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Kareem SM, Aljubori SS, Ali MR. Novel determination of spa gene diversity and its molecular typing among Staphylococcus aureus Iraqi isolates obtained from different clinical samples. New Microbes New Infect 2020; 34:100653. [PMID: 32123566 PMCID: PMC7038440 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is the most frequent agent causing nosocomial infections in Baghdad hospitals. This study aimed to determine S. aureus methicillin resistance, spa gene typing and phylogenic analysis in Iraqi S. aureus isolates. Two hundred samples including clinical (n = 100) and environmental (n = 100) specimens were collected. S. aureus isolates were identified using multiplex PCR amplification of femA and mecA (for methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains) genes. The spa gene was also amplified. Sequence alignment and identification of spa types was then obtained. Of 74 studied S. aureus isolates, 61 (82.43%) harboured the mecA gene (p < 0.001). A spa gene variation was detected in 41 (67.2%) of 61 (p 0.0011) MRSA and 6 (46.15%) of 13 methicillin-susceptible S. aureus isolates. Amino acid sequence analysis revealed a great change in amino acid pattern among local isolates compared to National Center for Biotechnology Information control. Some of the MRSA isolates had high-level similarity with t10214. No genetic relationship with the infection sources was observed. None of the environmental isolates had spa gene variations. Most S. aureus isolates were MRSA. The spa gene variations was significantly higher among clinical isolates. spa sequencing showed different tandem repeats in local MRSA isolates compared to global spa types. We conclude that there was no outbreak in hospital settings in the city of Baghdad. However, our data suggest that isolates from the hospital environment are highly clonal.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Kareem
- Biology Department, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University, P.O. Box :14022 palastien st., Baghdad, Iraq
| | - S S Aljubori
- Biology Department, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University, P.O. Box :14022 palastien st., Baghdad, Iraq
| | - M R Ali
- Biology Department, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University, P.O. Box :14022 palastien st., Baghdad, Iraq
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de Almeida CC, Pizauro LJL, Soltes GA, Slavic D, de Ávila FA, Pizauro JM, MacInnes JI. Some coagulase negative Staphylococcus spp. isolated from buffalo can be misidentified as Staphylococcus aureus by phenotypic and Sa442 PCR methods. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:346. [PMID: 29848377 PMCID: PMC5977496 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3449-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Staphylococcus aureus is a commonly reported cause of buffalo mastitis. However, its prevalence may be overestimated. The aim of this study was to compare S. aureus identification by conventional phenotypic and genotypic assays versus Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and novel real-time quantitative PCR tests for the cytochrome oxidase subunit D II (cydB) and staphylocoagulase (coa) genes. Results From 408 samples obtained from buffalo milk/milking environment, 32 putative S. aureus strains were identified based on characteristic growth on Baird Parker agar, positive catalase reaction, ability to clot rabbit plasma, and positive Sa442 PCR assay. However, in further testing, only 10 of these strains were positive in latex agglutination tests and by MALDI-TOF MS, only eight of the 32 strains were S. aureus while the rest were S. chromogenes (19), S. agnetis (3), S. cohnii (1), or S. xylosus (1). All eight strains identified as S. aureus by MALDI-TOF analysis and confirmed by 16S RNA gene sequencing were positive in a S. aureus-specific cydB PCR test. As well, 7/8 S. aureus strains were PCR positive in a real-time coa PCR test as were 2/69 S. chromogenes and the lone S. xylosus strain tested. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13104-018-3449-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila C de Almeida
- Agriculture and Livestock Microbiology Graduation Program, Department of Veterinary Pathology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, Brazil.,Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Lucas J L Pizauro
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine and Animal Reproduction, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, Brazil.,Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Glenn A Soltes
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Durda Slavic
- Animal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph, Post Office 3612, Guelph, ON, N1H 6R8, Canada
| | - Fernando A de Ávila
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine and Animal Reproduction, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - João M Pizauro
- Department of Technology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Janet I MacInnes
