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Cosman MN, MacLatchy LM, Schlecht SH, Devlin MJ. Intraspecific variation of long bone cross-sectional properties in Pan troglodytes troglodytes and Gorilla gorilla gorilla. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2023; 182:69-81. [PMID: 37504383 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Morphological intraspecific variation is due to the balance between skeletal plasticity and genetic constraint on the skeleton. Osteogenic responses to external stimuli, such as locomotion, have been well documented interspecifically across the primate order, but less so at the intraspecific level. Here, we examine the differences in cross-sectional variability of the femur, humerus, radius, and tibia in Pan troglodytes troglodytes versus Gorilla gorilla gorilla. We investigate whether there are sex, species, bone, and trait differences in response to variable body size and locomotion. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult male and female P. t. troglodytes and G. g. gorilla long bones from the Cleveland Museum of Natural History were scanned with a peripheral quantitative computer tomography system. Scans were taken at the midshaft of each bone according to functional bone length. Coefficients of variation were used to provide a size-independent measure of variation. We applied a Bonferroni correction to account for the multiple pairwise tests. RESULTS There were limited significant differences between males and females, however, females tended to be more variable than males. Variation in Gorilla, when significant, was greater than in Pan, although significant differences were limited. There were no differences between bone variability in male and female Gorilla, and female Pan. DISCUSSION Increased female variability may be due to more variable locomotor behavior, particularly during periods of pregnancy, lactation, and caring for an offspring compared to consistent locomotion over the life course by males. Body size may be a contributing factor to variability; more work is needed to understand this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura M MacLatchy
- Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Stephen H Schlecht
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Maureen J Devlin
- Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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2
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Silver-Gorges I, Ceriani SA, Fuentes MMPB. Fine-scale intraspecific niche partitioning in a highly mobile, marine megafauna species: implications for ecology and conservation. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:221529. [PMID: 37388320 PMCID: PMC10300683 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.221529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
A species may partition its realized ecological niche along bionomic and scenopoetic axes due to intraspecific competition for limited resources. How partitioning manifests depends on resource needs and availability by and for the partitioning groups. Here we demonstrate the utility of analysing short- and long-term stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios from imperiled marine megafauna to characterize realized niche partitioning in these species. We captured 113 loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) at a high-use area in the eastern Big Bend, Florida, between 2016 and 2022, comprising 53 subadults, 10 adult males and 50 adult females. We calculated trophic niche metrics using established and novel methods, and constructed Bayesian ellipses and hulls, to characterize loggerhead isotopic niches. These analyses indicated that loggerheads partition their realized ecological niche by lifestage, potentially along both bionomic (e.g. trophic) and/or scenopoetic (e.g. habitat, latitude or longitude) axes, and display different characteristics of resource use within their niches. Analysis of stable isotopes from tissues with different turnover rates enabled this first characterization of intraspecific niche partitioning between and within neritic lifestages in loggerhead turtles, which has direct implications for ongoing research and conservation efforts for this and other imperiled marine species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Silver-Gorges
- Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32304, USA
| | - Simona A. Ceriani
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
| | - Mariana M. P. B. Fuentes
- Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32304, USA
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3
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Sanz CM, Strait D, Eyana Ayina C, Massamba JM, Ebombi TF, Ndassoba Kialiema S, Ngoteni D, Mbebouti G, Koni Boue DR, Brogan S, Funkhouser JA, Morgan DB. Interspecific interactions between sympatric apes. iScience 2022; 25:105059. [PMID: 36147956 PMCID: PMC9485909 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Gorillas reside in sympatry with chimpanzees over the majority of their range. Compiling all known reports of overlap between apes and augmenting these with observations made over twenty years in the Ndoki Forest, we examine the potential predation-related, foraging, and social contexts of interspecific associations between gorillas and chimpanzees. We reveal a greater diversity of interactions than previously recognized, which range from play to lethal aggression. Furthermore, there are indications that interactions between ape species may serve multiple functions. Interactions between gorillas and chimpanzees were most common during foraging activities, but they also overlapped in several other contexts. From a social perspective, we provide evidence of consistent relationships between particular chimpanzee-gorilla dyads. In addition to providing new insights into extant primate community dynamics, the diversity of interactions between apes points to an entirely new field of study in early human origins as early hominins also likely had opportunities to associate. First evidence of social relationships between chimpanzees and gorillas is reported Social ties between chimpanzees and gorillas persisted over years and across contexts Ape species engaged in a wide range of interactions, from play to aggression Coexisting great apes may inform us about interactions between some early hominins
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Affiliation(s)
- Crickette M Sanz
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in Saint Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA.,Wildlife Conservation Society, Congo Program, B.P. 14537, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - David Strait
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in Saint Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA.,Palaeo-Research Institute, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Crepin Eyana Ayina
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Congo Program, B.P. 14537, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Jean Marie Massamba
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Congo Program, B.P. 14537, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Thierry Fabrice Ebombi
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Congo Program, B.P. 14537, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | | | - Delon Ngoteni
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Congo Program, B.P. 14537, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Gaeton Mbebouti
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Congo Program, B.P. 14537, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | | | - Sean Brogan
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Congo Program, B.P. 14537, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Jake A Funkhouser
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in Saint Louis, 1 Brookings Drive, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - David B Morgan
- Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes, Lincoln Park Zoo, 2001 N. Clark Street, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
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4
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Robbins MM, Ortmann S, Seiler N. Dietary variability of western gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271576. [PMID: 36001558 PMCID: PMC9401121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial and temporal variability in the availability of food resources will lead to variation in a species’ diet, which can then influence patterns of space use, sociality, and life history characteristics. Despite such potential impacts, little information is available about dietary variability for some species with large geographical ranges. Here we quantify the diet and nutritional content of plants consumed by western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in Loango National Park, Gabon over a 2.6 year period and make comparisons with two study sites located 800 km away. The major foods consumed by the Loango gorillas differed greatly from the other two study sites, but gorillas at all three locations spent a similar proportion of feeding time consuming herbaceous vegetation and tree leaves (~ 50%) and fruit (35%). The Loango gorillas spent approximately 10% of feeding time eating nuts, which were not consumed at the other two study sites. Gorillas at those sites spent about 5% of feeding time eating insects, which were not consumed by Loango gorillas. Even though the species composition of the diet differed among the three sites, the nutritional composition of the major food items differed very little, suggesting that western gorillas consume foods of similar nutritional values to meet their dietary needs. This study shows the flexibility of diet of a species with a wide geographic distribution, which has implications for understanding variation in life history characteristics and can be useful for conservation management plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha M. Robbins
