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Multimodality In Vivo Imaging of Perfusion and Glycolysis in a Rat Model of C6 Glioma. Mol Imaging Biol 2021; 23:516-526. [PMID: 33534038 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-021-01585-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chemical exchange saturation transfer MRI using an infusion of glucose (glucoCEST) is sensitive to the distribution of glucose in vivo; however, whether glucoCEST is more related to perfusion or glycolysis is still debatable. We compared glucoCEST to computed tomography perfusion (CTP), [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET), and hyperpolarized [1-13C] pyruvate magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging (MRSI) in a C6 rat model of glioma to determine if glucoCEST is more strongly correlated with measurements of perfusion or glycolysis. METHODS 106 C6 glioma cells were implanted in Wistar rat brains (n = 11). CTP (including blood volume, BV; blood flow, BF; and permeability surface area product, PS) and FDG-PET standardized uptake value (SUV) were acquired at 11 to 13 days post-surgery. GlucoCEST measurements (∆CEST) were acquired the following day on a 9.4 T MRI before and after an infusion of glucose solution. This was followed by MRSI on a 3.0 T MRI after the injection of hyperpolarized [1-13C] pyruvate to generate regional maps of the lactate:pyruvate ratio (Lac:Pyr). Pearson's correlations between glucoCEST, CTP, FDG-PET, and Lac:Pyr ratio were evaluated. RESULTS Tumors had significantly higher SUV, BV, and PS than the contralateral brain. Tumor ∆CEST was most strongly correlated with CTP measurements of BV (ρ = 0.74, P = 0.01) and PS (ρ = 0.55, P = 0.04). No significant correlation was found between glycolysis measurements of SUV or Lac:Pyr with tumor ∆CEST. PS significantly correlated with SUV (ρ = 0.58, P = 0.005) and Lac:Pyr (ρ = 0.75, P = 0.005). BV significantly correlated with Lac:Pyr (ρ = 0.57, P = 0.02), and BF significantly correlated with SUV (ρ = 0.49, P = 0.02). CONCLUSION This study determined that glucoCEST is more strongly correlated to measurements of perfusion than glycolysis. GlucoCEST measurements have additional confounds, such as sensitivity to changing pH, that merit additional investigation.
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Regard JB, Scheek S, Borbiev T, Lanahan AA, Schneider A, Demetriades AM, Hiemisch H, Barnes CA, Verin AD, Worley PF. Verge: a novel vascular early response gene. J Neurosci 2004; 24:4092-103. [PMID: 15102925 PMCID: PMC6729408 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4252-03.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelium forms a continuous, semipermeable barrier that regulates the transvascular movement of hormones, macromolecules, and other solutes. Here, we describe a novel immediate early gene that is expressed selectively in vascular endothelial cells, verge (vascular early response gene). Verge protein includes an N-terminal region of approximately 70 amino acids with modest homology (approximately 30% identity) to Apolipoprotein L but is otherwise unique. Verge mRNA and protein are induced selectively in the endothelium of adult vasculature by electrical or chemical seizures. Verge expression appears to be responsive to local tissue conditions, because it is induced in the hemisphere ipsilateral to transient focal cerebral ischemia. In contrast to the transient expression in adult, Verge mRNA and protein are constitutively expressed at high levels in the endothelium of developing tissues (particularly heart) in association with angiogenesis. Verge mRNA is induced in cultured endothelial cells by defined growth factors and hypoxia. Verge protein is dramatically increased by cysteine proteinase inhibitors, suggesting rapid turnover, and is localized to focal regions near the periphery of the cells. Endothelial cell lines that stably express Verge form monolayers that show enhanced permeability in response to activation of protein kinase C by phorbol esters. This response is accompanied by reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and the formation of paracellular gaps. These studies suggest that Verge functions as a dynamic regulator of endothelial cell signaling and vascular function.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Brain Ischemia/metabolism
- Cell Hypoxia
- Cell Membrane Permeability/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Enzyme Activators/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/physiology
- Genes, Immediate-Early/genetics
- Growth Substances/pharmacology
- Humans
- Immediate-Early Proteins/biosynthesis
- Immediate-Early Proteins/genetics
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Myocardium/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/genetics
- Organ Specificity
- Protein Kinase C/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Rats
- Seizures/chemically induced
- Seizures/metabolism
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean B Regard
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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3