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Eed EM, Ghonaim MM, Hussein YM, Al-Shehri SS, Khalifa AS. Molecular characterisation of Panton-Valentine leucocidin-producing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clones isolated from the main hospitals in Taif, KSA. Indian J Med Microbiol 2016; 34:476-482. [PMID: 27934826 DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.195364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Panton-Valentine leucocidin (PVL) is a bicomponent pore-forming cytolytic toxin encoded by the lukF-PV and lukS-PV genes. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) may carry the pvl genes which may be related to increased disease severity. This study aimed to characterise the PVL-producing MRSA recovered from different Taif Hospitals, Saudi Arabia. METHODS The study included 45 hospital-acquired-MRSA (HA-MRSA) and 26 CA-MRSA strains which were identified from 445 S. aureus strains isolated from different clinical samples. MRSA strains were identified by standard oxacillin salt agar screening procedure and by the detection of the mecA gene by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Detection of the S. aureus-specific femA, mecA and pvl genes was performed by multiplex PCR. PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis was done for coagulase (coa) gene. RESULTS The staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec types of the 45 HA-MRSA strains were Type I (n = 24), Type II (n = 7) and Type III (n = 14) whereas the 26 CA-MRSA strains were Type IV (n = 14), Type V (n = 11) and one isolate was non-typeable. All the HA-MRSA and six CA-MRSA strains were PVL-negative PCR-RFLP analysis of coa gene showed that PVL-positive MRSA (n = 20) isolates showed six different patterns, and five patterns were shared by PVL-positive methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA). The eighth pattern was the most frequent in both MRSA and MSSA. CONCLUSION PVL is more frequent among CA-MRSA than MSSA. All the HA-MRSA and 25% of CA-MRSA strains were negative for PVL. The pvl gene was related to the severity of infection but not related to coa gene RFLP pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Eed
- Department of Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia;Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menofia Governorate, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - M M Ghonaim
- Department of Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia;Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menofia Governorate, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Y M Hussein
- Department of Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - S S Al-Shehri
- Department of Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia; Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menofia Governorate, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - A S Khalifa
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
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Ayeni FA, Gbarabon T, Andersen C, Norskov-Lauritsen N. Comparison of identification and antimicrobial resistance pattern of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from Amassoma, Bayelsa state, Nigeria. Afr Health Sci 2015; 15:1282-8. [PMID: 26958032 PMCID: PMC4765414 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v15i4.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus is often responsible for fatal infections and recent upsurge of resistant strains has resulted in therapeutic failure. The identification of this microorganism is a major challenge to medical microbiologists in developing countries. METHODS One hundred and eighty five isolates which had been previously isolated from the nares of 185 healthy college students' volunteers in Amassoma, Bayelsa State, South Nigeria were identified by MALDI TOF mass spectrometry, and PCR amplification of the spa gene. The identified isolates were compared with presumptive identities obtained by growth on MSA, tube coagulation and slide agglutination tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. aureus isolates was performed by Kirby Bauer technique while MRSA was screened for by growth on chromlDTM MRSA plate and confirmed by PCR-amplification of mecA/mecC genes. RESULTS From the 185 staphylococci that grew with yellow colonies on MSA, 24 were positive in the slide coagulase test, while 17 were positive in the tube coagulase test; MALDI TOF mass spectrometry and PCR amplification of the spa gene showed excellent concordance with the tube test, as all tube coagulase-positive strains were identified as S. aureus, while tube coagulase-test negative isolates in all cases were designated as other staphylococcal species by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and were spa PCR test negative. All S. aureus isolates were susceptible to clindamycin, vancomycin, fusidic acid, rifampicin and linezolid, while observed resistance to penicillin and trimethoprim were high. Only one MRSA strain was detected. CONCLUSION The study confirms that the tube coagulase test is an accurate diagnostic method for identification of S. aureus, while growths on MSA and slide agglutination tests are inaccurate. We found a low prevalence of MRSA and a high rate of trimethroprim-resistance in the studied population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Funmilola Abidemi Ayeni
- University of Ibadan, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology. Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Tombari Gbarabon
