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Katsarou DV, Efthymiou E, Kougioumtzis GA, Sofologi M, Theodoratou M. Identifying Language Development in Children with ADHD: Differential Challenges, Interventions, and Collaborative Strategies. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:841. [PMID: 39062289 PMCID: PMC11276514 DOI: 10.3390/children11070841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) significantly influences children's language acquisition and usage. This theoretical study explores the multifaceted impact of ADHD on language development, specifically focusing on reading and writing challenges. Existing research reveals that approximately 30% of children with ADHD show significant delays in reading proficiency. Additionally, about 40% of these children struggle with phonological processing, which directly impacts their reading and writing skills. Interventions targeting executive function training combined with phonics-based instruction have been shown to significantly improve language outcomes. This study introduces a comprehensive framework connecting these challenges to specific interventions and collaborative strategies, emphasizing the importance of a multi-disciplinary approach. This work provides perspectives on the specific connections between ADHD symptoms and language difficulties, offering detailed potential solutions based on empirical data. Moreover, it features the necessity of adopting integrated intervention strategies to advance academic outcomes and communicative competencies for children with ADHD, providing new understandings into effective educational practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra V. Katsarou
- Department of Preschool Education Sciences and Educational Design, Faculty of Humanities, University of the Aegean, 85132 Rhodes, Greece;
| | - Efthymia Efthymiou
- Department of Interdisciplinary Studies, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi 144534, United Arab Emirates
| | - Georgios A. Kougioumtzis
- Department of Turkish Studies and Modern Asian Studies, Faculty of Economic and Political Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece;
| | - Maria Sofologi
- Laboratory of Psychology, Department of Early Childhood Education, School of Education, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece;
| | - Maria Theodoratou
- School of Social Sciences, Hellenic Open University, 26335 Patras, Greece;
- Department of Psychology, School of Health Sciences, Neapolis University, 8042 Pafos, Cyprus
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Ward L, Polišenská K, Bannard C. Sentence Repetition as a Diagnostic Tool for Developmental Language Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2024; 67:2191-2221. [PMID: 38787301 DOI: 10.1044/2024_jslhr-23-00490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This systematic review and multilevel meta-analysis examines the accuracy of sentence repetition (SR) tasks in distinguishing between typically developing (TD) children and children with developmental language disorder (DLD). It explores variation in the way that SR tasks are administered and/or evaluated and examines whether variability in the reported ability of SR to detect DLD is related to these differences. METHOD Four databases were searched to identify studies that had used an SR task on groups of monolingual children with DLD and TD children. Searches produced 3,459 articles, of which, after screening, 66 were included in the systematic review. A multilevel meta-analysis was then conducted using 46 of these studies. Multiple preregistered subgroup analyses were conducted in order to explore the sources of heterogeneity. RESULTS The systematic review found a great deal of methodological variation, with studies spanning 19 languages, 39 SR tasks, and four main methods of production scoring. There was also variation in study design, with different sampling (clinical and population sampling) and matching (age and language matching) methods. The overall meta-analysis found that, on average, TD children outperformed children with DLD on the SR tasks by 2.08 SDs. Subgroup analyses found that effect size only varied as a function of the matching method and language of the task. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that SR tasks can distinguish children with DLD from both age- and language-matched samples of TD children. The usefulness of SR appears robust to most kinds of task and study variation. SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.25864405.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Ward
- Division of Psychology, Communication and Human Neuroscience, The University of Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Kamila Polišenská
- Division of Psychology, Communication and Human Neuroscience, The University of Manchester, United Kingdom
- Department of Language and Communication Science, City University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Bannard
- Department of Linguistics and English Language, The University of Manchester, United Kingdom
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Fichman S, Altman C. Disfluencies in the narratives of Russian-Hebrew bilingual children with and without Developmental Language Disorder (DLD). CLINICAL LINGUISTICS & PHONETICS 2024; 38:307-331. [PMID: 37138524 DOI: 10.1080/02699206.2023.2204511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined disfluencies in the narratives of Russian-Hebrew bilingual children with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) and Typical Language Development (TLD) in both Russian (home language) and Hebrew (societal language), with a focus on the independent and combined effects of language disorder and cross-linguistic differences on the rates and loci of disfluencies. Narratives were collected from 44 bilingual children (14 with DLD), ages 5;7-6;6, using a story retelling procedure. The narrative coding system targeted ratios of the following disfluencies (per C-unit): silent pauses, repetitions, self-corrections, and filled pauses. Silent pauses longer than 0.25 sec were identified using PRAAT software© and were classified according to the following durations: more than 0.5 sec, 1 sec, 1.5 sec, and 2 sec. In addition, the loci of pauses (utterance-initial or utterance-internal) and repetitions (content or function words) were coded. Overall, children with DLD and TLD had comparable rates of disfluencies but differed for pauses longer than 0.5 sec and repetition of content words in both languages. For the overall ratio of pauses (more than 0.25 sec), children with and without DLD had more pauses in Russian. Long pauses and repetition of content words reflect difficulties for bilingual children with DLD in dealing with the demands of storytelling, in particular planning processes. A higher ratio of pauses in Russian suggests that they reflect lower proficiency in that language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sveta Fichman
- MEd Program in English as an International Language, Talpiot College of Education, Holon
- Speech-Language Pathology, Hadassah Academic College, Jerusalem
| | - Carmit Altman
- Faculty of Education, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center