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Sylvia Ortmann
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicole Seiler
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
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5
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Mason B, Petrzelkova KJ, Kreisinger J, Bohm T, Cervena B, Fairet E, Fuh T, Gomez A, Knauf S, Maloueki U, Modry D, Shirley MH, Tagg N, Wangue N, Pafco B. Gastrointestinal symbiont diversity in wild gorilla: a comparison of bacterial and strongylid communities across multiple localities. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:4127-4145. [PMID: 35661299 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) are Critically Endangered and show continued population decline. Consequently, pressure mounts to better understand their conservation threats and ecology. Gastrointestinal symbionts, such as bacterial and eukaryotic communities, are believed to play vital roles in the physiological landscape of the host. Gorillas host a broad spectrum of eucaryotes, so called parasites, with strongylid nematodes being particularly prevalent. While these communities are partially consistent, they are also shaped by various ecological factors, such as diet or habitat type. To investigate gastrointestinal symbionts of wild western lowland gorillas, we analysed 215 faecal samples from individuals in five distinct localities across the Congo Basin, using high-throughput sequencing techniques. We describe the gut bacterial microbiome and genetic diversity of strongylid communities, including strain-level identification of amplicon sequence variants (ASVs). We identified strongylid ASVs from eight genera and bacterial ASVs from twenty phyla. We compared these communities across localities, with reference to varying environmental factors among populations, finding differences in alpha diversity and community compositions of both gastrointestinal components. Moreover, we also investigated covariation between strongylid nematodes and the bacterial microbiome, finding correlations between strongylid taxa and Prevotellaceae and Rikenellaceae ASVs that were consistent across multiple localities. Our research highlights complexity of the bacterial microbiome and strongylid communities in several gorilla populations and emphasizes potential interactions between these two symbiont communities. This study provides a framework for ongoing research into strongylid nematode diversity, and their interactions with the bacterial microbiome, amongst great apes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethan Mason
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences
| | - Klara J Petrzelkova
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences.,Liberec Zoo, Liberec, Czech Republic
| | | | - Torsten Bohm
- African Parks, Odzala-Kokoua National Park, Republic of, Congo
| | | | - Emilie Fairet
- SFM Safari Gabon, Loango National Park, Gabon.,Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Andres Gomez
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Sascha Knauf
- Institute of International Animal Health / One Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ulrich Maloueki
- African Parks, Odzala-Kokoua National Park, Republic of, Congo
| | - David Modry
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences.,Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources/CINeZ, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague
| | - Matthew H Shirley
- SFM Safari Gabon, Loango National Park, Gabon.,Institute of Environment, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA
| | - Nikki Tagg
- Project Grands Singes, , Centre for Research and Conservation, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp
| | | | - Barbora Pafco
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences
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6
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Lacroux C, Robira B, Kane-Maguire N, Guma N, Krief S. Between forest and croplands: Nocturnal behavior in wild chimpanzees of Sebitoli, Kibale National Park, Uganda. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268132. [PMID: 35522693 PMCID: PMC9075648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Some animal species have been presumed to be purely diurnal. Yet, they show flexibility in their activity rhythm, and can occasionally be active at night. Recently, it has been suggested that chimpanzees may rarely engage in nocturnal activities in savannah forests, in contrast to the frequent nocturnal feeding of crops observed at Sebitoli, Kibale National Park, Uganda. Here we thus aimed to explore the factors that might trigger such intense nocturnal activity (e.g. harsher weather conditions during daytime, low wild food availability or higher diurnal foraging risk) in this area. We used camera-traps set over 18 km2 operating for 15 months. We report activities and group composition from records obtained either within the forest or at the forest interface with maize fields, the unique crop consumed. Maize is an attractive and accessible food source, although actively guarded by farmers, particularly during daytime. Out of the 19 156 clips collected, 1808 recorded chimpanzees. Of these, night recordings accounted for 3.3% of forest location clips, compared to 41.8% in the maize fields. Most nocturnal clips were obtained after hot days, and most often during maize season for field clips. At night within the forest, chimpanzees were travelling around twilight hours, while when at the border of the fields they were foraging on crops mostly after twilight and in smaller parties. These results suggest that chimpanzees change their activity rhythm to access cultivated resources when human presence and surveillance is lower. This survey provides evidence of behavioral plasticity in chimpanzees in response to neighboring human farming activities, and emphasizes the urgent need to work with local communities to mitigate human-wildlife conflict related to crop-feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Lacroux
- UMR 7206 CNRS/MNHN/P7, Eco-anthropologie, Hommes et Environnements, Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Musée de l’Homme, Paris, France
- Sebitoli Chimpanzee Project, Great Ape Conservation Project, Fort Portal, Uganda
- UMR 7179 CNRS/MNHN, Ecologie et Gestion de la Biodiversité, Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Benjamin Robira
- UMR 7206 CNRS/MNHN/P7, Eco-anthropologie, Hommes et Environnements, Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Musée de l’Homme, Paris, France
- CEFE, CNRS, Université Montpellier, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicole Kane-Maguire
- Sebitoli Chimpanzee Project, Great Ape Conservation Project, Fort Portal, Uganda
| | | | - Sabrina Krief
- UMR 7206 CNRS/MNHN/P7, Eco-anthropologie, Hommes et Environnements, Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Musée de l’Homme, Paris, France
- Sebitoli Chimpanzee Project, Great Ape Conservation Project, Fort Portal, Uganda
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7
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Benitez L, Queenborough SA. Fruit trees drive small‐scale movement of elephants in Kibale National Park, Uganda. Biotropica 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.13010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Benitez
- Yale School of the Environment Yale University New Haven CT USA
- Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute Front Royal VA USA
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8
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Martínez-Íñigo L, Baas P, Klein H, Pika S, Deschner T. Home range size in central chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) from Loango National Park, Gabon. Primates 2021; 62:723-734. [PMID: 34218403 PMCID: PMC8410711 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-021-00927-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ranging behavior has been studied extensively in eastern (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) and western (P. t. verus) chimpanzees, but relatively little is known regarding home ranges of the other two subspecies (P. t. ellioti; P. t. troglodytes). In this study, we determined the home range size and space use of a habituated community (Rekambo) of central chimpanzees living in a habitat mosaic in Loango National Park, Gabon. Data on travel routes were collected during follows between January 2017 and April 2019 (N = 670,616 relocations, collected over 640 days and 5690 h of observation). We used three methods for calculating home range size (minimum convex polygon, kernel density estimation, and biased random bridges). We compare our estimates to those obtained from prior genetic and camera trap studies of the Rekambo community and contrast them with estimates from other chimpanzee communities of the four chimpanzee subspecies. Depending on the methodology used, the home range size of the Rekambo community ranged between 27.64 and 59.03 km2. The location of the center of the home range remained relatively stable over the last decade, while the overall size decreased. The Rekambo home range is, therefore, one of the largest documented so far for chimpanzees outside savannah-woodland habitats. We discuss several explanations, including the presence of savannah, interspecies competition, and intercommunity interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Martínez-Íñigo
- Interim Group Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103, Leipzig, Germany. .,Wild Chimpanzee Foundation - Guinean Representation, Commune de Dixinn, BP1487P, Conakry, Guinea.