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Sugawara T, Yu F, Ma L, Hsia CJ, Chan PH. Delayed treatment with polynitroxyl albumin reduces infarct size after stroke in rats. Neuroreport 2001; 12:3609-12. [PMID: 11733721 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-200111160-00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Nitroxides are antioxidants that are known to protect cells from oxidative damage. Polynitroxyl albumin (PNA) is a compound of human serum albumin covalently labeled with nitroxides that exhibits a prolonged half-life and an enhanced antioxidant activity. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 90 min intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion and the drug was administered intravenously immediately or 2 h after reperfusion. The effects of the drug were evaluated 24 h after reperfusion. Infarct volume was significantly reduced in immediate (79% reduction) and delayed (53% reduction) PNA-treated groups. The efficacy of a single, delayed i.v. injection of PNA suggests that PNA has great promise in the treatment of acute human stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sugawara
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, MSLS #P314, Stanford, CA 94305-5487, USA
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Smrcka M, Ogilvy CS, Crow RJ, Maynard KI, Kawamata T, Ames A. Induced hypertension improves regional blood flow and protects against infarction during focal ischemia: time course of changes in blood flow measured by laser Doppler imaging. Neurosurgery 1998; 42:617-24; discussion 624-5. [PMID: 9526996 DOI: 10.1097/00006123-199803000-00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize changes in regional blood flow (rCBF) during and after a period of arterial occlusion and determine the effect on rCBF and on the extent of infarction when the mean arterial blood pressure is increased during the period of occlusion. METHODS rCBF in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory of rabbits was monitored using laser Doppler perfusion imaging before, during, and after a 1- or 2-hour period of MCA occlusion, and the size of the infarction was assessed by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolamine chloride staining after 2 hours of reperfusion. Test animals, the mean arterial blood pressure of which was increased by 65 mm Hg with intravenous phenylephrine during the ischemia, were compared with control animals that remained normotensive. The laser Doppler perfusion imager (Lisca Developments Co., Linköping, Sweden) scanned a 3-cm2 area of cortex with a resolution of 4 mm2 every 15 minutes. RESULTS MCA occlusion reduced rCBF to 71 +/- 2% of the control level (n = 24, P < 0.001). Hypertension (HTN) restored rCBF to 84 +/- 3% of the control level (n = 12, P < 0.01), but the HTN-induced improvement diminished with time, so that after 1 hour, there was no longer a significant difference between hypertensive and normotensive animals. HTN during the MCA occlusion caused a 97% reduction in infarct size (P < 0.05) in the animals subjected to 1 hour of occlusion but caused only a 45% reduction (P approximately 0.1) in the animals subjected to 2 hours of occlusion. CONCLUSION This study supports the use of HTN to minimize ischemic injury from short intervals of major intracranial vessel occlusion but fails to demonstrate protection when HTN is maintained during occlusions of more than 1 hour.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Smrcka
- Neurosurgical Service, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston 02114, USA
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Rordorf G, Cramer SC, Efird JT, Schwamm LH, Buonanno F, Koroshetz WJ. Pharmacological elevation of blood pressure in acute stroke. Clinical effects and safety. Stroke 1997; 28:2133-8. [PMID: 9368553 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.28.11.2133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Lowering of blood pressure can adversely affect ischemic symptoms in acute stroke. The aim of our study was to determine whether induced hypertension in stroke is safe and to examine its effects on neurological deficits in patients presenting with acute cerebral ischemia. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed all patients admitted to our neurological intensive care unit with the diagnosis of ischemic stroke over a 2.5-year period. Thirty-three patients were not given a pressor agent (Ph- group), while 30 were treated with phenylephrine (Ph+ group) in an attempt to improve cerebral perfusion. RESULTS Baseline characteristics showed few differences between the Ph+ and Ph- groups. Intracerebral hemorrhage, brain edema, cardiac morbidity, and mortality were not increased in the Ph+ group. In 10 of 30 Ph+ patients, a systolic blood pressure threshold was identified below which ischemic deficits worsened and above which deficits improved. The mean threshold was 156 mm Hg (range, 120 to 190 mm Hg). The mean number of stenotic/occluded cerebral arteries was greater in those Ph+ patients with an identified clinical blood pressure threshold (mean, 2.1 per patient) than in Ph+ patients without a threshold (mean, 1.2 per patient; P < .05). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that careful use of phenylephrine induced hypertension is not associated with an increase in morbidity or mortality in acute stroke. Although based on a retrospective analysis of clinical practice, this report suggests that a subset of patients, particularly those with multiple stenosis of cerebral arteries, may improve neurologically upon elevation of the blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Rordorf
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114, USA.
