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Tyrrell C, Do TT, Leigh RJ, Burgess CM, Brennan FP, Walsh F. Differential impact of swine, bovine and poultry manure on the microbiome and resistome of agricultural grassland. Sci Total Environ 2023; 886:163926. [PMID: 37156383 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Land spreading of animal manure is an essential process in agriculture. Despite the importance of grassland in global food security the potential of the grass phyllosphere as a reservoir of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is unknown. Additionally, the comparative risk associated with different manure sources is unclear. Due to the One Health nature of AMR there is an urgent need to fully understand the risk associated with AMR at the agriculture - environmental nexus. We performed a grassland field study to assess and compare the relative and temporal impact of bovine, swine and poultry manure application on the grass phyllosphere and soil microbiome and resistome over a period of four months, using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and high-throughput quantitative PCR (HT-qPCR). The soil and grass phyllosphere contained a diverse range of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and mobile genetic elements (MGEs). Manure treatment was found to introduce ARGs belonging to clinically important antimicrobial classes, such as aminoglycoside and sulphonamide into grass and soil. Temporal analysis of ARGs and MGEs associated with manure treatment indicated ARGs patterns were similar across the different manure types in the manure treated soil and grass phyllosphere. Manure treatment resulted in the enrichment in members of the indigenous microbiota and the introduction of manure associated bacteria, with this impact extending past the recommended six-week exclusion period. However, these bacteria were in low relative abundance and manure treatment was not found to significantly impact the overall composition of the microbiome or resistome. This provides evidence that the current guidelines facilitate reduction of biological risk to livestock. Additionally, in soil and grass samples MGEs correlated with ARGs from clinically important antimicrobial classes, indicating the key role MGEs play in horizontal gene transfer in agricultural grassland. These results demonstrate the role of the grass phyllosphere as an under-studied sink of AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara Tyrrell
- Department of Biology & Kathleen Lonsdale Human Health Institute, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland; Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland.
| | - Thi Thuy Do
- Department of Biology & Kathleen Lonsdale Human Health Institute, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Robert J Leigh
- Department of Biology & Kathleen Lonsdale Human Health Institute, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Catherine M Burgess
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - Fiona P Brennan
- Department of Environment, Soils and Land-Use, Teagasc, Johnstown Castle, Wexford, Ireland
| | - Fiona Walsh
- Department of Biology & Kathleen Lonsdale Human Health Institute, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
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Do TT, Smyth C, Crispie F, Burgess C, Brennan F, Walsh F. Comparison of soil and grass microbiomes and resistomes reveals grass as a greater antimicrobial resistance reservoir than soil. Sci Total Environ 2023; 857:159179. [PMID: 36191722 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Grasslands cover a large proportion of global agricultural landmass used to feed herbivores and ruminants and link the environment to the food chain via animals onto humans. However, most scientific studies of antimicrobial resistance and microbiomes at the environmental - animal nexus have focused on soil or vegetables rather than grasslands. Based on previous microbiome phyllosphere-soil studies we hypothesised that the microbiome and resistomes across soil and grass would have a core of shared taxa and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs), but that in addition each would also have a minority of unique signatures. Our data indicated grass contained a wider variety and higher relative abundance of ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) than soil with or without slurry amendments. The microbiomes of soil and grass were similar in content but varied in the composition proportionality. While there were commonalities across many of the ARGs present in soil and on grass their correlations with MGEs and bacteria differed, suggesting a source other than soil is also relevant for the resistome of grass. The variations in the relative abundances of ARGs in soil and on grass also indicated that either the MGEs or the bacteria carrying the ARGs comprised a higher relative abundance on grass than in soil. We conclude that while soil may be a source of some of these genes it cannot be the source for all ARGs and MGEs. Our data identifies grass as a more diverse and abundant reservoir of ARGs and MGEs in the environment than soil, which is significant to human and animal health when viewed in the context of grazing food animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Thuy Do
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare W23 F2H6, Ireland
| | - Cian Smyth
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare W23 F2H6, Ireland
| | - Fiona Crispie
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork P61 C996, Ireland
| | | | - Fiona Brennan
- Teagasc, Crops, Environment and Land-Use Programme, Johnstown Castle, Co. Wexford Y35 Y521, Ireland
| | - Fiona Walsh
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare W23 F2H6, Ireland; Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
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Do TT, Nolan S, Hayes N, O'Flaherty V, Burgess C, Brennan F, Walsh F. Metagenomic and HT-qPCR analysis reveal the microbiome and resistome in pig slurry under storage, composting, and anaerobic digestion. Environ Pollut 2022; 305:119271. [PMID: 35398400 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Direct application of pig slurry to agricultural land, as a means of nutrient recycling, introduces pathogens, antibiotic resistant bacteria, or genes, to the environment. With global environmental sustainability policies mandating a reduction in synthetic fertilisation and a commitment to a circular economy it is imperative to find effective on-farm treatments of slurry that maximises its fertilisation value and minimises risk to health and the environment. We assessed and compared the effect of storage, composting, and anaerobic digestion (AD) on pig slurry microbiome, resistome and nutrient content. Shotgun metagenomic sequencing and HT-qPCR arrays were implemented to understand the dynamics across the treatments. Our results identified that each treatment methods have advantages and disadvantages in removal pollutants or increasing nutrients. The data suggests that storage and composting are optimal for the removal of human pathogens and anaerobic digestion for the reduction in antibiotic resistance (AMR) genes and mobile genetic elements. The nitrogen content is increased in storage and AD, while reduced in composting. Thus, depending on the requirement for increased or reduced nitrogen the optimum treatment varies. Combining the results indicates that composting provides the greatest gain by reducing risk to human health and the environment. Network analysis revealed reducing Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes while increasing Firmicutes will reduce the AMR content. KEGG analysis identified no significant change in the pathways across all treatments. This novel study provides a data driven decision tree to determine the optimal treatment for best practice to minimise pathogen, AMR and excess or increasing nutrient transfer from slurry to environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Thuy Do
- Maynooth University, Biology Department, Ireland
| | - Stephen Nolan
- National University of Ireland Galway, School of Natural Science and Ryan Institute, Galway, Ireland
| | - Nicky Hayes
- Teagasc, Department of Environment, Soils and Landuse, Johnstown Castle, Wexford, Ireland
| | - Vincent O'Flaherty
- National University of Ireland Galway, School of Natural Science and Ryan Institute, Galway, Ireland
| | - Catherine Burgess
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fiona Brennan
- Teagasc, Department of Environment, Soils and Landuse, Johnstown Castle, Wexford, Ireland
| | - Fiona Walsh
- Maynooth University, Biology Department, Ireland.
