1
|
Evgeniou E, Liew J, Lee G, Power K, Khan A, Cole DJ, Tasoulis M, Nanidis T. Are Surgical Drains Needed in DIEP Flap Surgery? The Drain-Free DIEP Flap Concept. Plast Reconstr Surg 2023; 152:708-714. [PMID: 36862959 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000010340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies support an inherent morbidity associated with the use of surgical drains-such as postoperative pain, infection, reduction in mobility, and delay in patient discharge-and they do not prevent seroma or hematoma. The authors' series aims to evaluate the feasibility, benefits, and safety of performing drainless deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap surgery and to formulate an algorithm for when this can be used. METHODS A retrospective review of DIEP reconstruction outcomes of two surgeons was performed. Over the course of 24 months, consecutive DIEP flap patients were included from the Royal Marsden Hospital in London and Austin Hospital in Melbourne, and drain use, drain output, length of stay (LOS), and complications were analyzed. RESULTS A total of 107 DIEP flap reconstructions were performed by two surgeons. Thirty-five patients had abdominal drainless DIEP flaps, and 12 patients had totally drainless DIEP flaps. Mean age was 52 years (range, 34 to 73 years) and mean body mass index was 26.8 kg/m 2 (range, 19.0 to 41.3 kg/m 2 ). Abdominal drainless patients showed a potential trend toward shorter hospital stays as compared with the ones with drains (mean LOS, 3.74 days versus 4.05 days; P = 0.154). Totally drainless patients had an even shorter, statistically significant, mean LOS of 3.10 days, as compared with patients with drains (4.05 days, P = 0.002), with no increase in complications. CONCLUSIONS The avoidance of abdominal drains in DIEP flaps reduces hospital stay without increasing complications, and this has become our standard practice for patients with a body mass index of less than 30 kg/m 2 . It is our opinion that the totally drainless DIEP flap procedure is safe in selected patients. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic, III.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Julian Liew
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Austin Hospital
| | | | | | | | - D J Cole
- School of Mathematics, Statistics, and Actuarial Science, University of Kent
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kozuska JL, Paulsen IM, Belfield WJ, Martin IL, Cole DJ, Holt A, Dunn SMJ. Impact of intracellular domain flexibility upon properties of activated human 5-HT3 receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:1617-28. [PMID: 24283776 PMCID: PMC3966743 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose It has been proposed that arginine residues lining the intracellular portals of the homomeric 5-HT3A receptor cause electrostatic repulsion of cation flow, accounting for a single-channel conductance substantially lower than that of the 5-HT3AB heteromer. However, comparison of receptor homology models for wild-type pentamers suggests that salt bridges in the intracellular domain of the homomer may impart structural rigidity, and we hypothesized that this rigidity could account for the low conductance. Experimental Approach Mutations were introduced into the portal region of the human 5-HT3A homopentamer, such that putative salt bridges were broken by neutralizing anionic partners. Single-channel and whole cell currents were measured in transfected tsA201 cells and in Xenopus oocytes respectively. Computational simulations of protein flexibility facilitated comparison of wild-type and mutant receptors. Key Results Single-channel conductance was increased substantially, often to wild-type heteromeric receptor values, in most 5-HT3A mutants. Conversely, introduction of arginine residues to the portal region of the heteromer, conjecturally creating salt bridges, decreased conductance. Gating kinetics varied significantly between different mutant receptors. EC50 values for whole-cell responses to 5-HT remained largely unchanged, but Hill coefficients for responses to 5-HT were usually significantly smaller in mutants. Computational simulations suggested increased flexibility throughout the protein structure as a consequence of mutations in the intracellular domain. Conclusions and Implications These data support a role for intracellular salt bridges in maintaining the quaternary structure of the 5-HT3 receptor and suggest a role for the intracellular domain in allosteric modulation of cooperativity and agonist efficacy. Linked Article This article is commented on by Vardy and Kenakin, pp. 1614–1616 of volume 171 issue 7. To view this commentary visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.12550.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L Kozuska
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Camp ER, Wang C, Little EC, Watson PM, Pirollo KF, Rait A, Cole DJ, Chang EH, Watson DK. Transferrin receptor targeting nanomedicine delivering wild-type p53 gene sensitizes pancreatic cancer to gemcitabine therapy. Cancer Gene Ther 2013; 20:222-8. [PMID: 23470564 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2013.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To overcome gene therapy barriers such as low transfection efficiency and nonspecific delivery, liposomal nanoparticles targeted by a single-chain antibody fragment to the transferrin receptor (TfRscFv) delivering wild-type (wt) human p53 (SGT-53) were developed for tumor-specific targeting. We hypothesize that SGT-53 in combination with gemcitabine will demonstrate enhanced therapeutic benefit in an in vivo metastatic pancreatic cancer model. Intrasplenic injection of 1 × 10(6) Panc02 murine pancreatic cancer cells was used to generate in vivo hepatic metastatic tumors. Nanoparticle localization was assessed by tail vein injection of TfRscFv with fluorescently labeled oligonucleotides (6-carboxyfluorescein phosphoramidite (6FAM) ODN) imaged by Xenogen IVIS 200 scan. SGT-53 (equivalent to 30 μg of p53 intravenously) and gemcitabine (20 mg/kg intraperitoneally) alone and in combination were administered biweekly and compared with untreated mice. Survival was determined by blinded daily assessment of morbidity. Human wtp53 expression and transferrin levels in the tumors were assessed by western blot analysis. Tumor burden was quantified by liver weight. Xenogen imaging demonstrated tumor-specific uptake of TfRscFv-6FAM ODN. Exogenous human wtp53 protein was detected in the SGT-53-treated tumors compared with control. Compared with untreated mice with metastatic tumors demonstrating median survival of 20 days, SGT-53, gemcitabine and the combination demonstrated improved median survival of 29, 30 and 37 days, respectively. The combination treatment prolonged median survival when compared with single drug treatment and decreased tumor burden. The tumor targeting liposomal-based SGT-53 nanoparticle is capable of sensitizing pancreatic cancer to conventional chemotherapy in pancreatic cancer models. This approach has the potential to be translated into a new, more effective therapy for pancreatic cancer. Further optimization is ongoing, moving towards a Phase 1B/2 clinical trial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E R Camp
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Morse M, Niedzwiecki D, Marshall J, Garrett CR, Chang DZ, Aklilu M, Crocenzi TS, Cole DJ, Dessureault S, Hobeika A, Osada T, Clary BM, Hsu SD, Devi G, Bulusu A, Annechiarico R, Chadaram V, Clay TM, Lyerly HK. Survival rates among patients vaccinated following resection of colorectal cancer metastases in a phase II randomized study compared with contemporary controls. J Clin Oncol 2011. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.29.15_suppl.3557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
5
|
Lyerly HK, Hobeika A, Niedzwiecki D, Osada T, Marshall J, Garrett CR, Chang DZ, Aklilu M, Crocenzi TS, Cole DJ, Dessureault S, Hsu SD, Bulusu A, Clary BM, Annechiarico R, Devi G, Chadaram V, Clay TM, Morse M. A dendritic cell-based vaccine effects on T-cell responses compared with a viral vector vaccine when administered to patients following resection of colorectal metastases in a randomized phase II study. J Clin Oncol 2011. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.29.15_suppl.2533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
6
|
Montero AJ, Diaz CM, Slingerland J, Pegram M, Hurley J, Welsh CF, Avisar E, Seo P, Vogel CL, Garrett-Mayer E, Hermann V, Baker MK, Silva O, Koniaris L, Rodgers S, Schuhwerk K, Pazoles CJ, Moffat F, Cole DJ, Gluck S. Abstract P1-11-05: Phase 2 Study of Neoadjuvant Treatment with Cellular Redox Modulator NOV-002 in Combination with Doxorubicin and Cyclophosphamide Followed by Docetaxel (AC→T) in Patients with Stage II-III HER-2 (-) Breast Cancer. Cancer Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.sabcs10-p1-11-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: NOV-002 (a formulation of disodium glutathione disulfide) modulates signaling pathways involved in tumor cell proliferation and metastasis and enhances anti-tumor immune responsiveness in tumor models. The addition of NOV-002 to a range of cytotoxic chemotherapeutic regimens has been shown to increase their anti-tumor efficacy in several early phase oncology trials and in animal models. Pathological complete response (pCR) has been demonstrated to be associated with favorable overall survival in primary breast cancer, and neoadjuvant treatment of early breast cancer aims at achieving high rates of pCR. In patients with HER-2 (-) breast cancer pCR rates with anthracycline and taxane combinations have been reported to be approximately 10-20% depending on hormone receptor status. We conducted a clinical trial in HER-2 negative patients (pts) combining daily N0V-002 with AC→T. Methods: Women with newly diagnosed stages II-III HER-2 (-) breast cancer received AC x 4 [60/600 mg/m2] followed by T [100 mg/m2] x 4 every 3 weeks in conjunction with daily N0V-002 [60mg IV day 1 and subcutaneously days 2-21 of each cycle]. The primary endpoint is pCR, defined as: (i) ypN0, and (ii) ypT0 or presence of invasive tumor <10mm.
Sample size (n=46 total patients) was calculated using a Simon 2-stage optimal design assuming a doubling of the historical pCR rate with the addition of NOV-002 to AC→T from a p0 of 0.16 to a p1 of 0.32. If a total of 12 or more patients experience a pCR by the end of the trial, then the treatment regimen will be declared active. The calculation assumes an alpha of 0.05 and 80% power.
