1
|
Hempstead SC, Gensler CA, Keelara S, Brennan M, Urie NJ, Wiedenheft AM, Marshall KL, Morningstar-Shaw B, Lantz K, Cray PF, Jacob ME. Detection and molecular characterization of Salmonella species on U.S. goat operations. Prev Vet Med 2022; 208:105766. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
|
2
|
Plotogea A, Taylor M, Parayno A, Sillje M, Stone J, Byrnes R, Bitzikos O, Redford T, Waters S, Fraser E, Hoang L, Zabek E, Tschetter L, Ziebell K, Chan YLE, Galanis E, Ghosh K, Hutton H, McKinley M, Tchao C, Rydings P, Prystajecky N. Human
Salmonella
enteritidis illness outbreak associated with exposure to live mice in British Columbia, Canada, 2018–2019. Zoonoses Public Health 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/zph.12978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Plotogea
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Public Health Agency of Canada Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Marsha Taylor
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Alicia Parayno
- Vancouver Island Health Authority Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Mona Sillje
- Interior Health Authority Kelowna British Columbia Canada
| | - Jason Stone
- Fraser Health Authority Surrey British Columbia Canada
| | - Rakel Byrnes
- Northern Health Authority Prince George British Columbia Canada
| | - Olga Bitzikos
- Vancouver Coastal Health Authority Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Tony Redford
- British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries Creston British Columbia Canada
| | - Shannon Waters
- Vancouver Island Health Authority Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Erin Fraser
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Faculty of Medicine University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Linda Hoang
- Faculty of Medicine University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- British Columbia Public Health Laboratory Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Erin Zabek
- British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries Creston British Columbia Canada
| | | | - Kim Ziebell
- National Microbiology Laboratory Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - YL Elaine Chan
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Public Health Agency of Canada Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Eleni Galanis
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Faculty of Medicine University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pavelquesi SLS, de Oliveira Ferreira ACA, Rodrigues ARM, de Souza Silva CM, Orsi DC, da Silva ICR. Presence of Tetracycline and Sulfonamide Resistance Genes in Salmonella spp.: Literature Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10111314. [PMID: 34827252 PMCID: PMC8615168 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10111314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetracyclines and sulfonamides are broad-spectrum antibacterial agents which have been used to treat bacterial infections for over half a century. The widespread use of tetracyclines and sulfonamides led to the emergence of resistance in a diverse group of bacteria. This resistance can be studied by searching for resistance genes present in the bacteria responsible for different resistance mechanisms. Salmonella is one of the leading bacteria causing foodborne diseases worldwide, and its resistance to tetracyclines and sulfonamides has been widely reported. The literature review searched the Virtual Health Library for articles with specific data in the studied samples: the resistance genes found, the primers used in PCR, and the thermocycler conditions. The results revealed that Salmonella presented high rates of resistance to tetracycline and sulfonamide, and the most frequent samples used to isolate Salmonella were poultry and pork. The tetracycline resistance genes most frequently detected from Salmonella spp. were tetA followed by tetB. The gene sul1 followed by sul2 were the most frequently sulfonamide resistance genes present in Salmonella. These genes are associated with plasmids, transposons, or both, and are often conjugative, highlighting the transference potential of these genes to other bacteria, environments, animals, and humans.