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Montgomery JW, Gillam RB, Plante E. Enhancing Syntactic Knowledge in School-Age Children With Developmental Language Disorder: The Promise of Syntactic Priming. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 2024; 33:580-597. [PMID: 37678208 PMCID: PMC11001167 DOI: 10.1044/2023_ajslp-23-00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We propose that implicit learning, including syntactic priming, has therapeutic promise to enhance the syntactic knowledge of children with developmental language disorder (DLD). METHOD We review the chunk-based learning framework of syntactic learning, the developmental evidence in support of it, and the developmental literature on syntactic priming as an instance of chunk-based statistical learning. We use this framework to help understand the nature of the syntactic learning difficulties of children with DLD. We then briefly review the available explicit treatments for syntactic deficits and end by proposing an implicit training activity that integrates syntactic priming with the principles of statistical learning. RESULTS Statistically induced chunk-based learning is a powerful driver of syntactic learning, and syntactic priming is a form of this learning. Repeated priming episodes during everyday language interactions lead children to create abstract and global syntactic representations in long-term memory. We offer some thoughts on an implicit language intervention approach with syntactic priming at its center. CONCLUSIONS Children's learning of syntactic structures is influenced by repeated syntactic priming experiences. Including a syntactic priming activity in our language intervention toolbox has the promise to enhance children's syntactic knowledge and sentence comprehension and production abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronald B. Gillam
- Department of Communicative Disorders and Deaf Education, Utah State University, Logan
| | - Elena Plante
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson
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Durrleman S, Chen L, He X. Acquisition of Mandarin long passives by children with developmental language disorder. CLINICAL LINGUISTICS & PHONETICS 2024; 38:260-284. [PMID: 37282550 DOI: 10.1080/02699206.2023.2212116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the comprehension and production of long passives (i.e. bei-constructions with an overt agent) in Mandarin-speaking children with developmental language disorder (DLD). Seventeen preschool children with DLD (1 female; mean age: 61 months old) and 23 typically developing (TD) children (6 females; mean age: 62 months old) participated in a sentence-picture matching task (for comprehension) and an elicited production task. Their nonverbal working memory (NVWM) was measured with the fourth edition of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence. Results showed that children with DLD were less accurate and more likely to choose the picture with reversed thematic roles than their TD peers on passives in the sentence-picture matching task; in the elicited production task, they produced fewer target responses than TD children in passives. For NVWM, although that of the DLD group was lower than that of TD children, most children in the DLD group were within the average range. Furthermore, their performance on passives in the comprehension and production tasks was significantly correlated with their NVWM, which adds to the body of work suggesting links between complex syntax and working memory. However, the fact that NVWM could be preserved in the face of difficulties with passives suggests that this link may be due to NVWM enhancing performance during tasks with a high visual component, while it may not be underlyingly responsible for syntactic impairments in children with DLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Durrleman
- ABCCD - Autism, Bilingualism, Cognitive and Communicative Development Lab, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Lijun Chen
- ABCCD - Autism, Bilingualism, Cognitive and Communicative Development Lab, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Faculty of English Language and Culture, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowei He
- Faculty of English Language and Culture, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, Guangzhou, China
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Georgiou GP, Theodorou E. Comprehension of complex syntax by non-English-speaking children with developmental language disorder: A scoping review. CLINICAL LINGUISTICS & PHONETICS 2023; 37:1050-1068. [PMID: 36278787 DOI: 10.1080/02699206.2022.2135024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Children with developmental language disorder (DLD) are characterised by impaired language abilities both in comprehension and production. Complex syntax is a specific domain which is often considered challenging for children with DLD. Research regarding complex syntax is mostly concerned with the production patterns of speakers and usually employs English-speaking populations. This scoping review aims to systematically map the abilities of non-English-speaking children with DLD to comprehend complex syntactic structures, comparing these results with the broader literature on English-speaking children with DLD. It also aims to consider the account (i.e. grammatical vs processing) by which these abilities can be explained. Four online databases were used to extract original research articles published between 2011 and 2021. Of the 264 studies initially identified, 20 studies were included in the review. The results demonstrated that children with DLD present with difficulties in comprehending object relative clauses, wh-questions, sentences with non-canonical word order, passives, and other types of complex syntax. All of these challenges are also evident in English-speaking children with DLD and can be mainly attributed either to the inability of children to assign thematic roles, their restricted working memory capacities, or a combination thereof. It is concluded that the comprehension of complex syntax might be a universal marker of DLD, which can be explained on the basis of either a grammatical or a processing account, or both. Common challenges in certain structures across languages can be used to design a comprehension assessment tool that can be applied in several languages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios P Georgiou
- Department of Languages and Literature, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Elena Theodorou
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
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Everaert E, Boerma T, Selten I, Gerrits E, Houben M, Vorstman J, Wijnen F. Nonverbal Executive Functioning in Relation to Vocabulary and Morphosyntax in Preschool Children With and Without Developmental Language Disorder. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2023; 66:3954-3973. [PMID: 37713541 DOI: 10.1044/2023_jslhr-22-00732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Developmental language disorder (DLD) is characterized by persistent and unexplained difficulties in language development. Accumulating evidence shows that children with DLD also present with deficits in other cognitive domains, such as executive functioning (EF). There is an ongoing debate on whether exclusively verbal EF abilities are impaired in children with DLD or whether nonverbal EF is also impaired, and whether these EF impairments are related to their language difficulties. The aims of this study were to (a) compare nonverbal performance of preschoolers with DLD and typically developing (TD) peers, (b) examine how nonverbal EF and language abilities are related, and (c) investigate whether a diagnosis of DLD moderates the relationship between EF and language abilities. METHOD A total of 143 children (nDLD = 65, nTD = 78) participated. All children were between 3 and 6.5 years old and were monolingual Dutch. We assessed nonverbal EF with a visual selective attention task, a visuospatial short-term and working memory task, and a task gauging broad EF abilities. Vocabulary and morphosyntax were each measured with two standardized language tests. We created latent variables for EF, vocabulary, and morphosyntax. RESULTS Analyses showed that children with DLD were outperformed by their TD peers on all nonverbal EF tasks. Nonverbal EF abilities were related to morphosyntactic abilities in both groups, whereas a relationship between vocabulary and EF skills was found in the TD group only. These relationships were not significantly moderated by a diagnosis of DLD. CONCLUSIONS We found evidence for nonverbal EF impairments in preschool children with DLD. Moreover, nonverbal EF and morphosyntactic abilities were significantly related in these children. These findings may have implications for intervention and support the improvement of prognostic accuracy. SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.24121287.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Everaert