Results: A total of 39 pts have been enrolled to date across three study sites, with 31 patients having completed chemotherapy and undergone surgery. One patient dropped out during cycle 1 and was not assessable for response; 5 are currently receiving chemotherapy; and 2 patients have completed all chemotherapy, but have not yet undergone surgery. A total of 292 chemotherapy cycles have been administered, with 92% of all patients being able to complete all 8 cycles of planned chemotherapy. Of the 31 evaluable patients, 12 achieved a pCR (39%), meeting the primary endpoint of the trial. In patients with residual invasive primary breast tumor <10mm and ypN0 (19%) mean residual tumor size was 4.4 mm. Interestingly, of the 17 patients with biopsy-proven axillary involvement, 4 (23%) had no residual invasive tumor in axillary nodes at time of surgery. In 26 patients with estrogen positive breast cancer, which is least sensitive to chemotherapy, 42% achieved a pCR. The most common toxicities included: nausea, sensory neuropathy, emesis, fatigue, and hand-foot syndrome. Conclusions: The addition of NOV-002 has to date resulted in a doubling of previously published pCR rates with AC→T in HER-2 (-) breast cancer patients. Subsequent investigation of NOV-002 in conjunction with neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer is warranted. Updated clinical data on all 39 patients as well as immunologic correlative markers will be presented.
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2010;70(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-11-05.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- AJ Montero
- University of Miami Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, FL; Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; Novelos Therapeutics, Newton, MA
| | - CM Diaz
- University of Miami Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, FL; Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; Novelos Therapeutics, Newton, MA
| | - J Slingerland
- University of Miami Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, FL; Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; Novelos Therapeutics, Newton, MA
| | - M Pegram
- University of Miami Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, FL; Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; Novelos Therapeutics, Newton, MA
| | - J Hurley
- University of Miami Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, FL; Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; Novelos Therapeutics, Newton, MA
| | - CF Welsh
- University of Miami Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, FL; Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; Novelos Therapeutics, Newton, MA
| | - E Avisar
- University of Miami Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, FL; Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; Novelos Therapeutics, Newton, MA
| | - P Seo
- University of Miami Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, FL; Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; Novelos Therapeutics, Newton, MA
| | - CL Vogel
- University of Miami Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, FL; Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; Novelos Therapeutics, Newton, MA
| | - E Garrett-Mayer
- University of Miami Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, FL; Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; Novelos Therapeutics, Newton, MA
| | - V Hermann
- University of Miami Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, FL; Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; Novelos Therapeutics, Newton, MA
| | - MK Baker
- University of Miami Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, FL; Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; Novelos Therapeutics, Newton, MA
| | - O Silva
- University of Miami Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, FL; Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; Novelos Therapeutics, Newton, MA
| | - L Koniaris
- University of Miami Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, FL; Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; Novelos Therapeutics, Newton, MA
| | - S Rodgers
- University of Miami Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, FL; Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; Novelos Therapeutics, Newton, MA
| | - K Schuhwerk
- University of Miami Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, FL; Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; Novelos Therapeutics, Newton, MA
| | - CJ Pazoles
- University of Miami Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, FL; Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; Novelos Therapeutics, Newton, MA
| | - F Moffat
- University of Miami Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, FL; Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; Novelos Therapeutics, Newton, MA
| | - DJ Cole
- University of Miami Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, FL; Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; Novelos Therapeutics, Newton, MA
| | - S. Gluck
- University of Miami Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, FL; Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; Novelos Therapeutics, Newton, MA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dorea FC, Berghaus R, Hofacre C, Cole DJ. Survey of Biosecurity Protocols and Practices Adopted by Growers on Commercial Poultry Farms in Georgia, U. S. A. Avian Dis 2010; 54:1007-15. [DOI: 10.1637/9233-011210-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
8
|
Dorea FC, Vieira AR, Hofacre C, Waldrip D, Cole DJ. Stochastic model of the potential spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza from an infected commercial broiler operation in Georgia. Avian Dis 2010; 54:713-9. [PMID: 20521720 DOI: 10.1637/8706-031609-resnote.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The potential spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza among commercial broiler farms in Georgia, U. S. A., was mathematically modeled. The dynamics of the spread within the first infected flock were estimated using an SEIR (susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered) deterministic model, and predicted that grower detection of flock infection is most likely 5 days after virus introduction. Off-farm spread of virus was estimated stochastically for this period, predicting a mean range of exposed farms from 0-5, depending on the density of farms in the area. Modeled off-farm spread was most frequently associated with feed trucks (highest daily probability and number of farm visits) and with company personnel or hired help (highest level of bird contact).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F C Dorea
- Poultry Diagnostic Research Center, University of Georgia, 953 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rubinstein MP, Salem ML, Kadima AN, Nguyen CL, Gillanders WE, Nishimura MI, Cole DJ. Loss of T cell-mediated antitumor immunity after construct-specific downregulation of retrovirally encoded T-cell receptor expression in vivo. Cancer Gene Ther 2009; 16:171-83. [PMID: 18690205 PMCID: PMC3065370 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2008.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2007] [Revised: 03/13/2008] [Accepted: 05/05/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive T-cell therapy is clinically efficacious in the treatment of select cancers. However, it is often difficult to obtain adequate numbers of tumor-specific T cells for therapy. One method for overcoming this limitation is to generate tumor-specific T cells by retrovirally mediated T-cell-receptor (TCR) gene transfer. However, despite instances of therapeutic success, major obstacles remain, including attaining the survival of retrovirally modified T cells in vivo as well as inducing long-term and multi-gene retroviral expression. Using a murine model of adoptively transferred retrovirally modified CD8(+) T cells, where antitumor immunity was dependent on sustained, multigene expression, we found that in vitro assays are poor indicators of in vivo efficacy. Despite persisting for over 9 months in a nonlymphopenic environment, genetically modified T cells exhibited discordant retrovirally mediated gene expression in vivo not readily evident from initial in vitro assays. In particular, one of the two TCR subunit genes necessary for antigen specificity was selectively lost in vivo. As this discordant gene expression was associated with the loss of antitumor immunity, consideration of these findings may provide guidance in the design, evaluation and application of retroviral vectors for use in the treatment of cancer and other human disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M P Rubinstein
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Harper JL, Watkins JM, Baker MK, Cole DJ, Dragun AE, Garrett-Mayer E, Wahlquist AE, Jenrette JM. Long term disease control outcomes for partial breast irradiation using MammoSite brachytherapy. Cancer Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.sabcs-5145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Abstract #5145
Purpose: To describe 4-year local and ipsilateral breast recurrence-free intervals, overall freedom from disease failure, and disease-specific and overall survivals in a cohort of MammoSite Brachytherapy (MBT) patients with mature follow-up, treated at a single institution over a 6-year period.
 Methods and Materials: An analysis of MBT cases was performed using prospectively collected quality assurance database, departmental chart review, and electronic medical records. Patient-, tumor-, treatment-, and outcome-specific data were extracted and recorded into a research database. Eligible patients were required to have >6 months post-MBT follow-up. Local tumor failure was defined as pathologically-proven recurrence within 2 cm of the resected tumor bed, with all other ipsilateral breast recurrences (excluding axilla or internal mammary nodal failures) defined as ipsilateral breast failures. Any local, ipsilateral breast, nodal, or distant failure was censored for overall freedom from failure.
 Results: From 2004 through 2008, 115 MBT patients have been treated, of which 104 were eligible for the present analysis. Median patient age was 62 years (range 25–86). Primary tumors included ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) for 20 patients, T1a (12), T1b (31), T1c (34), and T2 (7). Lymph nodes were assessed in 94 patients (including all patients with invasive carcinomas), and revealed pN0 disease in 85 patients, pN1(mic) (3), and pN1a (6). Histologies of invasive carcinomas were ductal in 68 patients, lobular (3), mixed ductal/lobular (3), mucinous/colloid (7), medullary (2), and tubular (1). At a median follow up of 45.7 months (range 7.3-71.4), 6 patients have experienced disease recurrence, including 4 within the ipsilateral breast. Three patients with ipsilateral breast recurrence underwent salvage mastectomy, two of whom remain without evidence of disease recurrence at 56 and 14 months, respectively. Seven patients have died, 3 of or with recurrent breast cancer. Estimated 4-year outcomes for the entire cohort were: local tumor control 100%, ipsilateral breast control 97.0% (95% CI, 93.6%-100%), overall freedom from failure 93.8% (88.5%-99.5%), disease specific survival 97.8% (94.8%-100%) and overall survival 92.7% (87.2%-98.6%).
 Conclusions: The present study demonstrates low rates of local and ipsilateral breast disease failure in a well-defined cohort of MBT patients with mature follow-up.