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Chileuitt L, Leber K, McCalden T, Weinstein PR. Induced hypertension during ischemia reduces infarct area after temporary middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. SURGICAL NEUROLOGY 1996; 46:229-34. [PMID: 8781591 DOI: 10.1016/0090-3019(95)00453-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Induced hypertension is one of the few interventions available to reverse acute ischemic neurologic deficit. The purpose of this study was to determine the safety and efficacy of hypertension during prolonged temporary focal ischemia. METHODS Anesthetized rats underwent 2 hours of endovascular middle cerebral artery occlusion. Angiotensin was given to increase mean arterial blood pressure to 40%-60% above baseline during ischemia. Neurologic deficit and infarct size in hypertensive rats were assessed at 72 hours. RESULTS Hypertensive rats had smaller infarcts than normotensive controls (mean, 12.40 +/- 3.71% versus 24.19 +/- 2.89; p < 0.05) without hemorrhage. Neuroscores were comparable. CONCLUSION Hypertension safely reduces infarction after 2 hours of focal ischemia in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Chileuitt
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94115, USA
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Cole DJ, Drummond JC, Patel PM, Nary JC, Applegate RL. Effect of Oncotic Pressure of Diaspirin Cross-Linked Hemoglobin (DCLHb Trademark) on Brain Injury After Temporary Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Rats. Anesth Analg 1996. [DOI: 10.1213/00000539-199608000-00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Cole DJ, Drummond JC, Patel PM, Nary JC, Applegate RL. Effect of oncotic pressure of diaspirin cross-linked hemoglobin (DCLHb) on brain injury after temporary focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Anesth Analg 1996; 83:342-7. [PMID: 8694316 DOI: 10.1097/00000539-199608000-00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that diaspirin cross-linked hemoglobin (DCLHb, 10 g/dL) decreases cerebral ischemia and the resultant injury in a dose-dependent manner, requiring large volumes of DCLHb for maximum efficacy. We assessed the effect of a more concentrated (20 g/dL) and more hyperoncotic preparation of DCLHb on cerebral infarction volume. Immediately after middle cerebral artery occlusion, rats were randomized to one of the following groups: Control, hematocrit not manipulated; 10/Hb, hematocrit decreased to 30% with 10% DCLHb (oncotic pressure 43 mm Hg); 7.5/Alb, hematocrit decreased to 30% with 7.5% albumin (oncotic pressure 43 mm Hg); 20/Hb, the same dose of DCLHb (20%, oncotic pressure 129 mm Hg) as the 10/HB group (half the volume); or 15/Alb, the same dose of albumin (15%, oncotic pressure 130 mm Hg) as the 7.5/Alb group half the volume). After 90 min of ischemia, 72 h of reperfusion was allowed. Infarction volume (mm3, mean +/- sd) was less in the DCLHb groups (10/Hb = 79 +/- 17; 20/HB = 51 +/- 14) than the oncotically matched albumin groups (7.5/Alb = 124 +/- 21; 15/Alb = 85 +/- 18) and the Control group (135 +/- 17) (P < 0.05). These data indicate that in this model of cerebral ischemia, DCLHb decreases ischemic brain injury more effectively than albumin, and that a hyperoncotic preparation of DCLHb is preferable.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Cole
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University, California 92354, USA
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Kempski O, Obert C, Mainka T, Heimann A, Strecker U. "Small volume resuscitation" as treatment of cerebral blood flow disturbances and increased ICP in trauma and ischemia. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENT 1996; 66:114-7. [PMID: 8780808 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-9465-2_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
"Small volume resuscitation" (SVR) is a promising concept for the treatment of shock and trauma patients. SVR utilizes the fast infusion of a small volume of hypertonic saline to mobilize intraendothelial and parenchymal water to expand and restitute intravascular volume. Therefore it seems warranted to also consider SVR for the treatment of disturbances of the cerebral circulation and of increased intracranial pressure (ICP). The current study uses a rabbit model of global cerebral ischemia combined with mild hemorrhage to test SVR. Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) serve as a short-term outcome parameter. The data demonstrate a beneficial effect treatment with hypertonic/hyperoncotic saline/hydroxyethylstarch as compared to volume replacement with starch or blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Kempski