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Delaney S, Do TT, Corrigan A, Murphy R, Walsh F. Investigation into the effect of mannan-rich fraction supplementation on the metagenome of broiler chickens. Microb Genom 2021; 7. [PMID: 34259622 PMCID: PMC8477404 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is regarded as one of the most serious threats to human health worldwide. The rapid increase in resistance rates has been attributed to the extensive use of antibiotics since they became commercially available. The use of antibiotics as growth promotors has been banned in numerous regions for this reason. Mannan-rich fraction (MRF) has been reported to show similar growth-promoting effects to antibiotics. We investigated the effect of MRF on the microbial community, resistome and metabolic pathways within the caecum of commercial broilers at two different timepoints within the growth of the broiler, day 27 and day 34. The data indicated an overall increase in health and economic gain for the producer with the addition of MRF to the diet of the broilers. The only significant difference across the microbial composition of the samples was in the richness of the microbial communities across all samples. While all samples harboured resistance genes conferring resistance to the same classes of antibiotics, there was significant variation in the antimicrobial resistance gene richness across time and treatment and across combinations of time and treatment. The taxa with positive correlation comprised Bacilli and Clostridia. The negative correlation taxa were also dominated by Bacilli, specifically the Streptococcus genera. The KEGG-pathway analysis identified an age-related change in the metabolism pathway abundances of the caecal microflora. We suggest that the MRF-related increases in health and weight gain in the broilers may be associated with changes in the metabolism of the microbiomes rather than the microbial composition. The resistome variations across samples were correlated with specific genera. These data may be used to further enhance the development of feed supplements to reduce the presence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) within poultry. While the ARGs of greatest concern to human or animal health were not detected in this study, it has identified the potential to reduce the presence of ARGs by the increase in specific genera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Delaney
- Antimicrobial Resistance & Microbiome Research Group, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland.,Alltech European Bioscience CentreDunboyne, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - Thi Thuy Do
- Antimicrobial Resistance & Microbiome Research Group, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Aoife Corrigan
- Alltech European Bioscience CentreDunboyne, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - Richard Murphy
- Alltech European Bioscience CentreDunboyne, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - Fiona Walsh
- Antimicrobial Resistance & Microbiome Research Group, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
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Smyth C, O'Flaherty A, Walsh F, Do TT. Antibiotic resistant and extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing faecal coliforms in wastewater treatment plant effluent. Environ Pollut 2020; 262:114244. [PMID: 32146363 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) provide optimal conditions for the maintenance and spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). In this work we describe the occurrence of antibiotic resistant faecal coliforms and their mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in the effluent of two urban WWTPs in Ireland. This information is critical to identifying the role of WWTPs in the dissemination of ARB and ARGs into the environment. Effluent samples were collected from two WWTPs in Spring and Autumn of 2015 and 2016. The bacterial susceptibility patterns to 13 antibiotics were determined. The phenotypic tests were carried out to identify AmpC or extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producers. The presence of ESBL genes were detected by PCR. Plasmids carrying ESBL genes were transformed into Escherichia coli DH5α recipient and underwent plasmid replicon typing to identify incompatibility groups. More than 90% of isolated faecal coliforms were resistant to amoxicillin and ampicillin, followed by tetracycline (up to 39.82%), ciprofloxacin (up to 31.42%) and trimethoprim (up to 37.61%). Faecal coliforms resistant to colistin (up to 31.62%) and imipenem (up to 15.93%) were detected in all effluent samples. Up to 53.98% of isolated faecal coliforms expressed a multi-drug resistance (MRD) phenotype. AmpC production was confirmed in 5.22% of isolates. The ESBL genes were confirmed for 11.84% of isolates (9.2% of isolates carried blaTEM, 1.4% blaSHV-12, 0.2% blaCTX-M-1 and 1% blaCTX-M-15). Plasmids extracted from 52 ESBL isolates were successfully transformed into recipient E. coli. The detected plasmid incompatibility groups included the IncF group, IncI1, IncHI1/2 and IncA/C. These results provide evidence that treated wastewater is polluted with ARB and MDR faecal coliforms and are sources of ESBL-producing, carbapenem and colistin resistant Enterobacteriaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cian Smyth
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Aidan O'Flaherty
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Fiona Walsh
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Thi Thuy Do
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
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Rodriguez-Mozaz S, Vaz-Moreira I, Varela Della Giustina S, Llorca M, Barceló D, Schubert S, Berendonk TU, Michael-Kordatou I, Fatta-Kassinos D, Martinez JL, Elpers C, Henriques I, Jaeger T, Schwartz T, Paulshus E, O'Sullivan K, Pärnänen KMM, Virta M, Do TT, Walsh F, Manaia CM. Antibiotic residues in final effluents of European wastewater treatment plants and their impact on the aquatic environment. Environ Int 2020; 140:105733. [PMID: 32353669 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive monitoring of a broad set of antibiotics in the final effluent of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) of 7 European countries (Portugal, Spain, Ireland, Cyprus, Germany, Finland, and Norway) was carried out in two consecutive years (2015 and 2016). This is the first study of this kind performed at an international level. Within the 53 antibiotics monitored 17 were detected at least once in the final effluent of the WWTPs, i.e.: ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, enrofloxacin, orbifloxacin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, sulfapyridine, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, nalidixic acid, pipemidic acid, oxolinic acid, cefalexin, clindamycin, metronidazole, ampicillin, and tetracycline. The countries exhibiting the highest effluent average concentrations of antibiotics were Ireland and the southern countries Portugal and Spain, whereas the northern countries (Norway, Finland and Germany) and Cyprus exhibited lower total concentration. The antibiotic occurrence data in the final effluents were used for the assessment of their impact on the aquatic environment. Both, environmental predicted no effect concentration (PNEC-ENVs) and the PNECs based on minimal inhibitory concentrations (PNEC-MICs) were considered for the evaluation of the impact on microbial communities in aquatic systems and on the evolution of antibiotic resistance, respectively. Based on this analysis, three compounds, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin and cefalexin are proposed as markers of antibiotic pollution, as they could occasionally pose a risk to the environment. Integrated studies like this are crucial to map the impact of antibiotic pollution and to provide the basis for designing water quality and environmental risk in regular water monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rodriguez-Mozaz
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain.