- Institute for Language Sciences, Utrecht University, Trans 10, the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Tessel Boerma
- Institute for Language Sciences, Utrecht University, Trans 10, the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Iris Selten
- Institute for Language Sciences, Utrecht University, Trans 10, the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ellen Gerrits
- Institute for Language Sciences, Utrecht University, Trans 10, the Netherlands
- Research Group Speech and Language Therapy: Participation Through Communication, HU University of Applied Sciences, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Michiel Houben
- Department of Pediatrics, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jacob Vorstman
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, Research Institute, and Department of Psychiatry, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Frank Wijnen
- Institute for Language Sciences, Utrecht University, Trans 10, the Netherlands
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Stanford E, Delage H. The Language-Cognition Interface in Atypical Development: Support for an Integrative Approach. Folia Phoniatr Logop 2023; 76:309-320. [PMID: 37660691 DOI: 10.1159/000533685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Links between the mastery of complex syntax and more general cognitive abilities (e.g., working memory [WM] and attention) are widely reported for both typically developing children and children with atypical language development, such as developmental language disorder (DLD). These observations have resulted in debates about whether the locus of breakdown in populations with known syntactic impairment is situated in a specific language system or a more general cognitive system. Recently, a hybrid model of language acquisition, the parallel combination approach (PCA), in which both domain-specific and domain-general processes contribute to language development, was put forward. SUMMARY Our review, which is the first to examine the validity of the PCA, compares a body of our own work investigating the language-cognition interface in various populations: children with specific learning difficulties, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and DLD. We report findings from two cross-sectional studies (studies 1 and 2), one priming study (study 3), and two training studies (studies 4 and 5). The results confirm a close link between WM, attention, and syntax, in line with domain-general approaches to language impairment. However, certain findings within this review also reveal that impaired general skills can be found alongside intact syntax, providing support for domain-specific approaches. While these results may initially appear contradictory, we argue that they are perfectly in line with the predictions made by the PCA. KEY MESSAGES Study 1 confirms that clinicians should assess syntax in children with specific learning difficulties to avoid the missed diagnosis of comorbid DLD. Studies 2 and 3 offer perspectives on the differential diagnosis of ADHD and DLD and highlight the advantages of using probe tests and dynamic assessment when evaluating children with suspected syntactic impairment. Studies 4 and 5 describe a novel, empirically validated WM training program that has been shown to lead to syntactic improvements in clinical markers of DLD. Finally, the PCA is also clinically relevant as it underscores that children with the same diagnostic label can present dissimilar cognitive profiles with different sources of breakdown. Collectively, the various studies highlight the intricacy of the relationship between syntax and cognition, which cannot be easily described by traditional single-disciplinary frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Stanford
- Department of English Language and Literature, Faculty of Humanities, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Psycholinguistics, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hélène Delage
- Department of Psycholinguistics, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Witecy B, Wimmer E, Neitzel I, Penke M. Morphosyntactic development in German-speaking individuals with Down syndrome-longitudinal data. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1118659. [PMID: 37416537 PMCID: PMC10321659 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1118659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The present study provides longitudinal data on the development of receptive and expressive grammar in children and adolescents with Down syndrome and addresses the role of nonverbal cognitive abilities and verbal short-term memory for morphosyntactic development. Method Seventeen German-speaking individuals with Down syndrome (aged 4;6-17;1 years at first testing (T1)) were assessed twice, 4;4-6;6 years apart. For a subset of five participants, there was also a third assessment 2 years after the second. Receptive grammar, nonverbal cognition, and verbal short-term memory were tested using standardized measures. For expressive grammar, elicitation tasks were used to assess the production of subject-verb agreement and of wh-questions. Results At group level, the participants showed a significant increase in grammar comprehension from T1 to T2. However, progress diminished with increasing chronological age. Notable growth could not be observed beyond the age of 10 years.With respect to expressive grammatical abilities, progress was limited to those participants who had mastered verbal agreement inflection around age 10 years. Individuals who did not master verbal agreement by late childhood achieved no progress in producing wh-questions, either.There was an increase in nonverbal cognitive abilities in the majority of participants. Results for verbal short-term memory followed a similar pattern as those for grammar comprehension. Finally, neither nonverbal cognition nor verbal short-term memory were related to changes in receptive or expressive grammar. Discussion The results point to a slowdown in the acquisition of receptive grammar which starts before the teenage years. For expressive grammar, improvement in wh-question production only occurred in individuals with good performance in subject-verb agreement marking, which suggests that the latter might have a trigger function for further grammatical development in German-speaking individuals with Down syndrome. The study provides no indication that nonverbal cognitive abilities or verbal short-term memory performance determined the receptive or expressive development. The results lead to clinical implications for language therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette Witecy
- Department of Rehabilitation and Special Education, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Eva Wimmer
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Isabel Neitzel
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Martina Penke