- Institute for Neurosurgical Pathophysiology, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Federal Republic of Germany
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Warnick RE, Fike JR, Chan PH, Anderson DK, Ross GY, Gutin PH. Measurement of vascular permeability in spinal cord using Evans Blue spectrophotometry and correction for turbidity. J Neurosci Methods 1995; 58:167-71. [PMID: 7475223 DOI: 10.1016/0165-0270(94)00172-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Vascular permeability can be visualized by Evans Blue (EB) extravasation and quantified by spectrophotometry after formamide extraction of the tissue. However, formamide extracts show significant turbidity, which may contribute to the total optical density at the wavelength of measurement (e.g., 620 lambda). We developed a simple method for estimating the component of the total optical density of a dyed specimen contributed by turbidity. Our method, which uses a determination of turbidity made at another point of the light spectrum (740 lambda), was more precise than two other EB quantification techniques. We therefore recommend it for individual correction of formamide extracts of spinal cord specimens. The application of this technique to the brain remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Warnick
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH 45267, USA
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Cole DJ, Przybelski RJ, Schell RM, Martin RD. Diaspirin crosslinked hemoglobin (DCLHb) does not affect the anesthetic potency of isoflurane in rats. ARTIFICIAL CELLS, BLOOD SUBSTITUTES, AND IMMOBILIZATION BIOTECHNOLOGY 1995; 23:89-99. [PMID: 7719448 DOI: 10.3109/10731199509117670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Hemoglobin solutions are being developed as oxygen carrying fluids for multiple clinical indications. Despite an early report of accentuation of ether anesthesia, the effect of hemoglobin on anesthetic potency has not been assessed. We assessed the effect of alpha-alpha diaspirin crosslinked hemoglobin (DCLHb) on the anesthetic requirement of isoflurane necessary to keep rats unresponsive to noxious stimuli (1.0 MAC [minimum alveolar concentration]). During isoflurane administration, each rat received one of the following fluid regimens: 44Hct/N-normal hematocrit and volume; 44Hct/H-8.0 ml of donor blood given as a hypervolemic bolus; 30Hct/H-5.0 ml of DCLHb given as an exchange transfusion and 8.0 ml as a hypervolemic bolus; or 16Hct/H-15.0 ml of DCLHb given as an exchange transfusion and 8.0 ml as a hypervolemic bolus. MAC was determined using a standard tail clamp technique. The isoflurane requirement to achieve 1.0 MAC was not different between the four groups. These results are consistent with a hypothesis that DCLHb does not change the anesthetic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Cole
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University, California 92354, U.S.A
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Shapira Y, Lam AM, Eng CC, Laohaprasit V, Michel M. Therapeutic time window and dose response of the beneficial effects of ketamine in experimental head injury. Stroke 1994; 25:1637-43. [PMID: 8042217 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.25.8.1637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The aim of this study was to determine the time and dose response of the therapeutic effects of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist ketamine in experimental head injury. METHODS Sixty-six male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into eight groups. Groups A, B, and C were surgically prepared but received no trauma. Groups D through H received a nonpenetrating impact to the left cranium. Group A (n = 7) received no treatment. Groups B (n = 4) and C (n = 5) received 60 and 120 mg/kg IP ketamine, respectively. Group D (n = 8) received no treatment. Groups E (n = 8) and F (n = 7) received 120 and 180 mg/kg IP ketamine, respectively, 1 hour after head trauma. Groups G (n = 7) and H (n = 9) were treated with 180 mg/kg IP ketamine 2 and 4 hours after head trauma, respectively. Neurological severity score (NSS, 0 through 25 from no injury to severe injury) was determined at 1, 