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 5145.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- JL Harper
- 1 Radiation Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - JM Watkins
- 1 Radiation Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - MK Baker
- 2 General Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - DJ Cole
- 2 General Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - AE Dragun
- 4 Radiation Oncology, Roy Richards, Sr. Cancer Center, Carrollton, GA
| | - E Garrett-Mayer
- 3 Biostatistics, Bioinformatics, and Epidemiology, Hollings Cancer Center, Charleston, SC
| | - AE Wahlquist
- 3 Biostatistics, Bioinformatics, and Epidemiology, Hollings Cancer Center, Charleston, SC
| | - JM Jenrette
- 1 Radiation Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
A deterministic formula is commonly used to approximate the expected generation number of a population of growing cells. However, this can give misleading results because it does not allow for natural variation in the times that individual cells take to reproduce. Here we present more accurate approximations for both symmetric and asymmetric cell division. Based on the first two moments of the generation time distribution, these approximations are also robust. We illustrate the improved approximations using data that arise from monitoring individual yeast cells under a microscope and also demonstrate how the approximations can be used when such detailed data are not available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D J Cole
- Institute of Mathematics, Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NF, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Approximations to the Malthusian parameter of an age-dependent branching process are obtained in terms of the moments of the lifetime distribution, by exploiting a link with renewal theory. In several examples, the new approximations are more accurate than those currently in use, even when based on only the first two moments. The new approximations are extended to include a form of asymmetric cell division that occurs in some species of yeast. When used for inference, the new approximations are shown to have high efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M S Ridout
- Institute of Mathematics, Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NF, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cole DJ, Ghazal EA, Osborne TN. Effect of an anion transport inhibitor, L-644,711, on brain injury and edema after temporary middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2005; 3:258-64. [PMID: 15815420 DOI: 10.1097/00008506-199112000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The affect of L-644,711, an anion transport inhibitor, on ischemic brain injury and edema was investigated. Spontaneously hypertensive rats were given one of the following doses of intrathecal L-644,711 during 180 min of middle cerebral artery occlusion and 120 min of reperfusion: control, vehicle only; dose I, 100 microg/kg: dose II, 200 microg/kg; dose III, 250 mug/kg; or dose IV, 320 microg/kg. Immediately after the 5-h period of ischemia and reperfusion, the brains were analyzed for brain injury with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride, and for edema by microgravimetry (specific gravity). There were no between-group differences in specific gravity (brain water content). Brain injury (% of the hemisphere ipsilateral to middle cerebral artery occlusion) was less (p <0.05) in rats that received the 250 (35 +/- 5%, mean +/- SD) or 320 microg/kg (36 +/- 6%) doses of L-644,711 vs. the control group (47 +/- 5%). L-644,711 has been hypothesized to affect brain injury by improving the neuronal acid-base state, inhibiting astroglial swelling, decreasing neutrophil aggregation, or reducing glutamate release. The microgravimetric data do not support astroglial swelling as a primary mechanism of decreased brain injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D J Cole
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, U.S.A
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Affiliation(s)
- J C Drummond
- The Department of Anesthesia of the Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Diego, The University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Certain yeast cells contain proteins that behave like the mammalian prion PrP and are called yeast prions. The yeast prion protein Sup35p can exist in one of two stable forms, giving rise to phenotypes [PSI(+)] and [psi(-)]. If the chemical guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl) is added to a culture of growing [PSI(+)] cells, the proportion of [PSI(+)] cells decreases over time. This process is called curing and is due to a failure to propagate the prion form of Sup35p. We describe how curing can be modelled, and improve upon previous models for the underlying processes of cell division and prion segregation; the new model allows for asymmetric cell division and unequal prion segregation. We conclude by outlining plans for future experimentation and modelling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D J Cole
- Institute of Mathematics, Statistics, and Actuarial Science, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent. CT2 7NF, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
|
17
|
McEwen AG, Cole DJ, Lapthorn AJ. Structural diversity of plant glutathione S-transferases. Acta Crystallogr A 2004. [DOI: 10.1107/s010876730409662x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
|
18
|
Varley MA, Cole DJ. Studies in sow reproduction: 5. The effect of lactation length of the so w on the subsequent embryonic development. Anim Prod 2002; 22:79-85. [PMID: 12333832 DOI: 10.1017/s0003356100035443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SummaryForty-five female pigs (sows) were allocated at random to one of three lactation lengths: 7 days, 21 days, 42 days. All sows were remated at the first post-weaning oestrus and were slaughtered at 20 days post coitum. The reproductive tracts were removed, dissected and examined. Ovulation rates as determined by luteal count were similar for all three groups, but the number of viable embryos decreased significantly (P < 0·05) from 13·0 for the 42-day lactation group to 9·2 for the 7-day lactation group. This difference was reflected in a significant (P < 0·01) reduction in the percentage embryo survival rate as lactation length was reduced. Uterine lengths for the 7-day lactation group were significantly (P < 0·05) shorter than the other two groups. Six sows in each treatment group were blood sampled: at weaning, at remating, at 2 days post-mating, at 10 days post-mating and at 20 days post-mating. The plasma samples obtained were assayed for progesterone. No differences were observed between treatment groups for plasma progesterone concentration at any of the sampling times. It is concluded that the reduction of the litter size at the next farrowing following a short lactation length is largely a result of increased embryo death in the first 20 days of gestation.
Collapse
|
19
|
Varley MA, Cole DJ. Studies in sow reproduction: 4. The effect of level of feeding in lactation and during the interval from weaning to remating on the subsequent reproductive performance of the early-weaned sow. Anim Prod 2002; 22:71-7. [PMID: 12333831 DOI: 10.1017/s0003356100035431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SummarySeventy-five enzootic pneumonia-free female pigs (sows) were allocated at random to one of five treatment groups. Four of these groups were weaned following a 10-day lactation period and were fed either 2 or 4 kg per day in lactation and either 2 or 4 kg per day from weaning to remating, such that the patterns of feeding for the four groups in the two periods were: 4 kg, 4 kg (HH); 4 kg, 2 kg (HL); 2 kg, 4 kg (LH) and 2 kg, 2 kg (LL). A fifth treatment group (control) was weaned following a 42-day lactation period and was fed up to 6·3 kg/day, depending on litter size and 2·7 kg/day from weaning to remating. Level of feeding for the four early-weaned groups in both lactation and in the interval from weaning to remating significantly (P < 0·001) affected the weight changes of the sows during these periods. The interval from weaning to oestrus for the early-weaned sows (8·2 days) was significantly (P < 0·001) greater than for the control sows (4·5 days), but this interval was not affected by level of feeding either in lactation or in the remating period for the early-weaned sows. Litter size at the subsequent farrowing for the early-weaned sows (9·3 piglets) was significantly (P < 0·001) less than litter size for the control sows (12·0 piglets). Level of feeding in lactation or in the weaning to remating period had no effect on subsequent litter size of the early-weaned sows.
Collapse
|
20
|
Mitas M, Mikhitarian K, Hoover L, Lockett MA, Kelley L, Hill A, Gillanders WE, Cole DJ. Prostate-Specific Ets (PSE) factor: a novel marker for detection of metastatic breast cancer in axillary lymph nodes. Br J Cancer 2002; 86:899-904. [PMID: 11953821 PMCID: PMC2364139 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2001] [Revised: 01/07/2002] [Accepted: 01/09/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate Specific Ets factor is a recently identified transcriptional activator that is overexpressed in prostate cancer. To determine whether this gene is overexpressed in breast cancer, we performed a virtual Northern blot using data available online at the Cancer Genome Anatomy Project website. Ninety-five SAGE libraries were probed with a unique sequence tag to the Prostate Specific Ets gene. The results indicate that Prostate Specific Ets is expressed in 14 out of 15 breast cancer libraries (93%), nine out of 10 prostate cancer libraries (90%), three out of 40 libraries from other cancers (7.5%), and four out of 30 normal tissue libraries (13%). To determine the possibility that the Prostate Specific Ets gene is a novel marker for detection of metastatic breast cancer in axillary lymph nodes, quantitative real-time RT-PCR analyses were performed. The mean level of Prostate Specific Ets expression in lymph nodes containing metastatic breast cancer (n=22) was 410-fold higher than in normal lymph node (n=51). A receiver operator characteristic curve analysis indicated that Prostate Specific Ets was overexpressed in 18 out of 22 lymph nodes containing metastatic breast cancer (82%). The receiver operator characteristic curve analysis also indicated that the diagnostic accuracy of the Prostate Specific Ets gene for detection of metastatic breast cancer in axillary lymph nodes was 0.949. These results provide evidence that Prostate Specific Ets is a potentially informative novel marker for detection of metastatic breast cancer in axillary lymph nodes, and should be included in any study that involves molecular profiling of breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Mitas
