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Jiang JH, Cameron DR, Nethercott C, Aires-de-Sousa M, Peleg AY. Virulence attributes of successful methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus lineages. Clin Microbiol Rev 2023; 36:e0014822. [PMID: 37982596 PMCID: PMC10732075 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00148-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a leading cause of severe and often fatal infections. MRSA epidemics have occurred in waves, whereby a previously successful lineage has been replaced by a more fit and better adapted lineage. Selection pressures in both hospital and community settings are not uniform across the globe, which has resulted in geographically distinct epidemiology. This review focuses on the mechanisms that trigger the establishment and maintenance of current, dominant MRSA lineages across the globe. While the important role of antibiotic resistance will be mentioned throughout, factors which influence the capacity of S. aureus to colonize and cause disease within a host will be the primary focus of this review. We show that while MRSA possesses a diverse arsenal of toxins including alpha-toxin, the success of a lineage involves more than just producing toxins that damage the host. Success is often attributed to the acquisition or loss of genetic elements involved in colonization and niche adaptation such as the arginine catabolic mobile element, as well as the activity of regulatory systems, and shift metabolism accordingly (e.g., the accessory genome regulator, agr). Understanding exactly how specific MRSA clones cause prolonged epidemics may reveal targets for therapies, whereby both core (e.g., the alpha toxin) and acquired virulence factors (e.g., the Panton-Valentine leukocidin) may be nullified using anti-virulence strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhih-Hang Jiang
- Department of Microbiology, Infection Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David R. Cameron
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cara Nethercott
- Department of Microbiology, Infection Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marta Aires-de-Sousa
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institutode Tecnologia Químicae Biológica António Xavier (ITQB-NOVA), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- Escola Superior de Saúde da Cruz Vermelha Portuguesa-Lisboa (ESSCVP-Lisboa), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Anton Y. Peleg
- Department of Microbiology, Infection Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre to Impact Antimicrobial Resistance, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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2
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Abramov VM, Kosarev IV, Machulin AV, Priputnevich TV, Deryusheva EI, Nemashkalova EL, Chikileva IO, Abashina TN, Panin AN, Melnikov VG, Suzina NE, Nikonov IN, Selina MV, Khlebnikov VS, Sakulin VK, Samoilenko VA, Gordeev AB, Sukhikh GT, Uversky VN, Karlyshev AV. Limosilactobacillus fermentum 3872 That Produces Class III Bacteriocin Forms Co-Aggregates with the Antibiotic-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains and Induces Their Lethal Damage. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12030471. [PMID: 36978338 PMCID: PMC10044573 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12030471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
LF3872 was isolated from the milk of a healthy lactating and breastfeeding woman. Earlier, the genome of LF3872 was sequenced, and a gene encoding unique bacteriocin was discovered. We have shown here that the LF3872 strain produces a novel thermolabile class III bacteriolysin (BLF3872), exhibiting antimicrobial activity against antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. Sequence analysis revealed the two-domain structural (lysozyme-like domain and peptidase M23 domain) organization of BLF3872. At least 25% residues of this protein are expected to be intrinsically disordered. Furthermore, BLF3872 is predicted to have a very high liquid-liquid phase separation. According to the electron microscopy data, the bacterial cells of LF3872 strain form co-aggregates with the S. aureus 8325-4 bacterial cells. LF3872 produced bacteriolysin BLF3872 that lyses the cells of the S. aureus 8325-4 mastitis-inducing strain. The sensitivity of the antibiotic-resistant S. aureus collection strains and freshly isolated antibiotic-resistant strains was tested using samples from women with lactation mastitis; the human nasopharynx and oral cavity; the oropharynx of pigs; and the cows with a diagnosis of clinical mastitis sensitive to the lytic action of the LF3872 strain producing BLF3872. The co-cultivation of LF3872 strain with various antibiotic-resistant S. aureus strains for 24 h reduced the level of living cells of these pathogens by six log. The LF3872 strain was found to be able to co-aggregate with all studied S. aureus strains. The cell-free culture supernatant of LF3872 (CSLF3872) induced S. aureus cell damage and ATP leakage. The effectiveness of the bacteriolytic action of LF3872 strain did not depend on the origin of the S. aureus strains. The results reported here are important for the creation of new effective drugs against antibiotic-resistant strains of S. aureus circulating in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vyacheslav M. Abramov
- Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance (Rosselkhoznadzor) Federal State Budgetary Institution “The Russian State Center for Animal Feed and Drug Standardization and Quality” (FGBU VGNKI), 123022 Moscow, Russia
- Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Ministry of Health, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Igor V. Kosarev
- Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance (Rosselkhoznadzor) Federal State Budgetary Institution “The Russian State Center for Animal Feed and Drug Standardization and Quality” (FGBU VGNKI), 123022 Moscow, Russia
- Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Ministry of Health, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey V. Machulin
- Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of Russian Academy of Science”, Russian Academy of Science, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Tatiana V. Priputnevich
- Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Ministry of Health, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgenia I. Deryusheva
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of Russian Academy of Science”, Russian Academy of Science, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Ekaterina L. Nemashkalova
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of Russian Academy of Science”, Russian Academy of Science, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Irina O. Chikileva
- Laboratory of Cell Immunity, Blokhin National Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health RF, 115478 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana N. Abashina
- Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of Russian Academy of Science”, Russian Academy of Science, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Alexander N. Panin
- Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance (Rosselkhoznadzor) Federal State Budgetary Institution “The Russian State Center for Animal Feed and Drug Standardization and Quality” (FGBU VGNKI), 123022 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vyacheslav G. Melnikov
- Gabrichevsky Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 125212 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nataliya E. Suzina
- Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of Russian Academy of Science”, Russian Academy of Science, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Ilia N. Nikonov
- Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education, Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology named after K.I. Skryabin, 109472 Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina V. Selina
- Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education, Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology named after K.I. Skryabin, 109472 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Vadim K. Sakulin