Collapse
|
4
|
Rush EM, Amadi VA, Johnson R, Lonce N, Hariharan H. Salmonella serovars associated with Grenadian tree boa (Corallus grenadensis) and their antimicrobial susceptibility. Vet Med Sci 2020; 6:565-569. [PMID: 31943909 PMCID: PMC7397926 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cloacal swabs from 45 Grenada bank tree boas (Corallus grenadensis) were sampled during a 12-month period (2011-2012) from the rain forests and scrublands of Grenada. Cloacal swabs were examined by enrichment and selective culture for the presence of Salmonella spp. In all, 16 (35.6%) of the snakes were positive for Salmonella, and six serovars of Salmonella were isolated. The most common serovar was Rubislaw (31.3%), the most frequent serovar recently isolated from green iguanas in Grenada, followed by serovar Braenderup (18.8%), and serovar IV:48:g,z51:- (formerly, S. Marina) (18.8%), also found in green iguanas in this country. The remaining three less frequent serovars were, IV:53:g,z51:-, I:6,7:e,h:- and IIIb:38:i:z. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests conducted by a disc diffusion method against amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ampicillin, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, imipenem, nalidixic acid, streptomycin, tetracycline and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole showed that drug resistance is minimal, with intermediate susceptibility, only to streptomycin. This is the first report of isolation and antimicrobial susceptibilities of Salmonella serovars from wild Grenadian tree boas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Rush
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, St. George's, Grenada, West Indies.,Antech Imaging Services, Irvine, CA, USA.,Windward Island Research and Education Foundation, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Victor A Amadi
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, St. George's, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Roger Johnson
- Office International des Epizooties (OIE) Salmonella Reference Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, National Microbiology at Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Nicholas Lonce
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, St. George's, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Harry Hariharan
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, St. George's, Grenada, West Indies
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Robertson SA, Sidge JL, Koski L, Hardy MC, Stevenson L, Signs K, Stobierski MG, Bidol S, Donovan D, Soehnlen M, Jones K, Robeson S, Hambley A, Stefanovsky L, Brandenburg J, Hise K, Tolar B, Nichols MC, Basler C. Onsite investigation at a mail-order hatchery following a multistate Salmonella illness outbreak linked to live poultry-United States, 2018. Poult Sci 2019; 98:6964-6972. [PMID: 31579916 PMCID: PMC6870551 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), health departments, and other state and federal partners have linked contact with live poultry to 70 human Salmonella outbreaks in the United States from 2000 to 2017, which resulted in a total of 4,794 illnesses, 894 hospitalizations, and 7 deaths. During human salmonellosis outbreaks environmental sampling is rarely conducted as part of the outbreak investigation. CDC was contacted by state health officials on June 12, 2018, to provide support during an investigation of risk factors for Salmonella infections linked to live poultry originating at a mail-order hatchery. From January 1, 2018, to June 15, 2018, 13 human Salmonella infections in multiple states were attributed to exposure to live poultry from a single hatchery. Two serotypes of Salmonella were associated with these infections, Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Litchfield. Molecular subtyping of the S. Enteritidis clinical isolates revealed they were closely related genetically (within 0 to 9 alleles) by core genome multi-locus sequence typing (cgMLST) to isolates obtained from environmental samples taken from hatchery shipping containers received at retail outlets. Environmental sampling and onsite investigation of practices was conducted at the mail-order hatchery during an investigation on June 19, 2018. A total of 45 environmental samples were collected, and 4 (9%) grew Salmonella. A chick box liner from a box in the pre-shipping area yielded an isolate closely related to the S. Enteritidis outbreak strain (within 1 to 9 alleles by cgMLST). The onsite investigation revealed lapses in biosecurity, sanitation, quality assurance, and education of consumers. Review of Salmonella serotype testing performed by the hatchery revealed that the number of samples and type of samples collected monthly varied. Also, S. Enteritidis was identified at the hatchery every year since testing began in 2016. Recommendations to the hatchery for biosecurity, testing, and sanitation measures were made to help reduce burden of Salmonella in the hatchery and breeding flocks, thereby reducing the occurrence of human illness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Robertson
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, CDC, Atlanta GA, 30333, United States
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
| | - Jennifer L Sidge
- Bureau of Epidemiology and Population Health, Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, MI 48909, United States
| | - Lia Koski
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
| | - Margaret C Hardy
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
- Laboratory Leadership Service, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
| | - Lauren Stevenson
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
| | - Kimberly Signs
- Bureau of Epidemiology and Population Health, Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, MI 48909, United States
| | - Mary Grace Stobierski
- Bureau of Epidemiology and Population Health, Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, MI 48909, United States
| | - Sally Bidol
- Bureau of Epidemiology and Population Health, Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, MI 48909, United States
| | - Danielle Donovan
- Bureau of Epidemiology and Population Health, Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, MI 48909, United States
| | - Marty Soehnlen
- Bureau of Laboratories, Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, MI 48909, United States
| | - Kelly Jones
- Bureau of Laboratories, Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, MI 48909, United States
| | - Sheri Robeson
- Bureau of Laboratories, Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, MI 48909, United States
| | - Adeline Hambley
- Ottawa County Department of Public Health, Holland, MI 49424, United States
| | - Lisa Stefanovsky
- Ottawa County Department of Public Health, Holland, MI 49424, United States
