1
|
Wang J, Dong S, Fang M, Fan Z, Xu Y. Omadacycline for the Treatment of Severe Chlamydia psittaci Pneumonia Complicated with Guillain-Barre Syndrome. Infect Drug Resist 2024; 17:81-87. [PMID: 38223561 PMCID: PMC10787558 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s437100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Chlamydia psittaci (C. psittaci) is a pathogen that is seldom implicated in community-acquired pneumonia and is rarely linked to severe pneumonia. Reports of severe C. psittaci pneumonia accompanied by Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) are scarce. Tetracyclines are the preferred therapeutic approach for psittacosis. Omadacycline, a novel tetracycline, demonstrates strong antibacterial efficacy against typical bacteria and atypical pathogens, including C. psittaci. However, its application in the treatment of psittacosis pneumonia remains constrained. Case Presentation A 77-year-old female patient was admitted to the hospital presenting with symptoms of fever, low back pain, and headache. The diagnosis of C. psittaci was established through the utilization of metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS). Initial administration of moxifloxacin, meropenem, piperacillin-tazobactam, and doxycycline proved to be ineffective. Subsequent omadacycline leaded to the successful resolution of fever and dyspnea. However, after the endotracheal tube was removed, the patient experienced a rapid decline in symmetrical limb strength, leading to a diagnosis of GBS based on clinical manifestations, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and electromyography. Following a 5-day course of immunoglobulin therapy and nutritional nerve treatment, the patient's condition ameliorated, culminating in an uncomplicated discharge. Conclusion This case provides evidence supporting the potential use of omadacycline as a therapeutic option for the treatment of severe C. psittaci pneumonia. The utilization of mNGS technology is of paramount importance in the prompt identification of uncommon pathogens, including C. psittaci. Nevertheless, the occurrence of GBS should be taken into consideration when C. psittaci pneumonia is accompanied by symmetrical limb weakness. These findings have important implications for the diagnosis, treatment, and management of patients with C. psittaci pneumonia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hangzhou First People`s Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuangyong Dong
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hangzhou First People`s Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengjuan Fang
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hangzhou First People`s Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiyan Fan
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hangzhou First People`s Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuansheng Xu
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hangzhou First People`s Hospital, School of Medicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bonwitt J, Riethman M, Glashower D, Oltean HN, Wohrle R, Joseph B, McHale B, Ritchie B. Application of environmental sampling to investigate a case of avian chlamydiosis in a pet store and breeding facility leading to mass bird exposures. Zoonoses Public Health 2023; 70:572-577. [PMID: 37157946 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydia psittaci is a bacterium that causes chlamydiosis in birds and can cause zoonotic psittacosis in people. In November 2017, we received notification of a suspected case of avian chlamydiosis in a captive cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus) that was sold by an online pet bird retail and breeding facility in Washington State. We describe the investigation with emphasis on how environmental sampling was used to guide veterinary and public health interventions. Bird samples were collected either from pooled droppings, pooled plumage or individual nasal and choanal swabs. Environmental samples were obtained by swabbing cleaning mops, tables and cage structures. All samples were tested by polymerase chain reaction and positive samples underwent genotyping. Approximately 1000 birds representing four taxonomic orders were kept within an open-space warehouse. Eight of 14 environmental samples and one of two pooled faecal samples were positive for Chlamydia spp. The contaminating strain of Chlamydia spp. was identified as genotype A. The facility was closed for environmental disinfection, and all psittacines were treated with oral doxycycline for 45 days. Ten of 10 environmental and two of two pooled faecal samples were negative for C. psittaci 11 months after the completion of environmental disinfection and antimicrobial treatment. This investigation highlights the importance of preventing and mitigating pathogen incursion in an online pet retail and breeding facility. Environmental sampling is valuable to guide animal and public health interventions for control of C. psittaci, particularly when large numbers of birds are exposed to the pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Bonwitt
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Office of Communicable Disease Epidemiology, Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, Washington, USA
- Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | | | | | - Hanna N Oltean
- Office of Communicable Disease Epidemiology, Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, Washington, USA
| | - Ron Wohrle
- Office of Environmental Public Health Sciences, Washington State Department of Health, Olympia, Washington, USA
| | - Brian Joseph
- Washington State Department of Agriculture, Olympia, Washington, USA
- Lifestock Int'l, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Brittany McHale
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Branson Ritchie
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wu Y, Xu X, Liu Y, Jiang X, Wu H, Yang J, He L. Case Report: Clinical analysis of a cluster outbreak of chlamydia psittaci pneumonia. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1214297. [PMID: 37637462 PMCID: PMC10448816 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1214297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore the clinical characteristics and prognosis of clustered cases of psittacosis pneumonia. Method We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of a cluster outbreak of psittacosis pneumonia. The analysis included epidemiological data, clinical symptoms, laboratory results, and prognosis. The diagnosis was made using mNGS and nested PCR technology. Result Of the four cases, two had direct contact with diseased poultry while the other two did not. All cases presented with more than 39.5 °C fever and chills. Additionally, significant increases in C-reactive protein, ferritin, creatine kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase were observed in all cases, while absolute lymphocyte count decreased. Case 2 also had increased calcitonin levels. Acute respiratory failure occurred during the treatment of case 1 and case 2, leading to tracheal intubation and ventilator-assisted ventilation. Unfortunately, case 2 passed away due to sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction, while the other cases had a positive prognosis. Conclusion mNGS facilitated the early diagnosis of psittacosis pneumonia. It is important to note that there is still a substantial risk of human-to-human transmission in psittacosis pneumonia. Absolute lymphocyte count and calcitonin levels can predict the severity and prognosis of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinxia Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuemei Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiangwei Jiang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongjing Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Limei He
