1
|
Basso M, Johnstone N, Knytl P, Nauta A, Groeneveld A, Cohen Kadosh K. A Systematic Review of Psychobiotic Interventions in Children and Adolescents to Enhance Cognitive Functioning and Emotional Behavior. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030614. [PMID: 35276975 PMCID: PMC8840038 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This systematic review brings together human psychobiotic interventions in children and adolescents (aged 6-25 years) to evaluate the efficacy of pre- and probiotic supplements on stress, anxiety, and cognitive outcomes. Psychobiotic interventions in animal studies highlighted sensitivity to effects during development and maturation in multiple domains from emotion to cognitive processing. Several translational psychobiotic interventions in humans have been carried out to assess effects on emotion and cognition during childhood and into adulthood. The findings illustrate that there are limited consistent psychobiotic effects in developing human populations, and this is proposed to be due to heterogeneity in the trials conducted. Consequentially, it is recommended that three specific factors are considered in future psychobiotic trials: (1) Specificity of population studied (e.g., patients, developmental age), (2) specificity of intervention, and (3) homogeneity in outcome measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Basso
- Department of Psychological Sciences, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK; (M.B.); (P.K.)
| | - Nicola Johnstone
- Department of Psychological Sciences, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK; (M.B.); (P.K.)
- Correspondence: (N.J.); (K.C.K.); Tel.: +44-(0)-1483-68-3968 (K.C.K.)
| | - Paul Knytl
- Department of Psychological Sciences, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK; (M.B.); (P.K.)
| | - Arjen Nauta
- FrieslandCampina, 3818 LE Amersfoort, The Netherlands; (A.N.); (A.G.)
| | - Andre Groeneveld
- FrieslandCampina, 3818 LE Amersfoort, The Netherlands; (A.N.); (A.G.)
| | - Kathrin Cohen Kadosh
- Department of Psychological Sciences, School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK; (M.B.); (P.K.)
- Correspondence: (N.J.); (K.C.K.); Tel.: +44-(0)-1483-68-3968 (K.C.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nutrient Intake and Gut Microbial Genera Changes after a 4-Week Placebo Controlled Galacto-Oligosaccharides Intervention in Young Females. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124384. [PMID: 34959936 PMCID: PMC8705328 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent interest in the gut-brain-axis has highlighted the potential of prebiotics to impact wellbeing, and to affect behavioral change in humans. In this clinical trial, we examined the impact of four-weeks daily supplementation of galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) on self-reported nutrient intake and relationships on gut microbiota in a four-week two-armed parallel double-blind placebo controlled GOS supplement trial in young adult females. Food diaries and stool samples were collected prior to and following 28 days of supplement consumption. It was found that four weeks of GOS supplementation influenced macronutrient intake, as evident by reduced carbohydrate and sugars and increased fats intake. Further analysis showed that the reduction in carbohydrates was predicted by increasing abundances of Bifidobacterium in the GOS group in comparison to the placebo group. This suggests that Bifidobacterium increase via GOS supplementation may help improve the gut microbiota composition by altering the desire for specific types of carbohydrates and boosting Bifidobacterium availability when fiber intake is below recommended levels, without compromising appetite for fiber from food.
Collapse
|
3
|
Psychobiotic interventions for anxiety in young people: a systematic review and meta-analysis, with youth consultation. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:352. [PMID: 34131108 PMCID: PMC8206413 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01422-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The human gut microbiome influence on brain function and mental health is an emerging area of intensive research. Animal and human research indicates adolescence as a sensitive period when the gut-brain axis is fine-tuned, where dietary interventions to change the microbiome may have long-lasting consequences for mental health. This study reports a systematic review and meta-analysis of microbiota-targeted (psychobiotics) interventions on anxiety in youth, with discussion of a consultation on the acceptability of psychobiotic interventions for mental health management amongst youth with lived experience. Six databases were searched for controlled trials in human samples (age range: 10-24 years) seeking to reduce anxiety. Post intervention outcomes were extracted as standard mean differences (SMDs) and pooled based on a random-effects model. 5416 studies were identified: 14 eligible for systematic review and 10 eligible for meta-analysis (total of 324 experimental and 293 control subjects). The meta-analysis found heterogeneity I2 was 12% and the pooled SMD was -0.03 (95% CI: -0.21, 0.14), indicating an absence of effect. One study presented with low bias risk, 5 with high, and 4 with uncertain risk. Accounting for risk, sensitivities analysis revealed a SMD of -0.16 (95% CI: -0.38, 0.07), indicative of minimal efficacy of psychobiotics for anxiety treatment in humans. There is currently limited evidence for use of psychobiotics to treat anxiety in youth. However, future progress will require a multidisciplinary research approach, which gives priority to specifying mechanisms in the human models, providing causal understanding, and addressing the wider context, and would be welcomed by anxious youths.
Collapse
|
4
|
Johnstone N, Milesi C, Burn O, van den Bogert B, Nauta A, Hart K, Sowden P, Burnet PWJ, Cohen Kadosh K. Anxiolytic effects of a galacto-oligosaccharides prebiotic in healthy females (18-25 years) with corresponding changes in gut bacterial composition. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8302. [PMID: 33859330 PMCID: PMC8050281 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87865-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Current research implicates pre- and probiotic supplementation as a potential tool for improving symptomology in physical and mental ailments, which makes it an attractive concept for clinicians and consumers alike. Here we focus on the transitional period of late adolescence and early adulthood during which effective interventions, such as nutritional supplementation to influence the gut microbiota, have the potential to offset health-related costs in later life. We examined multiple indices of mood and well-being in 64 healthy females in a 4-week double blind, placebo controlled galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) prebiotic supplement intervention and obtained stool samples at baseline and follow-up for gut microbiota sequencing and analyses. We report effects of the GOS intervention on self-reported high trait anxiety, attentional bias, and bacterial abundance, suggesting that dietary supplementation with a GOS prebiotic may improve indices of pre-clinical anxiety. Gut microbiota research has captured the imagination of the scientific and lay community alike, yet we are now at a stage where this early enthusiasm will need to be met with rigorous research in humans. Our work makes an important contribution to this effort by combining a psychobiotic intervention in a human sample with comprehensive behavioural and gut microbiota measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Johnstone
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK.
| | - Chiara Milesi
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Olivia Burn
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | | | - Arjen Nauta
- FrieslandCampina, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Kathryn Hart
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Paul Sowden
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK.,Department of Psychology, University of Winchester, Winchester, UK
| | - Philip W J Burnet
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Kathrin Cohen Kadosh
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Callaghan B. Commentary: Microbial panaceas: does development have the answer? - reflections on Cowan, Dinan, & Cryan (2020). J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2020; 61:372-375. [PMID: 31944315 PMCID: PMC8009034 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Is the microbiome a promising adjunct, a potential panacea, or a distraction from feasible treatments for neurodevelopmental disorders? Taking a developmental approach may get us closer to understanding the data and give us pause in trying to translate this nascent field to the clinic right now.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Callaghan
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles,
Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|