- Department of Rehabilitation and Special Education, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Jin F, Schjølberg S, Eadie P, Bang Nes R, Barbo Valand S, Røysamb E, Vulchanova M. The association of cognitive abilities with language disorder in 8-year-old children: A population-based clinical sample. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE & COMMUNICATION DISORDERS 2023. [PMID: 36788456 DOI: 10.1111/1460-6984.12861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite accumulated evidence that language development depends on basic cognitive processes, the balance in contributions of verbal and non-verbal cognitive skills to language abilities is still underexplored. Little is known about which cognitive measures best predict the degree of severity in children with language disorder (LD). AIMS To examine the association between verbal and non-verbal cognitive abilities with language abilities in typically developing and language impaired 8-year-old children, as well as which cognitive abilities are most effective in distinguishing LD severity levels. METHODS & PROCEDURES Children (N = 509) from the Language-8 Study, which oversampled probable cases of children with LD from a population-based cohort in Norway, were assessed at 8 years. Language skills were assessed using the Norwegian Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals-4 (CELF-4). Children's verbal and non-verbal cognitive abilities were assessed via standardized cognitive measures. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was first conducted to uncover the underlying factor structure of the cognitive variables. Using a hierarchical multiple regression analysis, we then examined to what extent the non-verbal cognition factor explained language abilities above and beyond verbal cognition factors. Lastly, multinomial logistic regression was used to examine which cognitive measures best predicted the degree of severity in the children with LD. OUTCOMES & RESULTS The EFA resulted in three factors (Verbal Cognition, Processing Speed and Memory, and Non-Verbal Cognition). The hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed that all three cognitive factors contributed significantly to individual variation in language abilities. Non-Verbal Cognition explained 5.4% variance in language abilities above and beyond that accounted for by Verbal Cognition and Processing Speed and Memory. Results from the multinomial logistic regression analysis indicated that cognitive subtests, including Familiar Sequences, WASI Vocabulary and WASI Similarities, not only distinguished LD from typically developing children, but were also efficient in distinguishing severity of LD symptoms. CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS This study confirms concurrent links between language and non-verbal cognitive skills above and beyond the contribution of verbal cognitive skills. The results provide further evidence that children with LD experience both language and cognitive problems in mid-childhood. Our findings suggest implications for LD intervention and diagnosis. The findings support the importance of measuring both verbal and non-verbal cognitive skills when making an LD diagnosis, and point to the potential of targeting underlying cognitive skills as one strategy to support language abilities. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS What is already known on the subject Language development is dependent on basic cognitive processes. These include both verbal and non-verbal cognitive abilities. Children with LD often experience both language and cognitive problems. There is evidence that performance on cognitive tests may be associated with the degree of severity of LD. What this paper adds to existing knowledge The current results from a large population-based cohort establish that a number of verbal and non-verbal cognitive abilities are tightly linked to variation in language abilities and the degree of severity of LD. Our study confirms concurrent links between language and non-verbal cognitive abilities above and beyond the contribution of verbal cognitive abilities. We also identify specific verbal and non-verbal cognitive tests that distinguish between typical children and children with LD, as well as LD severity. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? Our findings support the importance of measuring both verbal and non-verbal cognitive skills when making an LD diagnosis. Our findings also point to the potential of targeting underlying cognitive skills as one strategy to support language abilities. We suggest that future intervention studies focus on the impact of non-verbal cognitive skills on language development in children with LD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fufen Jin
- Division of Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Language Acquisition and Language Processing Lab, Department of Language and Literature, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Synnve Schjølberg
- Division of Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Patricia Eadie
- Melbourne Graduate School of Education, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ragnhild Bang Nes
- Division of Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Promenta Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Philosophy, Classics, and History of Arts and Ideas, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Espen Røysamb
- Division of Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Promenta Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mila Vulchanova
- Language Acquisition and Language Processing Lab, Department of Language and Literature, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Matrat M, Delage H, Kehoe M. A new dynamic word learning task to diagnose language disorder in French-speaking monolingual and bilingual children. FRONTIERS IN REHABILITATION SCIENCES 2023; 3:1095023. [PMID: 36794270 PMCID: PMC9922851 DOI: 10.3389/fresc.2022.1095023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Tools to effectively assess the language performance of bilingual children are lacking. Static tests assessing vocabulary knowledge (e.g., naming task) are not appropriate for testing bilingual children due to different types of bias. Alternative methods have been developed to diagnose bilingual children, including measuring language learning (e.g., word learning) through dynamic assessment. Research conducted with English-speaking children indicates that DA of word learning is effective in diagnosing language disorders in bilingual children. In this study, we examine whether a dynamic word learning task, using shared-storybook reading, can differentiate French-speaking (monolingual and bilingual) children with developmental language disorder (DLD) from those with typical development (TD). Sixty children (4-8 years), 43 with TD and 17 with DLD, participated: 30 were monolinguals and 25 were bilinguals. The dynamic word-learning task used a shared-storybook reading context. The children had to learn four non-words, paired with novel objects, as well as their semantic characteristics (a category and a definition) during the reading of a story. Post-tests assessed the recall of the phonological form and the semantic features of the objects. Phonological and semantic prompts were given if the child was unable to name or describe the objects. Results indicated that children with DLD performed less well than those with TD on phonological recall, leading to fair sensitivity and good specificity at delayed post-test for young children (4-6 years). Semantic production did not differentiate the two groups: all children performed well at this task. In sum, children with DLD have more difficulties encoding the phonological form of the word. Our findings suggest that a dynamic word learning task using shared-storybook reading is a promising approach for diagnosing lexical difficulties in young French-speaking, monolingual and bilingual, children.