| | - Pauline Baas
- Interim Group Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Harmonie Klein
- Interim Group Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Simone Pika
- Institute of Cognitive Science, Comparative BioCognition, Osnabrück University, Artilleriestrasse 34, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Tobias Deschner
- Interim Group Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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9
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Martínez-Íñigo L, Baas P, Klein H, Pika S, Deschner T. Intercommunity interactions and killings in central chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) from Loango National Park, Gabon. Primates 2021; 62:709-722. [PMID: 34138391 PMCID: PMC8410688 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-021-00921-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Intercommunity competition in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) has been widely studied in eastern (P. t. schweinfurthii) and western (P. t. verus) communities. Both subspecies show hostility towards neighboring communities but differ in rates of lethal attacks and female involvement. However, relatively little is known about the territorial behavior of the two other subspecies, central (P. t. troglodytes) and Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees (P. t. ellioti). Here, we present the first insights into intercommunity interactions of individuals of a community of central chimpanzees living in the Loango National Park in Gabon. The presence of individuals of neighboring communities in the Rekambo home range was assessed using 27 camera traps. Information was compiled on intergroup interactions recorded before (2005-2016) and after (January 2017-June 2019) the habituation of the community. Individuals from neighboring communities entered the core area, where nine out of 16 recorded intercommunity encounters occurred. Males were the main participants in territorial patrols and intercommunity aggressions. Females were part of all six territorial patrols recorded and dependent offspring participated in five patrols. Females were involved in intercommunity aggression in five out of twelve recorded encounters in which there was visual contact between communities. While the intercommunity encounter rate was lower than that reported across most other long-term chimpanzee sites, the annual intercommunity killing rate was among the highest. These results suggest that the frequency of lethal attacks at Loango is comparable to that reported for the eastern subspecies. In contrast, female involvement in intercommunity interactions mirrors that of the western subspecies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Martínez-Íñigo
- Interim group Primatology. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Pauline Baas
- Interim group Primatology. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Harmonie Klein
- Interim group Primatology. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Simone Pika
- Osnabrück University, Institute of Cognitive Science, Comparative BioCognition, Artilleriestrasse 34, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Tobias Deschner
- Interim group Primatology. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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10
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Narat V, Amato KR, Ranger N, Salmona M, Mercier-Delarue S, Rupp S, Ambata P, Njouom R, Simon F, Giles-Vernick T, LeGoff J. A multi-disciplinary comparison of great ape gut microbiota in a central African forest and European zoo. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19107. [PMID: 33154444 PMCID: PMC7645722 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75847-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Comparisons of mammalian gut microbiota across different environmental conditions shed light on the diversity and composition of gut bacteriome and suggest consequences for human and animal health. Gut bacteriome comparisons across different environments diverge in their results, showing no generalizable patterns linking habitat and dietary degradation with bacterial diversity. The challenge in drawing general conclusions from such studies lies in the broad terms describing diverse habitats ("wild", "captive", "pristine"). We conducted 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing to characterize intestinal microbiota of free-ranging sympatric chimpanzees and gorillas in southeastern Cameroon and sympatric chimpanzees and gorillas in a European zoo. We conducted participant-observation and semi-structured interviews among people living near these great apes to understand better their feeding habits and habitats. Unexpectedly, bacterial diversity (ASV, Faith PD and Shannon) was higher among zoo gorillas than among those in the Cameroonian forest, but zoo and Cameroonian chimpanzees showed no difference. Phylogeny was a strong driver of species-specific microbial composition. Surprisingly, zoo gorilla microbiota more closely resembled that of zoo chimpanzees than of Cameroonian gorillas. Zoo living conditions and dietary similarities may explain these results. We encourage multidisciplinary approach integrating environmental sampling and anthropological evaluation to characterize better diverse environmental conditions of such investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Narat
- Eco-anthropologie, UMR7206 CNRS/MNHN/Université de Paris, Site du Musée de L'Homme, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Anthropology and Ecology of Disease Emergence Unit, Paris, France
| | - Katherine R Amato
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA
- Humans and the Microbiome, CIFAR, Toronto, Canada
| | - Noémie Ranger
- Université de Paris, Equipe INSIGHT, Inserm U976, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Maud Salmona
- Université de Paris, Equipe INSIGHT, Inserm U976, 75010, Paris, France
- Département des Agents Infectieux, Virologie et Greffes, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, 75010, Paris, France
| | | | - Stephanie Rupp
- Department of Anthropology, City University of New York - Lehman College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Philippe Ambata
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | - François Simon
- Université de Paris, Equipe INSIGHT, Inserm U976, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Tamara Giles-Vernick
- Institut Pasteur, Anthropology and Ecology of Disease Emergence Unit, Paris, France.