- Institute of Immunological Engineering, 142380 Lyubuchany, Russia
| | - Vladimir A. Samoilenko
- Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of Russian Academy of Science”, Russian Academy of Science, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Alexey B. Gordeev
- Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Ministry of Health, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Gennady T. Sukhikh
- Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Ministry of Health, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Andrey V. Karlyshev
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Health, Science, Social Care and Education, Kingston University London, Kingston upon Thames KT1 2EE, UK
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Godijk NG, Bootsma MCJ, Bonten MJM. Transmission routes of antibiotic resistant bacteria: a systematic review. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:482. [PMID: 35596134 PMCID: PMC9123679 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07360-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Quantification of acquisition routes of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) is pivotal for understanding transmission dynamics and designing cost-effective interventions. Different methods have been used to quantify the importance of transmission routes, such as relative risks, odds ratios (OR), genomic comparisons and basic reproduction numbers. We systematically reviewed reported estimates on acquisition routes’ contributions of ARB in humans, animals, water and the environment and assessed the methods used to quantify the importance of transmission routes. Methods PubMed and EMBASE were searched, resulting in 6054 articles published up until January 1st, 2019. Full text screening was performed on 525 articles and 277 are included. Results We extracted 718 estimates with S. aureus (n = 273), E. coli (n = 157) and Enterobacteriaceae (n = 99) being studied most frequently. Most estimates were derived from statistical methods (n = 560), mainly expressed as risks (n = 246) and ORs (n = 239), followed by genetic comparisons (n = 85), modelling (n = 62) and dosage of ARB ingested (n = 17). Transmission routes analysed most frequently were occupational exposure (n = 157), travelling (n = 110) and contacts with carriers (n = 83). Studies were mostly performed in the United States (n = 142), the Netherlands (n = 87) and Germany (n = 60). Comparison of methods was not possible as studies using different methods to estimate the same route were lacking. Due to study heterogeneity not all estimates by the same method could be pooled. Conclusion Despite an abundance of published data the relative importance of transmission routes of ARB has not been accurately quantified. Links between exposure and acquisition are often present, but the frequency of exposure is missing, which disables estimation of transmission routes’ importance. To create effective policies reducing ARB, estimates of transmission should be weighed by the frequency of exposure occurrence. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-022-07360-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noortje G Godijk
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Martin C J Bootsma
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marc J M Bonten
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Vilaró A, Novell E, Enrique-Tarancón V, Balielles J, Allué E, Fraile L. Antimicrobial Stewardship for Respiratory Pathogens in Swine. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E727. [PMID: 33105780 PMCID: PMC7690587 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9110727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to set up antimicrobial stewardship for swine respiratory pathogens following the recommendation from the European Medicine Agency. The obtained antimicrobial susceptibility pattern recommended using antimicrobial stewardship for each clinical case instead of treatment guidelines focused on pathogens. Thus, the bacteria are isolated and the MIC values, the clinical interpretation for each antimicrobial (susceptible or resistant), additional information about the distance between the MIC obtained and the clinical breakpoint, and set up for each drug, are represented in the report provided for veterinarians. A graph from green (susceptible) to red (resistant) is enclosed for each antimicrobial and microorganism in the report. The greener, the more susceptible is the strain, and the redder, the less susceptible is the strain for each particular antimicrobial. This information could help veterinarians to select the most suitable antimicrobial from first, second, or last option antimicrobials. Thus, veterinarians should choose the antimicrobial, inside each option, with the best antimicrobial susceptibility pattern that corresponds with the greener status in the report. The information provided in the report could be useful for all clinical cases, caused by a certain bacterium within the same pig production system, if an epidemiological link could be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vilaró
- Grup de Sanejament Porcí, 25192 Lleida, Spain; (A.V.); (E.N.); (V.E.-T.); (J.B.); (E.A.)
| | - Elena Novell
- Grup de Sanejament Porcí, 25192 Lleida, Spain; (A.V.); (E.N.); (V.E.-T.); (J.B.); (E.A.)
| | | | - Jordi Balielles
- Grup de Sanejament Porcí, 25192 Lleida, Spain; (A.V.); (E.N.); (V.E.-T.); (J.B.); (E.A.)
| | - Eduard Allué
- Grup de Sanejament Porcí, 25192 Lleida, Spain; (A.V.); (E.N.); (V.E.-T.); (J.B.); (E.A.)
| | - Lorenzo Fraile
- Departament de Ciència Animal, ETSEA, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio, 25198 Lleida, Spain
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Mrochen DM, Fernandes de Oliveira LM, Raafat D, Holtfreter S. Staphylococcus aureus Host Tropism and Its Implications for Murine Infection Models. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7061. [PMID: 32992784 PMCID: PMC7582387 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a pathobiont of humans as well as a multitude of animal species. The high prevalence of multi-resistant and more virulent strains of S. aureus necessitates the development of new prevention and treatment strategies for S. aureus infection. Major advances towards understanding the pathogenesis of S. aureus diseases have been made using conventional mouse models, i.e., by infecting naïve laboratory mice with human-adapted S.aureus strains. However, the failure to transfer certain results obtained in these murine systems to humans highlights the limitations of such models. Indeed, numerous S. aureus vaccine candidates showed promising results in conventional mouse models but failed to offer protection in human clinical trials. These limitations arise not only from the widely discussed physiological differences between mice and humans, but also from the lack of attention that is paid to the specific interactions of S. aureus with its respective host. For instance, animal-derived S. aureus lineages show a high degree of host tropism and carry a repertoire of host-specific virulence and immune evasion factors. Mouse-adapted S.aureus strains, humanized mice, and microbiome-optimized mice are promising approaches to overcome these limitations and could improve transferability of animal experiments to human trials in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M. Mrochen
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Strasse DZ 7, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (L.M.F.d.O.); (D.R.); (S.H.)
| | - Liliane M. Fernandes de Oliveira
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Strasse DZ 7, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (L.M.F.d.O.); (D.R.); (S.H.)
| | - Dina Raafat
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Strasse DZ 7, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (L.M.F.d.O.); (D.R.); (S.H.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, 21521 Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Silva Holtfreter
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Strasse DZ 7, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (L.M.F.d.O.); (D.R.); (S.H.)