| | - Joshua Brandenburg
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
| | - Kelley Hise
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
| | - Beth Tolar
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
| | - Megin C Nichols
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
| | - Colin Basler
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cheng RA, Eade CR, Wiedmann M. Embracing Diversity: Differences in Virulence Mechanisms, Disease Severity, and Host Adaptations Contribute to the Success of Nontyphoidal Salmonella as a Foodborne Pathogen. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1368. [PMID: 31316476 PMCID: PMC6611429 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Not all Salmonella enterica serovars cause the same disease. S. enterica represents an incredibly diverse species comprising >2,600 unique serovars. While some S. enterica serovars are host-restricted, others infect a wide range of hosts. The diseases that nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) serovars cause vary considerably, with some serovars being significantly more likely to cause invasive disease in humans than others. Furthermore, while genomic analyses have advanced our understanding of the genetic diversity of these serovars, they have not been able to fully account for the observed clinical differences. One overarching challenge is that much of what is known about Salmonella's general biology and virulence strategies is concluded from studies examining a select few serovars, especially serovar Typhimurium. As targeted control strategies have been implemented to control select serovars, an increasing number of foodborne outbreaks involving serovars that are less frequently associated with human clinical illness are being detected. Harnessing what is known about the diversity of NTS serovars represents an important factor in achieving the ultimate goal of reducing salmonellosis-associated morbidity and mortality worldwide. In this review we summarize the current understanding of the differences and similarities among NTS serovars, highlighting the virulence mechanisms, genetic differences, and sources that characterize S. enterica diversity and contribute to its success as a foodborne pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. Cheng
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Colleen R. Eade
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
| | - Martin Wiedmann
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Alvarez-Ordóñez A, Bolton D, Bover-Cid S, Chemaly M, De Cesare A, Herman L, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Peixe L, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Dewulf J, Hald T, Michel V, Niskanen T, Ricci A, Snary E, Boelaert F, Messens W, Davies R. Salmonella control in poultry flocks and its public health impact. EFSA J 2019; 17:e05596. [PMID: 32626222 PMCID: PMC7009056 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An increase in confirmed human salmonellosis cases in the EU after 2014 triggered investigation of contributory factors and control options in poultry production. Reconsideration of the five current target serovars for breeding hens showed that there is justification for retaining Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Typhimurium (including monophasic variants) and Salmonella Infantis, while Salmonella Virchow and Salmonella Hadar could be replaced by Salmonella Kentucky and either Salmonella Heidelberg, Salmonella Thompson or a variable serovar in national prevalence targets. However, a target that incorporates all serovars is expected to be more effective as the most relevant serovars in breeding flocks vary between Member State (MS) and over time. Achievement of a 1% target for the current target serovars in laying hen flocks is estimated to be reduced by 254,400 CrI95[98,540; 602,700] compared to the situation in 2016. This translates to a reduction of 53.4% CrI95[39.1; 65.7] considering the layer-associated human salmonellosis true cases and 6.2% considering the overall human salmonellosis true cases in the 23 MSs included in attribution modelling. A review of risk factors for Salmonella in laying hens revealed that overall evidence points to a lower occurrence in non-cage compared to cage systems. A conclusion on the effect of outdoor access or impact of the shift from conventional to enriched cages could not be reached. A similar review for broiler chickens concluded that the evidence that outdoor access affects the occurrence of Salmonella is inconclusive. There is conclusive evidence that an increased stocking density, larger farms and stress result in increased occurrence, persistence and spread of Salmonella in laying hen flocks. Based on scientific evidence, an impact of Salmonella control programmes, apart from general hygiene procedures, on the prevalence of Campylobacter in broiler flocks at the holding and on broiler meat at the end of the slaughter process is not expected.
Collapse
|
8
|
Daly RF, House J, Stanek D, Stobierski MG. Compendium of Measures to Prevent Disease Associated with Animals in Public Settings, 2017. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2018; 251:1268-1292. [PMID: 29154705 DOI: 10.2460/javma.251.11.1268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
9
|
Abstract
The philosophy of One Health is growing in concept and clarity. The interdependence of human, animal, and environmental health is the basis for the concept of One Health. One Health is a comprehensive approach to ensure the health of people, animals, and the environment through collaborative efforts. Preharvest food safety issues align with the grand concept of One Health. Imagine any food production system, and immediately, parallel images from One Health emerge: for example, transmission of zoonotic diseases, antibiotic residues, or resistance genes in the environment; environmental and animal host reservoirs of disease; challenges with rearing animals and growing fresh produce on the same farm; application and transport of manure or diseased animals. During a recent celebration of #OneHealthDay, information was shared around the globe concerning scientists dedicated to One Health research systems. An ever-growing trade and global commerce system mixed with our incessant desire for food products during the whole year makes it all the more important to take a global view through the One Health lens to solve these growing challenges. The recent explosion of Zika virus around the globe renewed the need for assessing transmissible diseases through the eyes of One Health. It is not good enough to know how a disease affects the human population without a thorough understanding of the environment and vector reservoirs. If 60 to 75% of infectious diseases affecting humans are of animal origin, the need for better One Health research strategies and overdue solutions is imperative.