24, and 48 hours after head trauma. After death at 48 hours, cortical slices were taken adjacent to the lesion on the traumatized hemisphere and from comparable sites in the contralateral hemisphere for determination of tissue specific gravity and water content. Brains were then placed in 4% formaldehyde, and the volume of hemorrhagic necrosis was measured 4 days later. NSS was compared within and between groups using the Kruskal-Wallis test for repeated measurements and Mann-Whitney U test for post hoc testing. Water content, specific gravity, and hemorrhagic necrosis were compared within and between groups using two-way ANOVA followed by Fisher's protected least significant difference procedure. A value of P < .05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS Head trauma alone increased NSS, decreased specific gravity, increased water content, and caused cerebral infarction in the injured hemisphere. Ketamine given in two time-dose regimens, 180 mg/kg IP at 2 hours (group G) and 120 mg/kg IP at 1 hour (group F) after trauma, improved NSS from 11.6 +/- 1.7 and 14.4 +/- 0.8 at 1 hour to 4.4 +/- 1.3 and 8.0 +/- 1.4 (mean +/- SEM) at 48 hours, respectively (P < .03). Compared with the untreated group (group D), 180 mg/kg IP ketamine given at 2 and 4 hours after head trauma decreased the volume of hemorrhagic necrosis from 37.1 +/- 9.5 mm3 to 10.1 +/- 3.8 and 15.3 +/- 3.6 mm3, respectively (P < .05). Brain tissue specific gravity and water content at 48 hours were not significantly different between treated and untreated groups. There was no difference in rectal and temporalis muscle temperature between groups. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that 180 mg/kg IP ketamine was effective in ameliorating neurological dysfunction after head trauma in rats when the administration time was delayed for 1 hour to 2 hours but not after 4 hours. When given at 1 hour after head trauma, ketamine at 120 mg/kg but not 60 mg/kg is effective in reducing neurological damage after head trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Shapira
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Washington, Seattle
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Cole DJ, Schell RM, Drummond JC. Diaspirin crosslinked hemoglobin (DCLHb): effect of hemodilution during focal cerebral ischemia in rats. ARTIFICIAL CELLS, BLOOD SUBSTITUTES, AND IMMOBILIZATION BIOTECHNOLOGY 1994; 22:813-8. [PMID: 7994404 DOI: 10.3109/10731199409117915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of hemodilution therapy, to ameliorate cerebral ischemia, is limited by an accompanying decrease in oxygen content. We assessed the effect of hemodilution, with diaspirin cross-linked hemoglobin (DCLHb), on cerebral blood flow (CBF) and infarct after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). Rats (n = 36) were alloted to a control group in which hematocrit (Hct) was not manipulated, or reduced with DCLHb to 30% (30/DCLHb), 16% (16/DCLHb), or 9% (9/DCLHb). After MCAo, the brain area with a CBF of 0-10 ml.100g-1.min-1 was determined. This area was decreased in the 30/DCLHb and 16/DCLHb groups vs the Control group; and was less in the 9/DCLHb group vs the other groups. Different rats (n = 49) were hemodiluted with DCLHb or Albumin (Alb): Control, 30/Alb, 30/DCLHb, 16/DCLHb, or 9/DCLHb. After 3-hr of MCAo and 2-hr of reperfusion, infarct area was determined. Brain infarct was less in the 30/DCLHb and 16/DCLHb groups vs the Control and 30/Alb groups; and was less in the 9/DCLHb group vs the other groups. The results of this study support the hypothesis that hemodilution with DCLHb decreases cerebral ischemia in a dose-dependent manner, and in terms of brain ischemia is a more proficient hemodiluting fluid than albumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Cole
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University, CA 92354