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Courteau É, Loignon G, Steinhauer K, Royle P. Identifying Linguistic Markers of French-Speaking Teenagers With Developmental Language Disorder: Which Tasks Matter? JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2023; 66:221-238. [PMID: 36599157 DOI: 10.1044/2022_jslhr-21-00541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This research aimed to identify reliable tasks discriminating French-speaking adolescents with developmental language disorder (DLD) from their peers with typical language (TL) and to assess which linguistic domains represent areas of particular weakness in DLD. Unlike English, morphosyntax has not been identified as a special area of weakness when compared with lexicosemantics in French preschoolers with DLD. Since there is evidence that subject-verb number agreement is consolidated in later childhood, one might expect morphosyntax to be a particular weakness and marker of French DLD only in (pre)adolescence. METHOD We administered 20 subtasks that assessed linguistic and phonological working memory skills of two groups: 17 adolescents clinically identified as having DLD (M = 14.1 years) and 20 (pre)teens with TL (M = 12.2 years). Using robust statistics that are less affected by outliers, we selected the most discriminating subtasks between our groups, calculated their optimal cutoff score, and derived diagnostic accuracy statistics. We combined these subtasks in a multivariable model to identify which subtasks contributed the most to the identification of DLD. RESULTS Seven subtasks were selected as discriminating between our groups, and three showed outstanding diagnostic accuracy: Recalling Sentences, a multiword task assessing lexicosemantic skills, and a subject-verb number agreement production task. When combined, we found that the latter contributed the most to our multivariable model. CONCLUSION This study provides evidence that the most relevant markers to identify DLD in French teenagers are tasks assessing lexicosemantics and morphosyntactic domains, and that morphosyntax should be considered an important area of weakness in French-speaking teenagers with DLD. SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.21753932.
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Affiliation(s)
- Émilie Courteau
- School of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Centre for Research on Brain, Language and Music, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Guillaume Loignon
- Deparment of Education and Pedagogy, Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Québec at Montréal, Canada
| | - Karsten Steinhauer
- Centre for Research on Brain, Language and Music, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Phaedra Royle
- School of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Centre for Research on Brain, Language and Music, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Delage H, Stanford E, Baratti C, Durrleman S. Working memory training in children with developmental language disorder: Effects on complex syntax in narratives. FRONTIERS IN REHABILITATION SCIENCES 2023; 3:1068959. [PMID: 36684683 PMCID: PMC9846049 DOI: 10.3389/fresc.2022.1068959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This study assesses the impact of a working memory training program on the syntactic complexity of the spontaneous speech of French-speaking children with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD). Thirty-nine 6- to 12-year-old children with DLD were allocated to a WM training (DLDMM, N = 20) or an active control group (DLDSQULA, N = 19). The computerized training sessions took place three times a week, yielding 12 training hours per participant. Syntactic complexity was assessed in storytelling, measuring mean length of utterances, use of embedded clauses and rate of errors in complex utterances. The performance of participants with DLD was first compared to previous spontaneous data of 40 typically-developing (TD) children of the same age. Then, intragroup (pre- vs. post-test) and intergroup (DLDMM vs. DLDSQULA) comparisons were made to assess the impact of the working memory training on the language measures. Global results confirmed syntactic impairment in children with DLD, as opposed to TD children, with large differences for the use of embedded clauses. Findings also suggested gains in the mastery of embedded clauses in children who participated in the WM training, whereas no gains were observed in the DLD control group. These findings confirm deficits in complex syntax in children with DLD, in particular in embedded clauses, and may encourage the clinical use of language sample analysis, which provides an ecological account of children's language performance. While our results should be replicated on a larger scale, they also suggest positive transfer effects of working memory training on the capacity of participants with DLD to produce embedded clauses, in line with previous studies showing a positive effect of WM training on tasks of expressive syntax. It thus seems that working memory training can yield benefits for language, which leaves open the door to new therapeutic approaches for children with DLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Delage