Collapse
|
10
|
Rattanaumpawan P, Boonyasiri A, Vong S, Thamlikitkul V. Systematic review of electronic surveillance of infectious diseases with emphasis on antimicrobial resistance surveillance in resource-limited settings. Am J Infect Control 2018; 46:139-146. [PMID: 29029814 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electronic surveillance of infectious diseases involves rapidly collecting, collating, and analyzing vast amounts of data from interrelated multiple databases. Although many developed countries have invested in electronic surveillance for infectious diseases, the system still presents a challenge for resource-limited health care settings. METHODS We conducted a systematic review by performing a comprehensive literature search on MEDLINE (January 2000-December 2015) to identify studies relevant to electronic surveillance of infectious diseases. Study characteristics and results were extracted and systematically reviewed by 3 infectious disease physicians. RESULTS A total of 110 studies were included. Most surveillance systems were developed and implemented in high-income countries; less than one-quarter were conducted in low-or middle-income countries. Information technologies can be used to facilitate the process of obtaining laboratory, clinical, and pharmacologic data for the surveillance of infectious diseases, including antimicrobial resistance (AMR) infections. These novel systems require greater resources; however, we found that using electronic surveillance systems could result in shorter times to detect targeted infectious diseases and improvement of data collection. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights a lack of resources in areas where an effective, rapid surveillance system is most needed. The availability of information technology for the electronic surveillance of infectious diseases, including AMR infections, will facilitate the prevention and containment of such emerging infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pinyo Rattanaumpawan
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Adhiratha Boonyasiri
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sirenda Vong
- World Health Organization Regional Office for South-East Asia, New Delhi, India
| | - Visanu Thamlikitkul
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Amadi VA, Hariharan H, Arya G, Matthew‐Belmar V, Nicholas‐Thomas R, Pinckney R, Sharma R, Johnson R. Serovars and antimicrobial resistance of non-typhoidal Salmonella isolated from non-diarrhoeic dogs in Grenada, West Indies. Vet Med Sci 2018; 4:26-34. [PMID: 29468078 PMCID: PMC5813114 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal salmonellosis remains an important public health problem worldwide. Dogs may harbour Salmonella in their intestines and can easily shed Salmonella in the environment with the possibility of transmission to humans. Thus, monitoring is essential to understand the role of dogs in zoonotic transmission. The objectives of this study were to determine the shedding of Salmonella by owned, apparently healthy dogs in Grenada, West Indies, to identify the serovars, and to examine their antimicrobial susceptibility profiles. Faecal samples collected during August to October, 2016 from 144 non-diarrhoeic owned dogs were examined by enrichment and selective culture for the presence of Salmonella spp. Eight (5.6%) of the tested animals were culture positive, yielding 35 Salmonella isolates that belonged to six serovars of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica. These were serovars Arechavaleta from two dogs, Arechavaleta and Montevideo from one dog, and Javiana, Rubislaw, Braenderup and Kiambu from one dog each. All these serovars have been reported as causes of human salmonellosis globally. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests on 35 isolates showed absence of resistance to the currently used drugs for cases of human salmonellosis, including ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime. One isolate (2.9%) was resistant to neomycin, two isolates (5.7%) showed intermediate susceptibility to neomycin, and another (2.9%) had intermediate susceptibility to tetracycline. This is the first report of isolation and antimicrobial susceptibilities of non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars from dogs in Grenada. This study shows that dogs in Grenada may be involved in the epidemiology of salmonellosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor A. Amadi
- Pathobiology DepartmentSchool of Veterinary MedicineSt. George's UniversitySt. George'sGrenadaWest Indies
| | - Harry Hariharan
- Pathobiology DepartmentSchool of Veterinary MedicineSt. George's UniversitySt. George'sGrenadaWest Indies
| | - Gitanjali Arya