- Department of Nephrology Diseases, Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yehia N, Salem HM, Mahmmod Y, Said D, Samir M, Mawgod SA, Sorour HK, AbdelRahman MAA, Selim S, Saad AM, El-Saadony MT, El-Meihy RM, Abd El-Hack ME, El-Tarabily KA, Zanaty AM. Common viral and bacterial avian respiratory infections: an updated review. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102553. [PMID: 36965253 PMCID: PMC10064437 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Many pathogens that cause chronic diseases in birds use the respiratory tract as a primary route of infection, and respiratory disorders are the main leading source of financial losses in the poultry business. Respiratory infections are a serious problem facing the poultry sector, causing severe economic losses. Avian influenza virus, Newcastle disease virus, infectious bronchitis virus, and avian pneumovirus are particularly serious viral respiratory pathogens. Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Staphylococcus, Bordetella avium, Pasteurella multocida, Riemerella anatipestifer, Chlamydophila psittaci, and Escherichia coli have been identified as the most serious bacterial respiratory pathogens in poultry. This review gives an updated summary, incorporating the latest data, about the evidence for the circulation of widespread, economically important poultry respiratory pathogens, with special reference to possible methods for the control and prevention of these pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nahed Yehia
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Heba M Salem
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Yasser Mahmmod
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Higher Colleges of Technology, Al Ain 17155, United Arab Emirates
| | - Dalia Said
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Samir
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Sara Abdel Mawgod
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Hend K Sorour
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Mona A A AbdelRahman
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Samy Selim
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M Saad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Mohamed T El-Saadony
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Rasha M El-Meihy
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Moshtohor, Qaluybia 13736, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E Abd El-Hack
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Khaled A El-Tarabily
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates; Khalifa Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates; Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch 6150, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Ali M Zanaty
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cavallazzi R, Ramirez JA. How and when to manage respiratory infections out of hospital. Eur Respir Rev 2022; 31:31/166/220092. [PMID: 36261157 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0092-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lower respiratory infections include acute bronchitis, influenza, community-acquired pneumonia, acute exacerbation of COPD and acute exacerbation of bronchiectasis. They are a major cause of death worldwide and often affect the most vulnerable: children, elderly and the impoverished. In this paper, we review the clinical presentation, diagnosis, severity assessment and treatment of adult outpatients with lower respiratory infections. The paper is divided into sections on specific lower respiratory infections, but we also dedicate a section to COVID-19 given the importance of the ongoing pandemic. Lower respiratory infections are heterogeneous entities, carry different risks for adverse events, and require different management strategies. For instance, while patients with acute bronchitis are rarely admitted to hospital and generally do not require antimicrobials, approximately 40% of patients seen for community-acquired pneumonia require admission. Clinicians caring for patients with lower respiratory infections face several challenges, including an increasing population of patients with immunosuppression, potential need for diagnostic tests that may not be readily available, antibiotic resistance and social aspects that place these patients at higher risk. Management principles for patients with lower respiratory infections include knowledge of local surveillance data, strategic use of diagnostic tests according to surveillance data, and judicious use of antimicrobials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Cavallazzi
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Sleep Disorders, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Julio A Ramirez
- Norton Infectious Diseases Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, KY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yoshimura M, Shimizu K, Nakura Y, Kawahara K, Katano H, Motooka D, Takeuchi M, Nagamune K, Imamura Y, Nakamura S, Yasukawa K, Hasegawa H, Yoshida Y, Yanagihara I. A fatal case of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis associated with gestational psittacosis without symptoms of pneumonia. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2022; 48:3325-3330. [PMID: 36097654 DOI: 10.1111/jog.15429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Psittacosis is a zoonotic infection caused by Chlamydia psittaci. Most patients present with acute respiratory symptoms and systemic illness. When C. psittaci infects pregnant women, it causes severe clinical manifestations called gestational psittacosis. Here we report a case of gestational psittacosis. Our patient lacked respiratory symptoms, and pathological postmortem examinations revealed severe placentitis. Both DNA and immunohistochemical analyses were positive for C. psittaci from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues. The chlamydial DNA in the placenta was about 100 times more abundant than that in the lungs; therefore, the placenta rather than the lungs was the probable target of the C. psittaci infection during this pregnancy. We could not identify the source of infection. Gestational psittacosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis for fever of unknown origin during pregnancy, even in cases lacking respiratory symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michinobu Yoshimura