| | - Ivone Vaz-Moreira
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
| | - Saulo Varela Della Giustina
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Marta Llorca
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain; Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Damià Barceló
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain; Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Schubert
- Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Hydrobiology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas U Berendonk
- Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Hydrobiology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Irene Michael-Kordatou
- Nireas-International Water Research Centre, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, CY-1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Despo Fatta-Kassinos
- Nireas-International Water Research Centre, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, CY-1678 Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, CY-1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | | | - Isabel Henriques
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM, University of Aveiro) and Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martin de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Thomas Jaeger
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - Campus North, Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Thomas Schwartz
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - Campus North, Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Erik Paulshus
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Section of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Post Box 8146 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristin O'Sullivan
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Section of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Post Box 8146 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - Katariina M M Pärnänen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marko Virta
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Thi Thuy Do
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Fiona Walsh
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Célia M Manaia
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
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Pärnänen KMM, Narciso-da-Rocha C, Kneis D, Berendonk TU, Cacace D, Do TT, Elpers C, Fatta-Kassinos D, Henriques I, Jaeger T, Karkman A, Martinez JL, Michael SG, Michael-Kordatou I, O’Sullivan K, Rodriguez-Mozaz S, Schwartz T, Sheng H, Sørum H, Stedtfeld RD, Tiedje JM, Giustina SVD, Walsh F, Vaz-Moreira I, Virta M, Manaia CM. Antibiotic resistance in European wastewater treatment plants mirrors the pattern of clinical antibiotic resistance prevalence. Sci Adv 2019; 5:eaau9124. [PMID: 30944853 PMCID: PMC6436925 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau9124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Integrated antibiotic resistance (AR) surveillance is one of the objectives of the World Health Organization global action plan on antimicrobial resistance. Urban wastewater treatment plants (UWTPs) are among the most important receptors and sources of environmental AR. On the basis of the consistent observation of an increasing north-to-south clinical AR prevalence in Europe, this study compared the influent and final effluent of 12 UWTPs located in seven countries (Portugal, Spain, Ireland, Cyprus, Germany, Finland, and Norway). Using highly parallel quantitative polymerase chain reaction, we analyzed 229 resistance genes and 25 mobile genetic elements. This first trans-Europe surveillance showed that UWTP AR profiles mirror the AR gradient observed in clinics. Antibiotic use, environmental temperature, and UWTP size were important factors related with resistance persistence and spread in the environment. These results highlight the need to implement regular surveillance and control measures, which may need to be appropriate for the geographic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katariina M. M. Pärnänen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Carlos Narciso-da-Rocha
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina–Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, 172, 4200-374 Porto, Portugal
| | - David Kneis
- Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Hydrobiology, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Damiano Cacace
- Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Hydrobiology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thi Thuy Do
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | | | - Despo Fatta-Kassinos
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Nireas–International Water Research Centre, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, CY-1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Isabel Henriques
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Thomas Jaeger
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)–Campus North, Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Antti Karkman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jose Luis Martinez
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Calle Darwin 3, 20049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Stella G. Michael
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Nireas–International Water Research Centre, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, CY-1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Irene Michael-Kordatou
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Nireas–International Water Research Centre, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, CY-1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Kristin O’Sullivan
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Section of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Post Box 8146 Dep, 0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sara Rodriguez-Mozaz
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Thomas Schwartz
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)–Campus North, Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hongjie Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Henning Sørum
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Section of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Post Box 8146 Dep, 0033 Oslo, Norway
| | - Robert D. Stedtfeld
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - James M. Tiedje
- Center for Microbial Ecology, Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | | | - Fiona Walsh
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Ivone Vaz-Moreira
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina–Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, 172, 4200-374 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marko Virta
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Célia M. Manaia
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina–Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, 172, 4200-374 Porto, Portugal
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Thuy Do T, O’Flaherty A, Walsh F. Occurrence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)/AmpC producing bacteria in wastewater treatment plant effluent. Access Microbiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1099/acmi.ac2019.po0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Do TT, Delaney S, Walsh F. 16S rRNA gene based bacterial community structure of wastewater treatment plant effluents. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2019; 366:5299563. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnz017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thi Thuy Do
