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Elliott JE, Silverthorn V, English SG, Mineau P, Hindmarch S, Thomas PJ, Lee S, Bowes V, Redford T, Maisonneuve F, Okoniewski J. Anticoagulant Rodenticide Toxicity in Terrestrial Raptors: Tools to Estimate the Impact on Populations in North America and Globally. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024. [PMID: 38415966 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) have caused widespread contamination and poisoning of predators and scavengers. The diagnosis of toxicity proceeds from evidence of hemorrhage, and subsequent detection of residues in liver. Many factors confound the assessment of AR poisoning, particularly exposure dose, timing and frequency of exposure, and individual and taxon-specific variables. There is a need, therefore, for better AR toxicity criteria. To respond, we compiled a database of second-generation anticoagulant rodenticide (SGAR) residues in liver and postmortem evaluations of 951 terrestrial raptor carcasses from Canada and the United States, 1989 to 2021. We developed mixed-effects logistic regression models to produce specific probability curves of the toxicity of ∑SGARs at the taxonomic level of the family, and separately for three SGARs registered in North America, brodifacoum, bromadiolone, and difethialone. The ∑SGAR threshold concentrations for diagnosis of coagulopathy at 0.20 probability of risk were highest for strigid owls (15 ng g-1 ) lower and relatively similar for accipitrid hawks and eagles (8.2 ng g-1 ) and falcons (7.9 ng g-1 ), and much lower for tytonid barn owls (0.32 ng g-1 ). These values are lower than those we found previously, due to compilation and use of a larger database with a mix of species and source locations, and also to refinements in the statistical methods. Our presentation of results on the family taxonomic level should aid in the global applicability of the numbers. We also collated a subset of 440 single-compound exposure events and determined the probability of SGAR-poisoning symptoms as a function of SGAR concentration, which we then used to estimate relative SGAR toxicity and toxic equivalence factors: difethialone, 1, brodifacoum, 0.8, and bromadiolone, 0.5. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;00:1-11. © 2024 His Majesty the King in Right of Canada and The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC Reproduced with the permission of the Minister of Environment and Climate Change Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Elliott
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Delta, British Columbia, Canada
- Applied Animal Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Veronica Silverthorn
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Delta, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Simon G English
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Pierre Mineau
- Pierre Mineau Consulting, Salt Spring Island, Canada
- Biology Department, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sofi Hindmarch
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Delta, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Philippe J Thomas
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Directorate, National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sandi Lee
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Delta, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Victoria Bowes
- Animal Health Centre, British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture, Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tony Redford
- Animal Health Centre, British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture, Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada
| | - France Maisonneuve
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Directorate, National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph Okoniewski
- Wildlife Health Unit, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Delmar, New York, USA
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Schutten K, Chandrashekar A, Bourdages M, Bowes V, Elliott J, Lee S, Redford T, Provencher J, Jardine C, Wilson L. Assessing plastic ingestion in birds of prey from British Columbia, Canada. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:76631-76639. [PMID: 37243770 PMCID: PMC10300153 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27830-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Since first being introduced for public use in the 1960s, plastic has become one of the most pervasive and ubiquitous forms of pollution globally. The potential fate and effects of plastic pollution on birds is a rapidly growing area of research, but knowledge of terrestrial and freshwater species is limited. Birds of prey have been particularly understudied, with no published data on plastic ingestion in raptors in Canada to date, and very few studies globally. To assess the ingestion of plastic in raptors, we analysed the contents of the upper gastrointestinal tracts from a total of 234 individuals across 15 raptor species, collected between 2013 and 2021. Upper gastrointestinal tracts were assessed for plastics and anthropogenic particles > 2 mm in size. Of the 234 specimens examined, only five individuals across two species had evidence of retained anthropogenic particles in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Two of 33 bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus, 6.1%) had retained plastics in the gizzard, while three of 108 barred owls (Strix varia, 2.8%) had retained plastic and non-plastic anthropogenic litter. The remaining 13 species were negative for particles > 2 mm in size (N = 1-25). These results suggest that most hunting raptor species do not appear to ingest and retain larger anthropogenic particles, though foraging guild and habitat may influence risk. We recommend that future research investigate microplastic accumulation in raptors, in order to gain a more holistic understanding of plastic ingestion in these species. Future work should also focus on increasing sample sizes across all species to improve the ability to assess landscape- and species-level factors that influence vulnerability and susceptibility of plastic pollution ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Schutten