- Niger Delta University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Amassoma, Nigeria
| | - Camilla Andersen
- Aarhus University Hospital, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Aarhus, Denmark
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5
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Insufficient discriminatory power of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for typing of Enterococcus faecium and Staphylococcus aureus isolates. J Microbiol Methods 2014; 100:58-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2014.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus of cattle mastitis origin for two virulence-associated genes (coa and spa). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-012-1657-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ciftci A, Onuk EE, Findik A, Yildirim T, Sogut MU. Molecular typing of Staphylococcus aureus strains from ovine mastitis by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and polymerase chain reaction based on coagulase and protein A gene polymorphisms. J Vet Diagn Invest 2010; 21:849-53. [PMID: 19901288 DOI: 10.1177/104063870902100614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important etiologic agents of ovine mastitis. To develop effective control measures for mastitis, it is important to type S. aureus strains that have considerable genetic heterogeneity. In the current study, 47 S. aureus strains isolated from ovine mastitis were typed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based on coagulase (coa) and protein A (spa) polymorphisms and by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Eight different coa types and 4 spa types were identified by PCR. While the most prevalent coa type was CG2 (42.56%), the spa types S4 and S1 were the most commonly observed (44.68% and 38.29%, respectively). Nineteen different pulsotypes were identified, and 12 of these were represented by a single isolate. Pulsotypes J and K were predominant and each represented 9 isolates (19.14%). All isolates belonging to J and K pulsotypes were CG2. Although all 9 isolates belonging to the J pulsotype were S4, all isolates in the K pulsotype were S1. While PFGE was found to be the best discriminatory technique for distinguishing strains, coa and spa types were found to be in correlation with PFGE types and can be used for quick, preliminary epidemiologic studies for detecting strains that may cause mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alper Ciftci
- University of Ondokuz Mayis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology, 55139 Kurupelit, Samsun, Turkey.
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Stepán J, Pantůcek R, Doskar J. Molecular diagnostics of clinically important staphylococci. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2008; 49:353-86. [PMID: 15530002 DOI: 10.1007/bf03354664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial species of the genus Staphylococcus known as important human and animal pathogens are the cause of a number of severe infectious diseases. Apart from the major pathogen Staphylococcus aureus, other species until recently considered to be nonpathogenic may also be involved in serious infections. Rapid and accurate identification of the disease-causing agent is therefore prerequisite for disease control and epidemiological surveillance. Modern methods for identification and typing of bacterial species are based on genome analysis and have many advantages compared to phenotypic methods. The genotypic methods currently used in molecular diagnostics of staphylococcal species, particularly of S. aureus, are reviewed. Attention is also paid to new molecular methods with the highest discriminatory power. Efforts made to achieve interlaboratory reproducibility of diagnostic methods are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stepán
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 611 37 Brno, Czechia
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Potel C, Alvarez M, Alvarez P, Otero I, Fluiters E. Evolution, antimicrobial susceptibility and assignment to international clones of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated over a 9-year period in two Spanish hospitals. Clin Microbiol Infect 2007; 13:728-30. [PMID: 17441974 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2007.01728.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance profiles, restriction fragment length polymorphism of the coagulase gene and repetitive element sequence-based PCR were used to classify 210 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates recovered between 1997 and 2005 in two hospitals in Vigo, north-west Spain. Representative isolates belonging to the epidemic clones were analysed by spa typing and multilocus sequence typing, and the staphylococcal chromosomal cassette (SCC)mec type was determined for all isolates. The New York/Japan clone (t002-ST5-II) was detected in Spain for the first time. However, the New York/Japan and the Brazilian (t037-ST239-IIIA) clones were replaced by EMRSA-16 (t018-ST36-II), which at present is the predominant clone.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Potel
- Hospital Xeral, Microbiology Laboratory, Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain.