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Sarah Delaney
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Fiona Walsh
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
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10
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Do TT, Tamames J, Stedtfeld RD, Guo X, Murphy S, Tiedje JM, Walsh F. Antibiotic Resistance Gene Detection in the Microbiome Context. Microb Drug Resist 2017; 24:542-546. [PMID: 29185915 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2017.0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the past decade, microbiologists have moved from detecting single antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) to detecting all known resistance genes within a sample due to advances in next generation sequencing. This has provided a wealth of data on the variation and relative abundances of ARGs present in a total bacterial population. However, to use these data in terms of therapy or risk to patients, they must be analyzed in the context of the background microbiome. Using a quantitative PCR ARG chip and 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, we have sought to identify the ARGs and bacteria present in a fecal sample of a healthy adult using genomic tools. Of the 42 ARGs detected, 12 fitted into the ResCon1 category of ARGs: cfxA, cphA, bacA, sul3, aadE, blaTEM, aphA1, aphA3, aph(2')-Id, aacA/aphd, catA1, and vanC. Therefore, we describe these 12 genes as the core resistome of this person's fecal microbiome and the remaining 30 ARGs as descriptors of the microbial population within the fecal microbiome. The dominant phyla and genera agree with those previously detected in the greatest abundances in fecal samples of healthy humans. The majority of the ARGs detected were associated with the presence of specific bacterial taxa, which were confirmed using microbiome analysis. We acknowledge the limitations of the data in the context of the limited sample set. However, the principle of combining qPCR and microbiome analysis was shown to be helpful to identify the association of the ARGs with specific taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Thuy Do
- 1 Department of Biology, Maynooth University , Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Javier Tamames
- 2 Spanish National Centre for Biotechnology , Madrid, Spain
| | - Robert D Stedtfeld
- 3 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Xueping Guo
- 3 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Sinead Murphy
- 1 Department of Biology, Maynooth University , Maynooth, Ireland
| | - James M Tiedje
- 4 Center for Microbial Ecology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Fiona Walsh
- 1 Department of Biology, Maynooth University , Maynooth, Ireland
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Karkman A, Do TT, Walsh F, Virta MPJ. Antibiotic-Resistance Genes in Waste Water. Trends Microbiol 2017; 26:220-228. [PMID: 29033338 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 404] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Waste water and waste water treatment plants can act as reservoirs and environmental suppliers of antibiotic resistance. They have also been proposed to be hotspots for horizontal gene transfer, enabling the spread of antibiotic resistance genes between different bacterial species. Waste water contains antibiotics, disinfectants, and metals which can form a selection pressure for antibiotic resistance, even in low concentrations. Our knowledge of antibiotic resistance in waste water has increased tremendously in the past few years with advances in the molecular methods available. However, there are still some gaps in our knowledge on the subject, such as how active is horizontal gene transfer in waste water and what is the role of the waste water treatment plant in the environmental resistome? The purpose of this review is to briefly describe some of the main methods for studying antibiotic resistance in waste waters and the latest research and main knowledge gaps on the issue. In addition, some future research directions are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti Karkman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Thi Thuy Do
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Fiona Walsh
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Marko P J Virta
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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12
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Nguyen YTT, Nguyen TB, Nguyen TP, Nguyen TH, Vu HH, Nguyen TV, Pham TH, Do TT, Duong HT, Nguyen LH, Partridge JM, Kile JC, Iuliano A, Nguyen HT. Healthcare seeking behavior for respiratory illness in a northern province of Vietnam. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2015. [PMCID: PMC4474730 DOI: 10.1186/2047-2994-4-s1-p16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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13
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Nguyen YTT, Nguyen TB, Nguyen TP, Nguyen TH, Vu HH, Le MTQ, Tran DN, Do TT, Partridge JM, Kile JC, Nguyen TV, Nguyen HT. Influenza-related severe acute respiratory infection in the north of Vietnam: healthcare burden and economic impact. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2015. [PMCID: PMC4474855 DOI: 10.1186/2047-2994-4-s1-p14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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14
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Khan NC, Mai LB, Minh ND, Do TT, Khoi HH, West CE, Hautvast JGAJ. Intakes of retinol and carotenoids and its determining factors in the Red River Delta population of northern Vietnam. Eur J Clin Nutr 2007; 62:810-6. [PMID: 17622264 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the household intakes of retinol and carotenoids and social economic factors determining their intakes. SUBJECTS Data on a total of 1001 households (771 in rural areas and 230 in urban areas) were used in the analyses. Interviewed person was household food preparer. RESULTS Mean (s.d.) intake of carotenoids was 4178 (3154) microg/capita/day in rural and 4208 (3408) microg/capita/day in urban areas and intake of retinol was 101 (275) microg/capita/day in rural and 201 (470) microg/capita/day in urban areas. Multivariate analyses show that the subjects in households with four or more members consume about 700 microg carotenoids less compared to households with less than three members. Households with a higher expenditure (fourth quartile) consumed about 100 microg retinol/day more than those with a lower expenditure (first quartile). CONCLUSION Carotenoids from plant food sources is the main source of vitamin A intake of the population and its main determinants are household expenditure and size of household. Food fortification and dietary diversification with special emphasis on promotion of consumption of animal foods should be key strategies for overcoming vitamin A deficiency in Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Khan
- National Institute of Nutrition, Hanoi, Vietnam.