- Department of Surgery, Suite 420, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Cole DJ, Cross LM, Drummond JC, Patel PM, Jacobsen WK. Thiopentone and methohexital, but not pentobarbitone, reduce early focal cerebral ischemic injury in rats. Can J Anaesth 2001; 48:807-14. [PMID: 11546724 DOI: 10.1007/bf03016699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Although barbiturates are considered to be cerebral protectants, little is known regarding the relative efficacy of different barbiturates to reduce ischemic brain injury. In a model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo), we compared the relative effects of 1.0 and 0.4 burst-suppression doses of thiopentone, methohexital, and pentobarbitone on cerebral infarct. METHODS During isoflurane anesthesia, MCAo was achieved via a temporal craniotomy. Thirty minutes before MCAo the rats were randomized to receive one of the following which was maintained throughout the study. Halothane (n=20)-1.2 MAC halothane, thiopentone (n=20), methohexital (n=20), or pentobarbitone (n=20). The first ten animals in each barbiturate group received the respective barbiturate in a dose sufficient to maintain burst-suppression of the electroencephalogram (3-5 bursts x min(-1)). The subsequent ten animals in each barbiturate group received 40% of the burst-suppression dose. After 180 min of MCAo and 120 min of reperfusion, cerebral injury was assessed. RESULTS For the burst-suppression animals, injury volume (mm3, mean +/- SD) was less in the thiopentone group (88 +/- 14) than the halothane (133 +/- 17), methohexital (126 +/- 19), or pentobarbitone (130 +/- 17) groups (P <0.05). For 0.4 burst-suppression animals, injury volume was less for the methohexital group (70 +/- 22) than the halothane (124 +/- 24), thiopentone (118 +/- 15), or pentobarbitone (121 +/- 20) groups (P <0.05). CONCLUSIONS These data are inconsistent with the longstanding assumption that electrophysiologically comparable doses of the various classes of barbiturates have equivalent protective efficacy. They in turn suggest that mechanisms other than, or at least in addition to, metabolic suppression may contribute to the protective effect of barbiturates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D J Cole
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California 92354, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Nguyen CL, Bui JT, Demcheva M, Vournakis JN, Cole DJ, Gillanders WE. Sustained release of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor from a modular peptide-based cancer vaccine alters vaccine microenvironment and enhances the antigen-specific T-cell response. J Immunother 2001; 24:420-9. [PMID: 11696697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
The recent identification and molecular characterization of tumor antigens provides the opportunity to explore the rational development of peptide-based cancer vaccines. However, the response to these vaccines remains variable, and peptide-based cancer vaccines may even produce tolerance induction and enhanced tumor growth. The authors have developed a unique method for the isolation of a polysaccharide polymer of chemically pure poly- N -acetyl glucosamine (p-GlcNAc). This highly purified polysaccharide can be formulated into a stable gel matrix (designated F2 gel matrix) with unique properties of a sustained-release delivery system that has previously been shown to be an effective immune adjuvant. F2 gel matrix is capable of providing sustained release of antigenic peptide and cytokine in vitro. The purposes of this study were to characterize the ability of F2 gel matrix to provide sustained local release of cytokines in vivo and to test the hypothesis that such sustained release can enhance the microenvironment for antigen presentation, leading to a more effective antitumor response. Subcutaneous administration of F2 gel/cytokine matrix resulted in sustained release of cytokine at the vaccine site for up to 120 hours. Sustained release of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) was associated with an increased inflammatory infiltrate at the vaccine site and enhanced dendritic cell activation. Further, accination with F2 gel/SIINFEKL/GM-CSF matrix resulted in enhanced antigen-specific immunity. Addition of GM-CSF to the F2 gel matrix resulted in an increase in the percentage of antigen-specific T cells in the draining lymph nodes, enhanced cytotoxicity, a sustained presence of antigen-specific T cells in the peripheral blood, and protection from E.G7 tumor challenge. These results support the potential of an F2 gel matrix modular vaccine delivery system that can provide sustained local release of cytokine in vivo, and confirm the powerful effects of GM-CSF as an immune adjuvant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C L Nguyen
- Department of Surgery, Section of Surgical Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kelley JR, Fraser MM, Schweinfest CW, Vournakis JN, Watson DK, Cole DJ. CaSm/gemcitabine chemo-gene therapy leads to prolonged survival in a murine model of pancreatic cancer. Surgery 2001; 130:280-8. [PMID: 11490361 DOI: 10.1067/msy.2001.115899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CaSm, the cancer-associated Sm-like oncogene, is overexpressed in greater than 80% of pancreatic tumors. We previously reported that an adenovirus expressing antisense RNA to CaSm (Ad-alpha CaSm) can decrease pancreatic tumor growth in vivo but is not curative. In the current study we investigated the mechanism of Ad-alpha CaSm's antitumor effect to rationally approach combinatorial therapy for improved efficacy. METHODS AsPC-1 and Panc-1 human pancreatic cancer cells were treated with Ad-alpha CaSm and examined by MTT assay for in vitro proliferation changes. Flow cytometry determined the effect of CaSm down-regulation on the cell cycle, and then cells treated with Ad-alpha CaSm in combination with cisplatin, etoposide, or gemcitabine chemotherapies were reexamined by MTT assay. SCID-Bg mice bearing subcutaneous AsPC-1 tumors were treated with Ad-alpha CaSm, gemcitabine, or the combination and monitored for tumor growth and survival. RESULTS Treatment with Ad-alpha CaSm reduced the proliferation of AsPC-1 and Panc-1 cells (59% and 44%, respectively; P <.05). The cell cycle revealed a cytostatic block with decreased G(1) phase and increased DNA content in treated cells. The combination of Ad-alpha CaSm with gemcitabine significantly reduced in vitro proliferation (66% vs 39% and 48% for controls), decreased in vivo AsPC-1 tumor growth by 71% (n = 10), and extended survival time from 57 to 100 days. CONCLUSIONS Down-regulation of CaSm reduces the growth of pancreatic cancer cells by altering the cell cycle in a cytostatic manner. The combination of Ad-alpha CaSm with gemcitabine is more effective than either agent used separately.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J R Kelley
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Mitas M, Mikhitarian K, Walters C, Baron PL, Elliott BM, Brothers TE, Robison JG, Metcalf JS, Palesch YY, Zhang Z, Gillanders WE, Cole DJ. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR detection of breast cancer micrometastasis using a multigene marker panel. Int J Cancer 2001; 93:162-71. [PMID: 11410861 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.1312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Real-time RT-PCR is a relatively new technology that uses an online fluorescence detection system to determine gene expression levels. It has the potential to significantly improve detection of breast cancer metastasis by virtue of its exquisite sensitivity, high throughput capacity and quantitative readout system. To assess the utility of this technology in breast cancer staging, we determined the relative expression levels of 12 cancer-associated genes (mam, PIP, mamB, CEA, CK19, VEGF, erbB2, muc1, c-myc, p97, vim and Ki67) in 51 negative-control normal lymph nodes and in 17 histopathology-positive ALNs. We then performed a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to determine the sensitivity and specificity levels of each gene. Areas under the ROC curve indicated that the most accurate diagnostic markers were mam (99.6%), PIP (93.3%), CK19 (91.0%), mamB (87.9%), muc1 (81.5%) and CEA (79.4.0%). mam was overexpressed in 16 of 17 lymph nodes known to contain metastatic breast cancer at levels ranging from 22- to 2.8 x 10(5)-fold above normal mean expression, whereas PIP was overexpressed from 30- to 2.2 x 10(6)-fold above normal in 13 lymph nodes. Real-time RT-PCR analysis of pathology-negative LN from breast cancer patients revealed evidence of overexpression of PIP (6 nodes), mam (3 nodes) and CEA (1 node) in 8 of 21 nodes (38%). Our results provide evidence that mam, PIP, CK19, mamB, muc1 and CEA can be applied as a panel for detection of metastatic and occult micrometastatic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Mitas
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Thom R, Dixon DP, Edwards R, Cole DJ, Lapthorn AJ. The structure of a zeta class glutathione S-transferase from Arabidopsis thaliana: characterisation of a GST with novel active-site architecture and a putative role in tyrosine catabolism. J Mol Biol 2001; 308:949-62. [PMID: 11352584 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.2001.4638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The cis-trans isomerisation of maleylacetoacetate to fumarylacetoacetate is the penultimate step in the tyrosine/phenylalanine catabolic pathway and has recently been shown to be catalysed by glutathione S-transferase enzymes belonging to the zeta class. Given this primary metabolic role it is unsurprising that zeta class glutathione S-transferases are well conserved over a considerable period of evolution, being found in vertebrates, plants, insects and fungi. The structure of this glutathione S-transferase, cloned from Arabidopsis thaliana, has been solved by single isomorphous replacement with anomalous scattering and refined to a final crystallographic R-factor of 19.6% using data from 25.0 A to 1.65 A. The zeta class enzyme adopts the canonical glutathione S-transferase fold and forms a homodimer with each subunit consisting of 221 residues. In agreement with structures of glutathione S-transferases from the theta and phi classes, a serine residue (Ser17) is present in the active site, at a position that would allow it to stabilise the thiolate anion of glutathione. Site-directed mutagenesis of this residue confirms its importance in catalysis. In addition, the role of a highly conserved cysteine residue (Cys19) present in the active site of the zeta class glutathione S-transferase enzymes is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Thom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Nguyen CL, McClay EF, Cole DJ, O'Brien PH, Gillanders WE, Metcalf JS, Maize JC, Baron PL. Melanoma thickness and histology predict sentinel lymph node status. Am J Surg 2001; 181:8-11. [PMID: 11248167 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9610(00)00533-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It remains unclear which patients with melanoma will benefit most from lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphadenectomy. The purpose of this study is to determine whether primary melanoma histopathologic features could be applied to predict sentinel node status. METHODS One hundred twelve patients underwent sentinel node biopsy between May 1995 and August 1999. Reported histologic features were assessed for predictive value by univariate and multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS The sentinel node was located successfully in 105 of the 112 patients (94%). Twenty-one of these 105 patients (20%) had sentinel nodes that were positive for metastatic disease. Multivariate analyses revealed that tumor thickness greater than 1.5 mm (P = 0.01), ulceration (P <0.01), and lymphovascular invasion (P = 0.05) predicted the presence of micrometastases. CONCLUSIONS The presence of unfavorable histopathology such as ulceration and lymphovascular invasion may identify a group of patients with thin melanomas who would benefit from sentinel lymphadenectomy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C L Nguyen