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Jury F, Al-Mahrous M, Apostolou M, Sandiford S, Fox A, Ollier W, Upton M. Rapid cost-effective subtyping of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by denaturing HPLC. J Med Microbiol 2006; 55:1053-1060. [PMID: 16849725 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.46409-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in hospital-acquired infection is widely acknowledged. The UK government has stated that MRSA bloodstream infection rates will have to be halved by 2008. Such radical improvements will require advances on several fronts. Screening for MRSA in high-risk patients on arrival at hospital allows isolation of carriers and reduces transmission to staff and other patients. Concurrent subtyping of MRSA could also inform outbreak investigations and long-term epidemiological studies. The variability within the staphylococcal protein A, or spaA, gene-repeat region can be used as a marker of short- and long-term genetic variation. A novel application is described of denaturing HPLC (DHPLC) for rapid, inexpensive characterization of spaA gene amplification products, without the need for DNA sequence determination. The method allowed rapid and precise sizing of spaA gene-repeat regions from 99 S. aureus strains and was combined with heteroduplex analysis, using reference PCR products, to indicate the spa type of the test isolate. The method allowed subtyping of strains in less than 5 h from receipt of a primary isolation plate. When applied to an outbreak that occurred during this study, the authors were able to demonstrate relatedness of the isolates more than 5 days before results were received from a reference laboratory. If combined with direct amplification from swabs, DHPLC analysis of spaA gene variation could prove extremely valuable in outbreak investigation and MRSA surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Jury
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - M Al-Mahrous
- Division of Laboratory and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Clinical Sciences Building 1, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - M Apostolou
- Division of Laboratory and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Clinical Sciences Building 1, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - S Sandiford
- Division of Laboratory and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Clinical Sciences Building 1, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - A Fox
- Health Protection Agency (HPA) North West Laboratory, Manchester Medical Microbiology Partnership, Clinical Sciences Building 2, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - W Ollier
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - M Upton
- Division of Laboratory and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Clinical Sciences Building 1, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
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Vimercati C, Cremonesi P, Castiglioni B, Boettcher P, Luzzana M, Ruffo G, Moroni P. Analysis of genetic polymorphisms in Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from bovine milk. Vet Res Commun 2005; 29 Suppl 2:257-9. [PMID: 16244969 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-005-0056-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Vimercati
- Department of Animal Pathology, Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Milano, Italy
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Palazzo ICV, Araujo MLC, Darini ALC. First report of vancomycin-resistant staphylococci isolated from healthy carriers in Brazil. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:179-85. [PMID: 15634969 PMCID: PMC540177 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.1.179-185.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2004] [Revised: 08/25/2004] [Accepted: 09/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced susceptibility or resistance to vancomycin has been reported among clinical isolates of staphylococci in previous studies. In the present study we report on the isolation of four vancomycin-resistant staphylococcal strains from healthy carriers inside and outside the hospital environment. These carriers did not receive treatment with any antibiotic. All coagulase-negative staphylococcal strains showed variable levels of resistance to several antimicrobial agents, including oxacillin, and unstable resistance to vancomycin, with decreased vancomycin MICs (<4 mg/liter) after 10 days of passage in a nonselective medium. However, exposure of these revertants to vancomycin selected staphylococcal strains resistant to vancomycin at very high frequencies (10(-2) and 10(-3)). The vancomycin resistance in these staphylococcal strains was not mediated by the van gene. The cell wall of the staphylococcal strains studied became thickest after culture in medium containing vancomycin, and the differences in cell wall thickness were statistically significant (P < 0.001). Thus, the thickening of the cell wall in these staphylococcal strains may be an important contributor to vancomycin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- I C V Palazzo
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto-USP, Ribeirão Preto, Av. do Café, s/n, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
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Edwards-Jones V, Buck R, Shawcross SG, Dawson MM, Dunn K. The effect of essential oils on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus using a dressing model. Burns 2004; 30:772-7. [PMID: 15555788 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2004.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Patchouli, tea tree, geranium, lavender essential oils and Citricidal (grapefruit seed extract) were used singly and in combination to assess their anti-bacterial activity against three strains of Staphylococcus aureus: Oxford S. aureus NCTC 6571 (Oxford strain), Epidemic methicillin-resistant S. aureus (EMRSA 15) and MRSA (untypable). The individual essential oils, extracts and combinations were impregnated into filter paper discs and placed on the surface of agar plates, pre-seeded with the appropriate strain of Staphylococcus. The effects of the vapours of the oils and oil combinations were also assessed using impregnated filter paper discs that were placed on the underside of the Petri dish lid at a distance of 8mm from the bacteria. The most inhibitory combinations of oils for each strain were used in a dressing model constructed using a four layers of dressings: the primary layer consisted of either Jelonet or TelfaClear with or without Flamazine; the second was a layer of gauze, the third a layer of Gamgee and the final layer was Crepe bandage. The oil combinations were placed in either the gauze or the Gamgee layer. This four-layered dressing was placed over the seeded agar plate, incubated for 24h at 37 degrees C and the zones of inhibition measured. All experiments were repeated on three separate occasions. No anti-bacterial effects were observed when Flamazine was smeared on the gauze in the dressing model. When Telfaclear was used as the primary layer in the dressing model compared to Jelonet, greater zones of inhibition were observed. A combination of Citricidal and geranium oil showed the greatest-anti-bacterial effects against MRSA, whilst a combination of geranium and tea tree oil was most active against the methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (Oxford strain). This study demonstrates the potential of essential oils and essential oil vapours as antibacterial agents and for use in the treatment of MRSA infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Edwards-Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, the Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M15GD, UK.