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15
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Holland WG, Thanh NG, Do TT, Sangmaneedet S, Goddeeris B, Vercruysse J. Evaluation of Diagnostic Tests for Trypanosoma evansi in Experimentally Infected Pigs and Subsequent Use in Field Surveys in North Vietnam and Thailand. Trop Anim Health Prod 2005; 37:457-67. [PMID: 16248217 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-005-1217-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study is concerned with the evaluation of established diagnostic tests for diagnosis of Trypanosoma evansi in pigs. The immune trypanolysis test (TL), card agglutination test (CATT), latex agglutination test (LATEX), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), microhaematocrit centrifugation technique (MHCT) and mouse inoculation (MI) tests were initially evaluated in experimentally infected fattening pigs. All infected pigs were confirmed parasitologically positive with both MHCT and MI. Results of the serological assays indicated that the TL could be a reference test for the presence of RoTat 1.2 antibodies in pigs. The results of the CATT and LATEX were inconsistent with the TL while the ELISA results correlated with the TL results. The four serological assays were subsequently used in two field surveys in Vietnam and Thailand. Results of the two agglutination assays (CATT and LATEX) were not consistent and did not correlate with TL results. The ELISA at percentage positivity of 22 appeared to have good ability to discriminate between seropositive and seronegative animals. Of the 437 samples collected at smallholder pig premises in northern Vietnam, no positive pigs were detected with the TL test. In Thailand, 77 samples were collected from five farrowing farms with a history of surra. Two parasitologically positive sows were found and on each farm seropositive sows were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Holland
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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16
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Do TT, Dibley MJ, D'Este C. Receiver operating characteristic analysis of body mass index to detect increased risk of functional morbidity in Vietnamese rural adults. Eur J Clin Nutr 2004; 58:1594-603. [PMID: 15226755 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the performance of low BMI, and define optimal BMI cut-off values in order to detect fever-associated adult morbidity. DESIGN A cohort study of adults between 18 and 60 y in rural Vietnam, whose BMI and health status were assessed at baseline, and who were then monitored for illness events for 4 months. Nonparametric receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to evaluate the performance of low BMI to detect the average number of restricted-days due to illness and to determine optimal cut-off values. SETTING A rural commune in the Red River Delta, northern Vietnam. SUBJECTS The study included 693 men and 739 women aged 18-60-y. RESULTS At baseline, 21% of the study participants had a BMI<18.5 kg/m(2). As BMI progressively decreased, the percentage of participants experiencing morbidity with fever increased. The areas under the ROC curves for BMI were significantly greater than 0.5 for all levels of monthly average restricted-days of illness (MARDI) with fever, with best performance for >5 days/month. Excluding participants with acute or chronic disease at baseline improved the performance of BMI to detect MARDI with fever of >5 days (area under ROC curve 0.95; 95% CI 0.92, 0.99). With increasing levels of MARDI with fever, BMI cut-offs fell to 17.9 kg/m(2) when MARDI with fever was >5 days. CONCLUSIONS The ROC analysis demonstrates that low BMI performs well as a risk indicator of MARDI with fever of >5 days with an optimal BMI cut-off value of 17.9 kg/m(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- T T Do
- Department of Education and Information, National Institute of Nutrition, Ministry of Health, Hanoi, Vietnam.
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Holland WG, Thanh NG, My LN, Do TT, Goddeeris BM, Vercruysse J. Short Communication Prevalence of Trypanosoma evansi in Water Buffaloes in Remote Areas in Northern Vietnam Using PCR and Serological Methods. Trop Anim Health Prod 2004; 36:45-8. [PMID: 14979557 DOI: 10.1023/b:trop.0000009521.13984.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W G Holland
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Parasitology, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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18
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Holland WG, Do TT, Huong NT, Dung NT, Thanh NG, Vercruysse J, Goddeeris BM. The effect of Trypanosoma evansi infection on pig performance and vaccination against classical swine fever. Vet Parasitol 2003; 111:115-23. [PMID: 12531288 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(02)00363-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Although Trypanosoma evansi is not considered as an important pathogen in pigs, it may interfere with other pathogens or vaccinations by its immunosuppressive nature. In order to determine whether T. evansi alters pig performance and induces immunosuppression in pigs, induction of immune responses by vaccination against classical swine fever (CSF) and by immunization with a control antigen, human serum albumin (HSA), was assessed in T. evansi-infected and non-infected animals. Although T. evansi infection did not have a significant influence on growth performance, feed conversion or PCV, antibody responses against both the test antigen HSA and the CSF vaccine were significantly reduced in T. evansi-infected animals as compared to uninfected animals. Moreover, the reduced response against the CSF vaccine appears to be accompanied by a less well-developed protection against CSF with higher fever responses and leukopenia. This immunosuppression might explain the accounts of poor protection of CSF-vaccinated pigs reported in T. evansi-endemic areas of Vietnam, and suggests that prior treatments with trypanocidal drugs to improve the efficacy of CSF vaccination, may be justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Holland
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department Virology-Parasitology-Immunology, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Abstract
In Escherichia coli, repair and restart of collapsed replication forks is thought to be essential for cell growth. The replication restart proteins, PriA, PriB, PriC, DnaB, DnaC, DnaG, DnaT and Rep, form redundant pathways that recognize repaired replication forks and restart them. Recognition, modulation of specific DNA structures and loading of the replicative helicase by the replication restart proteins, is likely to be important for replication restart. It has been hypothesized that PriB and PriC function with PriA in genetically separate and redundant PriA-PriB and PriA-PriC pathways. In this study, the del(priB)302 or priC303:kan mutations were used to isolate the PriA-PriB and PriA-PriC pathways genetically so that the effects of three priA missense mutations, priA300 (K230R), priA301 (C479Y) and priA306 (L557P), on these pathways could be assessed. In a wild-type background, the three priA mutations had little, if any, effect on the phenotypes of UV resistance, basal levels of SOS expression and cell viability. In the priB mutant, priA300 and priA301 caused dramatic negative changes in the three phenotypes listed above (and others), whereas the third priA mutant allele, priA306, showed very little negative effect. In the priC mutant, all three priA mutations behaved similarly, producing little, if any, changes in phenotypes. We conclude that priA300 and priA301 mostly affect the PriA-PriC pathway and do so more than priA306. We suggest that PriA's helicase activity is important for the PriA-PriC pathway of replication restart.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Sandler
- 203 Morrill Science Center IVN, Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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20
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Zhang HJ, Tamez PA, Vu DH, Ghee TT, Nguyen VH, Le TX, Le MH, Nguyen MC, Do TT, Soejarto DD, Fong HH, Pezzuto JM. Antimalarial compounds from Rhaphidophora decursiva. J Nat Prod 2001; 64:772-777. [PMID: 11421741 DOI: 10.1021/np010037c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Bioassay-directed fractionation led to the isolation of 14 compounds, six of which possess antimalarial activity, from the dried leaves and stems of Rhaphidophora decursiva. Polysyphorin (1) and rhaphidecurperoxin (6) showed strong activities against Plasmodium falciparum. Rhaphidecursinol A (2), rhaphidecursinol B (3), grandisin (4), and epigrandisin (5) were less active against the same organism. Among the isolates, rhaphidecursinol A (2) and rhaphidecursinol B (3) were determined to be new neolignans, and rhaphidecurperoxin (6) is a new benzoperoxide. Known compounds isolated include polysyphorin (1), grandisin (4), epigrandisin (5), (+)-medioresinol, (-)-pinoresinol, (-)-syringaresinol, (+)-glaberide I, (+)-dehydrovomifoliol, (-)-liliolide, (-)-hydroxydihydrobovolide, and N-butylbenzamide, of which compound 1 appears worthy of further evaluation as an antimalarial agent. Structure elucidation and identification were accomplished by spectroscopic means including 1D and 2D NMR analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Zhang
- Program for Collaborative Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, m/c 877, College of Pharmacy, the University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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Abstract
Lower extremity bowing is a normal physiologic process that commonly occurs in walking children under the age of 2 years. After this age, any significant amount of residual bowing is abnormal and may be due to infections, traumatic physeal injuries, genetic predisposition, metabolic factors, or a combination of these. Of the pathologic conditions, infantile Blount's disease is the most common and is predominantly found in obese children with an early onset of walking. Because of its frequency in occurrence and general tendency for spontaneous resolution, physiologic genu varum must be clearly distinguished from other pathologic processes that result in bowleggedness. Treatment of the latter cases may consist of early bracing or surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T Do
- Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA.