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, P.O. Box 250613, 29425, Charleston, SC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The Carolinas have been documented to have a low rate of breast-conserving surgery. The purpose of this study was to determine factors that influence women's choice between mastectomy and lumpectomy. METHODS An anonymous questionnaire was designed for the study and was mailed to women on the mailing lists of cancer organizations in North and South Carolina. Women who had initially been treated in 1995-1998 were included. RESULTS The rate of breast-conserving surgery (BCS) was 18% and actually declined from a high of 23% in 1995. The highest rate of BCS was in private hospitals rather than academic health science centers. Fifty-four of the 212 respondents believed they were given a choice between mastectomy and BSC and, of these, only 15% (n = 80) chose BSC. Women in the two treatment groups differed in education and income. Sources of treatment-related information included cancer organizations, popular media, friends, family, and the Internet. The most important factor to both groups was perceived probability of cure. Avoidance of radiation treatments was a factor among the mastectomy group. CONCLUSIONS The low rate of BCS for the region was confirmed. Many women are still unconvinced that BSC offers as great a likelihood of cure as mastectomy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Benedict
- College of Nursing, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Dixon DP, Cole DJ, Edwards R. Characterisation of a Zeta Class Glutathione Transferase from Arabidopsis thaliana with a Putative Role in Tyrosine Catabolism. Arch Biochem Biophys 2000; 384:407-12. [PMID: 11368331 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2000.2125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A glutathione transferase (GST) similar to zeta GSTs in animals and fungi has been cloned from Arabidopsis thaliana using RT-PCR. The Arabidopsis zeta GST (AtGSTZ1) was expressed in Escherichia coli as his-tagged polypeptides, which associated together to form the 50-kDa AtGSTZ1-1 homodimer. Following purification, AtGSTZ1-1 was assayed for a range of activities and compared with other purified recombinant plant GSTs from the phi, tau, and theta classes. AtGSTZ1-1 differed from the other GSTs in showing no glutathione conjugating activity toward xenobiotics and no glutathione peroxidase activity toward organic hydroperoxides. Uniquely among the plant GSTs, AtGSTZ1-1 showed activity as a maleylacetone isomerase (MAI). This glutathione-dependent reaction is analogous to the cis-trans isomerization of maleylacetoacetate to fumarylacetoacetate, which occurs in the course of tyrosine catabolism to acetoacetate and fumarate. Thus, rather than functioning as a conventional GST, AtGSTZ1-1 appears to be involved in tyrosine degradation. In addition to the MAI activity, the AtGSTZ1-1 also catalyzed the glutathione-dependent dehalogenation of dichloroacetic acid to glyoxylic acid. This latter activity was used to demonstrate the presence of functional AtGSTZ1-1 inplanta.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D P Dixon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Durham, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Erhart SM, Cole DJ, Patel PM, Drummond JC, Burhop KE. Effect of alpha-alpha diaspirin crosslinked hemoglobin (DCLHb) on the potency of sodium nitroprusside and nitroglycerine to decrease blood pressure in rats: a dose-response study. Artif Cells Blood Substit Immobil Biotechnol 2000; 28:385-96. [PMID: 11009111 DOI: 10.3109/10731190009118583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The nitrovasodilators, sodium nitroprusside and nitroglycerine, effect a dose-dependent decrease in mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) by liberating nitric oxide. Alpha-alpha diaspirin crosslinked hemoglobin (DCLHb) is known to bind nitric oxide. We studied the effect of DCLHb on the potency of sodium nitroprusside (n=36) and nitroglycerine (n=36) to decrease MABP in rats which received 1, 10, 100, 1,000, or 10,000 mg/kg of the DCLHb, or normal saline as the Control. Six doses of sodium nitroprusside or nitroglycerine were given to each rat in a systematically varied sequence. For both drugs, in rats given 1, 10, or 100 mg/kg of DCLHb there were no between groups differences in the change in MABP compared to the Control group. For rats that received 1,000 or 10,000 mg/kg of DCLHb, the potency of nitroglycerine and sodium nitroprusside to decrease MABP was less (p<0.05) than the other groups. These data support the hypothesis that small doses of DCLHb effect a minimal change in the potency of nitrovasodilators to reduce blood pressure. However, they suggest that clinically relevant doses of DCLHb attenuate the vasodilatory ability of sodium nitroprusside and nitroglycerine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S M Erhart
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University, CA 92354, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kelley JR, Brown JM, Frasier MM, Baron PL, Schweinfest CW, Vournakis JN, Watson DK, Cole DJ. The cancer-associated Sm-like oncogene: a novel target for the gene therapy of pancreatic cancer. Surgery 2000; 128:353-60. [PMID: 10923016 DOI: 10.1067/msy.2000.107605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognosis for pancreatic cancer (PC) remains dismal, providing a clear need for the development of novel therapies. We have previously shown that the cancer-associated Sm-like (CaSm) oncogene is overexpressed in the great majority of pancreatic tumors and is required to maintain the transformed phenotype. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the application of CaSm antisense gene therapy would generate a significant antitumor effect against PC. METHODS An adenoviral vector (Ad-alphaCaSm) expressing a 900-base pair antisense RNA to CaSm was created. The PC cell lines AsPC-1 and Capan-1 were infected with this vector and examined for changes in in vitro proliferation by using methyl thiazol tetrazolium and soft agar assays. SCID-Bg mice bearing subcutaneous AsPC-1 tumors were treated with Ad-alphaCaSm (1 x 10(9) plaque-forming units) as a single intratumor injection with tumor growth and survival monitored. RESULTS AsPC-1 and Capan-1 cells showed decreased in vitro proliferation (93%, P =.0041, and 70%, P =. 0038, respectively) and anchorage independent growth (55%, P =.02, and 45%, P =.03, respectively) after treatment. Ad-alphaCaSm reduced in vivo AsPC-1 tumor growth by 40% (n = 10), extending median survival time from 35 to 60 days. CONCLUSIONS Ad-alphaCaSm demonstrates a significant antitumor effect against pancreatic cancer both in vitro and in vivo. These results support the role of CaSm as a significant gene involved in the neoplastic transformation of pancreatic tumors. Thus CaSm represents a novel gene target in PC and holds potential as a new treatment approach either alone or in combination with existing therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J R Kelley
- Department of Surgery, Center for Molecular and Structural Biology, and Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
McClay EF, McClay ME, Monroe L, Baron PL, Cole DJ, O'Brien PH, Metcalf JS, Maize JC. The effect of tamoxifen and cisplatin on the disease-free and overall survival of patients with high risk malignant melanoma. Br J Cancer 2000; 83:16-21. [PMID: 10883662 PMCID: PMC2374536 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.1999.1220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The adjuvant treatment of high-risk malignant melanoma remains problematic. Previously we reported moderate success in the treatment of metastatic disease using tamoxifen, cisplatin, dacarbazine and carmustine. Based upon data that suggested tamoxifen and cisplatin were the active agents in this regimen, we initiated a phase II trial of this combination in the adjuvant setting. We treated 153 patients with 4 cycles of tamoxifen (160 mg day(-1), days 1-7) and cisplatin (100 mg m(-2), day 2) for 28-day intervals. Patients received an anti-nausea regimen of dexamethasone with ondansetron or granisetron. During the first 2 years of follow-up, patients were evaluated every 2 months with a history, physical exam, laboratory work and computed tomography scans of the chest, abdomen and pelvis every 4 months. Thereafter, patients were evaluated every 3 months and radiographic studies were performed if necessary. Currently, with a median follow-up of 36 months, the disease-free survival (DFS) is 68.4% and overall survival (OS) is 84.5%. Kaplan-Meier analysis predicts a 5-year DFS of 62% with an OS of 79%. Relapses after 20 months have been rare. No effect of gender or number of positive lymph nodes was noted, however, stage of disease prior treatment was a factor. The major toxicity proved to be gastrointestinal in nature with nausea the most prevalent symptom. Minimal renal, haematologic and neurologic toxicity occurred. These preliminary results suggest that there is a positive impact of tamoxifen and cisplatin on both the DFS and OS of high-risk malignant melanoma patients. The 5-year projected DFS and OS compare favourably with those reported for the ECOG 1684 trial and warrant confirmation in a prospective randomized trial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E F McClay
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0063, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kawaguchi M, Kimbro JR, Drummond JC, Cole DJ, Kelly PJ, Patel PM. Isoflurane delays but does not prevent cerebral infarction in rats subjected to focal ischemia. Anesthesiology 2000; 92:1335-42. [PMID: 10781279 DOI: 10.1097/00000542-200005000-00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several investigations have shown that volatile anesthetics can reduce ischemic cerebral injury. In these studies, however, neurologic injury was evaluated only after a short recovery period. Recent data suggest that injury caused by ischemia is a dynamic process characterized by continual neuronal loss for a prolonged period. Whether isoflurane-mediated neuroprotection is sustained after a longer recovery period is not known. The current study was conducted to compare the effect of isoflurane on brain injury after short (2-day) and long (14-day) recovery periods in rats subjected to focal ischemia. METHODS Fasted Wistar-Kyoto rats were anesthetized with isoflurane and randomly allocated to an awake (n = 36) or an isoflurane (n = 34) group. Animals in both groups were subjected to focal ischemia by filament occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. Pericranial temperature was servocontrolled at 37 degrees C throughout the experiment. In the awake group, isoflurane was discontinued and the animals were allowed to awaken. In the isoflurane group, isoflurane anesthesia was maintained at 1.5 times the minimum alveolar concentration. After 70 min of focal ischemia, the filament was removed. Animals were killed 2 days (awake, n = 18; isoflurane, n = 17) and 14 days (awake, n = 18; isoflurane, n = 17) after ischemia. The volumes of cerebral infarction and selective neuronal necrosis in the animals were determined by image analysis of hematoxylin and eosin-stained coronal brain sections. RESULTS Cortical and subcortical volumes of infarction were significantly less in the isoflurane 2-day group (26 +/- 23 mm3 and 17 +/- 6 mm3, respectively) than in the awake 2-day group (58 +/- 35 mm3, P < 0. 01; and 28 +/- 12 mm3, P < 0.01, respectively). By contrast, cortical and subcortical volumes of infarction in the awake (41 +/- 31 mm3 and 28 +/- 16 mm3, respectively) and isoflurane (41 +/- 35 mm3 and 19 +/- 8 mm3, respectively) 14-day groups were not different (cortex, P = 0.99; subcortex, P = 0.08). The volume of cortical tissue in which selective neuronal necrosis was observed, however, was significantly less in the isoflurane 14-day group (5 +/- 4 mm3) than in the awake 14-day group (17 +/- 9 mm3, P < 0.01). The total number of necrotic neurons in the region of selective neuronal necrosis was significantly smaller in the isoflurane 14-day group than in the awake 14-day group (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Compared with the awake state, isoflurane reduced the extent of infarction assessed 2 days after focal ischemia in rats. At 14 days, however, only selective neuronal necrosis, but not infarction, was reduced by isoflurane. These results suggest that isoflurane delays but does not prevent cerebral infarction caused by focal ischemia. Isoflurane may attenuate the delayed development of selective neuronal necrosis in periinfarct areas in this animal model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Kawaguchi