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Montesinos I, Salido E, Delgado T, Cuervo M, Sierra A. Epidemiologic genotyping of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis at a university hospital and comparison with antibiotyping and protein A and coagulase gene polymorphisms. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40:2119-25. [PMID: 12037075 PMCID: PMC130756 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.40.6.2119-2125.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 124 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates were ascertained at the University Hospital of the Canary Islands between January 1997 and April 2000. Genotyping included pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) (SmaI digestion) and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis for the coagulase (coa) and protein A (spa) genes. Antibiotic resistance was the main phenotypic marker correlated with genotyping results. Three main PFGE types were detected: A (with 12 subtypes), B (with 2 subtypes), and C. PFGE type A1 was the most commonly found (61% of isolates) and the one responsible for all the epidemic outbreaks. Other genetics markers used (coa and spa RFLPs) were significantly correlated with the PFGE types detected (P < 0.001). These PCR-RFLP assays were useful as molecular markers for a quick, preliminary study of MRSA outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Montesinos
- Microbiology Laboratory, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.
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15
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Walker J, Fox AJ, Edwards-Jones V, Gordon DB. Intact cell mass spectrometry (ICMS) used to type methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: media effects and inter-laboratory reproducibility. J Microbiol Methods 2002; 48:117-26. [PMID: 11777562 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7012(01)00316-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Intact cell mass spectrometry (ICMS) rapidly analyses the surface composition of microorganisms providing rapid, discriminatory fingerprints for identification and subtyping of important nosocomial pathogens such as methicillin resistant Staphylocccus aureus (MRSA). In this study, ICMS using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI TOF/MS) was assessed for the identification and subtyping of MRSA. An intra- and inter-laboratory reproducibility study was carried out and the effects of culture media (an important source of variation for ICMS) were also studied. Several media used for the cultural identification of MRSA were examined using a panel of well-characterised staphylococcal isolates (n=26). Six MRSA isolates were analysed over a 1-month period for intra-laboratory reproducibility on the same instrument and three different culture media. Spectra were consistent for each isolate between the four experiments on the same culture medium. Individual isolates produced different spectral profiles on different culture media. Spectra from organisms grown on Columbia blood agar contained more peaks (approximately 120) compared to Columbia agar (approximately 50) and methicillin mannitol salt agar (approximately 25). All 26 staphylococcal isolates were subjected to an inter-laboratory study on two MALDI instruments. For each isolate, the overall spectral profile was the same for each of the two instruments but the baseline threshold values was adjusted due to instrument differences in detector sensitivities. Differences between certain regions of the spectra reproducibly identified isolates belonging to the two major MRSA strains (EMRSA phage group 15 and 16). These results demonstrate ICMS with appropriate media selection is a rapid and reproducible technique for identification and discrimination of MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Walker
- Department of Biological Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
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Nahvi MD, Fitzgibbon JE, John JF, Dubin DT. Sequence analysis of dru regions from methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococcal isolates. Microb Drug Resist 2001; 7:1-12. [PMID: 11310798 DOI: 10.1089/107662901750152684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistance in staphylococci results from expression of mecA, which occurs in a larger region of DNA (the mec region) lacking counterpart in susceptible cells. The mec region harbors in addition a highly polymorphic element, the dru (direct repeat unit) segment, which in an early S. aureus strain, BB270, was found to contain 10 imperfect 40 base-pair repeats. We have explored the utility of direct sequencing of dru segments for discriminating among strains of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCNS). We sequenced dru segments of 24 clinical isolates of MRSA, and 15 of MRCNS, and reexamined strain BB270. Six S. aureus and 2 S. epidermidis isolates were found to have deletions which removed all drus. The other strains were found to have multiple contiguous dru repeats of precisely 40 bp. Analysis of these strains plus dru segment sequence from 4 recent reports yielded 18 unique dru segment sequences (designated "dru types") differing in numbers of repeats and/or sequences of particular repeats. Dru typing was more discriminating than sequencing of non-mec region genes, including a repeat-containing segment (spa Xr) of the S. aureus protein A gene. Yet dru type was sufficiently stable to register epidemiological clusters. Dru sequencing is a useful tool for tracking methicillin-resistant lineages of S. aureus and CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Nahvi