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Akshaya Chandrashekar
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | | | - Victoria Bowes
- Government of British Columbia, Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada
| | - John Elliott
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Sandi Lee
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Tony Redford
- Government of British Columbia, Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Claire Jardine
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Laurie Wilson
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Canada
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Alkie TN, Lopes S, Hisanaga T, Xu W, Suderman M, Koziuk J, Fisher M, Redford T, Lung O, Joseph T, Himsworth CG, Brown IH, Bowes V, Lewis NS, Berhane Y. A threat from both sides: Multiple introductions of genetically distinct H5 HPAI viruses into Canada via both East Asia-Australasia/Pacific and Atlantic flyways. Virus Evol 2022; 8:veac077. [PMID: 36105667 PMCID: PMC9463990 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veac077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 08/14/2023] Open
Abstract
From 2016 to 2020, high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) H5 viruses circulated in Asia, Europe, and Africa, causing waves of infections and the deaths of millions of wild and domestic birds and presenting a zoonotic risk. In late 2021, H5N1 HPAI viruses were isolated from poultry in Canada and also retrospectively from a great black-backed gull (Larus marinus), raising concerns that the spread of these viruses to North America was mediated by migratory wild bird populations. In February and April 2022, H5N1 HPAI viruses were isolated from a bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) and broiler chickens in British Columbia, Canada. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the virus from bald eagle was genetically related to H5N1 HPAI virus isolated in Hokkaido, Japan, in January 2022. The virus identified from broiler chickens was a reassortant H5N1 HPAI virus with unique constellation genome segments containing PB2 and NP from North American lineage LPAI viruses, and the remaining gene segments were genetically related to the original Newfoundland-like H5N1 HPAI viruses detected in November and December 2021 in Canada. This is the first report of H5 HPAI viruses' introduction to North America from the Pacific and the North Atlantic-linked flyways and highlights the expanding risk of genetically distinct virus introductions from different geographical locations and the potential for local reassortment with both the American lineage LPAI viruses in wild birds and with both Asian-like and European-like H5 HPAI viruses. We also report the presence of some amino acid substitutions across each segment that might contribute to the replicative efficiency of these viruses in mammalian host, evade adaptive immunity, and pose a potential zoonotic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamiru N Alkie
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Sara Lopes
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Hawkshead Campus, The Royal Veterinary College Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Tamiko Hisanaga
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Wanhong Xu
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Matthew Suderman
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Janice Koziuk
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Mathew Fisher
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Tony Redford
- Animal Health Centre, BC Ministry of Agriculture and Food, 1767 Angus Campbell Road, Abbotsford, British Columbia V3G 2M3, Canada
| | - Oliver Lung
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3M4, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, 50 Sifton Rd., Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2M5, Canada
| | - Tomy Joseph
- Animal Health Centre, BC Ministry of Agriculture and Food, 1767 Angus Campbell Road, Abbotsford, British Columbia V3G 2M3, Canada
| | - Chelsea G Himsworth
- Animal Health Centre, BC Ministry of Agriculture and Food, 1767 Angus Campbell Road, Abbotsford, British Columbia V3G 2M3, Canada
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative British Columbia, 1767 Angus Campbell Road, Abbotsford, British Columbia V3G 2M3, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, 2206 E Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Ian H Brown
- International Reference Laboratory for AI, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Victoria Bowes
- Animal Health Centre, BC Ministry of Agriculture and Food, 1767 Angus Campbell Road, Abbotsford, British Columbia V3G 2M3, Canada
| | - Nicola S Lewis
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Hawkshead Campus, The Royal Veterinary College Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