- Department of Developmental Medicine, Research Institute, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kanako Shimizu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maizuru Kyosai Hospital, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Yukiko Nakura
- Department of Developmental Medicine, Research Institute, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazumi Kawahara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maizuru Kyosai Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Harutaka Katano
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Motooka
- Department of Infection Metagenomics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Makoto Takeuchi
- Department of Pathology, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kisaburo Nagamune
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Imamura
- Division of Diagnostic Pathology/Surgical Pathology, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Shota Nakamura
- Department of Infection Metagenomics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Yasukawa
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshio Yoshida
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Itaru Yanagihara
- Department of Developmental Medicine, Research Institute, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lim ZJK, Xie S. Application of Epidemiology and Principles of Herd/Flock Health for the Exotic Animal Veterinarian. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2021; 24:495-507. [PMID: 34366006 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Against a backdrop of climate change and epidemics, the exotic animal veterinarian is well positioned to detect emerging and exotic disease threats, prevent and control zoonotic diseases, and identify antimicrobial resistance. Within the traditional context of animal and public health, epidemiology has had a focus on veterinary preventive health and in disease investigation and control particularly in food animal and safety application. The understanding of preventive health management and veterinary epidemiology expands the repertoire of the clinical veterinarian to advise and implement and evaluate group animal health programs and biosecurity measures as well as conduct disease investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shangzhe Xie
- Conservation, Research and Veterinary Department, Wildlife Reserves Singapore, 80 Mandai Lake Road, Singapore 729826
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ravichandran K, Anbazhagan S, Karthik K, Angappan M, Dhayananth B. A comprehensive review on avian chlamydiosis: a neglected zoonotic disease. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:414. [PMID: 34312716 PMCID: PMC8313243 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02859-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Avian chlamydiosis is one of the important neglected diseases with critical zoonotic potential. Chlamydia psittaci, the causative agent, affects most categories of birds, livestock, companion animals, and humans. It has many obscured characters and epidemiological dimensions, which makes it unique among other bacterial agents. Recent reports on transmission from equine to humans alarmed the public health authorities, and it necessitates the importance of routine screening of this infectious disease. High prevalence of spill-over infection in equines was associated with reproductive losses. Newer avian chlamydial species are being reported in the recent years. It is a potential biological warfare agent and the disease is an occupational hazard mainly to custom officers handling exotic birds. Prevalence of the disease in wild birds, pet birds, and poultry causes economic losses to the poultry industry and the pet bird trade. Interestingly, there are speculations on the ‘legal’ and ‘illegal’ bird trade that may be the global source of some of the most virulent strains of this pathogen. The mortality rate generally ranges from 5 to 40% in untreated cases, but it can sometimes be higher in co-infection. The intracellular lifestyle of this pathogen makes the diagnosis more complicated and there is also lack of accurate diagnostics. Resistance to antibiotics is reported only in some pathogens of the Chlamydiaceae family, but routine screening may assess the actual situation in all pathogens. Due to the diverse nature of the pathogen, the organism necessitates the One Health partnerships to have complete understanding. The present review focuses on the zoonotic aspects of avian chlamydiosis with its new insights into the pathogenesis, transmission, treatment, prevention, and control strategies. The review also briefs on the basic understandings and complex epidemiology of avian chlamydiosis, highlighting the need for research on emerging one health perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karthikeyan Ravichandran
- Division of Public Health and Epidemiology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India.
| | - Subbaiyan Anbazhagan
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Madesh Angappan
- Division of Public Health and Epidemiology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Balusamy Dhayananth
- Division of Public Health and Epidemiology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Li N, Li S, Tan W, Wang H, Xu H, Wang D. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing in the family outbreak of psittacosis: the first reported family outbreak of psittacosis in China under COVID-19. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:1418-1428. [PMID: 34176434 PMCID: PMC8284143 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1948358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydia psittaci infection in humans, also known as psittacosis, is usually believed to be an uncommon disease which mainly presents as community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). It is usually sporadic, but outbreaks of infection may occasionally occur. In outbreaks, diagnosis and investigations were usually hampered by the non-specificity of laboratory testing methods to identify C. psittaci. In this study, we use metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) in the diagnosis of a family outbreak of psittacosis under COVID-19. Three members of an extended family of 6 persons developed psittacosis with pneumonia and hepatic involvement with common symptoms of fever and weakness. Two newly purchased pet parrots, which had died successively, were probably the primary source of infection. Imagings show lung consolidations and infiltrates, which are difficult to be differentiated from CAP caused by other common pathogens. mNGS rapidly identified the infecting agent as C. psittaci within 48 h. The results of this work suggest that there are not characteristic clinical manifestations and imagings of psittacosis pneumonia which can differentiate from CAP caused by other pathogens. The use of mNGS can improve accuracy and reduce the delay in the diagnosis of psittacosis especially during the outbreak, which can shorten the course of the disease control. Family outbreak under COVID-19 may be related to the familial aggregation due to the epidemic. To our knowledge, this is the first reported family outbreak of psittacosis in China, and the first reported psittacosis outbreak identified by the method of mNGS in the world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengjin Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanmei Tan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanghang Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Xu