- Humans and the Microbiome, CIFAR, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Jérôme LeGoff
- Université de Paris, Equipe INSIGHT, Inserm U976, 75010, Paris, France.
- Département des Agents Infectieux, Virologie et Greffes, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, 75010, Paris, France.
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11
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Fröhlich M, Kunz J, Fryns C, Falkner S, Rukmana E, Schuppli M, Knief U, Utami Atmoko SS, Schuppli C, van Noordwijk MA. Social interactions and interaction partners in infant orang-utans of two wild populations. Anim Behav 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2020.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Akkawi P, Villar N, Mendes CP, Galetti M. Dominance hierarchy on palm resource partitioning among Neotropical frugivorous mammals. J Mammal 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyaa052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
In tropical forests, the diets of many frugivorous mammals overlap, yet how hyper-diverse assemblages of consumers exploit resources and coexist remains poorly understood. We evaluated competitive interactions among three species of terrestrial frugivorous mammals, the ungulate Tayassu pecari (white-lipped peccary), its close relative Pecari tajacu (collared peccary), and a large rodent (Dasyprocta azarae, agouti), in their exploitation strategies of palm resources of different quality. We conducted the study in a large isolated fragment at the tropical Atlantic Forest of Brazil, where these mammal species show high spatial and temporal overlap. We evaluated if body mass and foraging group size define a hierarchy in exploitation of preferentially richer palm resources. We used camera traps and two-species occupancy models to examine patterns of co-occurrence and variable interaction strength between these consumers and three species of palms. Our analyses supported the hypothesis of partial resource overlap but no competition among frugivores, and a body mass dominance hierarchical exploitation of resources. The larger frugivore (white-lipped peccary) dominated patches of the lipid-rich palm Euterpe edulis, where the smallest frugivore (agouti) was absent. Instead, the smallest frugivore concentrated its foraging in areas with the poorest palm resource, Syagrus oleracea. Collared peccaries preferred areas of high abundance of Syagrus romanzoffiana when the other two mammal species were rarely detected or absent, strongly avoided patches of E. edulis, and showed higher average detection probabilities when agoutis were present. Our study highlights the important role of behavioral plasticity in promoting coexistence and indicates that through context-dependent interactions and hierarchical partitioning of resources, consumers can avoid strong competition, even under conditions of high spatial and temporal overlap and high levels of habitat fragmentation and isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Akkawi
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nacho Villar
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Calebe P Mendes
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mauro Galetti
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
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Hagemann L, Arandjelovic M, Robbins MM, Deschner T, Lewis M, Froese G, Boesch C, Vigilant L. Long-term inference of population size and habitat use in a socially dynamic population of wild western lowland gorillas. CONSERV GENET 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-019-01209-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Tédonzong LRD, Willie J, Tagg N, Tchamba MN, Angwafo TE, Keuko AMP, Kuenbou JK, Petre C, Lens L. The distribution of plant consumption traits across habitat types and the patterns of fruit availability suggest a mechanism of coexistence of two sympatric frugivorous mammals. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:4473-4494. [PMID: 31031921 PMCID: PMC6476771 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms governing the coexistence of organisms is an important question in ecology, and providing potential solutions contributes to conservation science. In this study, we evaluated the contribution of several mechanisms to the coexistence of two sympatric frugivores, using western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) and central chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) in a tropical rainforest of southeast Cameroon as a model system. We collected great ape fecal samples to determine and classify fruit species consumed; we conducted great ape nest surveys to evaluate seasonal patterns of habitat use; and we collected botanical data to investigate the distribution of plant species across habitat types in relation to their "consumption traits" (which indicate whether plants are preferred or fallback for either gorilla, chimpanzee, or both). We found that patterns of habitat use varied seasonally for both gorillas and chimpanzees and that gorilla and chimpanzee preferred and fallback fruits differed. Also, the distribution of plant consumption traits was influenced by habitat type and matched accordingly with the patterns of habitat use by gorillas and chimpanzees. We show that neither habitat selection nor fruit preference alone can explain the coexistence of gorillas and chimpanzees, but that considering together the distribution of plant consumption traits of fruiting woody plants across habitats as well as the pattern of fruit availability may contribute to explaining coexistence. This supports the assumptions of niche theory with dominant and subordinate species in heterogeneous landscapes, whereby a species may prefer nesting in habitats where it is less subject to competitive exclusion and where food availability is higher. To our knowledge, our study is the first to investigate the contribution of plant consumption traits, seasonality, and habitat heterogeneity to enabling the coexistence of two sympatric frugivores. OPEN RESEARCH BADGES This article has earned an Open Data Badge for making publicly available the digitally-shareable data necessary to reproduce the reported results. The data is available at https://datadryad.org/resource/doi:10.5061/dryad.ms65f29.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Roscelin Dongmo Tédonzong
- Projet Grands Singes (PGS), Cameroun, Centre for Research and Conservation (CRC)Royal Zoological Society of Antwerpen (RZSA)AntwerpenBelgium
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit (TEREC), Department of BiologyGhent University (UGent)GhentBelgium
- Department of ForestryUniversity of DschangDschangCameroon
| | - Jacob Willie
- Projet Grands Singes (PGS), Cameroun, Centre for Research and Conservation (CRC)Royal Zoological Society of Antwerpen (RZSA)AntwerpenBelgium
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit (TEREC), Department of BiologyGhent University (UGent)GhentBelgium
| | - Nikki Tagg
- Projet Grands Singes (PGS), Cameroun, Centre for Research and Conservation (CRC)Royal Zoological Society of Antwerpen (RZSA)AntwerpenBelgium
| | | | - Tsi Evaristus Angwafo
- Department of ForestryUniversity of DschangDschangCameroon
- Department of Fundamental SciencesThe University of Bamenda, HTTTCBambiliCameroon
| | - Ada Myriane Patipe Keuko
- Projet Grands Singes (PGS), Cameroun, Centre for Research and Conservation (CRC)Royal Zoological Society of Antwerpen (RZSA)AntwerpenBelgium
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit (TEREC), Department of BiologyGhent University (UGent)GhentBelgium
- Department of ForestryUniversity of DschangDschangCameroon
| | - Jacques Keumo Kuenbou
- Projet Grands Singes (PGS), Cameroun, Centre for Research and Conservation (CRC)Royal Zoological Society of Antwerpen (RZSA)AntwerpenBelgium
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit (TEREC), Department of BiologyGhent University (UGent)GhentBelgium
- Department of ForestryUniversity of DschangDschangCameroon
| | - Charles‐Albert Petre
- Projet Grands Singes (PGS), Cameroun, Centre for Research and Conservation (CRC)Royal Zoological Society of Antwerpen (RZSA)AntwerpenBelgium
- Laboratory of Tropical ForestryUniversity of LiègeGembloux Agro‐Bio TechLiègeBelgium
- Conservation Biology Unit, Directorate Natural EnvironmentRoyal Belgian Institute of Natural SciencesBrusselsBelgium
| | - Luc Lens
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit (TEREC), Department of BiologyGhent University (UGent)GhentBelgium