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6
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Sahibzada S, Pang S, Hernández-Jover M, Jordan D, Abraham S, O'Dea M, Heller J. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of MRSA across different pig age groups in an intensive pig production system in Australia. Zoonoses Public Health 2020; 67:576-586. [PMID: 32458580 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This observational study aimed to determine MRSA prevalence using strain-specific real-time PCR at the pig level, stratified by age groupings, within a pig enterprise. A total of 658 samples were collected from individual pigs (n = 618) and the piggery environment (n = 40), distributed amongst five different pig age groups. Presumptive MRSA isolates were confirmed by the presence of mecA, and MALDI-TOF was performed for species verification. All isolates were tested against 18 different antimicrobials. MRSA was isolated from 75.2% (95% CI 71.8-78.6) of samples collected from pigs, and 71% of the MRSA isolates from this source were identified as community-associated (CA)-MRSA ST93, while the remainder were livestock-associated (LA)-MRSA ST398. Amongst environmental isolates, 80% (CI 64.3-95.7) were ST93 and the remainder ST398. All MRSA isolates from pigs and the environment were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, linezolid, mupirocin, rifampicin, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, teicoplanin and vancomycin. Phenotypic rates of resistance were penicillin (100%), clindamycin (97.6%), erythromycin (96.3%), ceftiofur (93.7%), chloramphenicol (81.2%), tetracycline (63.1%) and amoxicillin-clavulanate (63.9%). A low prevalence of resistance (9.2%) was observed against neomycin and quinupristin-dalfopristin. The probability of MRSA carriage in dry sows (42.2%) was found to be significantly lower (p < .001) when compared to other age groups: farrowing sows (76.8%, RR1.82), weaners (97.8%, RR 2.32), growers (94.2%, RR 2.23) and finishers (98.3%, RR 2.33). Amongst different production age groups, a significant difference was also found in antimicrobial resistance for amoxicillin-clavulanate, neomycin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline. Using the RT-PCR assay adopted in this study, filtering of highly prevalent ST93 and non-ST93 isolates was performed at high throughput and low cost. In conclusion, this study found that weaner pigs presented a higher risk for CA-MRSA and antimicrobial resistance compared to other age groups. These findings have major implications for how investigations of MRSA outbreaks should be approached under the One-Health context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafi Sahibzada
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia.,School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia.,Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Stanley Pang
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia.,PathWest Laboratory Medicine - WA, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Australia
| | - Marta Hernández-Jover
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia.,Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - David Jordan
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Wollongbar, NSW, Australia
| | - Sam Abraham
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Mark O'Dea
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Jane Heller
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia.,Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
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Bastard J, Andraud M, Chauvin C, Glaser P, Opatowski L, Temime L. Dynamics of livestock-associated methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pig movement networks: Insight from mathematical modeling and French data. Epidemics 2020; 31:100389. [PMID: 32146319 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2020.100389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Livestock-associated methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) colonizes livestock animals worldwide, especially pigs and calves. Although frequently carried asymptomatically, LA-MRSA can cause severe infections in humans. It is therefore important to better understand LA-MRSA spreading dynamics within pig farms and over pig movement networks, and to compare different strategies of control and surveillance. For this purpose, we propose a stochastic meta-population model of LA-MRSA spread along the French pig movement network (n = 10,542 farms), combining within- and between-farm dynamics, based on detailed data on breeding practices and pig movements between holdings. We calibrate the model using French epidemiological data. We then identify farm-level factors associated with the spreading potential of LA-MRSA in the network. We also show that, assuming control measures applied in a limited (n = 100) number of farms, targeting farms depending on their centrality in the network is the only way to significantly reduce LA-MRSA global prevalence. Finally, we investigate the scenario of emergence of a new LA-MRSA strain, and find that the farms with the highest indegree would be the best sentinels for a targeted surveillance of such a strain's introduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Bastard
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Univ. Paris-Sud, Inserm, CESP, Anti-infective evasion and pharmacoepidemiology team, F-78180, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France; Institut Pasteur, Epidemiology and Modelling of Antibiotic Evasion unit, F-75015, Paris, France; MESuRS Laboratory, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, 292 Rue Saint-Martin, 75003 Paris, France; PACRI Unit, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
| | - Mathieu Andraud
- Ploufragan Plouzané Niort Laboratory, Epidemiology, Health and Welfare Research Unit, Anses, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France; Université Bretagne Loire, Cité internationale, 1 place Paul Ricoeur CS 54417, 35044 Rennes, France
| | - Claire Chauvin
- Ploufragan Plouzané Niort Laboratory, Epidemiology, Health and Welfare Research Unit, Anses, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France; Université Bretagne Loire, Cité internationale, 1 place Paul Ricoeur CS 54417, 35044 Rennes, France
| | - Philippe Glaser
- Ecology and Evolution of Antibiotics Resistance (EERA) Unit, CNRS UMR 3525, Institut Pasteur, AP-HP, Université Paris-Sud, 28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Lulla Opatowski
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Univ. Paris-Sud, Inserm, CESP, Anti-infective evasion and pharmacoepidemiology team, F-78180, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France; Institut Pasteur, Epidemiology and Modelling of Antibiotic Evasion unit, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Laura Temime
- MESuRS Laboratory, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, 292 Rue Saint-Martin, 75003 Paris, France; PACRI Unit, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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8
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Rosen K, Roesler U, Merle R, Friese A. Persistent and Transient Airborne MRSA Colonization of Piglets in a Newly Established Animal Model. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1542. [PMID: 30057576 PMCID: PMC6053491 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) was first found in 2005 and is up to date widespread in animal husbandry reservoir – focusing on pig farming. The regular detectability of MRSA in the air of pigsties as well as in exhaust air of pig farms (mean count: 102 cfu/m3) poses the question whether an airborne spread and, therefore, a MRSA colonization of animals via the airborne route exists. To answer this question, we exposed three groups of nine MRSA-negative tested piglets each to a defined airborne MRSA concentration (102, 104, and 106 cfu/m3) in our aerosol chamber for 24 h. In the following observation period of 21 days, the MRSA status of the piglets was monitored by taking different swab samples (nasal, pharyngeal, skin, conjunctival, and rectal swab). At the end of the experiment, we euthanized the piglets and investigated different tissues and organs for the spread of MRSA. The data of our study imply the presence of an airborne MRSA colonization route: the animals exposed to 106 cfu/m3 MRSA in the air were persistent colonized. The piglets exposed to an airborne MRSA concentration of 104 cfu/m3 were transient, and the piglets exposed to an airborne MRSA concentration of 102 cfu/m3 were not colonized. Consequently, a colonization via the airborne route was proven.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Rosen
- Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Roesler
- Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roswitha Merle
- Institute for Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anika Friese
- Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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9
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Slingerland BCGC, Keehnen M, Ouwerling B, Tavakol M, Snijders SV, Verbrugh HA, Vos MC, Remarque EJ, Langermans JAM, van Wamel WJB. An experimental Staphylococcus aureus carriage and decolonization model in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194718. [PMID: 29649257 PMCID: PMC5896908 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Our human model of nasal colonization and eradication of S. aureus is limited by safety issues. As rhesus macaques are closely related to humans and natural hosts for S. aureus, we developed an experimental decolonization and inoculation protocol in these animals. Animals were screened for nasal carriage of S. aureus and 20 carriers were selected. Decolonization was attempted using nasal mupirocin (10 animals) or mupirocin plus trimethoprim/sulfadiazine intramuscularly (10 animals) both once daily for 5 days, and checked by follow-up cultures for 10 weeks. Intranasal inoculation was performed with S. aureus strain 8325–4 in culture-negative animals. 11/20 animals, of which 5 received mupirocin and 6 the combination treatment, became culture-negative for S. aureus for 10 weeks and these 11 animals were subsequently inoculated. Swabs were taken once a week for 5 weeks to test for the presence of the inoculated strain. In 3 animals, strain 8325–4 was cultured from the nose 1 week after inoculation, indicating short-term survival of this strain only, a finding similar to that previously found in our human model. These data demonstrate that rhesus macaques may constitute a relevant animal model to perform S. aureus eradication and inoculation studies with relatively limited invasive handling of the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibi C. G. C. Slingerland
