeons (Columba livia domestica) to different dietary concentrations of mannan-oligosaccharide. Poult Sci 2012; 91:1598-603. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2011-02042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Goffin D, Delzenne N, Blecker C, Hanon E, Deroanne C, Paquot M. Will isomalto-oligosaccharides, a well-established functional food in Asia, break through the European and American market? The status of knowledge on these prebiotics. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2011; 51:394-409. [PMID: 21491266 DOI: 10.1080/10408391003628955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This critical review article presents the current state of knowledge on isomalto-oligosaccharides, some well known functional oligosaccharides in Asia, to evaluate their potential as emergent prebiotics in the American and European functional food market. It includes first a unique inventory of the different families of compounds which have been considered as IMOs and their specific structure. A description has been given of the different production methods including the involved enzymes and their specific activities, the substrates, and the types of IMOs produced. Considering the structural complexity of IMO products, specific characterization methods are described, as well as purification methods which enable the body to get rid of digestible oligosaccharides. Finally, an extensive review of their techno-functional and nutritional properties enables placing IMOs inside the growing prebiotic market. This review is of particular interest considering that IMO commercialization in America and Europe is a topical subject due to the recent submission by Bioneutra Inc. (Canada) of a novel food file to the UK Food Standards Agency, as well as several patents for IMO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Goffin
- Department of Industrial Biological Chemistry, University of Liege - Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Passage des D´eport´es, 2, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
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Foley SL, Nayak R, Hanning IB, Johnson TJ, Han J, Ricke SC. Population dynamics of Salmonella enterica serotypes in commercial egg and poultry production. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:4273-9. [PMID: 21571882 PMCID: PMC3127710 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00598-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Fresh and processed poultry have been frequently implicated in cases of human salmonellosis. Furthermore, increased consumption of meat and poultry has increased the potential for exposure to Salmonella enterica. While advances have been made in reducing the prevalence and frequency of Salmonella contamination in processed poultry, there is mounting pressure on commercial growers to prevent and/or eliminate these human pathogens in preharvest production facilities. Several factors contribute to Salmonella colonization in commercial poultry, including the serovar and the infectious dose. In the early 1900s, Salmonella enterica serovars Pullorum and Gallinarum caused widespread diseases in poultry, but vaccination and other voluntary programs helped eradicate pullorum disease and fowl typhoid from commercial flocks. However, the niche created by the eradication of these serovars was likely filled by S. Enteritidis, which proliferated in the bird populations. While this pathogen remains a significant problem in commercial egg and poultry production, its prevalence among poultry has been declining since the 1990s. Coinciding with the decrease of S. Enteritidis, S. Heidelberg and S. Kentucky have emerged as the predominant serovars in commercial broilers. In this review, we have highlighted bacterial genetic and host-related factors that may contribute to such shifts in Salmonella populations in commercial poultry and intervention strategies that could limit their colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Foley
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079, USA.
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Vandeplas S, Dubois Dauphin R, Beckers Y, Thonart P, Théwis A. Salmonella in chicken: current and developing strategies to reduce contamination at farm level. J Food Prot 2010; 73:774-85. [PMID: 20377971 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-73.4.774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella is a human pathogen that frequently infects poultry flocks. Consumption of raw or undercooked contaminated poultry products can induce acute gastroenteritis in humans. Faced with the public health concerns associated with salmonellosis, the European Union has established a European regulation forcing member states to implement control programs aimed at reducing Salmonella prevalence in poultry production, especially at the primary production level. The purpose of the present review article is to summarize the current research and to suggest future developments in the area of Salmonella control in poultry, which may be of value to the industry in the coming years. The review will focus especially on preventive strategies that have been developed and that aim at reducing the incidence of Salmonella colonization in broiler chickens at the farm level. In addition to the usual preventive hygienic measures, other strategies have been investigated, such as feed and drinking water acidification with organic acids and immune strategies based on passive and active immunity. Modification of the diet by changing ingredients and nutrient composition with the intent of reducing a bird's susceptibility to Salmonella infection also has been examined. Because in ovo feeding accelerates small intestine development and enhances epithelial cell function, this approach could be an efficient tool for controlling enteric pathogens. Feed additives such as antibiotics, prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics that modify the intestinal microflora are part of another field of investigation, and their success depends on the additive used. Other control methods such as the use of chlorate products and bacteriophages also are under study.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vandeplas
- Animal Science Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage des Déportés, Gembloux, Belgium.
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Bonos EM, Christaki EV, Florou-Pan PC. Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Mannan Oligosaccharides and Acidifier Calcium Propionate on the Performance and Carcass Quality of Japanese Quail (Coturnix japonica). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.3923/ijps.2010.264.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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