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Anh NT, Do TT, Lien DT, Khoi HH, Chuyen NV, Yamamoto S. Food Intake and Lipid Status of Three Vietnamese Populations with Different Incomes. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2001; 47:64-8. [PMID: 11349893 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.47.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In order to have basic data for dietary preventive measures against some vascular diseases caused by disorder of lipid metabolism, food intake and lipid status were investigated in three Vietnamese populations with different per capita income levels. Totally, 299 people aged over 18 were involved in this study. Among them, 98 subjects were selected from one commune with low income, 100 and 101 subjects from two urban areas with medium and high income respectively. Food intake was assessed by 24-h recall method and lipid status was evaluated by measuring serum concentration of triglyceride, total cholesterol and its subfractions. The results showed that food consumption, dietary habits and lipid status varied with income levels. In general, diet was still unbalanced in all three groups, and low in fat and protein. In the rural, fat and protein intakes were lower than in the urban. The high prevalence of low serum cholesterol was observed in all three groups, the highest in the rural (45.3%) and the lowest in the urban (11.2%). On the contrary, the prevalence of high serum cholesterol was the lowest in the rural (2%) and the highest in the urban (16%). From these data, it is suggested that the majority of the Vietnamese might be vulnerable to some vascular diseases such as stroke if the situation of low fat intake and low serum cholesterol is not a problem of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- N T Anh
- The National Institute of Nutrition, Ha Noi, Vietnam
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Abstract
Over a period of 13 months, faecal samples were collected monthly from approximately 45 cattle over 3 months of age. Additionally, 74 calves of 1-2 months were sampled to determine the presence of Toxocara vitulorum eggs. Individual egg counts and infective strongyle larvae from pooled faecal samples were examined. Post-mortem worm counts were carried out on six groups of tracer calves (n=12) that had been kept for 4 weeks on pasture in and around the village studied. The following helminths were identified: T. vitulorum, Cooperia punctata, C. pectinata, C. oncophora, Oesophagostomum radiatum, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, Haemonchus spp., Fasciola spp. and Paramphistomum spp. In 8% of the samples collected from young calves, individual egg counts for T. vitulorum were found indicative for pathogenic worm burdens. Strongyle egg counts and worm counts indicated that transmission is low without a distinct seasonality. In animals of 3-9 months old, a strongyle egg count peak can be demonstrated which at a higher age steadily and significantly decreased. In faecal cultures Cooperia spp. were most prominent in all age groups throughout the year with the exception of the period September-November when Haemonchus spp. and Oesophagostomum spp. were most prevalent. Fasciola spp. eggs were found in 22% of the collected faecal samples and the egg counts were low indicating that the intensity of Fasciola spp. infection is mild. Based on the present data, regular anthelmintic treatments seem not to be justified, except for a single treatment at the age of 2 weeks against toxocariosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Holland
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Parasitology, Universiteit Gent, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Kieu NT, Yasugi E, Lien DTK, Anh NT, Do TT, Khoi HH, Kido T, Kondo K, Itakura H, Chuyen NV, Yamamoto S, Oshima M. Serum fatty acids, lipoprotein(a) and apolipoprotein composition of rural, suburban and urban populations in North Vietnam. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2000; 9:62-66. [PMID: 24394389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the concentrations of serum fatty acids, lipoprotein(a) and apolipoprotein of three populations in North Vietnam: rural area with low income (n = 101), suburban with average income (n = 97), and urban with high income (n = 95). The results showed the suburban and urban populations had higher fat intake than the rural. The fat intake in quality was different in these three populations. The suburban had the highest consumption of fatty foods rich in n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). The rural consumed more fatty foods rich in monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), but less fatty foods rich in n-3 PUFA than the two other populations. The high index of thrombogenicity (IT) of the Vietnamese diet may result from their low intake of fish and vegetable oils. Risk factors for premature cardiovascular disease (CVD) assessed by serum lipoprotein(a) and apolipoprotein levels were not observed in all three populations. However, coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke are problems that should be monitored because the increase of CVD morbidity has been reported in Vietnamese people. From a nutritional point of view, the increase of fish and vegetable oils consumption is necessary for the prevention of CVD and CHD in these Vietnamese populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- N T Kieu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Research Institute, International Medical Center of Japan, 1-21-1, Toyama, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
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Wilder MN, Do TT, Atmomarsono M, Tran TT, Truong QP, Yang WJ. Characterization of Na/K-ATPase in Macrobrachium rosenbergii and the effects of changing salinity on enzymatic activity. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2000; 125:377-88. [PMID: 10794967 DOI: 10.1016/s1095-6433(00)00162-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A ouabain-sensitive Na/K-ATPase kinetic assay system based on the hydrolysis of ATP and the oxidation of NADH was adapted in order to characterize enzymatic activity in gills and examine the effects of changing salinity in Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Maximum inhibition by ouabain occurred at a concentration of 1.4 mM, and the K(m) of the reaction was 0.2 mM. In a first experiment, animals were acclimated to freshwater, 1/3 seawater, 2/3 seawater and full seawater for up to 1 week. Na/K-ATPase activity in front gills was 1. 62+/-0.19 micromol ADP/mg protein per h in freshwater, and was seen to increase slightly in 1/3 seawater (1.88+/-0.19 micromol ADP/mg protein per h) and 2/3 seawater (2.09+/-0.24 micromol ADP/mg protein per h), decreasing slightly in full seawater (1.92+/-0.43 micromol ADP/mg protein per h); however, differences were not significant. Back gills showed slightly higher levels, and a similar pattern of Na/K-ATPase activity. In a second experiment, animals were acclimated to 1/3 seawater and 2/3 seawater, and then transferred to freshwater. However, no changes in activity were seen, indicating that exposure to dilute media did not effect enzymatic activity. Whereas Na/K-ATPase is important in osmoregulatory function in marine euryhaline crustaceans, it may not play a significant role in adaptation in freshwater crustaceans that inhabit a more narrow range of salinities.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Wilder
- Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 1-2 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Abstract
Transient synovitis of the hip is one of the most common causes of hip pain and limp in young children. Its cause is still largely unknown, but its natural history is that of a self-limiting disorder with no residual sequelae, although recurrences are possible. Because this benign condition is similar to more significant disorders, such as septic arthritis, the diagnosis should remain one of exclusion. Once transient synovitis is diagnosed, treatment consists of rest, anti-inflammatory agents, and a tincture of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T Do
- Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA
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27
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Widmann RF, Do TT, Doyle SM, Burke SW, Root L. Resection arthroplasty of the hip for patients with cerebral palsy: an outcome study. J Pediatr Orthop 1999; 19:805-10. [PMID: 10573353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Thirteen patients (18 hips) with cerebral palsy and painful hip subluxation or dislocation underwent proximal femoral resection-interposition arthroplasty (PFRIA) as a salvage procedure for intractable pain or seating difficulty. Eleven patients (14 hips) had a prior failed soft-tissue or bony reconstruction. The average age at surgery was 26.6 years (range, 10.7-45.5 years), and average follow-up was 7.4 years (range, 2.2-20.8 years). All patients/caregivers noted significant improvement in subjective assessment of pain after the surgery. Upright sitting tolerance improved from an average preoperative value of 3.2-8.9 h postoperatively (p < 0.01). Four patients who were unable even to sit in a customized wheelchair before the operation could be easily seated in a custom chair after surgery. Hip range of motion including flexion, extension, and abduction was significantly improved postoperatively (p < 0.05). Single-dose radiation therapy was used postoperatively for five hips and resulted in a significantly lower grade of heterotopic ossification at final follow-up (p < 0.005). Skeletal traction in the postoperative period did not prevent proximal migration of the femur compared with skin traction. Maximal pain relief was achieved at an average of 5.6 months postoperatively (range, 0.03-14 months). Complications included transient postoperative decubitus ulceration (four patients), pneumonia (two patients), and symptomatic heterotopic bone (two patients). The significant improvements in pain management, sitting tolerance, and range of motion suggest that PFRIA is a reasonable salvage procedure for the painful, dislocated hip in cerebral palsy. Resolution of pain may not be immediate, as was noted in this series.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Widmann
- The Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Gruchalla RS, Pesenko RD, Do TT, Skiest DJ. Sulfonamide-induced reactions in desensitized patients with AIDS--the role of covalent protein haptenation by sulfamethoxazole. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998; 101:371-8. [PMID: 9525454 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-6749(98)70250-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse reactions to sulfonamides cause significant morbidity in patients with AIDS. We have demonstrated previously a approximately 40 kd sulfamethoxazole (SMX)-substituted protein in the serum of some individuals treated with SMX. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine patients with AIDS who had undergone SMX desensitization because of a prior history of SMX allergy for the presence of SMX-haptenated serum proteins and to determine whether these proteins, SMX-specific IgG antibodies, or both predict the development of subsequent clinical reactivity. METHODS Four patients with no history of allergy and in whom SMX prophylaxis was initiated and eight patients with AIDS who had undergone SMX desensitization because of prior allergy were evaluated. SMX-conjugated serum proteins were identified with an immunoblotting assay, and SMX-specific IgG antibodies were identified by ELISA inhibition. RESULTS One of the four patients receiving SMX prophylactic treatment demonstrated SMX-protein haptenation, none had detectable SMX-specific IgG antibodies, and none developed an SMX-associated reaction during the time in which they were followed. Of the eight patients who underwent SMX desensitization, six (75%) demonstrated SMX-protein haptenation, and three of these six (50%) subsequently developed SMX-induced cutaneous reactions. Only one of these six patients had detectable SMX-specific IgG antibodies. The two individuals who did not demonstrate SMX-protein haptenation have not developed a clinical reaction. CONCLUSION These preliminary data suggest that SMX haptenation, but not SMX-specific antibodies, may be important in the development of clinical sensitivity in patients with AIDS who have undergone SMX desensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Gruchalla
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235-8859, USA
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Abstract
Twenty-one complex fractures of the tibial plateau in twenty patients were treated with closed reduction, interfragmental screw fixation of the articular fragments, and application of a unilateral half-pin external fixator. The average duration of external fixation was twelve weeks (range, three to twenty weeks). The fixator was left in situ until the fracture had united in all but two patients. All of the fractures healed. The complications with this technique were attributable primarily to the proximal half-pins of the external fixator. Seven patients needed antibiotics for an infection at a pin site, and two had septic arthritis that necessitated arthrotomy and débridement. The average duration of follow-up was thirty-eight months. The range of motion of nineteen of the twenty-one knees was at least a 115-degree arc. Laxity was evident in seven knees, but no patient complained of instability of the knee. Radiographs showed malalignment of more than 6 degrees in three knees compared with the normal, contralateral knee and evidence of post-traumatic osteoarthrosis in five knees. The Iowa knee score, determined for nineteen patients, averaged 87 points (range, 55 to 100 points). The SF-36 general health survey demonstrated that most patients had function close to that of age-matched controls. We concluded that external fixation with limited internal fixation is a satisfactory technique for the treatment of selected complex fractures of the tibial plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Marsh