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Estienne V, Robira B, Mundry R, Deschner T, Boesch C. Acquisition of a complex extractive technique by the immature chimpanzees of Loango National Park, Gabon. Anim Behav 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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16
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Tagg N, McCarthy M, Dieguez P, Bocksberger G, Willie J, Mundry R, Stewart F, Arandjelovic M, Widness J, Landsmann A, Agbor A, Angedakin S, Ayimisin AE, Bessone M, Brazzola G, Corogenes K, Deschner T, Dilambaka E, Eno-Nku M, Eshuis H, Goedmakers A, Granjon AC, Head J, Hermans V, Jones S, Kadam P, Kambi M, Langergraber KE, Lapeyre V, Lapuente J, Lee K, Leinert V, Maretti G, Marrocoli S, Meier A, Nicholl S, Normand E, Ormsby LJ, Piel A, Robinson O, Sommer V, Ter Heegde M, Tickle A, Ton E, van Schijndel J, Vanleeuwe H, Vergnes V, Wessling E, Wittig RM, Zuberbuehler K, Kuehl H, Boesch C. Nocturnal activity in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): Evidence for flexible sleeping patterns and insights into human evolution. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 166:510-529. [PMID: 29989158 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated occurrences and patterns of terrestrial nocturnal activity in wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and modelled the influence of various ecological predictors on nocturnal activity. METHODS Data were extracted from terrestrial camera-trap footage and ecological surveys from 22 chimpanzee study sites participating in the Pan African Programme: The Cultured Chimpanzee. We described videos demonstrating nocturnal activity, and we tested the effects of the percentage of forest, abundance of predators (lions, leopards and hyenas), abundance of large mammals (buffalos and elephants), average daily temperature, rainfall, human activity, and percent illumination on the probability of nocturnal activity. RESULTS We found terrestrial nocturnal activity to occur at 18 of the 22 study sites, at an overall average proportion of 1.80% of total chimpanzee activity, and to occur during all hours of the night, but more frequently during twilight hours. We found a higher probability of nocturnal activity with lower levels of human activity, higher average daily temperature, and at sites with a larger percentage of forest. We found no effect of the abundance of predators and large mammals, rainfall, or moon illumination. DISCUSSION Chimpanzee terrestrial nocturnal activity appears widespread yet infrequent, which suggests a consolidated sleeping pattern. Nocturnal activity may be driven by the stress of high daily temperatures and may be enabled at low levels of human activity. Human activity may exert a relatively greater influence on chimpanzee nocturnal behavior than predator presence. We suggest that chimpanzee nocturnal activity is flexible, enabling them to respond to changing environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki Tagg
- Antwerp Zoo Centre for Research and Conservation, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Maureen McCarthy
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Paula Dieguez
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Jacob Willie
- Antwerp Zoo Centre for Research and Conservation, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Belgium
- Terrestrial Ecology Department, University of Gent, Belgium
| | - Roger Mundry
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Fiona Stewart
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Mimi Arandjelovic
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jane Widness
- Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Anja Landsmann
- University Medical Center, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anthony Agbor
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Samuel Angedakin
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Mattia Bessone
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gregory Brazzola
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Tobias Deschner
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | - Henk Eshuis
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | - Josephine Head
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Veerle Hermans
- Antwerp Zoo Centre for Research and Conservation, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sorrel Jones
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
| | - Parag Kadam
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mohamed Kambi
- Pennsylvania State University (USA), Tanzania Program, c/o Udzungwa Mountains National Park, Kilombero, Tanzania
| | - Kevin E Langergraber
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Vincent Lapeyre
- Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF), Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, Africa
| | - Juan Lapuente
- Comoé Chimpanzee Conservation Project, Comoé Research Station, Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biozentrum, Universität Würzburg Tierökologie und Tropenbiologie (Zoologie III), Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kevin Lee
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Vera Leinert
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Giovanna Maretti
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sergio Marrocoli
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Amelia Meier
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham
| | - Sonia Nicholl
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Lucy Jayne Ormsby
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alex Piel
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Orume Robinson
- Korup Rainforest Conservation Society, Mundemba, Cameroon, Africa
| | - Volker Sommer
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martijn Ter Heegde
- KfW Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Forest Management Program for GFA Consulting Group, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Africa
| | - Alexander Tickle
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Els Ton
- Chimbo Foundation, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Virginie Vergnes
- Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF), Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, Africa
| | - Erin Wessling
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roman M Wittig
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Taï Chimpanzee Project, Centre Suisse des Recherche Scientifique, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, Africa
| | | | - Hjalmar Kuehl
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christophe Boesch
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
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Bruce T, Amin R, Wacher T, Fankem O, Ndjassi C, Ngo Bata M, Fowler A, Ndinga H, Olson D. Using camera trap data to characterise terrestrial larger-bodied mammal communities in different management sectors of the Dja Faunal Reserve, Cameroon. Afr J Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/aje.12574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Bruce
- Zoological Society of London - Cameroon; Yaoundé Cameroon
| | - Rajan Amin
- Global Conservation Programmes; Zoological Society of London; London UK
| | - Tim Wacher
- Global Conservation Programmes; Zoological Society of London; London UK
| | - Oliver Fankem
- Zoological Society of London - Cameroon; Yaoundé Cameroon
| | | | | | - Andrew Fowler
- Zoological Society of London - Cameroon; Yaoundé Cameroon
| | - Hilaire Ndinga
- Ministry of Forests and Wildlife, MINFOF; Dja Faunal Reserve; Yaoundé Cameroon
| | - David Olson
- Zoological Society of London - Cameroon; Yaoundé Cameroon
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18
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McRae R, Aronsen GP. Inventory and Assessment of theGorilla gorilla(Savage, 1847) Skeletal Collection Housed at the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History. BULLETIN OF THE PEABODY MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 2018. [DOI: 10.3374/014.059.0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan McRae
- Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven CT 06520-8277 USA
| | - Gary P. Aronsen
- Biological Anthropology Laboratories, Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven CT 06520-8277 USA
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Hedwig D, Kienast I, Bonnet M, Curran BK, Courage A, Boesch C, Kühl HS, King T. A camera trap assessment of the forest mammal community within the transitional savannah-forest mosaic of the Batéké Plateau National Park, Gabon. Afr J Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/aje.12497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivonne Kienast