- Vision Medicals Center for Infection Diseases, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Daoxing Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Prevalence Rate and Phylogenetic Analysis of Chlamydia psittaci in Pigeon and House Sparrow Specimens and the Potential Human Infection Risk in Chahrmahal-va-Bakhtiari, Iran. ARCHIVES OF CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020. [DOI: 10.5812/archcid.67565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
: Chlamydia psittaci (C. psittaci) is an important zoonotic pathogen in birds and has been reported from urban pigeons (Columba livia) and house sparrows (Passer domesticus) worldwide. Some public areas in Iran, such as parks, have a high density of these birds; thus, they may be regarded as a zoonotic threat to humans. The current study aimed at performing the prevalence assessment as well as the phylogenetic analysis of C. psittaci in cloacal swab samples from these birds. To this aim, a total of 75 specimens of urban pigeon, 75 specimens of the house sparrow, and 30 pharyngeal swabs of humans who work in pet-markets were collected from six different zones of Chaharmal-va-Bakhtiari, a Southwestern Province of Iran. The prevalence of C. psittaci was 25.3% (19 out of 75), 18.6% (14 out of 75), and 10% (3 out of 30) among the pigeon, sparrow and the human samples, respectively. The prevalence of C. psittaci was considerably high in urban pigeons. To determine the genotype of C. psittaci, OmpA gene fragments in positive samples were amplified and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that strains from the pigeon and sparrow positive samples belonged to the genotypes B and A, while genotyping was unsuccessful for the positive human samples. Our findings suggest that the prevalence of C. psittaci in pigeons and sparrows is high in Chahrmahal-va-Bakhtiari posing as a potential infection risk to susceptible individuals in public places and parks. Therefore, it is essential to take effective measures for the implementation of proper control programs to prevent the possible infection of people with C. psittaci.
Collapse
|
11
|
Hogerwerf L, Roof I, de Jong MJK, Dijkstra F, van der Hoek W. Animal sources for zoonotic transmission of psittacosis: a systematic review. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:192. [PMID: 32131753 PMCID: PMC7057575 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-4918-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human psittacosis, caused by Chlamydia (C.) psittaci, is likely underdiagnosed and underreported, since tests for C. psittaci are often not included in routine microbiological diagnostics. Source tracing traditionally focuses on psittacine pet birds, but recently other animal species have been gaining more attention as possible sources for human psittacosis. This review aims to provide an overview of all suspected animal sources of human psittacosis cases reported in the international literature. In addition, for each animal species the strength of evidence for zoonotic transmission was estimated. Methods A systematic literature search was conducted using four databases (Pubmed, Embase, Scopus and Proquest). Articles were included when there was mention of at least one human case of psittacosis and a possible animal source. Investigators independently extracted data from the included articles and estimated strength of evidence for zoonotic transmission, based on a self-developed scoring system taking into account number of human cases, epidemiological evidence and laboratory test results in human, animals, and the environment. Results Eighty articles were included, which provided information on 136 different situations of possible zoonotic transmission. The maximum score for zoonotic transmission was highest for turkeys, followed by ducks, owls, and the category ‘other poultry’. Articles reporting about zoonotic transmission from unspecified birds, psittaciformes and columbiformes provided a relatively low strength of evidence. A genotypical match between human and animal samples was reported twenty-eight times, including transmission from chickens, turkeys, guinea fowl, peafowl, pigeons, ducks, geese, songbirds, parrot-like birds and owls. Conclusions Strong evidence exists for zoonotic transmission from turkeys, chickens and ducks, in addition to the more traditionally reported parrot-like animal sources. Based on our scoring system, the evidence was generally stronger for poultry than for parrot-like birds. Psittaciformes should not be disregarded as an important source of human psittacosis, still clinicians and public health officials should include poultry and birds species other than parrots in medical history and source tracing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lenny Hogerwerf
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Inge Roof
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
| | - Marianne J K de Jong
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Frederika Dijkstra
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Wim van der Hoek
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rybarczyk J, Versteele C, Lernout T, Vanrompay D. Human psittacosis: a review with emphasis on surveillance in Belgium. Acta Clin Belg 2020; 75:42-48. [PMID: 30882289 DOI: 10.1080/17843286.2019.1590889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydia psittaci causes psittacosis in humans, mainly in persons in contact with birds in either the setting of occupational or companion bird exposure. Infection is associated with a range of clinical manifestations from asymptomatic infection to severe atypical pneumonia and systemic disease. This paper reviews new knowledge on psittacosis, its legal and regulatory aspects and presents epidemiological data on psittacosis in Belgium. In Belgium, the number of reported positive laboratory results increased slowly since 2010, and in 2017, the number almost doubled compared to the two previous years. The number of psittacosis cases in Belgium, as in other countries, is probably highly underestimated, because of underdiagnoses and underreporting. Over the 3-year period, the mandatory notification system registered 24% only of all reported positive laboratory result. Therefore, increased awareness among general and occupational physicians, clinicians and the public is needed. Policies aimed at reducing psittacosis disease burden are justified, nevertheless national health authorities should provide more legal and financial support to implement more adequate C. psittaci diagnostic tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Rybarczyk