- Department of Anesthesiology, VA Medical Center and University of California, San Diego, California 92161, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isoflurane and pentobarbital can reduce alpha-amino-d-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate (AMPA) receptor-mediated toxicity in vitro. However, their effect on AMPA toxicity in vivo is not known. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of isoflurane and pentobarbital on the in vivo neurotoxicity produced by AMPA. METHODS Wistar-Kyoto rats were allocated to one of seven groups (n = 8 per group): isoflurane 1 minimum alveolar concentration, isoflurane electroencephalogram burst suppression (EEG-BS), low-dose pentobarbital, pentobarbital EEG-BS, NBQX, conscious, and sham groups. AMPA 30 nm was injected into the cortex. An equivalent volume of cerebrospinal fluid was injected into the cortex in the sham group. In the NBQX group, 200 nm NBQX was injected into the cortex with the AMPA. In the isoflurane and pentobarbital groups, anesthesia was maintained for a period of 5 h. Animals in the conscious, NBQX, and sham groups were allowed to awaken immediately after the AMPA injection. Injury to the cortex was evaluated 48 h later. RESULTS Isoflurane reduced AMPA-induced cortical injury (4.5 +/- 1.9 mm3 and 1.7 +/- 0.8 mm3 in the 1 minimum alveolar concentration and EEG-BS groups, respectively) in comparison to the conscious group (7.2 +/- 0.8 mm3). Pentobarbital reduced cortical injury when administered in EEG-BS doses (2.2 +/- 0.7 mm3) but not when administered in sedative doses (8.6 +/- 0.9 mm3). NBQX reduced AMPA-induced cortical injury (1.2 +/- 0.5 mm3). CONCLUSIONS Isoflurane and pentobarbital reduced cortical AMPA excitotoxicity. The magnitude of injury reduction was similar to that produced by NBQX when the anesthetics were administered in EEG-BS doses. These results are consistent with the previously demonstrated ability of isoflurane and pentobarbital to inhibit AMPA receptor responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J R Kimbro
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, VA Medical Center, San Diego 92161, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Affiliation(s)
- R M Schell
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California 92350-0002, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Cole DJ, Baron PL, O'Brien P, Reed CE, Schlom J, Tsang KY. Phase I Study of Recombinant Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) Vaccinia Virus Vaccine With Post Vaccination Carcinoembryonic Antigen Peptide (CAP-1) Boost. Clin Lung Cancer 2000; 1:227-9. [PMID: 14733650 DOI: 10.3816/clc.2000.n.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D J Cole
- MUSC Department of Surgery and Hollings Cancer Center, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
|
37
|
Abstract
UNLABELLED Recent in vitro data indicate that isoflurane can reduce N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated responses and thereby might reduce excitotoxicity. However, the effect of isoflurane on NMDA receptor-mediated toxicity in vivo is not known. We conducted the present study to evaluate the effect of isoflurane on injury produced by cortical injection of NMDA in vivo and to compare it with dizocilpine, an antagonist of the NMDA receptor. Fasted Wistar-Kyoto rats were anesthetized with isoflurane. NMDA 50 nmoles (5-microL volume) were stereotactically injected into the cortex (2.8 mm lateral and 2.8 mm rostral to the bregma, depth 2 mm) of animals in one of four groups. In the isoflurane groups, the end-tidal concentration of isoflurane was maintained at either electroencephalogram (EEG)-burst suppression (BS) doses (2.2%-2.3%, n = 12) or a 1 minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration (MAC) dose (n = 10). In the dizocilpine group (n = 10), 10 mg/kg dizocilpine was injected IV 15 min before the NMDA injection. In the awake group and the dizocilpine group, anesthesia was discontinued on completion of the NMDA injection, and the animals were allowed to awaken. In the animals in the control group (n = 10), 20 microL of artificial cerebrospinal fluid was injected into the cortex. Injury to the cortex was evaluated 2 days after the NMDA injection. In 1 MAC doses and EEG-BS doses, isoflurane reduced the injury produced by a cortical NMDA injection compared with the awake state (1.74+/-0.49 and 0.96+/-0.46 vs 2.34+/-0.56 mm3; P = 0.02). Dizocilpine reduced cortical injury (0.56+/-0.27; P = 0.01) compared with the awake state. Injury in the control group was limited to the trauma produced by cannula insertion. In the isoflurane EEG-BS and dizocilpine groups, the injury was not different from the control group. IMPLICATIONS Isoflurane can reduce N-methyl-D-aspartate-mediated cortical injury in vivo in a dose-dependent manner. These data are consistent with the previously demonstrated ability of isoflurane to reduce N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated responses in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Harada
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Clark JW, Snell L, Shiu RP, Orr FW, Maitre N, Vary CP, Cole DJ, Watson PH. The potential role for prolactin-inducible protein (PIP) as a marker of human breast cancer micrometastasis. Br J Cancer 1999; 81:1002-8. [PMID: 10576657 PMCID: PMC2362951 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6690799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The prolactin-inducible protein (PIP/GCPD15) is believed to originate from a limited set of tissues, including breast and salivary glands, and has been applied as a clinical marker for the diagnosis of metastatic tumours of unknown origin. We have investigated the potential role of PIP mRNA as a marker of human breast cancer metastasis. Using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Southern or dot blot analysis, PIP mRNA was detected in 4/6 breast cell lines, independent of oestrogen receptor (ER) status. In breast primary tumours (n = 97), analysed from histologically characterized sections, PIP mRNA was detected in most cases. Higher PIP mRNA levels correlated with ER+ (P = 0.0004), progesterone receptor positive (PR+) (P = 0.0167), low-grade (P = 0.0195) tumours, and also PIP protein levels assessed by immunohistochemistry (n = 19, P = 0.0319). PIP mRNA expression was also detectable in 11/16 (69%) of axillary node metastases. PIP mRNA expression, however, was also detected in normal breast duct epithelium, skin, salivary gland and peripheral blood leucocyte samples from normal individuals. We conclude that PIP mRNA is frequently expressed in both primary human breast tumours and nodal metastases. However, the presence of PIP expression in skin creates a potential source of contamination in venepuncture samples that should be considered in its application as a marker for breast tumour micrometastases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J W Clark
- Department of Pathology, University of Manitoba, Faculty of Medicine, Winnipeg, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Our studies examined the hypothesis that the distribution of cerebral injury after a focal ischemic insult in the immature rat pup is associated with the regional distribution of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity and that differences in the vulnerability to ischemia between pup and adult might be related to differences in cofactor availability. We measured NOS activity in well-defined regions prone to become either core or penumbra in controls and at different times (end of occlusion, 0.5 h, and 24 h reperfusion) after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) from the right and left hemispheres in a 14- to 18-day-old rat pup filament model. Three groups of corresponding isoflurane sham controls were also included. "Core" NOS activity for combined right and left hemispheres ranged from 113% to 217% more than "penumbral" regions in control and sham groups. In the three MCAO groups, marked decreases in ischemic core and penumbral NOS activity were seen; however, core NOS remained higher than penumbral regions bilaterally. The effects of cofactor addition (10 microM tetrahydrobiopterin, 3 microM flavin adenine dinucleotide, and 3 microM flavin mononucleotide) on NOS activity were similar in "core" and "penumbral" regions in control and sham groups. However, after 24 h MCAO, cofactor addition preferentially increased NOS activity in the ischemic hemisphere. Co-factor addition in the pup also had a greater effect on enhancing NOS activity in all regions compared with the adult. Greater NOS activity in core regions in the rat pup, as in the adult, could in part, explain the increased vulnerability of that region to ischemia. NOS activity also can be influenced by the availability of cofactors and this effect may be greater in the immature animal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Ashwal
- Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, California 92350, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Cole DJ, Connolly RJ, Chan MW, Schwaitzberg SD, Byrne TK, Adams DB, Baron PL, O'Brien PH, Metcalf JS, Demcheva M, Vournakis J. A pilot study evaluating the efficacy of a fully acetylated poly-N-acetyl glucosamine membrane formulation as a topical hemostatic agent. Surgery 1999; 126:510-7. [PMID: 10486603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Topical hemostatic agents are frequently needed for control of intraoperative bleeding. Currently available topical products each have potential drawbacks, making a more effective topical hemostatic agent desirable. This study was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of a particular formulation of a newly available polysaccharide polymer, poly-N-acetyl glucosamine (p-GlcNAc), as a topical hemostatic agent for use in the operating room. Swine splenic incision and splenic capsular stripping hemorrhage models were initially used, with a subsequent pilot human study then performed. METHODS For the swine splenic incision model, anesthetized immature female Yorkshire white swine had a 3 x 8 mm incision created on the spleen. One of 3 agents (p-GlcNAc membrane, oxidized cellulose, or absorbable collagen) was sequentially applied to individual wounds and digitally compressed for 20 seconds. The wound was observed without pressure for 2 minutes. Up to 8 wounds per animal were created in 7 animals. For the swine splenic capsular stripping model a 2 x 2 cm area of capsular stripping on the surface of the spleen to a depth of 3 mm was created. Either p-GlcNAc membrane or oxidized cellulose was applied and digitally compressed for 60 seconds, followed by observation without pressure for 2 minutes. Six wounds per animal were created in 2 animals. If bleeding persisted in either model, a new cycle of compression was applied. These steps were repeated until hemostasis was achieved. No change in hemodynamics or coagulation factors was observed in either model. Subsequently, 10 consecutive patients undergoing elective small-bowel surgery were enrolled on pilot study. A 5 x 3 x 3 mm cruciate