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City 52242-1088, USA
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Rospond RM, Do TT. Biotechnology--1991. Hosp Pharm 1991; 26:823, 827. [PMID: 10114013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R M Rospond
- School of Pharmacy, Creighton University, Omaha, NE
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Abstract
We used rabbit ventricular papillary muscles and isolated rabbit ventricular muscle cells to compare the effects of a decrease in cardiac excitability. For the papillary muscles, we defined tissue excitability as the inverse of the current required to initiate a propagated action potential from a local stimulus. For the isolated cells, we defined cellular excitability as the inverse of the current required to initiate a membrane action potential. For papillary muscles, lidocaine with elevated extracellular K+ concentration ([K+]o) decreased maximum rate of rise of membrane potential (Vmax), decreased conduction velocity, and strongly decreased tissue excitability. For the isolated cells, lidocaine with elevated [K+]o decreased Vmax but had little effect on cellular excitability. We interpret our results on the differences of effect on tissue excitability vs. cellular excitability as a consequence of the syncytial nature of the papillary muscle. The cell-to-cell electrical connections produce an electrical load on the locally stimulated region. This electrical load makes the tissue excitability dependent on the amount of inward current that the locally excited cells and the surrounding cells can generate. We simulated these phenomena with numerical solutions of action potential initiation in an isopotential cell compared with a two-dimensional disk of excitable tissue. The simulation results recreate the basic experimental observation that the sensitivity of the current threshold to agents that lower inward current is markedly larger for multidimensional current flow from a source compared with an isopotential system.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Joyner
- Todd Franklin Cardiac Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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Pai GS, Sprenkle JA, Do TT, Mareni CE, Migeon BR. Localization of loci for hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and biochemical evidence of nonrandom X chromosome expression from studies of a human X-autosome translocation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1980; 77:2810-3. [PMID: 6930669 PMCID: PMC349494 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.77.5.2810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a unique and complex karyotypic rearrangement involving chromosomes X, 3, 7, and 21. Blood cells and fibroblasts from the proband do not express the maternal allele for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), providing biochemical evidence for nonrandom expression of X-linked genes in balanced X-autosome translocations. The break point on the X chromosome, at the junction of Xq27-Xq28, separates the loci for hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) and G6PD. Studies of mouse-human hybrids derived from the proband's cells indicate that G6PD, at q28, is clearly distal to all other X loci now assigned. From these and previous studies, we can localize HPRT to that segment between Xq26 and Xq27. The studies also provide further evidence for the stability of the inactive X phenotype in hybrid cells.
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Abstract
We examined triploid cells of XXY karyotype heterozygous for glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) electrophoretic variants with regard to the stability of their X chromosome phenotype. Clonal populations of cells derived from these human fibroblasts maintained a precise 1:2:1 ratio of A:heteropolymer:B isozymes throughout their life span, indicating stability of the two active X chromosomes in these cells. To determine the influence of the autosomal complement on X chromosome expression, we attempted to perturb the relationship. Fusion of these triploid cells with human diploid fibroblasts carrying a novel G6PD variant (B') resulted in heterokaryons exprssing a novel heteropolymer, presumably indicating that all three parental X chromosomes were active. However, no derepression of the inactive X chromosome was observed. Analysis of interspecific hybrids derived from triploid cells and mouse fibroblasts confirmed that activity of parental X chromosomes is maintained. Some human mouse hybrid clones, however, expressed only a single human G6PD isozyme, probably attributable to segregation of the pertinent X chromosome, but elimination of a relevant autosome cannot be excluded. The triploid cells transformed by SV40 showed alterations in LDH pattern and an approximately 10-20% decrease in chromosome number, but maintained the precise G6PD phenotype of the untransformed cell. These studies provide evidence for the stability of the X chromosome phenotype in triploid cells.
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Migeon BR, Do TT. In search of non-random X inactivation: studies of fetal membranes heterozygous for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Am J Hum Genet 1979; 31:581-5. [PMID: 507052 PMCID: PMC1685908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Extraembryonic membranes and fetal tissues were obtained from 55 specimens of 5--11 weeks conceptual age. The glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) electrophoretic phenotype was determined and correlated with that of maternal blood. Fifteen specimens were heterozygous for G6PD A, and for nine of these the maternal allele could be determined. In none of these specimens did the isozyme pattern of the membraneous chorion or chorionic villi differ significantly from that of fetal tissue. We have obtained no evidence of non-random inactivation in extraembryonic membranes of human fetal specimens at this stage of development.
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Migeon BR, Do TT. In search of nonrandom X inactivation: studies of the placenta from newborns heterozygous for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Basic Life Sci 1978; 12:379-91. [PMID: 752327 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-3390-6_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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