- Laboratory for Immunology and Animal Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Charlot Versteele
- Laboratory for Immunology and Animal Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tinne Lernout
- Scientific Directorate of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Daisy Vanrompay
- Laboratory for Immunology and Animal Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nieuwenhuizen AA, Dijkstra F, Notermans DW, van der Hoek W. Laboratory methods for case finding in human psittacosis outbreaks: a systematic review. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:442. [PMID: 30165831 PMCID: PMC6118005 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3317-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Psittacosis outbreak investigations require rapid identification of cases in order to trace possible sources and perform public health risk assessments. In recent outbreaks in the Netherlands, such investigations were hampered by the non-specificity of laboratory testing methods to identify human Chlamydia psittaci infections. Method A systematic search of PubMed and Scopus databases of literature published between 01 January, 1986 and 03 July, 2017 was done to find best practices of laboratory-testing methods used in psittacosis outbreaks of two or more human cases. Reference lists of included articles were hand searched to identify additional articles. Results Thirty-seven eligible articles were identified, describing 44 human psittacosis outbreaks in 12 countries. Laboratory tests performed were PCR (with various targets), serologic tests (complement binding reactions, ELISA’s, immunofluorescence tests and immuno-peroxidase tests) and culture, in various combinations. The literature provided no ‘gold standard’ laboratory testing strategy to identify recent human C. psittaci infections. In most psittacosis outbreaks, for a considerable number of cases (or tested individuals in an exposed cohort), C. psittaci infection could not be confirmed, nor excluded as causative pathogen. None of the testing strategies was found to be suitable for (nearly) full case finding. Conclusion PCR enables rapid identification of human psittacosis patients and helps source finding by genotyping but has the disadvantage that sensitivity is high only in the acute phase. In outbreak situations, there is often a time delay and therefore, there is a need for new serologic testing methods next to PCR, with good specificity and sensitivity. Moreover, serum is easier to collect than the preferred diagnostic materials for PCR. A serologic test that can reliably confirm infection status without the necessity of convalescent serum sampling would enhance case finding, source tracing, identification of risk factors and assessment of burden of disease in various settings. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-018-3317-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annelies A Nieuwenhuizen
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Epidemiology and Surveillance, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Frederika Dijkstra
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Epidemiology and Surveillance, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Daan W Notermans
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and Laboratory Surveillance, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Wim van der Hoek
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Epidemiology and Surveillance, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chereau F, Rehn M, Pini A, Kühlmann-Berenzon S, Ydring E, Ringberg H, Runehagen A, Ockborn G, Dotevall L, Wallensten A. Wild and domestic bird faeces likely source of psittacosis transmission-A case-control study in Sweden, 2014-2016. Zoonoses Public Health 2018; 65:790-797. [PMID: 29984469 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Psittacosis is a zoonotic disease transmitted by birds. In Sweden, where psittacosis is notifiable, an average of eight cases per year were reported between 2002 and 2012. In 2013, an unusual increase in cases in southern Sweden was associated with exposure to wild birds. To further explore specific risk factors connected to wild birds and identify other risk factors for sporadic psittacosis, we conducted a case-control study including all domestically acquired psittacosis cases reported between December 2014 and April 2016 in Sweden. Cases were age-, sex- and geo-matched to controls randomly selected from a population register. Cases and controls completed a questionnaire investigating detailed exposures to wild and domestic birds. We compared cases to controls, calculating adjusted matched odds ratios (amOR) using conditional logistic regression. Thirty-one cases were notified: all cases lived in southern Sweden and 26 were ill during winter season. Two risk factors were independently associated with psittacosis infection: cleaning a wild bird feeder (amOR = 18.95; 95% CI: 2.11-170.03) and owning domestic birds (amOR = 5.55, 95% CI: 1.16-26.61). Our results suggest that exposure to bird faeces, for example when cleaning a wild bird feeder, was the main route of transmission. Following this study, the Public Health Agency of Sweden published recommendations on good practices when cleaning surfaces contaminated with bird faeces and recommended use of bird feeders with a design limiting faeces accumulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Chereau
- The Public Health Agency of Sweden, Stockholm, Sweden.,European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training (EPIET), European Center for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Moa Rehn
- The Public Health Agency of Sweden, Stockholm, Sweden.,European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training (EPIET), European Center for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alessandro Pini
- The Public Health Agency of Sweden, Stockholm, Sweden.,European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training (EPIET), European Center for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Elsie Ydring
- The Public Health Agency of Sweden, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Håkan Ringberg
- Regional Office of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Skåne County, Sweden
| | - Arne Runehagen