incision was created midway between the mesenteric and antimesenteric borders of the small bowel. Either p-GlcNAc membrane formulation or oxidized cellulose was applied (the sequence alternated per patient) with a 400-mg weight used for even, direct pressure. A second cruciate incision was then created on the contralateral side of the bowel to evaluate the second material. The number of applications required for hemostasis was assessed. Hemodynamics, small-bowel pathologic condition, and hematologic parameters were evaluated. RESULTS The p-GlcNAc membrane required fewer cycles of compression in the swine splenic incision model to achieve hemostasis than either absorbable collagen or oxidized cellulose (1.25 vs 2.58 and 3.41, respectively; P < .01) and caused more effective immediate cessation of bleeding (79% for p-GlcNAc vs 17% for both absorbable collagen and oxidized cellulose). With the more traumatic splenic capsular stripping model, p-GlcNAc required fewer cycles of compression to achieve hemostasis than oxidized cellulose (average, 2.5 versus 6.8 respectively; P < .01) and was able to achieve hemostasis with greater efficacy (50%) in 2 applications than did oxidized cellulose (0%; P < .01). When used in the human pilot study, p-GlcNAc membranes required fewer cycles of compression than oxidized cellulose (2.5 vs 5.4, respectively; P < .002), was able to stop bleeding with greater efficacy in 1 cycle of compression (50% vs 0%, respectively; P < .01), and ultimately accomplished hemostasis in 80% of the cases as opposed to 20%. CONCLUSIONS On the basis of its greater hemostatic efficacy as compared with collagen or oxidized cellulose-based products, p-GlcNAc holds promise as an effective topical hemostatic agent and deserves further evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D J Cole
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Two cDNAs encoding novel type III maize (Zea mays) GST subunits, ZmGST VI and ZmGST VII, have been cloned in addition to the previously described ZmGST V. Together with the type I GSTs ZmGST I and ZmGST III, these subunits were expressed in Escherichia coli, both individually and in tandem combinations using a customised pET vector. The GST dimers formed were then characterised. When type I GSTs were co-expressed only the respective homodimers were formed rather than the ZmGST I-III heterodimer. The failure to form this heterodimer, together with the negligible herbicide-detoxifying activity associated with recombinant ZmGST III-III, suggests that the identity of herbicide-detoxifying isoenzymes described in maize as being composed of ZmGST III subunits requires re-evaluation. In contrast, co-expression of the type III GSTs ZmGST V and ZmGST VI resulted in the formation of ZmGST V-V, ZmGST VI-VI and ZmGST V-VI dimers in the ratio 1:1:2 as predicted for random subunit association. ZmGST V-VI had kinetic characteristics intermediate between those of the two homodimers, indicating that the subunits were catalytically independent of one another. Co-expression of ZmGST V and ZmGST VII resulted in the formation of ZmGST V-VII and this isoenzyme was subsequently identified in maize plants. Attempts to dimerise type I GST subunits with type III GST subunits proved unsuccessful. These results demonstrate the utility of co-expressing recombinant GSTs to explore the potential of subunit-subunit associations and to help unravel the complexity of homodimeric and heterodimeric GSTs in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D P Dixon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Durham, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Cummins I, Cole DJ, Edwards R. A role for glutathione transferases functioning as glutathione peroxidases in resistance to multiple herbicides in black-grass. Plant J 1999; 18:285-92. [PMID: 10377994 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.1999.00452.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides) is a major weed of wheat in Europe, with several populations having acquired resistance to multiple herbicides of differing modes of action. As compared with herbicide-susceptible black-grass, populations showing herbicide cross-resistance contained greatly elevated levels of a specific type I glutathione transferase (GST), termed AmGST2, but similar levels of a type III GST termed AmGST1. Following cloning and expression of the respective cDNAs, AmGST2 differed from AmGST1 in showing limited activity in detoxifying herbicides but high activities as a glutathione peroxidase (GPOX) capable of reducing organic hydroperoxides. In contrast to AmGST2, other GPOXs were not enhanced in the herbicide-resistant populations. Treatment with a range of herbicides used to control grass weeds in wheat resulted in increased levels of hydroperoxides in herbicide-susceptible populations but not in herbicide-resistant plants, consistent with AmGST2 functioning to prevent oxidative injury caused as a primary or secondary effect of herbicide action. Increased AmGST2 expression in black-grass was associated with partial tolerance to the peroxidizing herbicide paraquat. The selective enhancement of AmGST2 expression resulted from a constitutively high expression of the respective gene, which was activated in herbicide-susceptible black-grass in response to herbicide safeners, dehydration and chemical treatments imposing oxidative stress. Our results provide strong evidence that GSTs can contribute to resistance to multiple herbicides by playing a role in oxidative stress tolerance in addition to detoxifying herbicides by catalysing their conjugation with glutathione.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Cummins
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Durham, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Cole DJ, Reynolds LW, Nary JC, Drummond JC, Patel PM, Jacobsen WK. Subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats: effect of singular or sustained hemodilution with alpha-alpha diaspirin crosslinked hemoglobin on cerebral hypoperfusion. Crit Care Med 1999; 27:972-7. [PMID: 10362422 DOI: 10.1097/00003246-199905000-00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of singular or sustained hemodilution, with alpha-alpha diaspirin crosslinked hemoglobin (DCLHb), on the area of hypoperfusion after subarachnoid hemorrhage. DESIGN Prospective animal study. SETTING Animal research laboratory. SUBJECTS Isoflurane anesthetized, mechanically ventilated rats. INTERVENTIONS Subarachnoid hemorrhage was induced by injecting 0.3 mL of blood into the cisterna magna. The animals were randomly assigned to one of the following groups (n = 16 in each hemodilution group; eight animals received a single treatment of hemodilution after subarachnoid hemorrhage; and, for eight animals, treatment was sustained for 48 hrs): control group (n = 8), no hematocrit (45%) manipulation; DCLHb group (n = 16), hematocrit decreased to 30% with DCLHb; or Alb group (n = 16), hematocrit decreased to 30% with human serum albumin. After 48 hrs, the area of hypoperfusion (cerebral blood flow < 40 ml/100g/min) was determined with 14C-iodoantipyrine in five coronal brain sections. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS For both singular and sustained treatment, the area of hypoperfusion was less in both hemodilution groups than in the control group (p<.05). For four of the five coronal brain sections, no differences were found between the DCLHb and Alb groups within a given hemodilution protocol. In addition, in four of the five coronal brain sections for the DCLHb hemodilution groups and in all five sections for the albumin hemodilution groups, the area of hypoperfusion was less for rats that received sustained hemodilution compared with their respective groups in the singular treatment protocol (p<.05). CONCLUSIONS These data support the hypothesis that hemodilution with molecular hemoglobin decreases hypoperfusion after subarachnoid hemorrhage and that sustained hemodilution is more effective than singular treatment. The data do not support the notion that intravascular DCLHb has an adverse effect on cerebral ischemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D J Cole
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Loma Linda University, CA 92350-0002, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Maitre N, Brown JM, Demcheva M, Kelley JR, Lockett MA, Vournakis J, Cole DJ. Primary T-cell and activated macrophage response associated with tumor protection using peptide/poly-N-acetyl glucosamine vaccination. Clin Cancer Res 1999; 5:1173-82. [PMID: 10353754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
The mode of peptide-based cancer vaccine administration critically affects the ability to achieve a clinically relevant tumor-specific response. We have previously shown (Cole et al., Clin. Cancer Res., 3: 867-873, 1997) that a specific formulation of the polysaccharide poly-N-acetyl glucosamine (p-GlcNAc, designated as F2 gel) is an effective vehicle for sustained cytokine and peptide delivery in vitro. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of F2 gel/peptide vaccination in the murine EG.7-OVA tumor model and to elucidate potential mechanisms involved in the observed cell-mediated response. C57BL/6 mice were given injections of 200 microl in the base of tail/footpad using either F2 gel alone or 200 microg of: SIINFEKL minimal peptide (OVA) in PBS, OVA peptide/endoplasmic reticulum insertion signal sequence fusion (ESOVA) in PBS, OVA in F2 gel, or ESOVA in F2 gel. Splenocytes were tested 10 days later for a secondary response using a Cr51 assay as well as a primary CTL response using the lactate dehydrogenase cytotoxicity assay. Splenocytes from immunized mice were harvested at specific time points and assayed for cell surface and intracellular markers. On day 10 postvaccination, animals were challenged with EG.7-OVA murine thymoma cells. Tumor size and appearance were recorded. Vaccination with F2 gel/peptide (either OVA or ESOVA) resulted in a primary T-cell response (up to 25% tumor cell-specific lysis) and no tumor growth in 69% of the mice. By 48 h, the proportion of splenic T cells had increased 4-fold compared with B cells. Presence of an increased Th1 CD4 helper population was demonstrated by IFN-gamma production. CD4 cells were activated at 24 and 48 h as shown by IL-2 receptor alpha chain expression (from 2% basal expression to 15.4% at 48 h). Activated splenic macrophages increased from 3 to 8% within 10 h, and their level of B7-2 expression doubled. Depletion of macrophages before vaccine injection abolished any tumor-specific primary CTL response. F2 gel/peptide tumor vaccine can prime the immune system in an antigen-specific manner by generating a measurable primary T-cell response with minimal peptide; this process involves macrophage presence and activation as well as induction of Th1 CD4 cells. This is the first demonstration of a primary CTL response generated with minimal peptide vaccination using a noninfectious delivery system. These results justify additional studies to better define the mechanisms involved in F2 gel/peptide vaccination in preparation for clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Maitre
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Cole DJ, Hill VR, Humenik FJ, Sobsey MD. Health, safety, and environmental concerns of farm animal waste. Occup Med 1999; 14:423-48. [PMID: 10329913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Modern animal husbandry has been concerned with increasing efficiency by increasing the number of animals raised per unit area; decreasing labor costs by automated animal feeding, watering, and housing; and using antibiotics to increase animal growth rates. These changes in animal production practices have resulted in reduced disease risks in some cases, but also have introduced new risks and challenges to the animal handler. Topics covered here include exposure pathways and health hazards associated with animal excreta, birthing wastes, and carcasses, with emphasis on infectious microbes (e.g., bacterial, viral, and protozoan pathogens) and airborne hazards (e.g., gases, dust particles, aerosols, and odors). Measures for reducing risks to animal handlers, including the use of waste management and treatment techniques, are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D J Cole