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Merei Keehnen
- Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Boudewijn Ouwerling
- Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Mehri Tavakol
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susan V. Snijders
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henri A. Verbrugh
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Margreet C. Vos
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edmond J. Remarque
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A. M. Langermans
- Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Willem J. B. van Wamel
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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10
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Ivbule M, Miklaševičs E, Čupāne L, Bērziņa L, Bāliņš A, Valdovska A. MRSA in Pig Population. Pol J Microbiol 2017; 66:383-392. [PMID: 29319526 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0010.4876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is widespread worldwide in different types of animal species and as a zoonosis takes a great risk for human health not only as a food toxicoinfection, but also as a highly resistant pathogen causing serious soft tissue infectious, septicaemia and even death. One of the most affected food-producing animal species is swine in the production of which new antibiotics in big amounts are used more and more continuously, increasing antimicrobial resistance. In this study several commercial pig farms and pigs with different age groups as well as farm workers and samples from environment were examined with the purpose of detecting MRSA prevalence and evaluating antimicrobial resistance. A total of 85 isolated MRSA strains were characterised by conventional microbial and molecular methods. MRSA was found in all farms. MRSA prevalence in different pig age groups and farms varied from none to 79.2% reaching higher values among 3-3.5 (26.6%) and 4-4.5 (31.9%) old pigs. The 98.7% of 74 further investigated MRSA isolates were resistant to penicillin, 94.9% to tetracycline, 45.6% to cephalexin and 10 different spa types were found among which spa type t011 was the most widespread. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time MRSA was researched in sow milk and the first description of the presence of MRSA in several age groups of pigs in Latvia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meldra Ivbule
- Food and Veterinary Service, Veterinary Surveillance Department, Riga, Latvia
| | | | - Liene Čupāne
- Riga Stradins University, Institute of Oncology, Riga, Latvia
| | - Laima Bērziņa
- Latvia University of Agriculture, Faculty of Information Technology, Jelgava, Latvia
| | - Andris Bāliņš
- Latvia University of Agriculture, Scientific Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Jelgava, Latvia
| | - Anda Valdovska
- Latvia University of Agriculture Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jelgava, Latvia
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11
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Ivbule M, Miklaševičs E, Čupāne L, Bērziņa L, Bālinš A, Valdovska A. Presence of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus in Slaughterhouse Environment, Pigs, Carcasses, and Workers. J Vet Res 2017; 61:267-277. [PMID: 29978083 PMCID: PMC5894418 DOI: 10.1515/jvetres-2017-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a highly resistant and difficult to cure zoonotic microorganism, which makes up a large part of food toxic infections and has shown high prevalence among pig population all over the world. The aim of the study was to establish the occurrence of MRSA in slaughterhouses, evaluate its antimicrobial resistance, and verify whether there are any differences or similarities with reference to other European countries. Material and Methods A total of 100 pigs, 105 carcasses, 19 workers, and 24 samples from the environment of several slaughterhouses were examined by conventional microbial and molecular methods. Results In total, 78 MRSA isolates were found. MRSA prevalence in slaughtered pigs varied from 8.0% to 88.6% depending on the slaughterhouse, reaching higher prevalence in slaughterhouses with higher slaughter capacity. In total, 21.1% of all workers were carriers of MRSA and 6.7% of carcasses were contaminated with MRSA. The 98.2% of MRSA isolates were resistant to penicillin, 89.1% to tetracycline, 60.1% to erythromycin, 65.5% to gentamycin, and 15 different spa types were found, among which spa type t01333 was most widespread. Conclusion The study indicated that MRSA prevalence and spa types differed according to slaughterhouse slaughter capacity and good hygiene practices. Quite high MRSA occurrence among slaughterhouse workers is one of the main factors which increase pork contamination risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meldra Ivbule
- Veterinary Surveillance Department, Food and Veterinary Service, Riga, LV-1050, Latvia
| | | | - Liene Čupāne
- Institute of Oncology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, LV-1002, Latvia
| | - Laima Bērziņa
- Faculty of Information Technology, Latvia University of Agriculture, Jelgava, LV-3001, Latvia
| | - Andris Bālinš
- Scientific Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Jelgava, LV-3004, Latvia
| | - Anda Valdovska
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Agriculture, Jelgava, LV-3004, Latvia
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12
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Fetsch A, Roesler U, Kraushaar B, Friese A. Co-colonization and clonal diversity of methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in sows. Vet Microbiol 2016; 185:7-14. [PMID: 26931385 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus (S.) aureus (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) are colonizers of skin and mucosa. In humans, MSSA and MRSA compete for colonization space in the anterior nares of pig farmers; however, it was also shown that MSSA/MRSA co-colonization is common and one clone can be found rather than differing types of MSSA and MRSA. We investigated the colonization and clonality of both, MSSA and MRSA in pigs over a longer time. Eighteen sows were nasally sampled three times every ten weeks. Additionally, environmental samples were taken. Samples were investigated for MSSA and MRSA, respectively. The spa type was defined from up to five MRSA and MSSA isolates found per sample and sampling time; selected isolates were further investigated by microarray. Three sows (16.7%) were completely negative for MSSA and MRSA. Twelve pigs (66.7%) were irregularly positive for both, MSSA and MRSA over the time, whereas seven out of them (38.9%) were simultaneously colonized. CC398 (t034, t011) MRSA and CC9 (t337, t1430, and t13816) MSSA associated spa types were exclusively found. In 44.4% (n=8) of sows up to two different types of MSSA were present at the same time and sample. Strains of the same clonal lineage showed a high genetic identity despite their origin. Highly identic clones were present in sows and their environment. As conclusion, MSSA/MRSA may not exclude each other in the anterior nares of pigs. Pigs may also carry different clones at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Fetsch
- National Reference Laboratory for Coagulase-positive Staphylococci Incl. Staphylococcus aureus, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Uwe Roesler
- Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von Ostertag-Straße 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Britta Kraushaar
- National Reference Laboratory for Coagulase-positive Staphylococci Incl. Staphylococcus aureus, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anika Friese
- Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von Ostertag-Straße 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
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13
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Burns A, Shore AC, Brennan GI, Coleman DC, Egan J, Fanning S, Galligan MC, Gibbons JF, Gutierrez M, Malhotra-Kumar S, Markey BK, Sabirova JS, Wang J, Leonard FC. A longitudinal study of Staphylococcus aureus colonization in pigs in Ireland. Vet Microbiol 2014; 174:504-513. [PMID: 25465665 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in livestock has refocused attention on S. aureus colonization and transmission in pigs. This study investigated the effect of the S. aureus colonization status of a sow on the colonization status of her piglets, and whether pigs carry the same strain of S. aureus throughout production. Nasal swabs were collected from the piglets of six healthy sows two days after birth and two days before and two days after they were moved into each production stage. The average prevalence of S. aureus colonization varied between 26% and 73%. The odds of being S. aureus positive were almost 12 times higher for piglets born to nasal-positive sows than for those born to nasal-negative sows, and three times higher again for piglets born to sows that were both nasal- and vaginal-positive. Isolates recovered from piglets immediately after birth were indistinguishable from those of the dam as determined by phenotypic and molecular typing, including microarray analysis and optical mapping. All isolates belonged to clonal complex 9 and the majority exhibited a novel spa type, t10449. The findings show that the S. aureus colonization status of the sow influences the colonization status of her piglets in the early production stages but strains carried by pigs change over time. Multiresistant S. aureus was detected, in particular post-weaning. Results suggest that sow status and management practices, including mixing of pigs and antimicrobial usage at weaning, should be considered when implementing control measures for S. aureus on a farm.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Burns