- Équipe de Psycholinguistique et Logopédie, Faculté de Psychologie et des Sciences de L'Éducation, Université de Genève, Genève, Switzerland,Correspondence: Hélène Delage
| | - Emily Stanford
- Department of English Language and Literature, Faculty of Humanities, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland,Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Clara Baratti
- Doctoral School in Humanities and Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, Department of Languages, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stéphanie Durrleman
- Department of Linguistics, Faculty of Humanities, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland,Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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DeLuca ZW, Schwartz RG, Marton K, Houston DM, Ying E, Steinman S, Drakopoulou G. The effect of sentence length on question comprehension in children with cochlear implants. Cochlear Implants Int 2023; 24:14-26. [PMID: 36495226 PMCID: PMC10324470 DOI: 10.1080/14670100.2022.2136591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study investigated the comprehension of subject and object who and which questions in children with cochlear implants (CI). METHODS Growth Curve Analysis (GCA) was used to compare eye gaze fixations and gaze patterns to the appropriate subject or object nouns within a four-picture array between 16 children with CI and 31 children with typical hearing (aged 7;0-12;0) on wh-questions with and without added adjectives to increase length. Offline accuracy was also compared. RESULTS Findings indicated children with typical hearing exhibited more fixations to the target noun across all conditions, supporting higher comprehension accuracy. Both groups of children demonstrated more fixations to the target noun in object questions and questions without added length. Patterns of eye movement were significantly different between groups, suggesting different patterns of eye gaze across the array before fixation on the target noun. Children with CI exhibited fewer fixations, slower speed to fixation, and differences in gaze patterns that may imply the presence of processing limitations. Error analyses also suggested that children with CI frequently fixated on a picture similar to the target noun. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate children with CI comprehend questions more slowly than their hearing peers, which may be related to limitations in working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zara Waldman DeLuca
- Communication Disorders, Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, USA
| | - Richard G. Schwartz
- Speech-Language-Hearing Sciences, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, USA
| | - Klara Marton
- Speech-Language-Hearing Sciences, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, USA
- Communication Arts, Sciences, and Disorders, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, USA
- ELTE, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Derek M. Houston
- Otolaryngology, The Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus, USA
| | - Elizabeth Ying
- Speech-Language Pathology, Center for Hearing and Communication, New York, USA
| | | | - Georgia Drakopoulou
- Speech-Language-Hearing Sciences, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, USA
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Asadi IA, Khateb A, Mansour-Adwan J, Khoury-Metanis A. When Developmental Language Disorder Meets Diglossia: A Cross-Sectional Investigation of Listening Comprehension Among Native Arabic-Speaking Preschoolers. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLINGUISTIC RESEARCH 2022; 51:1083-1099. [PMID: 35538272 DOI: 10.1007/s10936-022-09885-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Diglossia in the Arabic language refers to the existence of two varieties of the same language: the Spoken Arabic (SA) and the Literary Arabic (LA). This study examined the development of listening comprehension (LC) among diglossic Arabic K1-K3. For this purpose, a large sample of typically developing (TD; N = 210) and developmental language disorder children (DLD; N = 118) were examined using SA and LA texts. The analysis of variance conducted on their performance in LC revealed significant effects of K-level, group (TD vs. DLD) and text affiliation (SA vs. LA): higher scores in TD and in SA. A significant interaction between text affiliation and K-level was observed among the TD but not the DLD group. This interaction indicated that the gap in LC between the SA and LA varieties decreased with age only among TD children. The theoretical and pedagogical implications of these results are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim A Asadi
- Department of Learning Disabilities and Special Education, The Academic Arab College for Education, 22 Hahashmal st., P.O. Box 8340, Haifa, Israel.
