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Morgan PL, Farkas G, Woods AD, Wang Y, Hillemeier MM, Oh Y. Factors Predictive of Being Bullies or Victims of Bullies in US Elementary Schools. SCHOOL MENTAL HEALTH 2023; 15:566-582. [PMID: 37408592 PMCID: PMC10322117 DOI: 10.1007/s12310-023-09571-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed a population-representative cohort (N=13,611; Mage at kindergarten, first, and second grade = 67.5, 79.5, and 91.5 months, respectively) to identify kindergarten to second grade factors predictive of being bullies or victims during third to fifth grade. We did so by estimating a block recursive structural equation model (SEM) with three sets of predictors. These were: (a) individual and school socio-demographics; (b) family distress and harsh parenting; and (c) individual behavior and achievement. Relations between each of the included variables and the bullying outcomes were simultaneously estimated within the SEM. Thus, each variable served as a control for estimating the effects of the other variables. We used robust standard errors to account for student clustering within schools. Results indicated that externalizing problem behavior strongly predicted being a bully ([ES] = .56, p<.001) and a victim (ES=.29, p<.001). We observed a negative relation between being Hispanic and being a victim (ES = -.10, p<.001) and a positive relation between being Black and being a bully (ES = .11, p<.001). We also observed statistically significant relations between a family's socioeconomic status and being a bully (ES = -.08, p<.001) as well as school poverty and being a victim (ES = .07, p<.001). The results advance the field's limited understanding of risk and protective factors for bullying perpetration or victimization during elementary school and provide additional empirical support for assisting young children already exhibiting externalizing problem behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul L. Morgan
- Department of Education Policy Studies, Penn State, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston
| | - George Farkas
- School of Education, University of California, Irvine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston
| | - Adrienne D. Woods
- Education Division, SRI International, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston
| | - Yangyang Wang
- Department of Education Policy Studies, Penn State, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston
| | - Marianne M. Hillemeier
- Department of Health Policy and Administration, Penn State, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston
| | - Yoonkyung Oh
- Department of Pediatrics and Children’s Learning Institute, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston
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Participation in Bullying and Associated Health Characteristics, Risk Factors and Leisure Activities: A Profile of School-Age Children in Serbia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19159159. [PMID: 35954513 PMCID: PMC9367782 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence and association of school-age children’s participation in bullying, focusing on their health characteristics, risk factors, and leisure activities. We performed a secondary analysis of the original data of the 2017 HBSC study to examine participation in bullying once and multiple times among school-age children in Serbia. For this purpose, a nationally representative sample of 3267 children from 64 primary and high schools in the Republic of Serbia was evaluated. The outcome variable of interest in our study was participation in bullying. Further groups of individual variables such as health characteristics, risk factors, and leisure activities were assessed. Multivariate regression analysis indicated that children who felt everyday stomach pain, irritability or bad mood, and nervousness were more likely to participate in bullying at least once compared with those who rarely or never had such symptoms by 1.46, 1.58, and 1.58 times, respectively. School-age children who reported being drunk two to three times, and four or more times in life were more likely to participate in bullying than those who reported never being drunk by 1.53 and 1.74 times, respectively. Children who reported to watch TV or other media for five or more hours per day were 2.34 times more likely to be involved in bullying at least once. Multiple regression analysis showed that students with daily stomach pain, back pain, nervousness, and dizziness were more likely to be involved in multiple bullying by 1.16, 1.62, 1.82, and 1.70 times, respectively. Students who had nightly meetings or reported being drunk four or more times in the last 30 days were more likely to be involved in multiple bullying by 2.54 and 3.47, respectively. Students who reported playing games five or more times per day were 2.70 times more likely to be involved in this multiple bullying. This study highlights the importance of professional and family education programmes for early identification of specific health symptoms in the pediatric population, as well as integration with interventions aimed at reducing alcohol abuse among school-age children.
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Andrews NCZ, Hanish LD, Martin CL, DeLay D, Updegraff KA. Power in Aggressor-Victim Relationships: Exploring Social, Physical, Gender- and Ethnicity-Based Power. J Youth Adolesc 2022; 51:208-224. [PMID: 35048254 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-021-01555-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Theory highlights power in aggressor-victim relationships, yet empirical work assessing dyadic power is largely absent. Variability in power balance versus imbalance within aggressor-victim dyads (based on social, physical, gender- and ethnicity-based power) was explored. Participants (N = 952; grade 6-8; 50% girls, 44% Hispanic/Latina/o) nominated aggressors and victims (4662 aggressor-victim dyads; 642 strong dyads [based on reputational strength]; 169 sustained dyads [based on longevity]). Dyadic social power (social network centrality and prestige) was calculated from friendship nominations. Self-report was used for dyadic physical (body mass index), gender- and ethnicity-based power. Across power indicators, there were more power-balanced than imbalanced dyads (particularly for strong and sustained dyads). The findings challenge theoretical notions that aggressors are more powerful than their victims and have implications for aggressor-victim relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi C Z Andrews
- Department of Child and Youth Studies, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada.