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - A C Shore
- Microbiology Research Unit, Dublin Dental University Hospital, University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland; Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - G I Brennan
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - D C Coleman
- Microbiology Research Unit, Dublin Dental University Hospital, University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - J Egan
- National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance (Food, Feed and Animal Health), Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Laboratories, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - S Fanning
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, Science Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - M C Galligan
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - J F Gibbons
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - M Gutierrez
- National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance (Food, Feed and Animal Health), Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Laboratories, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - S Malhotra-Kumar
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - B K Markey
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - J S Sabirova
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - J Wang
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, Science Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - F C Leonard
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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14
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Verstappen KM, Duim B, van Nes A, Snijders S, van Wamel WJB, Wagenaar JA. Experimental nasal colonization of piglets with methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Vet Microbiol 2014; 174:483-488. [PMID: 25448448 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus sequence type (ST)398 is widely spread among livestock. People in contact with livestock have a higher risk of testing positive for MRSA. Several experimental settings have been described to study in vivo colonization of MRSA in pigs, each having its own limitations. The aim of this study was to develop a nose-colonization model in pigs to quantitatively study the colonization of MRSA and the co-colonization of MSSA and MRSA. Two experiments were performed: in the first experiment piglets received an intranasal inoculation with MRSA ST398, spa-type t011, and in the second experiment piglets received an intranasal inoculation with two MSSA strains (ST398, spa-type t011 and t034) and two MRSA strains (also ST398, spa-type t011 and t034) to investigate co-colonization. Colonization was quantitatively monitored for 2 weeks in both experiments. Nasal colonization was successfully established in all piglets with stable numbers of S. aureus between 10(4) and 10(6) CFU. MSSA and MRSA were able to co-colonize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen M Verstappen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.165, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Birgitta Duim
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.165, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Arie van Nes
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Susan Snijders
- Department for Medical Microbiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, P.O. box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willem J B van Wamel
- Department for Medical Microbiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, P.O. box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap A Wagenaar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.165, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands; Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, Edelhertweg 15, 8219 PH Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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15
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Otto M. Physical stress and bacterial colonization. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2014; 38:1250-70. [PMID: 25212723 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6976.12088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial surface colonizers are subject to a variety of physical stresses. During the colonization of human epithelia such as on the skin or the intestinal mucosa, bacteria mainly have to withstand the mechanical stress of being removed by fluid flow, scraping, or epithelial turnover. To that end, they express a series of molecules to establish firm attachment to the epithelial surface, such as fibrillar protrusions (pili) and surface-anchored proteins that bind to human matrix proteins. In addition, some bacteria--in particular gut and urinary tract pathogens--use internalization by epithelial cells and other methods such as directed inhibition of epithelial turnover to ascertain continued association with the epithelial layer. Furthermore, many bacteria produce multilayered agglomerations called biofilms with a sticky extracellular matrix, providing additional protection from removal. This review will give an overview over the mechanisms human bacterial colonizers have to withstand physical stresses with a focus on bacterial adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Otto
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Human Bacterial Pathogenesis, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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16
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McCarthy AJ, Loeffler A, Witney AA, Gould KA, Lloyd DH, Lindsay JA. Extensive horizontal gene transfer during Staphylococcus aureus co-colonization in vivo. Genome Biol Evol 2014; 6:2697-708. [PMID: 25260585 PMCID: PMC4224341 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evu214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a commensal and major pathogen of humans and animals. Comparative genomics of S. aureus populations suggests that colonization of different host species is associated with carriage of mobile genetic elements (MGE), particularly bacteriophages and plasmids capable of encoding virulence, resistance, and immune evasion pathways. Antimicrobial-resistant S. aureus of livestock are a potential zoonotic threat to human health if they adapt to colonize humans efficiently. We utilized the technique of experimental evolution and co-colonized gnotobiotic piglets with both human- and pig-associated variants of the lineage clonal complex 398, and investigated growth and genetic changes over 16 days using whole genome sequencing. The human isolate survived co-colonization on piglets more efficiently than in vitro. During co-colonization, transfer of MGE from the pig to the human isolate was detected within 4 h. Extensive and repeated transfer of two bacteriophages and three plasmids resulted in colonization with isolates carrying a wide variety of mobilomes. Whole genome sequencing of progeny bacteria revealed no acquisition of core genome polymorphisms, highlighting the importance of MGE. Staphylococcus aureus bacteriophage recombination and integration into novel sites was detected experimentally for the first time. During colonization, clones coexisted and diversified rather than a single variant dominating. Unexpectedly, each piglet carried unique populations of bacterial variants, suggesting limited transmission of bacteria between piglets once colonized. Our data show that horizontal gene transfer occurs at very high frequency in vivo and significantly higher than that detectable in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J McCarthy
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Anette Loeffler
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Adam A Witney
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine A Gould
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, United Kingdom
| | - David H Lloyd
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jodi A Lindsay
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, United Kingdom
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17
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Barton MD. Impact of antibiotic use in the swine industry. Curr Opin Microbiol 2014; 19:9-15. [PMID: 24959754 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2014.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance in bacteria associated with pigs not only affects pig production but also has an impact on human health through the transfer of resistant organisms and associated genes via the food chain. This can compromise treatment of human infections. In the past most attention was paid to glycopeptide and streptogramin resistance in enterococci, fluoroquinolone resistance in campylobacter and multi-drug resistance in Escherichia coli and salmonella. While these are still important the focus has shifted to ESBL producing organisms selected by the use of ceftiofur and cefquinome in pigs. In addition Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) suddenly emerged in 2007. We also need to consider multi-resistant strains of Streptococcus suis. Environmental contamination arising from piggery wastewater and spreading of manure slurry on pastures is also a growing problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary D Barton
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences and the Sansom Insitute for Health Research, University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide 5001, South Australia, Australia.