- Departmentof Epidemiology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill 27599, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Cole DJ, Snowden K, Cohen ND, Smith R. Detection of Cryptosporidium parvum in horses: thresholds of acid-fast stain, immunofluorescence assay, and flow cytometry. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37:457-60. [PMID: 9889243 PMCID: PMC84341 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.37.2.457-460.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/1998] [Accepted: 10/30/1998] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Feces collected from three asymptomatic horses and seeded with Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts (10(1) to 10(6)/g of feces) were evaluated by acid-fast staining (AF), an immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) technique, and flow cytometry. The thresholds of detection were 5 x 10(5) oocysts/g of feces for the IFA and AF techniques and 5 x 10(4) oocysts/g for flow cytometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D J Cole
- Department of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4475, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
UNLABELLED Recent reports have indicated that large-dose opiate anesthesia can increase neuronal injury in rats subjected to forebrain ischemia. However, most episodes of cerebral ischemia in the operating room setting are focal in nature, and the influence of large-dose opioid administration on the tolerance of the brain to focal cerebral ischemia has not been studied. Accordingly, we undertook the present study to evaluate the effect of fentanyl administration on outcome after focal cerebral ischemia. Three groups of fasted Wistar-Kyoto rats (awake, fentanyl, and isoflurane groups; n = 20 per group) were anesthetized with isoflurane (2.5% end-tidal). Pericranial temperature was servocontrolled at 37.0 degrees C. After surgical preparation fentanyl 50 microg/kg was administered IV over 10 min in the fentanyl group. Thereafter, an infusion was established at a rate of 50 microg x kg(-1) x h(-1). The end-tidal concentration of isoflurane was then reduced to 1.1%, one minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration (1 MAC) in all groups. Occlusion of the middle cerebral artery was achieved by advancing a 0.25-mm filament into the anterior cerebral artery via the common carotid artery. In the fentanyl and awake groups, isoflurane administration was then discontinued. In the isoflurane group, isoflurane anesthesia was maintained at 1.0 MAC. After 90 min of focal ischemia, the filament was removed, and the animals were allowed to recover. Seven days later, the volume of cerebral infarction in the animals was determined by image analysis of hematoxylin and eosin-stained coronal brain sections. There was no difference in the infarct volume between the fentanyl and awake groups. The infarct volume was the least in the isoflurane group. The results confirm the ability of isoflurane to reduce brain injury caused by focal cerebral ischemia. Fentanyl neither increased nor decreased brain injury compared with the awake unanesthetized state. IMPLICATIONS Fentanyl is commonly used in surgical procedures in which there is a substantial risk of focal cerebral ischemia. Fentanyl did not affect cerebral injury produced by focal ischemia in the rat. The data suggest that, in doses that produce respiratory depression and muscle rigidity, fentanyl does not reduce the tolerance of the brain to a focal ischemic insult.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Soonthon-Brant
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego and Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 92161, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Cole DJ, Cohen ND, Snowden K, Smith R. Prevalence of and risk factors for fecal shedding of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998; 213:1296-302. [PMID: 9810386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine prevalence of and risk factors for fecal shedding of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts among 3 populations of horses. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. ANIMALS 152 horses participating in the 1996 Texas State 4-H Horse Show, 144 horses examined by the veterinary teaching hospital, and 70 broodmares and their 10- to 21-day-old foals. PROCEDURE Information on signalment and potential risk factors for fecal shedding of oocysts was obtained. Fecal samples were evaluated for oocysts by means of acid-fast (AF) staining, immunofluorescence assay (IFA), and, for selected samples, flow cytometry (FC). RESULTS Results of the 3 diagnostic tests were significantly different. The best agreement was between results of the IFA and FC; AF staining and FC were more sensitive than the IFA, but AF staining was less specific. Fecal samples from 13 horses were classified as positive for oocysts. Risk factors for fecal shedding of oocysts included residence on 2 of 4 breeding farms involved in the study, age < 6 months, and history of diarrhea during the preceding 30 days. A municipal water source was implicated as a risk but could not be verified because of insufficient data. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Mature horses and exposure to cattle did not appear to be important sources of cryptosporidial infection for foals. Overall prevalence of C parvum infection among these horses was low, and C parvum infection appeared to be associated with particular farms, rather than an endemic opportunistic infection in horses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D J Cole
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4475, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Cole DJ, McKay LD, Drummond JC, Patel PM, Cross LM. Subarachnoid molecular hemoglobin after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats: effect on the area of hypoperfusion. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 1998; 10:153-9. [PMID: 9681403 DOI: 10.1097/00008506-199807000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A previous study indicated that diaspirin-crosslinked hemoglobin (DCLHb) decreases cerebral ischemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage. However, the study was limited in that DCLHb was given to animals with an intact vasculature. As extravasated hemoglobin has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cerebral vasospasm, DCLHb in the subarachnoid space might in theory have a detrimental effect on cerebral perfusion after subarachnoid hemorrhage. In the current study, autologous blood was administered into the cistema magna of isoflurane-anesthetized rats. After 30 minutes, the animals received one of the following in the cistema magna (n=8 for each group): The control group received mock cerebral spinal fluid, the "blood" group received autologous blood, the "DCLHb" group received DCLHb, and the "Alb" group received human serum albumin. After 20 minutes, areas of reduced cerebral blood flow (CBF, 0-20 and 21-40 ml/100 g/min) were assessed in five coronal brain sections with 14C-iodoantipyrine. The data were evaluated by analysis of variance. The areas of 0-20 ml/100 g/min CBF were greater in all five brain sections in the Blood group than in the other three groups; were greater in four brain sections in the DCLHb group than in the Control group; and were greater in three brain sections in the Alb group than in the Control group (p < 0.05). The areas of 21-40 ml/100 g/min CBF were greater in three sections in the Blood group than in the other three groups; and were greater in two brain sections in the DCLHb group than in the Alb group (p < 0.05). These data support a hypothesis that subarachnoid blood induces cerebral hypoperfusion, and that although molecular hemoglobin decreases CBF, the potential adverse effects are less than those produced by blood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D J Cole
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University, California 92354, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Lockett MA, Baron PL, O'Brien PH, Elliott BM, Robison JG, Maitre N, Metcalf JS, Cole DJ. Detection of occult breast cancer micrometastases in axillary lymph nodes using a multimarker reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction panel. J Am Coll Surg 1998; 187:9-16. [PMID: 9660019 DOI: 10.1016/s1072-7515(98)00130-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Axillary lymph node status in breast cancer patients remains the single most important predictor of outcomes. Current methods of histopathologic analysis may be inadequate because 30% of node-negative patients recur. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that a multigene reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) panel provides a more sensitive method to detect axillary lymph node metastases than routine pathologic examination. STUDY DESIGN Sixty-one consecutive breast cancer patients were evaluated, with nine normal control patients. Nodes > 1 cm were bisected for histopathologic and RT-PCR analysis. Nodal tissue was homogenized, and total RNA was converted into cDNA with reverse transcriptase. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis was performed with primers specific for keratin-19, c-myc, prolactin inducible protein (PIP), and beta-actin using ethidium bromide gel electrophoresis. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction positive/ pathology negative axillary lymph nodes were reevaluated using step sectioning and immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS Thirty-seven patients had pathologically negative axillary lymph nodes, of which 15 (40%) were positive by RT-PCR analysis. Two RT-PCR negative results (one probably from tissue processing error and the other secondary to sampling error) among the 24 histologically positive specimens were detected (8%). The number of patients in each pathologic stage was 26 patients in stage I; 18, stage IIA; 7, stage IIB; 7, stage IIIA; 3, stage IIIB; and 0 patients in stage IV. By RT-PCR staging, 8 of 26 patients went from stage I to IIA (30%), and 7 of 18 from stage IIA to IIB (39%). Of the RT-PCR positive individuals who were stage I by pathologic analysis, 100% were found to be c-myc positive, 0% keratin-19 positive, and 0% PIP positive; for stage IIIB patients these markers were 50%, 100%, and 100% respectively. Additionally, an increasing number of positive markers per specimen appeared to correlate with larger primary tumor size (p < 0.01) and decreased predicted 5-year survival (r = 0.950, p < 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Multimarker RT-PCR analysis appears to be a readily available and highly sensitive method for the detection of axillary lymph node micrometastases. Longterm followup of RT-PCR positive patients will be required to determine its clinical relevance. If validated as a predictor of disease recurrence, this method would provide a powerful complement to routine histopathologic analysis of axillary lymph nodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Lockett
- Department of Surgery, Hollings Cancer Center and Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|