- International Reference Laboratory for AI, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Yohannes Berhane
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3M4, Canada
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Chancellors Cir, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Dr., Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada
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Elliott JE, Silverthorn V, Hindmarch S, Lee S, Bowes V, Redford T, Maisonneuve F. Anticoagulant Rodenticide Contamination of Terrestrial Birds of Prey from Western Canada: Patterns and Trends, 1988-2018. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022; 41:1903-1917. [PMID: 35678209 PMCID: PMC9540899 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As the dominant means for control of pest rodent populations globally, anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs), particularly the second-generation compounds (SGARs), have widely contaminated nontarget organisms. We present data on hepatic residues of ARs in 741 raptorial birds found dead or brought into rehabilitation centers in British Columbia, Canada, over a 30-year period from 1988 to 2018. Exposure varied by species, by proximity to residential areas, and over time, with at least one SGAR residue detected in 74% of individuals and multiple residues in 50% of individuals. By comparison, we detected first-generation compounds in <5% of the raptors. Highest rates of exposure were in barred owls (Strix varia), 96%, and great horned owls (Bubo virginianus), 81%, species with diverse diets, including rats (Rattus norvegicus and Rattus rattus), and inhabiting suburban and intensive agricultural habitats. Barn owls (Tyto alba), mainly a vole (Microtus) eater, had a lower incidence of exposure of 65%. Putatively, bird-eating raptors also had a relatively high incidence of exposure, with 75% of Cooper's hawks (Accipiter cooperii) and 60% of sharp-shinned hawks (Accipiter striatus) exposed. Concentrations of SGARs varied greatly, for example, in barred owls, the geometric mean ∑SGAR = 0.13, ranging from <0.005 to 1.81 μg/g wet weight (n = 208). Barred owls had significantly higher ∑SGAR concentrations than all other species, driven by significantly higher bromadiolone concentrations, which was predicted by the proportion of residential land within their home ranges. Preliminary indications that risk mitigation measures implemented in 2013 are having an influence on exposure include a decrease in mean concentrations of brodifacoum and difethialone in barred and great horned owls and an increase in bromodialone around that inflection point. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1903-1917. © 2022 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC. Reproduced with the permission of the Minister of Environment and Climate Change Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E. Elliott
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health DirectorateEnvironment and Climate Change CanadaDeltaBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Veronica Silverthorn
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health DirectorateEnvironment and Climate Change CanadaDeltaBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Sofi Hindmarch
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health DirectorateEnvironment and Climate Change CanadaDeltaBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Sandi Lee
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health DirectorateEnvironment and Climate Change CanadaDeltaBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Victoria Bowes
- Animal Health CentreBC Ministry of AgricultureAbbotsfordBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Tony Redford
- Animal Health CentreBC Ministry of AgricultureAbbotsfordBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - France Maisonneuve
- Science & Technology BranchEnvironment and Climate Change CanadaOttawaOntarioCanada
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Plotogea A, Taylor M, Parayno A, Sillje M, Stone J, Byrnes R, Bitzikos O, Redford T, Waters S, Fraser E, Hoang L, Zabek E, Tschetter L, Ziebell K, Chan YLE, Galanis E, Ghosh K, Hutton H, McKinley M, Tchao C, Rydings P, Prystajecky N. Human
Salmonella
enteritidis illness outbreak associated with exposure to live mice in British Columbia, Canada, 2018–2019. Zoonoses Public Health 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/zph.12978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Plotogea
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Public Health Agency of Canada Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Marsha Taylor
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Alicia Parayno
- Vancouver Island Health Authority Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Mona Sillje
- Interior Health Authority Kelowna British Columbia Canada
| | - Jason Stone
- Fraser Health Authority Surrey British Columbia Canada
| | - Rakel Byrnes
- Northern Health Authority Prince George British Columbia Canada
| | - Olga Bitzikos
- Vancouver Coastal Health Authority Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Tony Redford
- British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries Creston British Columbia Canada
| | - Shannon Waters
- Vancouver Island Health Authority Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Erin Fraser
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Faculty of Medicine University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Linda Hoang