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18
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McDaniel CJ, Cardwell DM, Moeller RB, Gray GC. Humans and cattle: a review of bovine zoonoses. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2014; 14:1-19. [PMID: 24341911 PMCID: PMC3880910 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2012.1164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious disease prevention and control has been among the top public health objectives during the last century. However, controlling disease due to pathogens that move between animals and humans has been challenging. Such zoonotic pathogens have been responsible for the majority of new human disease threats and a number of recent international epidemics. Currently, our surveillance systems often lack the ability to monitor the human-animal interface for emergent pathogens. Identifying and ultimately addressing emergent cross-species infections will require a "One Health" approach in which resources from public veterinary, environmental, and human health function as part of an integrative system. Here we review the epidemiology of bovine zoonoses from a public health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton J. McDaniel
- College of Public Health and Health Professions and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Diana M. Cardwell
- College of Public Health and Health Professions and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Robert B. Moeller
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Tulare Laboratory, University of California, Tulare, California
| | - Gregory C. Gray
- College of Public Health and Health Professions and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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19
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Lassok B, Tenhagen BA. From pig to pork: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the pork production chain. J Food Prot 2013; 76:1095-108. [PMID: 23726208 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-12-341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major global public health concern and could be a food safety issue. Recurrent reports have documented that pig herds are an important reservoir for MRSA, specifically the livestock-associated sequence type 398. The high prevalence of MRSA in pig primary production facilities and the frequent detection of MRSA of the same types in pork and pig meat products raise the question of underlying mechanisms behind the introduction and transmission of MRSA along the pork production chain. A comprehensive review of current literature on the worldwide presence of livestock-associated MRSA in various steps of the pork production chain revealed that the slaughter process plays a decisive role in MRSA transmission from farm to fork. Superficial heat treatments such as scalding and flaming during the slaughter process can significantly reduce the burden of MRSA on the carcasses. However, recontamination with MRSA might occur via surface treating machinery, as a result of fecal contamination at evisceration, or via increased human handling during meat processing. By optimizing processes for carcass decontamination and avoiding recontamination by effective cleaning and personal hygiene management, transmission of MRSA from pig to pork can be minimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Lassok
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, D-10589 Berlin, Germany
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20
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Crombé F, Argudín MA, Vanderhaeghen W, Hermans K, Haesebrouck F, Butaye P. Transmission Dynamics of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Pigs. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:57. [PMID: 23518663 PMCID: PMC3602589 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
From the mid-2000s on, numerous studies have shown that methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), renowned as human pathogen, has a reservoir in pigs and other livestock. In Europe and North America, clonal complex (CC) 398 appears to be the predominant lineage involved. Especially worrisome is its capacity to contaminate humans in close contact with affected animals. Indeed, the typical multi-resistant phenotype of MRSA CC398 and its observed ability of easily acquiring genetic material suggests that MRSA CC398 strains with an increased virulence potential may emerge, for which few therapeutic options would remain. This questions the need to implement interventions to control the presence and spread of MRSA CC398 among pigs. MRSA CC398 shows a high but not fully understood transmission potential in the pig population and is able to persist within that population. Although direct contact is probably the main route for MRSA transmission between pigs, also environmental contamination, the presence of other livestock, the herd size, and farm management are factors that may be involved in the dissemination of MRSA CC398. The current review aims at summarizing the research that has so far been done on the transmission dynamics and risk factors for introduction and persistence of MRSA CC398 in farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Crombé
- Department of Bacterial Diseases, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research CentreBrussels, Belgium
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
| | - M. Angeles Argudín
- Department of Bacterial Diseases, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research CentreBrussels, Belgium
| | - Wannes Vanderhaeghen
- Department of Bacterial Diseases, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research CentreBrussels, Belgium
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
| | - Katleen Hermans
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
| | - Patrick Butaye
- Department of Bacterial Diseases, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research CentreBrussels, Belgium
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
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21
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Tulinski P, Fluit AC, van Putten JPM, de Bruin A, Glorieux S, Wagenaar JA, Duim B. An ex vivo porcine nasal mucosa explants model to study MRSA colonization. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53783. [PMID: 23326505 PMCID: PMC3543263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen able to colonize the upper respiratory tract and skin surfaces in mammals. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus ST398 is prevalent in pigs in Europe and North America. However, the mechanism of successful pig colonization by MRSA ST398 is poorly understood. To study MRSA colonization in pigs, an ex vivo model consisting of porcine nasal mucosa explants cultured at an air-liquid interface was evaluated. In cultured mucosa explants from the surfaces of the ventral turbinates and septum of the pig nose no changes in cell morphology and viability were observed up to 72 h. MRSA colonization on the explants was evaluated followed for three MRSA ST398 isolates for 180 minutes. The explants were incubated with 3×108 CFU/ml in PBS for 2 h to allow bacteria to adhere to the explants surface. Next the explants were washed and in the first 30 minutes post adhering time, a decline in the number of CFU was observed for all MRSA. Subsequently, the isolates showed either: bacterial growth, no growth, or a further reduction in bacterial numbers. The MRSA were either localized as clusters between the cilia or as single bacteria on the cilia surface. No morphological changes in the epithelium layer were observed during the incubation with MRSA. We conclude that porcine nasal mucosa explants are a valuable ex vivo model to unravel the interaction of MRSA with nasal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Tulinski
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ad C. Fluit
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos P. M. van Putten
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alain de Bruin
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah Glorieux
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jaap A. Wagenaar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Birgitta Duim
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Carriage and fecal counts of cefotaxime M-producing Escherichia coli in pigs: a longitudinal study. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 79:794-8. [PMID: 23160131 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02399-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Current knowledge on extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) in animals is based largely on cross-sectional studies and qualitative data. The aim of this longitudinal study was to elucidate carriage proportions and fecal counts of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli in pigs during the production cycle. At each of three ESBL-positive single-sited farrow-to-finisher pig farms (farms A, B, and C) included in the study, individual fecal samples were taken from 17 to 20 sows 1 week before farrowing and from 2 piglets of each sow's litter four times from birth to slaughter (as piglets, weaners, and finishers). Cefotaxime (CTX)-resistant coliforms in feces were counted on MacConkey agar containing 2 μg/ml CTX and characterized for the presence of ESBL-encoding genes by PCR and sequencing. CTX-M-positive pigs were detected in all age groups at farms A (bla(CTX-M-9) group, compatible with bla(CTX-M-14/17)) and B (bla(CTX-M-1) group, compatible with bla(CTX-M-1/61)), whereas only three weaners were positive at farm C (bla(CTX-M-1) group, compatible with bla(CTX-M-1/61)). A significant decrease in carriage was detected during the production cycle, with on average 50% carriage immediately after birth, 58% just before weaning, 29% during weaning, and 12% during finishing. The observed reduction in numbers of CTX-M-positive pigs was accompanied by a significant reduction in mean fecal counts of CTX-resistant coliforms from ~10(7) CFU/g in piglets to ~10(3) CFU/g in finishers (P < 0.001). These findings provide novel information about the epidemiology of ESBLs at the farm level and have important implications for assessments of risks of meat contamination during slaughter.