| | - Laura D Hanish
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Carol Lynn Martin
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Dawn DeLay
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Kimberly A Updegraff
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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Ganesan K, Shakoor S, Wertz J, Agnew-Blais J, Bowes L, Jaffee SR, Matthews T, Arseneault L. Bullying behaviours and other conduct problems: longitudinal investigation of their independent associations with risk factors and later outcomes. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2021; 56:2041-2052. [PMID: 33856493 PMCID: PMC8521530 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-021-02062-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Bullying behaviours and other conduct problems often co-occur. However, we do not yet know whether bullying behaviours are associated with early factors and later poor outcomes independently of conduct problems. While there are differing, specific interventions for bullying behaviours and for conduct problems, it is unclear if such specificity is justified given parallels between both behaviours. METHODS We used prospective data from the Environmental Risk (E-Risk) Longitudinal Twin Study, a nationally representative sample of 2232 children. Mothers and teachers reported on children's bullying behaviours and conduct problems at ages 7 and 10. We collected measures of risk factors, including temperament and family factors, when children were age 5. We assessed behavioural, emotional, educational and social problems when participants reached the ages of 12 and 18. RESULTS Bullying behaviours and conduct problems co-occurred in childhood. Our findings indicated that bullying behaviours and other conduct problems were independently associated with the same risk factors. Furthermore, they were associated with the same poor outcomes at both ages 12 and 18. Despite this, bullying behaviours were uniquely associated with behavioural, emotional, educational and social problems at age 18. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that anti-bullying programmes and interventions aimed at reducing conduct problems could benefit from greater integration. Furthermore, our study highlights the mental health problems children who bully may face in later years and the need to consider those in intervention plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keertana Ganesan
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sania Shakoor
- Centre for Psychiatry, Wolfson Institute of Preventative Medicine, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
| | - Jasmin Wertz
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jessica Agnew-Blais
- Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Lucy Bowes
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sara R Jaffee
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Timothy Matthews
- Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Louise Arseneault
- Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
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Andrews NCZ, Hanish LD, Pepler DJ. A dyadic perspective on aggressive behavior between friends. Aggress Behav 2021; 47:194-204. [PMID: 33244790 DOI: 10.1002/ab.21938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Youth are sometimes victimized by their friends, but we know little about the nature of these relationships. Taking a dyadic approach, we studied relationships characterized by both friendship and aggression. Participants (952 middle schoolers; 50% female; 44% Latinx) nominated friends and aggressive perpetrators and victims. Using two analytic samples of friend dyads (N = 6971) and aggressive dyads (N = 4662), results indicated that aggression by a friend was somewhat common. Compared with friend dyads without aggression, aggressive friend dyads were stronger (i.e., reciprocal) and longer lasting, though victimized youth were less satisfied with the friendship. Aggressive dyads who were friends more often had reciprocal aggression than aggressive dyads who were not friends. Results provide insight into the dynamics of aggression in close peer relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi C. Z. Andrews
- Department of Child and Youth Studies Brock University St. Catharines Ontario Canada
| | - Laura D. Hanish
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics Arizona State University Tempe Arizona USA
| | - Debra J. Pepler
- Department of Psychology York University Toronto Ontario Canada
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Thornberg R, Daremark E, Gottfridsson J, Gini G. Situationally Selective Activation of Moral Disengagement Mechanisms in School Bullying: A Repeated Within-Subjects Experimental Study. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1101. [PMID: 32581946 PMCID: PMC7296082 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
With reference to social-cognitive theory, the aim of the present study was to examine whether school students' tendency to display different moral disengagement mechanisms varies according to different social cues in hypothetical events in which they are engaged in bullying behavior. A repeated within-subjects experimental design was adopted. A total of 706 Swedish students (aged 10-20) from 75 classrooms responded to four verbal bullying vignettes by filling out a self-report survey. The results showed changes in moral disengagement mechanisms across the bullying situations. For instance, moral justification, victim blaming, and dehumanization scored higher in the mean victim condition and lower in the likable victim condition than in the other two conditions. Diffusion of responsibility was higher in the group conformity condition than in the other conditions. The findings also revealed differences in the levels of moral disengagement mechanisms within the bullying conditions. For example, euphemistic labeling and displacement of responsibility scored higher than the other mechanisms in the laughing audience condition. Victim blaming scored higher than the other mechanisms in the mean victim condition. Dehumanization, victim blaming, and moral justification scored lowest while euphemistic labeling was higher than most of the other mechanisms in the likable victim condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Thornberg
- Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Elina Daremark
- Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jonn Gottfridsson
- Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Gianluca Gini
- Department of Development and Social Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Grace K, Seng T, Eng S. The Socialization of Gender-Based Aggression: A Case Study in Cambodian Primary Schools. SEX ROLES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-019-01091-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Andrews NCZ, Hanish LD, Santos CE. Does an aggressor's target choice matter? Assessing change in the social network prestige of aggressive youth. Aggress Behav 2017; 43:364-374. [PMID: 28093765 DOI: 10.1002/ab.21695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Based on a social dominance approach, aggression is conceptualized as a strategy used to gain position, power, and influence within the peer network. However, aggression may only be beneficial when targeted against particular peers; both victims' social standing and the number of victims targeted may impact aggressors' social standing. The current study examined associations between aggressors' targeting tendencies (victims' social standing and number of victims) and aggressors' own social standing, both concurrently and over time. Analyses were conducted using three analytic samples of seventh and eighth grade aggressors (Ns ranged from 161 to 383, 49% girls; 50% Latina/o). Participants nominated their friends; nominations were used to calculate social network prestige. Peer nominations were used to identify aggressors and their victim(s). For each aggressor, number of victims and victims' social network prestige were assessed. Aggressors with more victims and with highly prestigious victims had higher social network prestige themselves, and they increased more in prestige over time than aggressors with fewer victims and less prestigious victims (though there were some differences across analytic samples). Findings have implications for the need to extend the social dominance approach to better address the links between aggressors and victims. Aggr. Behav. 43:364-374, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi C. Z. Andrews
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona
| | - Laura D. Hanish
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona
| | - Carlos E. Santos
- College of Integrative Sciences and Arts; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona
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Revenge is seductive, if not sweet: Why friends matter for prevention efforts. JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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