- Department of Primatology; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; Leipzig Germany
| | | | | | - Amos Courage
- The Aspinall Foundation; Port Lympne Wild Animal Park; Hythe Kent UK
| | - Christophe Boesch
- Department of Primatology; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; Leipzig Germany
| | - Hjalmar S. Kühl
- Department of Primatology; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; Leipzig Germany
- German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv); Halle-Jena-Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Tony King
- The Aspinall Foundation; Port Lympne Wild Animal Park; Hythe Kent UK
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20
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Widness J, Aronsen GP. Camera trap data on mammal presence, behaviour and poaching: A case study from Mainaro, Kibale National Park, Uganda. Afr J Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/aje.12498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jane Widness
- Department of Anthropology; Yale University; New Haven CT USA
| | - Gary P. Aronsen
- Department of Anthropology; Yale University; New Haven CT USA
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21
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Ramachandran P, Devarajan K. ViXeN
: An open‐source package for managing multimedia data. Methods Ecol Evol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prabhu Ramachandran
- Department of Aerospace EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology Bombay Mumbai India
| | - Kadambari Devarajan
- Post Graduate Programme in Wildlife Biology and ConservationWildlife Conservation Society – India ProgramNational Centre for Biological Sciences Bengaluru India
- Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Graduate ProgramUniversity of Massachusetts Amherst MA USA
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22
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Spehar SN, Rayadin Y. Habitat use of Bornean Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus morio) in an Industrial Forestry Plantation in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. INT J PRIMATOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-017-9959-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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23
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Aronsen GP, Kirkham M. Inventory and Assessment of thePan troglodytes(Blumenbach, 1799) Skeletal Collection Housed at the Yale Peabody Museum. BULLETIN OF THE PEABODY MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 2017. [DOI: 10.3374/014.058.0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gary P. Aronsen
- Department of Anthropology, Biological Anthropology Laboratories, Yale University, P.O. Box 208277, New Haven CT 06520-8277 USA
| | - Megan Kirkham
- Division of Anthropology, Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven CT USA
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Feeding in fear? How adult male western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) adjust to predation and savanna habitat pressures. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017; 163:480-496. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Ndaimani H, Murwira A, Masocha M, Gara TW, Zengeya FM. Evaluating performance of aerial survey data in elephant habitat modelling. Afr J Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/aje.12348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henry Ndaimani
- Department of Geography and Environmental Science; University of Zimbabwe; PO Box MP 167 Mount Pleasant Harare Zimbabwe
| | - Amon Murwira
- Department of Geography and Environmental Science; University of Zimbabwe; PO Box MP 167 Mount Pleasant Harare Zimbabwe
| | - Mhosisi Masocha
- Department of Geography and Environmental Science; University of Zimbabwe; PO Box MP 167 Mount Pleasant Harare Zimbabwe
| | - Tawanda W. Gara
- Department of Geography and Environmental Science; University of Zimbabwe; PO Box MP 167 Mount Pleasant Harare Zimbabwe
| | - Fadzai M. Zengeya
- Department of Geography and Environmental Science; University of Zimbabwe; PO Box MP 167 Mount Pleasant Harare Zimbabwe
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Anderson JR, Hubert-Brierre X, McGrew WC. Reflections in the rainforest: full-length mirrors facilitate behavioral observations of unhabituated, wild chimpanzees. Primates 2016; 58:51-61. [PMID: 27629110 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-016-0574-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We describe behaviors of unhabituated wild chimpanzees in Gabon during repeated encounters with large mirrors installed permanently in their home range. Movement in proximity to the mirrors triggered video cameras that recorded the scene. Data are presented for 51 mirror encounters spanning a 3-year period. After initial wariness, mirror-directed aggressive behaviors were common, especially in adult males, but aggression gradually diminished and eventually almost completely ceased. Focusing on the two mirrors that elicited most reactions, the percentage of chimpanzees showing tension or anxiety also decreased across encounters. These mirrors elicited a range of socio-sexual behaviors interpreted as having a reassurance function, especially when group-level tension appeared high. Chimpanzees also occasionally directed these behaviors towards their own reflection. Despite increasing habituation and positive attraction to the mirrors, none of the chimpanzees displayed signs of self-recognition. We conclude that a combination of large mirrors and video traps can provide valuable information about unhabituated, semi-terrestrial primates in their natural habitat, by inducing the primates to stay in one place for longer than they might otherwise do.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Anderson
- Department of Psychology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Letters, Yoshida-honmachi, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
| | | | - William C McGrew
- Division of Biological Anthropology, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Street, Cambridge, CB2 1QH, UK
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27
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Estienne V, Mundry R, Kühl HS, Boesch C. Exploitation of underground bee nests by three sympatric consumers in Loango National Park, Gabon. Biotropica 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Estienne
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; Deutscher Platz 6 Leipzig 04103 Germany
| | - Roger Mundry
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; Deutscher Platz 6 Leipzig 04103 Germany
| | - Hjalmar S. Kühl
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; Deutscher Platz 6 Leipzig 04103 Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research; Halle-Jena-Leipzig; Deutscher Platz 6 Leipzig 04103 Germany
| | - Christophe Boesch
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; Deutscher Platz 6 Leipzig 04103 Germany
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Abstract
AbstractTransfrontier wildlife corridors can be successful conservation tools, connecting protected areas and reducing the impact of habitat fragmentation on mobile species. Urban wildlife corridors have been proposed as a potential mitigation tool to facilitate the passage of elephants through towns without causing conflict with urban communities. However, because such corridors are typically narrow and close to human development, wildlife (particularly large mammals) may be less likely to use them. We used remote-sensor camera traps and global positioning system collars to identify the movement patterns of African elephants Loxondonta africana through narrow, urban corridors in Botswana. The corridors were in three types of human-dominated land-use designations with varying levels of human activity: agricultural, industrial and open-space recreational land. We found that elephants used the corridors within all three land-use designations and we identified, using a model selection approach, that season, time of day and rainfall were important factors in determining the presence of elephants in the corridors. Elephants moved more slowly through the narrow corridors compared with their movement patterns through broader, wide-ranging corridors. Our results indicate that urban wildlife corridors are useful for facilitating elephants to pass through urban areas.