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Moodley A, Espinosa-Gongora C, Nielsen SS, McCarthy AJ, Lindsay JA, Guardabassi L. Comparative host specificity of human- and pig- associated Staphylococcus aureus clonal lineages. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49344. [PMID: 23166643 PMCID: PMC3498157 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial adhesion is a crucial step in colonization of the skin. In this study, we investigated the differential adherence to human and pig corneocytes of six Staphylococcus aureus strains belonging to three human-associated [ST8 (CC8), ST22 (CC22) and ST36(CC30)] and two pig-associated [ST398 (CC398) and ST433(CC30)] clonal lineages, and their colonization potential in the pig host was assessed by in vivo competition experiments. Corneocytes were collected from 11 humans and 21 pigs using D-squame® adhesive discs, and bacterial adherence to corneocytes was quantified by a standardized light microscopy assay. A previously described porcine colonization model was used to assess the potential of the six strains to colonize the pig host. Three pregnant, S. aureus-free sows were inoculated intravaginally shortly before farrowing with different strain mixes [mix 1) human and porcine ST398; mix 2) human ST36 and porcine ST433; and mix 3) human ST8, ST22, ST36 and porcine ST398] and the ability of individual strains to colonize the nasal cavity of newborn piglets was evaluated for 28 days after birth by strain-specific antibiotic selective culture. In the corneocyte assay, the pig-associated ST433 strain and the human-associated ST22 and ST36 strains showed significantly greater adhesion to porcine and human corneocytes, respectively (p<0.0001). In contrast, ST8 and ST398 did not display preferential host binding patterns. In the in vivo competition experiment, ST8 was a better colonizer compared to ST22, ST36, and ST433 prevailed over ST36 in colonizing the newborn piglets. These results are partly in agreement with previous genetic and epidemiological studies indicating the host specificity of ST22, ST36 and ST433 and the broad-host range of ST398. However, our in vitro and in vivo experiments revealed an unexpected ability of ST8 to adhere to porcine corneocytes and persist in the nasal cavity of pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshnee Moodley
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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24
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Gibbons JF, Markey BK, Jahns H, Boland F, Abbott Y, Burns A, Egan J, Fanning S, Gutierrez M, Leonard FC. Investigation of the persistence and transmission of MRSA CC 5 in pigs following intra-nasal inoculation. Vet Microbiol 2012; 162:771-778. [PMID: 23116587 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 09/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
MRSA CC5 spa type t002 appears to have a broad host range, has been isolated from animals and in-contact humans in Ireland and could potentially become established in pigs in Ireland. The aims of this study were to determine if MRSA CC5 spa type t002 could persist in the tissues of the porcine upper respiratory tract following intra-nasal inoculation; to determine the relative importance of environmental and animal sources of the bacterium in the transmission cycle and to determine the importance of the pharynx as a carriage site of Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA. Twelve pigs were inoculated intra-nasally with MRSA CC5 t002. After 1 or 6 days, the inoculated pigs were removed from the contaminated environment, were washed in an antiseptic solution and placed in a clean house with a group of naive pigs (in-contact group). Another group of naive pigs was placed in the contaminated environment to assess transmission from the environment (environmental group). Nasal swabs, environmental swabs and tissue samples from the upper respiratory tract were taken for MRSA culture. Infection rates were calculated for each group of exposed pigs. MRSA persisted in the pharyngeal tissues of 6 inoculated pigs for at least 30 days and higher counts of S. aureus were found in pharyngeal tissues than in other sites. In this study we were able to demonstrate the establishment of colonisation by MRSA CC5 spa type t002 in commercially sourced pigs already colonised by S. aureus; however, colonisation was sporadic despite the inoculation of large doses. Onward transmission via pig-to-pig contact or environmental contamination was possible and a significant difference was found between the proportion of pigs infected in the environmental group and the proportion infected in the in-contact group during the first 5 days. However, no significant difference was detected in overall infection rates between the 2 groups. The tissues of the pharynx were found to carry greater numbers of S. aureus than other tissues of the upper respiratory tract; therefore, pharyngeal carriage of MRSA and S. aureus in pigs may be more significant than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Gibbons
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - B K Markey
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - H Jahns
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - F Boland
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Y Abbott
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - A Burns
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - J Egan
- National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance (Food, Feed and Animal Health), Department of Agriculture, Food and Forestry, Backweston Laboratories, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - S Fanning
- Centres for Food Safety & Food-borne Zoonomics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - M Gutierrez
- National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance (Food, Feed and Animal Health), Department of Agriculture, Food and Forestry, Backweston Laboratories, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - F C Leonard
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Verhegghe M, Pletinckx LJ, Crombé F, Van Weyenberg S, Haesebrouck F, Butaye P, Heyndrickx M, Rasschaert G. Cohort study for the presence of livestock-associated MRSA in piglets: effect of sow status at farrowing and determination of the piglet colonization age. Vet Microbiol 2012; 162:679-686. [PMID: 23067724 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A longitudinal study was performed to determine the age at which piglets become colonized with livestock-associated MRSA and the effect of the sow MRSA status on the colonization status of their offspring. On four farrow-to-finish farms (A-D), nasal swabs were collected during a 6-month period from 12 sows and their offspring per farm. Piglets and sows were sampled throughout the nursery period. Additionally, the piglets were sampled after weaning, before and after moving to the finishing unit and before slaughterhouse transport. The environment of one pen (wall, floor and air) was sampled every time the pigs were sampled. Two MRSA colonization profiles were observed. On farms A and B, the sows' colonization prevalence reached 17% and 33%, respectively. The proportion of positive piglets remained low in the nursing unit (farm A: 0-7%, farm B: 0-36%) and increased at the end of their stay in the growing unit (farm A: 91%, farm B: 69%). On farms C and D, the sows' and piglets' colonization percentages were high from the beginning of the sampling series and finally reached 100%. On all farms, a decrease in colonization was observed towards slaughter age. The colonization age differed between farms. A statistically significant effect of the sow status at farrowing on the piglets' status was observed. The present study indicates that the sow's colonization status is important and should be included in control measures. However, the observed differences in colonization percentages among the farms complicate implementation of control measures on the farm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijke Verhegghe
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Food Safety Research Area, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium; Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Larissa J Pletinckx
- Catholic University College Southwest-Flanders (KATHO), Department HIVB, Wilgenstraat 32, 8800 Roeselare, Belgium; Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department Biosystems, Division Gene Technology, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30/2456, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Florence Crombé
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Agricultural Engineering Research Area, Burg. van Gansberghelaan 115/1, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Stephanie Van Weyenberg
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Agricultural Engineering Research Area, Burg. van Gansberghelaan 115/1, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Patrick Butaye
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (VAR), Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marc Heyndrickx
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Food Safety Research Area, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium; Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Geertrui Rasschaert
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Food Safety Research Area, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium.