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Cole DJ, Schell RM, Drummond JC, Pryzbelski RJ, Marcantonio S. Focal cerebral ischemia in rats: effect of hemodilution with alpha-alpha cross-linked hemoglobin on brain injury and edema. Neurol Sci 1993; 20:30-6. [PMID: 8467426 DOI: 10.1017/s0317167100047363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The effect of hemodilution, with alpha-alpha cross-linked hemoglobin (DCLHb), on brain injury and edema was assessed after temporary middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Injury was analyzed with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) stain and edema by microgravimety. Part A: DCLHb was given to maintain one of the following hematocrits (Hct) and normotension: 1) 45/Hct, 2) 30/Hct, 3) 16/Hct, or 4) 9/Hct. Brain injury (% of ischemic hemisphere, mean +/- SD) was less in the 30/Hct group (31 +/- 4) versus the 45/Hct group (42 +/- 5); and in the 16/Hct (20 +/- 3) and 9/Hct (19 +/- 4) groups versus the 45/Hct and 30/Hct groups. Edema was less in the hemodiluted groups versus the 45/Hct group. Part B: DCLHb was given to maintain one of the following hematocrits and hyper (HTN)-or normotension (Norm): 1) 45/Norm, 2) 30/Norm, 3) 30/HTN, 4) 16/Norm, or 5) 16/HTN. In hematocrit matched groups hypertension decreased brain injury (30/HTN-24 +/- 2 < 30/Norm-34 +/- 4; and 16/HTN-17 +/- 3 < 16/Norm-24 +/- 4). Edema was not effected by hypertension. These results suggest that hemodilution with DCLHb decreases focal ischemic injury, and is most effective when given in a manner that induces hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Cole
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University, California 92354
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Allen DD, Crooks PA, Yokel RA. 4-Trimethylammonium antipyrine: a quaternary ammonium nonradionuclide marker for blood-brain barrier integrity during in vivo microdialysis. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 1992; 28:129-35. [PMID: 1489983 DOI: 10.1016/1056-8719(92)90074-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The well-controlled microdialysis (MD) study of substance permeation into brain extracellular fluid (ECF) and cerebrospinal fluid requires consideration of blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity, which might be compromised by microdialysis probe implantation. Others have assessed BBB integrity with radionuclide markers. A nonradionuclide marker may be desirable in many studies. A charged antipyrine analogue may be useful to determine BBB integrity with concomitant antipyrine characterization of probe efficiency (Yokel et al., 1992, J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 27:135-142), and may not require another analytical technique. We synthesized, validated, and evaluated 4-trimethylammonium antipyrine (4TMA-AP) as a BBB integrity marker. BBB permeation was determined by calculation of a BBB integrity percentage (Pi) from brain/blood concentrations. The PiS of Evan's blue, which does not permeate the intact BBB, and 4TMA-AP were not significantly different in rats without known BBB disruption, suggesting a lack of 4TMA-AP permeation through the intact BBB. When MD probes were slowly implanted into the frontal cortex, 4TMA-AP PiS were usually zero. Intracarotid oleic acid injection to open the BBB significantly increased 4TMA-AP PiS, suggesting that 4TMA-AP entered brain ECF when the BBB was compromised. Rapid probe implantation produced increased 4TMA-AP PiS, suggesting BBB disruption. The predicted appearance of 4TMA-AP in brain ECF suggests that it is a BBB integrity marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Allen
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40536-0082
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16
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Cole DJ, Schell RM, Przybelski RJ, Drummond JC, Bradley K. Focal cerebral ischemia in rats: effect of hemodilution with alpha-alpha cross-linked hemoglobin on CBF. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1992; 12:971-6. [PMID: 1400651 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.1992.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Hemodilution has had limited success as a treatment of cerebral ischemia. When using a nonoxygen binding fluid, the therapeutic efficacy of hemodilution-induced increases in CBF are offset by concomitant decreases in oxygen content. The effect of hemodilution, with diaspirin alpha-alpha cross-linked hemoglobin (DCLHb), on CBF during middle cerebral artery occlusion was assessed. Rats were hemodiluted to one of the following hematocrits (Hct): (a) 44/Hct, (b) 37/Hct, (c) 30/Hct, (d) 23/Hct, (e) 16/Hct, or (f) 9/Hct. After 10 min of ischemia, CBF was determined with 14C-iodoantipyrine. Coronal brain sections were evaluated for areas with a CBF of 0-10 and 11-20 ml 100 g-1 min-1. In addition, oxygen delivery was calculated. In the center of the ischemic zone, both areas of low CBF were less in the 30/Hct, 23/Hct, and 16/Hct groups compared with the 44/Hct and 37/Hct groups; and both areas were less in the 9/Hct group compared with the other five groups (p < 0.05). For the hemisphere contralateral to occlusion, there was a direct correlation between hematocrit and oxygen delivery. However, for the hemisphere ipsilateral to occlusion, oxygen delivery increased as hematocrit decreased (44/Hct, 8.6 +/- 0.3 vs. 9/Hct, 13.6 +/- 0.4 [mean +/- SD, ml 100 g-1 min-1]). The results of this study support a hypothesis that hemodilution with DCLHb decreases the extent of focal cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Cole