- Faculty of Medicine University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- British Columbia Public Health Laboratory Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Erin Zabek
- British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries Creston British Columbia Canada
| | | | - Kim Ziebell
- National Microbiology Laboratory Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - YL Elaine Chan
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Public Health Agency of Canada Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Eleni Galanis
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Faculty of Medicine University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
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Ash E, Kaszta Ż, Noochdumrong A, Redford T, Macdonald DW. Environmental factors, human presence and prey interact to explain patterns of tiger presence in Eastern Thailand. Anim Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Ash
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit Department of Zoology University of OxfordThe Recanati‐Kaplan CentreTubney House Tubney Oxon UK
- Freeland Foundation Bangkok Thailand
| | - Ż. Kaszta
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit Department of Zoology University of OxfordThe Recanati‐Kaplan CentreTubney House Tubney Oxon UK
| | - A. Noochdumrong
- Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Bangkok Thailand
| | | | - D. W. Macdonald
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit Department of Zoology University of OxfordThe Recanati‐Kaplan CentreTubney House Tubney Oxon UK
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Redford T, Al-Dissi AN. Feline infectious peritonitis in a cat presented because of papular skin lesions. Can Vet J 2019; 60:183-185. [PMID: 30705455 PMCID: PMC6340254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A 19-week-old neutered male domestic shorthair cat was examined because of multiple raised pruritic skin lesions along the dorsal head and back. Histopathology of biopsies of the lesions detected nodular pyogranulomatous dermatitis with vasculitis and necrosis, leading to a suspicion of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). Postmortem examination revealed gross lesions consistent with FIP. Histopathologic lesions and positive immunohistochemical staining for feline coronavirus in multiple tissues, including the skin, confirmed the diagnosis of FIP. The current case was similar to previous cases, except for the initial presentation with cutaneous lesions and no other clinical signs, which had not been reported previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Redford
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4
| | - Ahmad N Al-Dissi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4
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8
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Chételat J, Hickey MBC, Poulain AJ, Dastoor A, Ryjkov A, McAlpine D, Vanderwolf K, Jung TS, Hale L, Cooke ELL, Hobson D, Jonasson K, Kaupas L, McCarthy S, McClelland C, Morningstar D, Norquay KJO, Novy R, Player D, Redford T, Simard A, Stamler S, Webber QMR, Yumvihoze E, Zanuttig M. Spatial variation of mercury bioaccumulation in bats of Canada linked to atmospheric mercury deposition. Sci Total Environ 2018; 626:668-677. [PMID: 29396333 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Wildlife are exposed to neurotoxic mercury at locations distant from anthropogenic emission sources because of long-range atmospheric transport of this metal. In this study, mercury bioaccumulation in insectivorous bat species (Mammalia: Chiroptera) was investigated on a broad geographic scale in Canada. Fur was analyzed (n=1178) for total mercury from 43 locations spanning 20° latitude and 77° longitude. Total mercury and methylmercury concentrations in fur were positively correlated with concentrations in internal tissues (brain, liver, kidney) for a small subset (n=21) of little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) and big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus), validating the use of fur to indicate internal mercury exposure. Brain methylmercury concentrations were approximately 10% of total mercury concentrations in fur. Three bat species were mainly collected (little brown bats, big brown bats, and northern long-eared bats [M. septentrionalis]), with little brown bats having lower total mercury concentrations in their fur than the other two species at sites where both species were sampled. On average, juvenile bats had lower total mercury concentrations than adults but no differences were found between males and females of a species. Combining our dataset with previously published data for eastern Canada, median total mercury concentrations in fur of little brown bats ranged from 0.88-12.78μg/g among 11 provinces and territories. Highest concentrations were found in eastern Canada where bats are most endangered from introduced disease. Model estimates of atmospheric mercury deposition indicated that eastern Canada was exposed to greater mercury deposition than central and western sites. Further, mean total mercury concentrations in fur of adult little brown bats were positively correlated with site-specific estimates of atmospheric mercury deposition. This study provides the largest geographic coverage of mercury measurements in bats to date and indicates that atmospheric mercury deposition is important in determining spatial patterns of mercury accumulation in a mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Chételat
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0H3, Canada.