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van Andel AC, Wich SA, Boesch C, Koh LP, Robbins MM, Kelly J, Kuehl HS. Locating chimpanzee nests and identifying fruiting trees with an unmanned aerial vehicle. Am J Primatol 2015; 77:1122-34. [PMID: 26179423 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring of animal populations is essential for conservation management. Various techniques are available to assess spatiotemporal patterns of species distribution and abundance. Nest surveys are often used for monitoring great apes. Quickly developing technologies, including unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can be used to complement these ground-based surveys, especially for covering large areas rapidly. Aerial surveys have been used successfully to detect the nests of orang-utans. It is unknown if such an approach is practical for African apes, which usually build their nests at lower heights, where they might be obscured by forest canopy. In this 2-month study, UAV-derived aerial imagery was used for two distinct purposes: testing the detectability of chimpanzee nests and identifying fruiting trees used by chimpanzees in Loango National Park (Gabon). Chimpanzee nest data were collected through two approaches: we located nests on the ground and then tried to detect them in UAV photos and vice versa. Ground surveys were conducted using line transects, reconnaissance trails, and opportunistic sampling during which we detected 116 individual nests in 28 nest groups. In complementary UAV images we detected 48% of the individual nests (68% of nest groups) in open coastal forests and 8% of individual nests (33% of nest groups) in closed canopy inland forests. The key factor for nest detectability in UAV imagery was canopy openness. Data on fruiting trees were collected from five line transects. In 122 UAV images 14 species of trees (N = 433) were identified, alongside 37 tree species (N = 205) in complementary ground surveys. Relative abundance of common tree species correlated between ground and UAV surveys. We conclude that UAVs have great potential as a rapid assessment tool for detecting chimpanzee presence in forest with open canopy and assessing fruit tree availability. UAVs may have limited applicability for nest detection in closed canopy forest.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Serge A Wich
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Research Centre for Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology, Liverpool John Moores University, United Kingdom.,Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christophe Boesch
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Primatology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lian Pin Koh
- Environment Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Martha M Robbins
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Primatology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Joseph Kelly
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Conservation Biology/Workgroup on Endangered Species, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hjalmar S Kuehl
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Primatology, Leipzig, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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30
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Nakashima Y. Inventorying medium- and large-sized mammals in the African lowland rainforest using camera trapping. TROPICS 2015. [DOI: 10.3759/tropics.23.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Pebsworth PA, LaFleur M. Advancing Primate Research and Conservation Through the Use of Camera Traps: Introduction to the Special Issue. INT J PRIMATOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-014-9802-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Macho GA, Lee-Thorp JA. Niche partitioning in sympatric Gorilla and Pan from Cameroon: implications for life history strategies and for reconstructing the evolution of hominin life history. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102794. [PMID: 25054380 PMCID: PMC4108342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Factors influencing the hominoid life histories are poorly understood, and little is known about how ecological conditions modulate the pace of their development. Yet our limited understanding of these interactions underpins life history interpretations in extinct hominins. Here we determined the synchronisation of dental mineralization/eruption with brain size in a 20th century museum collection of sympatric Gorilla gorilla and Pan troglodytes from Central Cameroon. Using δ13C and δ15N of individuals' hair, we assessed whether and how differences in diet and habitat use may have impacted on ape development. The results show that, overall, gorilla hair δ13C and δ15N values are more variable than those of chimpanzees, and that gorillas are consistently lower in δ13C and δ15N compared to chimpanzees. Within a restricted, isotopically-constrained area, gorilla brain development appears delayed relative to dental mineralization/eruption [or dental development is accelerated relative to brains]: only about 87.8% of adult brain size is attained by the time first permanent molars come into occlusion, whereas it is 92.3% in chimpanzees. Even when M1s are already in full functional occlusion, gorilla brains lag behind those of chimpanzee (91% versus 96.4%), relative to tooth development. Both bootstrap analyses and stable isotope results confirm that these results are unlikely due to sampling error. Rather, δ15N values imply that gorillas are not fully weaned (physiologically mature) until well after M1 are in full functional occlusion. In chimpanzees the transition from infant to adult feeding appears (a) more gradual and (b) earlier relative to somatic development. Taken together, the findings are consistent with life history theory that predicts delayed development when non-density dependent mortality is low, i.e. in closed habitats, and with the "risk aversion" hypothesis for frugivorous species as a means to avert starvation. Furthermore, the results highlight the complexity and plasticity of hominoid/hominin development.