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University, CA 92354
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Cole DJ, Matsumura JS, Drummond JC, Schell RM. Focal cerebral ischemia in rats: effects of induced hypertension, during reperfusion, on CBF. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1992; 12:64-9. [PMID: 1727143 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.1992.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The effect of phenylephrine-induced hypertension on CBF was investigated after 120 min of middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Blood pressure was manipulated by one of the following schedules during a 90-min period of reperfusion: 90/NORM, 90 min of normotensive reperfusion; 90/HTN, 90 min of hypertensive reperfusion (MABP increased by 30 mm Hg); or 15/HTN, the 90-min period of reperfusion was divided into 30 min of normotension, followed by 15 min of hypertension and 45 min of normotension. At the end of reperfusion, 100 microCi kg-1 of [14C]iodoantipyrine was given and an autoradiographic analysis of CBF performed. In the coronal brain section at the center of middle cerebral artery distribution, the area (percentage of hemisphere, mean +/- SD) with a CBF of 0-20 or 21-40 ml 100 g-1 min-1 was less (p less than 0.05) in the 15/HTN group (1 +/- 2 and 5 +/- 3%, respectively) versus the 90/HTN group (12 +/- 4 and 10 +/- 4%), which was in turn less than in the 90/NORM group (18 +/- 5 and 22 +/- 6%). These data are consistent with the hypothesis that during reperfusion a short interval of hypertension effectively augments CBF via an abrupt opening of collapsed vessels and that a more sustained interval of hypertension conveys no added benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Cole
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University, CA 92354
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Cole DJ, Matsumura JS, Drummond JC, Schultz RL, Wong MH. Time- and pressure-dependent changes in blood-brain barrier permeability after temporary middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Acta Neuropathol 1991; 82:266-73. [PMID: 1759559 DOI: 10.1007/bf00308811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
After 180 min of temporary middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats, the affect of phenylephrine-induced hypertension on blood-brain barrier permeability was assessed. One of the following blood-pressure regimens was maintained during either a 30- or 120-min period of reperfusion: (a) 30/Norm, 30 min of normotensive reperfusion was allowed; (b) 30/HTN, mean arterial blood pressure was increased by 35 mm Hg during 30 min of reperfusion; (c) 120/Norm, 120 min of normotensive reperfusion was allowed; or (d) 120/HTN, mean arterial blood pressure was increased by 35 mm Hg during 120 min of reperfusion. Evans blue (30 mg/kg) was given, and brains were analyzed for Evans blue by spectrophotometry. Evans blue (microgram/g brain tissue, mean +/- SD) was greater (P less than 0.05) in both hypertensive groups versus their time matched normotensive groups (30/HTN: 80 +/- 16 versus 18 +/- 6 in the 30/Norm group; 120/HTN: 17 +/- 6 versus 8 +/- 3 in the 120/Norm group). In addition, Evans blue was greater (P less than 0.05) in both 30-min groups versus their pressure matched 120-min groups (30/Norm: 18 +/- 6 versus 8 +/- 3 in the 120/Norm group; 30/HTN: 80 +/- 16 versus 17 +/- 6 in the 120/HTN group). The data are consistent with previous studies which have demonstrated an opening of the blood-brain barrier at the onset of reperfusion. In addition, the data support a hypothesis that changes in blood-brain barrier permeability are more sensitive to hypertension in the early period of reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Cole
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University, CA 92354
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