| | | | - Alexandre J Poulain
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Ashu Dastoor
- Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Dorval, Quebec H9P 1J3, Canada
| | - Andrei Ryjkov
- Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Dorval, Quebec H9P 1J3, Canada
| | - Donald McAlpine
- New Brunswick Museum, Saint John, New Brunswick E2K 1E5, Canada
| | - Karen Vanderwolf
- New Brunswick Museum, Saint John, New Brunswick E2K 1E5, Canada; Canadian Wildlife Federation, Kanata, Ontario K2M 2W1, Canada
| | - Thomas S Jung
- Yukon Department of Environment, Whitehorse, Yukon Territory Y1A 2C6, Canada
| | - Lesley Hale
- Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources & Forestry, Peterborough, Ontario K9J 8M5, Canada
| | - Emma L L Cooke
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Dave Hobson
- Alberta Environment and Parks, Edson, Alberta T7E 1T2, Canada
| | - Kristin Jonasson
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Laura Kaupas
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Sara McCarthy
- Wildlife Division, Fisheries and Land Resources, Goose Bay, Newfoundland and Labrador A0P 1E0, Canada
| | - Christine McClelland
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0H3, Canada
| | | | - Kaleigh J O Norquay
- Department of Biology, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3B 2G3, Canada
| | - Richard Novy
- Golder Associates Ltd., Calgary, Alberta T2A 7W5, Canada
| | | | - Tony Redford
- Animal Health Centre, BC Ministry of Agriculture, Abbotsford, British Columbia V3G 2M3, Canada
| | - Anouk Simard
- Direction de l'expertise sur la faune terrestre, l'herpétofaune et l'avifaune, Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs, Québec, Quebec G1S 4X4, Canada
| | - Samantha Stamler
- Alberta Environment and Parks, Edmonton, Alberta T6H 4P2, Canada
| | - Quinn M R Webber
- Department of Biology, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3B 2G3, Canada
| | - Emmanuel Yumvihoze
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Michelle Zanuttig
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0H3, Canada
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9
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Britton AP, Redford T, Zabek E, Sojonky KR, Scouras AP, Lewis D, Joseph T. Bronchopneumonia associated with Mannheimia granulomatis infection in a Belgian hare (Lepus europaeus). J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 29:566-569. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638717707790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mannheimia granulomatis was first isolated from pneumonic European hares in the 1980s and has since been reported sporadically in pneumonic Swedish roe deer and Australian cattle. Although the pneumonic lesions caused by M. haemolytica in livestock have been extensively studied and reported, little is published with regard to the pneumonic lesions associated with M. granulomatis infection in any species. We describe the histopathology of purulent bronchopneumonia associated with M. granulomatis in a Belgian hare ( Lepus europaeus) resident in British Columbia, Canada, and compare the lesions with those caused by M. haemolytica in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann P. Britton
- Animal Health Centre, BC Ministry of Agriculture, Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada (Britton, Zabek, Sojonky, Scouras, Lewis, Joseph)
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada (Redford)
| | - Tony Redford
- Animal Health Centre, BC Ministry of Agriculture, Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada (Britton, Zabek, Sojonky, Scouras, Lewis, Joseph)
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada (Redford)
| | - Erin Zabek
- Animal Health Centre, BC Ministry of Agriculture, Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada (Britton, Zabek, Sojonky, Scouras, Lewis, Joseph)
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada (Redford)
| | - Ken R. Sojonky
- Animal Health Centre, BC Ministry of Agriculture, Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada (Britton, Zabek, Sojonky, Scouras, Lewis, Joseph)