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Swinnen KRR, Reijniers J, Breno M, Leirs H. A novel method to reduce time investment when processing videos from camera trap studies. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98881. [PMID: 24918777 PMCID: PMC4053333 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Camera traps have proven very useful in ecological, conservation and behavioral research. Camera traps non-invasively record presence and behavior of animals in their natural environment. Since the introduction of digital cameras, large amounts of data can be stored. Unfortunately, processing protocols did not evolve as fast as the technical capabilities of the cameras. We used camera traps to record videos of Eurasian beavers (Castor fiber). However, a large number of recordings did not contain the target species, but instead empty recordings or other species (together non-target recordings), making the removal of these recordings unacceptably time consuming. In this paper we propose a method to partially eliminate non-target recordings without having to watch the recordings, in order to reduce workload. Discrimination between recordings of target species and non-target recordings was based on detecting variation (changes in pixel values from frame to frame) in the recordings. Because of the size of the target species, we supposed that recordings with the target species contain on average much more movements than non-target recordings. Two different filter methods were tested and compared. We show that a partial discrimination can be made between target and non-target recordings based on variation in pixel values and that environmental conditions and filter methods influence the amount of non-target recordings that can be identified and discarded. By allowing a loss of 5% to 20% of recordings containing the target species, in ideal circumstances, 53% to 76% of non-target recordings can be identified and discarded. We conclude that adding an extra processing step in the camera trap protocol can result in large time savings. Since we are convinced that the use of camera traps will become increasingly important in the future, this filter method can benefit many researchers, using it in different contexts across the globe, on both videos and photographs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristijn R. R. Swinnen
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Biology Department, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Jonas Reijniers
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Biology Department, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Matteo Breno
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Biology Department, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Herwig Leirs
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Biology Department, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Oelze VM, Head JS, Robbins MM, Richards M, Boesch C. Niche differentiation and dietary seasonality among sympatric gorillas and chimpanzees in Loango National Park (Gabon) revealed by stable isotope analysis. J Hum Evol 2014; 66:95-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Head JS, Boesch C, Robbins MM, Rabanal LI, Makaga L, Kühl HS. Effective sociodemographic population assessment of elusive species in ecology and conservation management. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:2903-16. [PMID: 24101982 PMCID: PMC3790539 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Wildlife managers are urgently searching for improved sociodemographic population assessment methods to evaluate the effectiveness of implemented conservation activities. These need to be inexpensive, appropriate for a wide spectrum of species and straightforward to apply by local staff members with minimal training. Furthermore, conservation management would benefit from single approaches which cover many aspects of population assessment beyond only density estimates, to include for instance social and demographic structure, movement patterns, or species interactions. Remote camera traps have traditionally been used to measure species richness. Currently, there is a rapid move toward using remote camera trapping in density estimation, community ecology, and conservation management. Here, we demonstrate such comprehensive population assessment by linking remote video trapping, spatially explicit capture-recapture (SECR) techniques, and other methods. We apply it to three species: chimpanzees Pan troglodytes troglodytes, gorillas Gorilla gorilla gorilla, and forest elephants Loxodonta cyclotis in Loango National Park, Gabon. All three species exhibited considerable heterogeneity in capture probability at the sex or group level and density was estimated at 1.72, 1.2, and 1.37 individuals per km(2) and male to female sex ratios were 1:2.1, 1:3.2, and 1:2 for chimpanzees, gorillas, and elephants, respectively. Association patterns revealed four, eight, and 18 independent social groups of chimpanzees, gorillas, and elephants, respectively: key information for both conservation management and studies on the species' ecology. Additionally, there was evidence of resident and nonresident elephants within the study area and intersexual variation in home range size among elephants but not chimpanzees. Our study highlights the potential of combining camera trapping and SECR methods in conducting detailed population assessments that go far beyond documenting species diversity patterns or estimating single species population size. Our study design is widely applicable to other species and spatial scales, and moderately trained staff members can collect and process the required data. Furthermore, assessments using the same method can be extended to include several other ecological, behavioral, and demographic aspects: fission and fusion dynamics and intergroup transfers, birth and mortality rates, species interactions, and ranging patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine S Head
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Deutscher Platz 6, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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Nakashima Y, Iwata Y, Ando C, Nze Nkoguee C, Inoue E, Akomo EFO, Nguema PM, Bineni TD, Banak LN, Takenoshita Y, Ngomanda A, Yamagiwa J. Assessment of landscape-scale distribution of sympatric great apes in African rainforests: concurrent use of nest and camera-trap surveys. Am J Primatol 2013; 75:1220-30. [PMID: 23907925 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 07/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Information on the distribution and abundance of sympatric great apes (Pan troglodytes troglodytes and Gorilla gorilla gorilla) are important for effective conservation and management. Although much research has been done to improve the precision of nest-surveys, trade-offs between data-reliability and research-efficiency have not been solved. In this study, we used different approaches to assess the landscape-scale distribution patterns of great apes. We conducted a conventional nest survey and a camera-trap survey concurrently, and checked the consistency of the estimates. We divided the study area (ca. 500 km²), containing various types of vegetation and topography, into thirty 16-km² grids (4 km × 4 km) and performed both methods along 2-km transects centered in each grid. We determined the nest creator species according to the definitions by Tutin & Fernandez [Tutin & Fernandez, 1984, Am J Primatol 6:313-336] and estimated nest-site densities of each species by using the conventional distance-sampling approach. We calculated the mean capture rate of 3 camera traps left for 3 months at each grid as the abundance index. Our analyses showed that both methods provided roughly consistent results for the distribution patterns of the species; chimpanzee groups (parties) were more abundant in the montane forest, and gorilla groups were relatively homogeneously distributed across vegetation types. The line-transect survey also showed that the number of nests per nest site did not vary among vegetation types for either species. These spatial patterns seemed to reflect the ecological and sociological features of each species. Although the consistent results may be largely dependent on site-specific conditions (e.g., high density of each species, distinct distribution pattern between the two species), conventional nest-surveys and a subsequent check of their consistency with independent estimates may be a reasonable approach to obtain certain information on the species distribution patterns. Further analytical improvement is necessary for camera-traps to be considered a stand-alone method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Nakashima
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto City, Kyoto, Japan
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Loken B, Spehar S, Rayadin Y. Terrestriality in the bornean orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus morio) and implications for their ecology and conservation. Am J Primatol 2013; 75:1129-38. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brent Loken
- School of Resource and Environmental Management; Simon Fraser University; Burnaby British Columbia Canada
- Integrated Conservation; Gig Harbor; Washington
| | - Stephanie Spehar
- Integrated Conservation; Gig Harbor; Washington
- Anthropology Program; University of Wisconsin Oshkosh; Oshkosh Wisconsin
| | - Yaya Rayadin
- Forestry Faculty; Mulawarman University; Samarinda East Kalimantan Indonesia
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