- The Unit for the Study of Arabic Language, Edmond J. Safra Brain Research Center for the Study of Learning Disabilities, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Asaid Khateb
- The Unit for the Study of Arabic Language, Edmond J. Safra Brain Research Center for the Study of Learning Disabilities, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Learning Disabilities, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Jasmeen Mansour-Adwan
- The Unit for the Study of Arabic Language, Edmond J. Safra Brain Research Center for the Study of Learning Disabilities, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Learning Disabilities, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Afnan Khoury-Metanis
- The Unit for the Study of Arabic Language, Edmond J. Safra Brain Research Center for the Study of Learning Disabilities, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Learning Disabilities, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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Ashori M. Working Memory-Based Cognitive Rehabilitation: Spoken Language of Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Children. JOURNAL OF DEAF STUDIES AND DEAF EDUCATION 2022; 27:234-244. [PMID: 35543013 DOI: 10.1093/deafed/enac007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This research examined the effect of the Working Memory-based Cognitive Rehabilitation (WMCR) intervention on the spoken language development of deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) children. In this clinical trial study, 28 DHH children aged between 5 and 6 years were selected by random sampling method. The participants were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group participated in the WMCR intervention involving 11 sessions. All participants were assessed pre-and postintervention. Data were collected by the Newsha Development Scale and analyzed through MANCOVA. The results revealed a significant difference between the scores of the receptive and expressive language of the experimental group that were exposed to the WMCR intervention compared with the control group. The receptive and expressive language skills of the experimental group indicated a significant improvement after the intervention. Therefore, the WMCR intervention is an effective method that affects the spoken language skills of DHH children. These findings have critical implications for teachers, parents, and therapists in supporting DHH young children to develop their language skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ashori
- Associate Professor, Department of Psychology and Education of People with Special Needs, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
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Paetsch J, Kempert S. Längsschnittliche Zusammenhänge von Wortschatz, Grammatik und Leseverständnis mit mathematischen Fähigkeiten bei Grundschulkindern mit nicht-deutscher Familiensprache. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PADAGOGISCHE PSYCHOLOGIE 2022. [DOI: 10.1024/1010-0652/a000342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Ein wesentlicher Erklärungsfaktor für die geringeren mathematischen Leistungen von Lernenden nicht-deutscher Familiensprache sind ihre weniger gut ausgeprägten sprachlichen Kompetenzen in der Instruktionssprache. Allerdings fehlt es an Untersuchungen, welche die längsschnittlichen Zusammenhänge zwischen verschiedenen sprachlichen und mathematischen Fähigkeitsfacetten in dieser Population abbilden. Die Studie untersucht deshalb das komplexe Zusammenhangsgefüge zwischen Wortschatz- und Grammatikkenntnissen, Leseverständnis und den mathematischen Fähigkeiten in Arithmetik, Textaufgaben sowie Fachwortschatzkenntnissen an einer Stichprobe von 370 Grundschulkindern nicht-deutscher Familiensprache anhand eines Cross-Lagged-Panel-Designs mit drei Messzeitpunkten. Dabei zeigte sich unter Kontrolle der allgemeinen kognitiven Grundfähigkeiten und der Vorleistungen, dass allgemeine Wortschatzkenntnisse einen signifikanten Beitrag zur Vorhersage der Fähigkeit Textaufgaben zu lösen und der Fachwortschatzkenntnisse leisteten (kreuzverzögerte Pfade). Gleichzeitig erwies sich Grammatikkompetenz als signifikanter Prädiktor für spätere Fachwortschatzkenntnisse. Die untersuchten sprachlichen Teilkompetenzen hatten hingegen keinen Vorhersagewert für die spätere Arithmetikleistung. Ein reziproker Effekt konnte für Fachwortschatz und den allgemeinen Wortschatz gefunden werden. Signifikante Zusammenhänge der Residuen von Textaufgaben und Fachwortschatz mit den Residuen der sprachlichen Fähigkeitsfacetten zum zweiten und dritten Messzeitpunkt weisen darauf hin, dass die Leistungszuwächse miteinander assoziiert sind.
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A Preliminary Examination of the Impact of Working Memory Training on Syntax and Processing Speed in Children with ASD. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 52:4233-4251. [PMID: 34724165 PMCID: PMC8559141 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-05295-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In addition to deficits in pragmatics, children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have weaknesses in complex syntax and working memory (WM). These two deficits may be closely related. Previous work investigated the effects of WM training in developmental language disorders and showed significant improvement in both WM and syntax. The current study tests the impact of 12 h of WM training across 8 weeks in 30 children with ASD, aged 5 to 11. Results showed direct improvements on untrained WM tasks, as well as transfer effects to syntax and processing speed. Stronger WM led to better syntactic abilities. While they must be replicated, these exciting results provide impetus for further studies of WM interventions.
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Bharadwaj SV, Yeatts P, Headley J. Efficacy of cogmed working memory training program in improving working memory in school-age children with and without neurological insults or disorders: A meta-analysis. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-CHILD 2021; 11:891-903. [PMID: 34085876 DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2021.1920943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This meta-analysis assessed the efficacy of the Cogmed Working Memory Training program in improving near-transfer measures (verbal and visuospatial working memory) and far-transfer measures (attention, executive function, and academic achievement) in school-age children with and without neurological insults or disorders. Relevant studies were searched in databases and clinical trial registries using the keyword Cogmed. Ten published studies and unpublished data from one study met the inclusion criteria. Hedges g was calculated for each outcome measure obtained at pre-intervention, post-intervention, and 3-6 month time points. Analysis compared outcome measures in the control versus experimental groups and examined the role of moderators on treatment effects (control group intervention, intervention environment). Data revealed significant medium-size effects of the Cogmed program in improving verbal and visuospatial working memory post-intervention and for verbal working memory only at the 3-6 month time point. However, the training did not generalize to the far-transfer measures. Analyses indicated that only the type of intervention provided for the control group moderated treatment effects on verbal and visual working memory. Meta-analytic findings suggest that the Cogmed program leads to short-term improvements and in some cases, long-term improvements in working memory in school-age children; however, these effects may not generalize to far-transfer measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha V Bharadwaj