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada (Redford)
| | - Andrea P. Scouras
- Animal Health Centre, BC Ministry of Agriculture, Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada (Britton, Zabek, Sojonky, Scouras, Lewis, Joseph)
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada (Redford)
| | - Danielle Lewis
- Animal Health Centre, BC Ministry of Agriculture, Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada (Britton, Zabek, Sojonky, Scouras, Lewis, Joseph)
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada (Redford)
| | - Tomy Joseph
- Animal Health Centre, BC Ministry of Agriculture, Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada (Britton, Zabek, Sojonky, Scouras, Lewis, Joseph)
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada (Redford)
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10
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Britton AP, Redford T, Bidulka JJ, Scouras AP, Sojonky KR, Zabek E, Schwantje H, Joseph T. Beyond Rabies: Are Free-Ranging Skunks (Mephitis mephitis) in British Columbia Reservoirs of Emerging Infection? Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 64:603-612. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. P. Britton
- Animal Health Centre; BC Ministry of Agriculture; Abbotsford BC Canada
| | - T. Redford
- Department of Veterinary Pathology; Western College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon SK Canada
| | - J. J. Bidulka
- Animal Health Centre; BC Ministry of Agriculture; Abbotsford BC Canada
| | - A. P. Scouras
- Animal Health Centre; BC Ministry of Agriculture; Abbotsford BC Canada
| | - K. R. Sojonky
- Animal Health Centre; BC Ministry of Agriculture; Abbotsford BC Canada
| | - E. Zabek
- Animal Health Centre; BC Ministry of Agriculture; Abbotsford BC Canada
| | - H. Schwantje
- Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resources; Nanaimo BC Canada
| | - T. Joseph
- Animal Health Centre; BC Ministry of Agriculture; Abbotsford BC Canada
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Martin E, Redford T. Wildlife for sale. Biologist (London) 2000; 47:27-30. [PMID: 11190214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Myanmar, famous for the smuggling of opium and gemstones, is losing much of its wildlife to illegal traders. In 1998, a survey of goods for sale in two border towns showed a thriving trade in body parts from some of the world's most endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Martin
- Thai Society for the Conservation of Wild Animals, 2328/23 Soi 52/2 Ramkamhaeng Road, Bang Kapi, Bangkok, 10240, Thailand
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Yi AK, Tuetken R, Redford T, Waldschmidt M, Kirsch J, Krieg AM. CpG motifs in bacterial DNA activate leukocytes through the pH-dependent generation of reactive oxygen species. J Immunol 1998; 160:4755-61. [PMID: 9590221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
B cells and monocytes endocytose DNA into an acidified intracellular compartment. If this DNA contains unmethylated CpG dinucleotides in particular base contexts (CpG motifs), these leukocytes are rapidly activated. We now show that both B cell and monocyte-like cell line responses to DNA containing CpG motifs (CpG DNA) are sensitive to endosomal acidification inhibitors; they are completely blocked by bafilomycin A, chloroquine, and monensin. The specificity of these inhibitors is demonstrated by their failure to prevent responses to LPS, PMA, or ligation of CD40 or IgM. Acidification of endosomal CpG DNA is coupled to the rapid generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species. The CpG DNA-induced reactive oxygen species burst is linked to the degradation of IkappaB and the activation of NFkappaB, which induces leukocyte gene transcription and cytokine secretion. These studies demonstrate a novel pathway of leukocyte activation triggered by CpG motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Yi
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City 52242, USA
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