- Office International des Epizooties (OIE) Salmonella Reference LaboratoryPublic Health Agency of CanadaNational Microbiology at GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
| | - Vanessa Matthew‐Belmar
- Pathobiology DepartmentSchool of Veterinary MedicineSt. George's UniversitySt. George'sGrenadaWest Indies
| | - Roxanne Nicholas‐Thomas
- Pathobiology DepartmentSchool of Veterinary MedicineSt. George's UniversitySt. George'sGrenadaWest Indies
| | - Rhonda Pinckney
- Pathobiology DepartmentSchool of Veterinary MedicineSt. George's UniversitySt. George'sGrenadaWest Indies
| | - Ravindra Sharma
- Pathobiology DepartmentSchool of Veterinary MedicineSt. George's UniversitySt. George'sGrenadaWest Indies
| | - Roger Johnson
- Office International des Epizooties (OIE) Salmonella Reference LaboratoryPublic Health Agency of CanadaNational Microbiology at GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Estimates of the burden of illness for eight enteric pathogens associated with animal contact in Canada. Epidemiol Infect 2017; 145:3413-3423. [PMID: 29168450 PMCID: PMC9148765 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268817002436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric pathogens are commonly known to be transmitted through food or water; however, contact with animals is another important transmission route. This study estimated the annual burden of illness attributable to animal contact for eight enteric pathogens in Canada. Using data from a Canadian expert elicitation on transmission routes, the proportion of enteric illnesses attributable to animal contact was estimated for each pathogen to estimate the annual number of illnesses, hospitalizations and deaths in Canada. For each estimate, a mean and probability intervals were generated. Of all illnesses caused by these eight pathogens, 16% were estimated attributable to animal contact. This estimate translates to 86 000 (31 000–166 000) illnesses, 488 (186–890) hospitalizations and 12 (2–28) deaths annually for the eight pathogens combined. Campylobacter spp. is the leading cause of illnesses annually, with an estimated 38 000 (14 000–71 000) illnesses occurring each year, followed by non-typhoidal Salmonella spp. (17 000, 6000–32 000). The majority of hospitalizations were attributable to non-typhoidal Salmonella spp. (36%) and Campylobacter spp. (31%). Non-typhoidal Salmonella spp. (28%) and Listeria monocytogenes (31%) were responsible for the majority of the estimated deaths. These results identify farm animal and pet/pet food exposure as key pathways of transmission for several pathogens. The estimated burden of illness associated with animal contact is substantial.
Collapse
|
13
|
Prevalence and molecular characterization of Salmonella enterica isolates throughout an integrated broiler supply chain in China. Epidemiol Infect 2016; 144:2989-2999. [PMID: 27443305 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268816001515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A total of 1145 samples were collected from chicken breeder farms, hatcheries, broiler farms, a slaughterhouse and retail refrigerated chicken stores in an integrated broiler supply chain in Guangdong Province, China, in 2013. One-hundred and two Salmonella enterica strains were isolated and subjected to serotyping, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, virulence profile determination and molecular subtyping by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The contamination rates in samples from breeder farms, hatcheries, broiler farms, the slaughterhouse and retail stores were 1·46%, 4·31%, 7·00%, 62·86% and 54·67%, respectively. The isolated strains of S. enterica belonged to 10 serotypes; most of them were S. Weltevreden (46·08%, 47/102) and S. Agona (18·63%, 19/102). Isolates were frequently resistant to streptomycin (38·2%), tetracycline (36·3%), sulfisoxazole (35·3%) and gentamicin (34·3%); 31·4% of isolates were multidrug resistant. The isolates were screened for 10 virulence factors. The Salmonella pathogenicity island genes avrA, ssaQ, mgtC, siiD, and sopB and the fimbrial gene bcfC were present in 100% of the strains. PFGE genotyping of the 102 S. enterica isolates yielded 24 PFGE types at an 85% similarity threshold. The PFGE patterns show that the genotypes of S. enterica in the production chain are very diverse, but some strains have 100% similarity in different parts of the production chain, which indicates that some S. enterica persist throughout the broiler supply chain.
Collapse
|
14
|
Dunn JR. Whole-Genome Sequencing: Opportunities and Challenges for Public Health, Food-borne Outbreak Investigations, and the Global Food Supply. J Infect Dis 2015; 213:499-501. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|