- Communicable Diseases Control Unit, Kronoberg County Council, Växjo, Sweden
| | - Gunilla Ockborn
- Regional Office of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Västra Götaland County, Sweden
| | - Leif Dotevall
- Regional Office of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Västra Götaland County, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lugert R, Groß U, Masanta WO, Linsel G, Heutelbeck A, Zautner AE. Seroprevalence of Chlamydophila Psittaci among Employees of Two German Duck Farms. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2017; 7:267-273. [PMID: 29403654 PMCID: PMC5793695 DOI: 10.1556/1886.2017.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Psittacosis is a zoonotic infectious disease that is caused by Chlamydophila psittaci. To determine the occupational risk of getting the infection, we investigated the seroprevalence of C. psittaci among employees of two German duck farms and two slaughterhouses according to their level of exposure to the pathogen during the years 2010, 2007, and 2004. In summary, we found low seroprevalence (≈ 8%) throughout the study population almost irrespective of the duty of a given worker. Surprisingly, in 2010, the anti-C. psittaci-specific antibody prevalence in the group of slaughterer (38.9%) was significantly increased in comparison to the non-exposed employees (p = 0.00578). This indicates that individuals in the surrounding of slaughterhouses exposed especially to aerosols containing C. psittaci elementary bodies bear a greater occupational risk of getting infected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raimond Lugert
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Kreuzbergring 57, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Uwe Groß
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Kreuzbergring 57, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wycliffe O Masanta
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Kreuzbergring 57, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gunter Linsel
- Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA), Biological Agents, NöldnerstraBe 40-42, 10317 Berlin, Germany
| | - Astrid Heutelbeck
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Evironmental Medicine, University Medical Center Göttingen, Waldweg 37b, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andreas E Zautner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Kreuzbergring 57, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Balsamo G, Maxted AM, Midla JW, Murphy JM, Wohrle R, Edling TM, Fish PH, Flammer K, Hyde D, Kutty PK, Kobayashi M, Helm B, Oiulfstad B, Ritchie BW, Stobierski MG, Ehnert K, Tully TN. Compendium of Measures to ControlChlamydia psittaciInfection Among Humans (Psittacosis) and Pet Birds (Avian Chlamydiosis), 2017. J Avian Med Surg 2017; 31:262-282. [DOI: 10.1647/217-265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
17
|
Investigation and management of psittacosis in a public aviary: A One Health approach. CANADA COMMUNICABLE DISEASE REPORT = RELEVÉ DES MALADIES TRANSMISSIBLES AU CANADA 2016; 42:112-116. [PMID: 29770013 DOI: 10.14745/ccdr.v42i05a02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
18
|
Ferreira VL, Silva MV, Nascimento RD, Raso TF. Psittacosis associated with pet bird ownership: a concern for public health. JMM Case Rep 2015. [DOI: 10.1099/jmmcr.0.000085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Lindmayer Ferreira
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, 05508-270, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos Vinícius Silva
- Instituto de Infectologia, Emilio Ribas, Av. Doutor Arnaldo, 165, 01246-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Tânia Freitas Raso
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, 05508-270, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kabeya H, Sato S, Maruyama S. Prevalence and characterization ofChlamydiaDNA in zoo animals in Japan. Microbiol Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Kabeya
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health; College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University; 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa Kanagawa 252-0880 Japan
| | - Shingo Sato
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health; College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University; 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa Kanagawa 252-0880 Japan
| | - Soichi Maruyama
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health; College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University; 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa Kanagawa 252-0880 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ling Y, Chen H, Chen X, Yang X, Yang J, Bavoil PM, He C. Epidemiology ofChlamydia psittaciInfection in Racing Pigeons and Pigeon Fanciers in Beijing, China. Zoonoses Public Health 2014; 62:401-6. [DOI: 10.1111/zph.12161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Ling
- College of Veterinary Medicine; China Agricultural University; Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, China; Beijing China
| | - H. Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine; China Agricultural University; Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, China; Beijing China
| | - X. Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine; China Agricultural University; Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, China; Beijing China
| | - X. Yang
- Beijing Center Station for Husbandry and Veterinary; College of Veterinary Medicine; Beijing China
| | - J. Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine; China Agricultural University; Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, China; Beijing China
| | - P. M. Bavoil
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis; University of Maryland School of Dentistry; Baltimore MD USA
| | - C. He
- College of Veterinary Medicine; China Agricultural University; Key Lab of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, China; Beijing China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Santos F, Leal DC, Raso TF, Souza BMPS, Cunha RM, Martinez VHR, Barrouin-Melo SM, Franke CR. Risk factors associated with Chlamydia psittaci infection in psittacine birds. J Med Microbiol 2014; 63:458-463. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.060632-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia psittaci is the aetiological agent of chlamydiosis in birds, especially Psittaciformes. The objective of the present study was to detect C. psittaci by means of semi-nested PCR among psittacine birds sold at pet markets and kept as pet birds in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. Questionnaires were used to identify risk factors involved in the epidemiology of the disease. In addition, the management of birds and cages was observed at each location studied. The frequency of C. psittaci infection was 10.6 % (33/311) in the psittacine birds studied. Birds kept in households were less frequently positive (3.4 %; 5/148) than those at pet markets (17.2 %; 28/163). Among the several factors analysed in the epidemiology of the disease, only population density (P = 0.001) and cage hygiene (P = 0.041) in birds at pet markets were significantly associated with C. psittaci infection. These results demonstrate the presence of C. psittaci infection in Psittaciformes kept as pets and held at pet markets in Salvador, Bahia, showing that this micro-organism is a public health concern. Control measures should be encouraged to prevent the spread of the agent among birds, as well as among employees and customers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F. Santos