- Department of Communication Sciences and Oral Health, Texas Woman's University, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Paul Yeatts
- Center for Research Design & Analysis, Office of Research and Sponsored Programs, Texas Woman's University, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Johnna Headley
- Department of Communication Sciences and Oral Health, Texas Woman's University, Denton, Texas, USA
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Roesch AD, Chondrogianni V. Comprehension of Welcher-Questions in German-Speaking Children With and Without Developmental Language Disorder. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2021; 64:1683-1695. [PMID: 33887158 DOI: 10.1044/2021_jslhr-20-00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Purpose This study examined whether monolingual German-speaking preschool children with developmental language disorder (DLD) were facilitated by the presence of case-marking cues in their interpretation of German subject and object welcher ("which")-questions, as reported for their typically developing peers. We also examined whether knowledge of case-marking and/or phonological working memory modulated children's ability to revise early assigned interpretations of ambiguous questions. Method Sixty-three monolingual German-speaking children with and without DLD aged between 4;0 and 5;11 (years;months) participated in an offline picture selection task targeting the comprehension of welcher-questions in German. We manipulated question type (subject, object), case-marking transparency, and case-marking position within the question (sentence-initial/-final). Results The typically developing children outperformed the children with DLD across conditions, and all children performed better on subject than on object wh-questions. Transparent and early cues elicited higher accuracy than late-arriving cues. For the DLD children, their working memory capacity explained their inability to revise early assigned interpretations to ambiguous questions, whereas their knowledge of case did not. Conclusions The results suggest that disambiguating morphosyntactic cues can only partly facilitate comprehension of German welcher-questions in children with DLD, whose poor phonological working memory rather than their knowledge of case-marking mediates performance on these structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Dorothée Roesch
- School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Vasiliki Chondrogianni
- School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Ahufinger N, Berglund-Barraza A, Cruz-Santos A, Ferinu L, Andreu L, Sanz-Torrent M, Evans JL. Consistency of a Nonword Repetition Task to Discriminate Children with and without Developmental Language Disorder in Catalan-Spanish and European Portuguese Speaking Children. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 8:85. [PMID: 33530420 PMCID: PMC7911802 DOI: 10.3390/children8020085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Nonword repetition has been proposed as a diagnostic marker of developmental language disorder (DLD); however, the inconsistency in the ability of nonword repetition tasks (NRT) to identify children with DLD raises significant questions regarding its feasibility as a clinical tool. Research suggests that some of the inconsistency across NRT may be due to differences in the nature of the nonword stimuli. In this study, we compared children's performance on NRT between two cohorts: the children in the Catalan-Spanish cohort (CS) were bilingual, and the children in the European Portuguese cohort (EP) were monolingual. NRT performance was assessed in both Spanish and Catalan for the bilingual children from Catalonia-Spain and in Portuguese for the monolingual children from Portugal. Results show that although the absolute performance differed across the two cohorts, with NRT performance being lower for the CS, in both Catalan and Spanish, as compared to the EP cohort in both, the cut-points for the likelihood ratios (LH) were similar across the three languages and mirror those previously reported in previous studies. However, the absolute LH ratio values for this study were higher than those reported in prior research due in part to differences in wordlikeness and frequency of the stimuli in the current study. Taken together, the findings from this study show that an NRT consisting of 3-, 4-, and 5-syllable nonwords, which varies in wordlikeness ratings, when presented in a random order accurately identifies and correctly differentiates children with DLD from TD controls the child is bilingual or monolingual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Ahufinger
- Estudis de Psicologia i Ciències de l’Educació, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, 08018 Barcelona, Spain; (L.F.); (L.A.)
| | - Amy Berglund-Barraza
- Department of Speech, Language, Hearing Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA; (A.B.-B.); (J.L.E.)
| | - Anabela Cruz-Santos
- Research Centre in Education, Institute of Education, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal;
| | - Laura Ferinu
- Estudis de Psicologia i Ciències de l’Educació, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, 08018 Barcelona, Spain; (L.F.); (L.A.)
| | - Llorenç Andreu
- Estudis de Psicologia i Ciències de l’Educació, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, 08018 Barcelona, Spain; (L.F.); (L.A.)
| | | | - Julia L. Evans
- Department of Speech, Language, Hearing Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA; (A.B.-B.); (J.L.E.)
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Durrleman S, Delage H. Training Complements for Belief Reasoning in Developmental Language Disorder. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2020; 63:1861-1877. [PMID: 32511044 DOI: 10.1044/2020_jslhr-19-00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Children with developmental language disorder (DLD) experience difficulties with an important Theory of Mind milestone, namely, false belief (FB) reasoning. Their FB success relates to mastery of a linguistic structure that is also challenging for them, namely, sentential complements (e.g., Claire says/thinks [that Santa Claus exists]). Training typically developing (TD) children on complements has been shown to boost complements and, in turn, enhance FB, but such training has never been explored with children with DLD, which is the aim of the current study. Method Fifty French-speaking children followed a novel training program: 30 with DLD (M age = 7;3) and 20 TD (M age = 4;3). They engaged in iPad applications targeting complementation with verbs of communication (e.g., say, shout, answer) during eight to 12 sessions lasting 30 min. Training commenced within 1-2 weeks of pretests and ceased 1-2 weeks before immediate posttests. After immediate posttests, the majority of children were available to be tested with follow-up tests after 4-6 weeks of no training. Results Findings revealed that both TD and DLD groups benefited from the training to significantly improve their complementation and FB scores. The gains achieved during immediate posttests were moreover maintained 6-8 weeks after training ceased, as revealed by preserved levels of performance during follow-up posttests. Conclusion This research thus suggests new avenues for therapeutic interventions for children with DLD, namely, the incorporation of a program directly training complements, which holds the promise of a double benefit, both for these structures and for Theory of Mind.
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