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Giotis ES, Loeffler A, Knight-Jones T, Lloyd DH. Development of a skin colonization model in gnotobiotic piglets for the study of the microbial ecology of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398. J Appl Microbiol 2012; 113:992-1000. [PMID: 22805003 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05397.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ST398 continues to spread amongst pigs and other domestic animals and man. This highlights the need for models to examine MRSA colonization and investigate control strategies. This study aimed to develop a gnotobiotic pig model and assess the potential of bacterial interference from selected coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) against MRSA ST398. METHODS AND RESULTS Groups of 2-week-old piglets were atraumatically inoculated either with MRSA and/or CNS. Skin and mucosae were swabbed, and bacterial counts compared over a period of 21 days. Piglets developed healthily, and bacterial populations increased similarly for both MRSA and CNS until day 32. On day 37, MRSA counts in groups with CNS reduced significantly compared with MRSA alone (P = 0·03). CONCLUSIONS The results showed that inoculation of piglet skin with MRSA resulted in spontaneous colonization and that MRSA ST398 has a low pathogenic potential in gnotobiotic piglets. Quantitative bacteriology indicated that initial MRSA colonization was unaffected by concurrent CNS colonization but that interference may occur over a longer period. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Gnotobiotic piglets provide a reproducible model suitable for bacterial interference studies, which should be further explored as an alternative to antimicrobials in the control of MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Giotis
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
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Broens EM, Espinosa-Gongora C, Graat EAM, Vendrig N, Van Der Wolf PJ, Guardabassi L, Butaye P, Nielsen JP, De Jong MCM, Van De Giessen AW. Longitudinal study on transmission of MRSA CC398 within pig herds. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:58. [PMID: 22607475 PMCID: PMC3532224 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Since the detection of MRSA CC398 in pigs in 2004, it has emerged in livestock worldwide. MRSA CC398 has been found in people in contact with livestock and thus has become a public health issue. Data from a large-scale longitudinal study in two Danish and four Dutch pig herds were used to quantify MRSA CC398 transmission rates within pig herds and to identify factors affecting transmission between pigs. Results Sows and their offspring were sampled at varying intervals during a production cycle. Overall MRSA prevalence of sows increased from 33% before farrowing to 77% before weaning. Overall MRSA prevalence of piglets was > 60% during the entire study period. The recurrent finding of MRSA in the majority of individuals indicates true colonization or might be the result of contamination. Transmission rates were estimated using a Susceptible-Infectious-Susceptible (SIS-)model, which resulted in values of the reproduction ratio (R0) varying from 0.24 to 8.08. Transmission rates were higher in pigs treated with tetracyclins and β-lactams compared to untreated pigs implying a selective advantage of MRSA CC398 when these antimicrobials are used. Furthermore, transmission rates were higher in pre-weaning pigs compared to post-weaning pigs which might be explained by an age-related susceptibility or the presence of the sow as a primary source of MRSA CC398. Finally, transmission rates increased with the relative increase of the infection pressure within the pen compared to the total infection pressure, implying that within-pen transmission is a more important route compared to between-pen transmission and transmission through environmental exposure. Conclusion Our results indicate that MRSA CC398 is able to spread and persist in pig herds, resulting in an endemic situation. Transmission rates are affected by the use of selective antimicrobials and by the age of pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Els M Broens
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, P,O, Box 338, Wageningen, 6700 AH, The Netherlands.
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Jouy E, Le Roux A, Kéranflec'h A, Granier SA, Laurent F, Kempf I, Brisabois A, Cariolet R, Chauvin C. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 contamination and transmission in pigs after a low dose inoculation. Lett Appl Microbiol 2012; 54:518-23. [PMID: 22404325 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2012.03239.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ST398 has recently been described as a zoonotic agent. Its transmission between animals seems to be a pivotal factor in its emergence and dissemination. This experimental trial was performed to describe MRSA ST398 contamination and transmission in pigs after a low dose inoculation. METHODS AND RESULTS Twelve specific pathogen-free (SPF) pigs were randomly divided between two separate pens. Three pigs in each pen received a nasal inoculation of 2 × 10(4) colony-forming units per animal, and three naïve pigs were left in contact with them. Every 2 days and at necropsy, different samples were screened for MRSA. It was detected in nasal swabs from five inoculated and three naïve contact pigs, as early as 1 day after inoculation. MRSA was also found in environmental wipes but never in faecal samples. At necropsy, MRSA was detected in the lymph nodes of two contact pigs and in the tonsils and lymph nodes of three inoculated pigs. Twelve other SPF pigs were included as negative control in a separate room. CONCLUSION This experiment showed that inoculation of a low dose of MRSA ST398 could lead to the horizontal transmission of the bacterium between pigs, the contamination of mandibular lymph nodes and the contamination of the environment without faecal carriage. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The minimal inoculated dose via nasal route to observe transmission of MRSA ST398 between pigs is equal or lower to 2 × 10(4) colony-forming units per animal, and faecal excretion seems not to be a necessary condition for horizontal transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Jouy
- Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Ploufragan, France.
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30
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Colonization and transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 in nursery piglets. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 78:1631-4. [PMID: 22194292 DOI: 10.1128/aem.07356-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A transmission experiment was performed to evaluate the spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ST398 in nursery piglets. Reproduction ratios (R(0)) in three experimental groups were found to vary between 3.92 and 52.54, indicating that after introduction, MRSA ST398 will spread easily among weaned piglets, with a tendency to become established.
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31
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Colonization kinetics of different methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus sequence types in pigs and host susceptibilities. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 78:541-8. [PMID: 22081568 DOI: 10.1128/aem.05327-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we investigated the kinetics of colonization, the host susceptibility and transmissibility of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) after nasal treatment of pigs with three different MRSA strains of distinctive clonal lineages (sequence type 398 [ST398], ST8, and ST9), and origin in weaning piglets. The colonization dose of 5.0 × 10(8) CFU/animal was determined in preliminary animal studies. A total of 57 piglets were randomly divided into four test groups and one control group. Each of three test groups was inoculated intranasally with either MRSA ST8, MRSA ST9, or MRSA ST398. The fourth group was a mixture of animals inoculated with MRSA ST398 and noninoculated "sentinel" animals. Clinical signs, the nasal, conjunctival, and skin colonization of MRSA, fecal excretion, and organ distribution of MRSA, as well as different environmental samples were examined. After nasal inoculation with MRSA piglets of all four test groups showed no clinical signs of an MRSA infection. MRSA was present on the nasal mucosa, skin, and conjunctiva in all four test groups, including sentinel animals. Likewise, fecal excretion and internal colonization of MRSA ST8, ST9, and ST398 could be shown in each group. However, fecal excretion and the colonization rate of the nasal mucosa with MRSA ST9 were significantly lower in the first days after infection than in test groups infected with ST8 and ST398. The results of this study suggest differences in colonization potential of the different MRSA types in pigs. Furthermore, colonization of lymph nodes (e.g., the ileocecal lymph node) with MRSA of the clonal lineage ST398 was demonstrated.
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Broens EM, Graat EAM, van de Giessen AW, Broekhuizen-Stins MJ, de Jong MCM. Quantification of transmission of livestock-associated methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pigs. Vet Microbiol 2011; 155:381-8. [PMID: 21963419 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance in pigs becomes a public health issue when resistant organisms transfer from pigs to humans. Pigs are a large reservoir for livestock-associated (LA-)MRSA and people in contact with pigs are at risk for infection with LA-MRSA. Transmission and persistence of LA-MRSA within a pig population contributes to the maintenance of this zoonotic reservoir. Current knowledge on colonization and transmission of LA-MRSA in pigs is limited and mainly based on observational field surveys. Two experiments were performed to colonize pigs and quantify transmission of LA-MRSA between pigs. In the first experiment, colonization of six-week old piglets failed after intranasal inoculation, confirming the complexity of MRSA-colonization. In the second experiment, naive pigs got colonized after exposure to orally inoculated pigs. Subsequently, these contact-infected pigs transmitted MRSA to a new group of naive pigs. The reproduction ratio, R(0), was estimated with a SIS-model to quantify transmission between the first and second contact pigs as this resembles more the natural transmission. Two scenarios were evaluated, with different assumptions regarding infection status of individual pigs. R(0) varied between 3.7 and 4.3 and was significantly above 1, indicating a high probability of persistence of LA-MRSA, even without antimicrobial use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Els M Broens
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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