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectology (LIVE), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (EMEVZ), Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - D. C. Leal
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectology (LIVE), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (EMEVZ), Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - T. F. Raso
- Department of Pathology, FMVZ, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - B. M. P. S. Souza
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology (BIOMOL), EMEVZ, UFBA, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - R. M. Cunha
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectology (LIVE), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (EMEVZ), Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - V. H. R. Martinez
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectology (LIVE), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (EMEVZ), Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - S. M. Barrouin-Melo
- Department of Anatomy, Pathology and Clinical Practice, EMEVZ, UFBA, Salvador, BA, Brazil
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectology (LIVE), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (EMEVZ), Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - C. R. Franke
- Department of Animal Production, EMEVZ, UFBA, Salvador, BA, Brazil
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectology (LIVE), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (EMEVZ), Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Cheng YJ, Lin KY, Chen CC, Huang YL, Liu CE, Li SY. Zoonotic atypical pneumonia due to Chlamydophila psittaci: first reported psittacosis case in Taiwan. J Formos Med Assoc 2012; 112:430-3. [PMID: 23927984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2012.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human psittacosis caused by Chlamydophila psittaci is one of the most common zoonotic atypical pneumonias featuring pulmonary as well as extrapulmonary infections. Most of the cases involve avian contact history especially with psittacine birds. Herein we report a 44-year-old male patient displaying atypical pneumonia symptoms of intermittent fever, dry cough, chest pain, dyspnea, headache, hepatitis, and hyponatremia. He had two sick cockatiels, one of which had died a month previously. A microimmunofluorescence test was performed to check the serum antibody levels against Chlamydophila psittaci. The serum IgM titer showed positive titer of 1:256, 1:256, and 1:128 on Days 11, 23, and 43 after disease onset, respectively. His fever subsided soon and clinical symptoms improved after minocycline was administrated on Day 12. The psittacosis case was confirmed by history of psittacine bird contact, clinical symptoms, treatment response, and positive IgM titer. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a psittacosis case in Taiwan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jen Cheng
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Miyairi I, Laxton JD, Wang X, Obert CA, Arva Tatireddigari VRR, van Rooijen N, Hatch TP, Byrne GI. Chlamydia psittaci genetic variants differ in virulence by modulation of host immunity. J Infect Dis 2011; 204:654-63. [PMID: 21791668 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psittacosis is a zoonosis caused by Chlamydia psittaci and is characterized by severe pneumonia and systemic infection. We sought to determine the basis of the 1000-fold difference in lethal dose of 2 C. psittaci 6BC strains in mice. METHODS Genomes of the strains were sequenced. Mice were infected intraperitoneally and the growth kinetics, immune responses, and pathology were compared. RESULTS The 2 strains differed by the presence of a 7.5-kb plasmid in the attenuated strain and 7 nonsynonomous single-nucleotide polymorphisms between the chromosomes, including a serine/threonine protein kinase gene pkn5. The plasmid was cured from the attenuated strain, but it remained nonlethal. Strains did not differ in growth kinetics in vitro or in vivo. Infection with the attenuated strain led to influx of activated macrophages with relatively minor organ damage. In contrast, the virulent strain caused an influx of nonactivated macrophages, neutrophils, and significant end organ damage. Mice infected with the virulent strain survived challenge when coinfected with either the plasmid-positive or plasmid-negative attenuated strain, indicating that an active process elicited by the attenuated strain reduces inflammation and disease. CONCLUSIONS C. psittaci modulates virulence by alteration of host immunity, which is conferred by small differences in the chromosome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isao Miyairi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Psittacosis outbreak after participation in a bird fair, Western France, December 2008. Epidemiol Infect 2011; 139:1637-41. [PMID: 21396150 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268811000409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In December 2008, three hospitalized cases of suspected psittacosis infection were notified by respiratory disease clinicians from a local hospital to the Regional Epidemiology Unit of Pays de la Loire, France. They all had attended a bird fair. A retrospective cohort study was conducted among exhibitors and organizers to identify potential risk factors in relation to this fair. Environmental and veterinary investigations were implemented to trace potential sources of infection. We identified two confirmed, two probable and 44 possible cases among participants. The attack rate in exhibitors and organizers was 38% (33/86). The median incubation period was 11 days (range 6-22 days). Individuals located in two particular sectors of the showroom were found to be at double the risk of developing psittacosis (relative rate 2·1, 95% confidence interval 1·03-4·18) than those in other sectors. Pooled faecal samples of birds belonging to a possible case exhibitor tested positive for Chlamydiaceae by PCR. Ventilation conditions in the showroom were inadequate. This investigation allowed the formulation of recommendations to prevent psittacosis in bird exhibitions which are held weekly in France.