- Department of Medicine, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
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Wichelhaus TA, Hunfeld KP, Böddinghaus B, Kraiczy P, Schäfer V, Brade V. Rapid molecular typing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by PCR-RFLP. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2001; 22:294-8. [PMID: 11428440 DOI: 10.1086/501903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish a new, rapid, and reliable genotypic fingerprinting technique for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) typing in routine epidemiological surveillance. DESIGN The method is based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) restriction fragment-length polymorphism (RFLP) following HaeII digestion of simultaneously amplified parts of the protein A gene, the coagulase gene, and the hypervariable region adjacent to mecA. A total of 46 MRSA initial isolates were analyzed, including 14 isolates from five countries; the six German epidemic strains; 16 isolates from the Frankfurt metropolitan area, which were known to be heterogeneous by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE); and 10 isolates obtained during three epidemics, all of which displayed an identical genotype. RESULTS Restriction analysis by PCR-RFLP permitted discrimination of 10 of 14 international isolates, all six German epidemic strains, and 15 of 16 national isolates. It also confirmed the homogeneous character of the 10 outbreak isolates. CONCLUSIONS This new and rapid PCR-RFLP typing method is an attractive tool in routine epidemiological surveillance. Its impressive characteristics are ease of performance and interpretation, while at the same time guaranteeing good discriminatory power, reproducibility, and typeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Wichelhaus
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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18
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van Belkum A. Molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains: state of affairs and tomorrow' s possibilities. Microb Drug Resist 2001; 6:173-88. [PMID: 11144418 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2000.6.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) have posed a clinical threat for nearly 40 years. During these years, an array of additional technologies suited for identification of MRSA below the species level has become available. The technologies, whether they assess phenotype or genotype, provide data that can be used for elucidation of the routes of dissemination of individual MRSA types. This review summarizes the current state of affairs with respect to the quality of the various laboratory techniques and includes descriptions of novel strategies such as binary typing and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Drawbacks of procedures will be compared, and the value of molecular typing in the elucidation of complex biological phenomena, such as epidemicity, carriage, and reduced vancomycin susceptibility, will be indicated. Means for integrated assessment of bacterial biology, epidemiology, and population structure will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A van Belkum
- Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, The Netherlands.
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Tondo EC, Guimarães MC, Henriques JA, Ayub MA. Assessing and analysing contamination of a dairy products processing plant by Staphylococcus aureus using antibiotic resistance and PFGE. Can J Microbiol 2000; 46:1108-14. [PMID: 11142400 DOI: 10.1139/w00-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A dairy product processing plant was studied for 2.5 years to examine contamination with Staphylococcus aureus and try to correlate the source of contamination. Cultures were submitted to an antibiotic susceptibility test (AST) and characterised by Pulsed-field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis. Results showed that 35.2% (19/51) of food handlers were asymptomatic carriers of S. aureus, and that 90.4% (19/21) of raw milk sampled was contaminated. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from only 10 samples among more than 3200 investigated dairy products. No S. aureus contamination was found on machinery. The AST analysis demonstrated sensitivity of tested S. aureus to oxacillin, cephalothin, vancomycin, gentamicin, and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim. AST analysis generated eight different phenotypic profiles, but did not allow us to identify the source of contamination in seven of ten final products. PFGE analysis proved to be a sensitive method as it generated 42 different DNA banding profiles among the 48 S. aureus investigated, demonstrating a lack of predominance of endemic strains in the plant, contrary to suggestions raised by antibiotic resistance typing. Based on PFGE genotyping, S. aureus strains isolated from four contaminated final products were similar to four S. aureus isolated from raw milk. Five final products contained S. aureus different from all other strains collected, and one showed similarity to a strain isolated from a food handler. These results suggest contamination by raw milk as the main source of contamination of the final dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Tondo
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul State, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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