Collapse
|
25
|
Rohde G, Straube E, Essig A, Reinhold P, Sachse K. Chlamydial zoonoses. DEUTSCHES ARZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL 2010; 107:174-80. [PMID: 20358033 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2010.0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Accepted: 06/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zoonoses were already a subject of intense interest even before the SARS and avian influenza epidemics arose. For many years, chlamydiae have been hypothesized to be important zoonotic pathogens, because of their wide distribution and their infectious cycle. This article provides an overview of the current state of knowledge on this subject. METHODS The authors present a selective review of the literature as well as their own findings. RESULTS The scientific knowledge of the distribution and infectious cycle of chlamydiae is still inadequate. The laboratory diagnosis of chlamydial zoonoses remains unsatisfactory in both human and veterinary medicine, as there are no commercially available sensitive and species-specific tests. Acute chlamydial infections are usually treated with macrolides, tetracyclines, or quinolones. Persistent varieties are not covered by standard therapy. CONCLUSIONS There is a considerable need for research on chlamydial infections, especially with regard to the diagnosis and treatment of persistent varieties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gernot Rohde
- Medizinische Klinik III, Pneumologie, Allergologie, Schlaf- und Beatmungsmedizin, Berufsgenossenschaftliches Universitätsklinikum Bergmannsheil GmbH, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, Bochum, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Harkinezhad T, Verminnen K, De Buyzere M, Rietzschel E, Bekaert S, Vanrompay D. Prevalence of Chlamydophila psittaci infections in a human population in contact with domestic and companion birds. J Med Microbiol 2009; 58:1207-1212. [PMID: 19528151 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.011379-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydophila psittaci infections in humans are underestimated. We investigated the occurrence of C. psittaci in a Belgian population of 540 individuals. Data were from a population survey (n=2524) of apparently healthy community-dwelling subjects aged 35-55 years. Pharyngeal swabs and blood were taken. Individuals completed a questionnaire on professional and nonprofessional activities, smoking habits, medical history and contact frequency with different bird species. Swabs were analysed by a C. psittaci-specific and a Chlamydophila pneumoniae-specific PCR. Sera were tested by a recombinant C. psittaci major outer-membrane protein-based ELISA, a C. psittaci whole organism-based ELISA (Serion) and a micro-immunofluorescence test (Focus Diagnostics). Results confirmed our suspicion about the underestimation of psittacosis in Belgium. Psittaciformes and racing pigeons were the main infection source. Women with excessive alcohol intake defined as a mean intake of >2 units daily were more frequently infected than men. We analysed the effect of seropositivity and/or PCR positivity on inflammation (white blood cell count, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, fibrinogen). In general, seropositivity showed a trend to slightly higher levels of inflammatory variables (all non-significant), whilst PCR positivity showed a trend to no effect or even lower inflammatory levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taher Harkinezhad
- Ghent University, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kristel Verminnen
- Ghent University, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marc De Buyzere
- Heart Center, University Hospital Ghent, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ernst Rietzschel
- Ghent University, Department of Public Health, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.,Ghent University, Department of Internal Medicine, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie Bekaert
- Ghent University, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Daisy Vanrompay
- Ghent University, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
IIJIMA Y, AKIYOSHI K, TANAKA S, NUKINA M, ITO M, HARUTA T, INOUE A, ANDO S, KISHIMOTO T. Psittacosis Outbreak at an Avian Exhibition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 83:500-5. [DOI: 10.11150/kansenshogakuzasshi.83.500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
28
|
Tsiodras S, Kelesidis T, Kelesidis I, Bauchinger U, Falagas ME. Human infections associated with wild birds. J Infect 2007; 56:83-98. [PMID: 18096237 PMCID: PMC7172416 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2007.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2007] [Revised: 11/01/2007] [Accepted: 11/01/2007] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Wild birds and especially migratory species can become long-distance vectors for a wide range of microorganisms. The objective of the current paper is to summarize available literature on pathogens causing human disease that have been associated with wild bird species. Methods A systematic literature search was performed to identify specific pathogens known to be associated with wild and migratory birds. The evidence for direct transmission of an avian borne pathogen to a human was assessed. Transmission to humans was classified as direct if there is published evidence for such transmission from the avian species to a person or indirect if the transmission requires a vector other than the avian species. Results Several wild and migratory birds serve as reservoirs and/or mechanical vectors (simply carrying a pathogen or dispersing infected arthropod vectors) for numerous infectious agents. An association with transmission from birds to humans was identified for 10 pathogens. Wild birds including migratory species may play a significant role in the epidemiology of influenza A virus, arboviruses such as West Nile virus and enteric bacterial pathogens. Nevertheless only one case of direct transmission from wild birds to humans was found. Conclusion The available evidence suggests wild birds play a limited role in human infectious diseases. Direct transmission of an infectious agent from wild birds to humans is rarely identified. Potential factors and mechanisms involved in the transmission of infectious agents from birds to humans need further elucidation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sotirios Tsiodras
- University of Athens Medical School, 1 Rimini Street, Xaidari, 12462 Athens, Greece.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|