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Bacanlı A, Unsel-Bolat G, Suren S, Yazıcı KU, Callı C, Aygunes Jafari D, Kosova B, Rohde LA, Ercan ES. Effects of the dopamine transporter gene on neuroimaging findings in different attention deficit hyperactivity disorder presentations. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 15:1103-1114. [PMID: 33469789 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-020-00437-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a phenotipically and neurobiologically heterogeneous disorder. Deficiencies at different levels in response inhibition, differences in dopamine transporter genotype (DAT1) and various symptomatic presentations contribute to ADHD heterogeneity. Integrating these three aspects into a functional neuroimaging research could help unreval specific neurobiological components of more phenotipically homogeneous groups of patients with ADHD. During the Go-NoGo trial, we investigated the effect of the DAT1 gene using 3 T MRI in 72 ADHD cases and 24 (TD) controls that typically developed between the ages 8 and 15 years. In the total ADHD group, DAT1 predicted homozygosity for the 10R allele and hypoactivation in the anterior cingulate cortex and paracingulate cortex. There were no significant activation differences between DAT1 10R/10R homozygotes and 9R carriers in TD controls. Subjects with predominantly inattentive ADHD (ADHD-I) presentation with DAT1 10R/10R homozygous reduced neuronal activation during Go trial particularly in the frontal regions and insular cortex, and in the parietal regions during NoGo trial (brain regions reported as part of Default Mode Network- DMN). Additionally, DAT1 10R/10R homozygousness was associated with increased occipital zone activation during only the Go trial in the ADHD combined presentation (ADHD-C) group. Our results point the three main findings: 1) The DAT1 gene is 10R homozygous for differentiated brain activation in ADHD cases but not in the TD controls, supporting the DAT1 gene as a potential marker for ADHD, 2) The relationship between the DAT1 gene and the occipital regions in ADHD-C group which may reflect compensatory mechanisms, 3) The relationship between DAT1 gene and the reduced DMN suppression for 9R carriers probabaly stems from the ADHD-I group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Bacanlı
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Zubeyde Hanim Training and Research Hospital, Başkent University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gul Unsel-Bolat
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Balıkesir University, Balıkesir, Turkey.
| | - Serkan Suren
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical Park Hospital, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Kemal Utku Yazıcı
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Cem Callı
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Duygu Aygunes Jafari
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Buket Kosova
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Luis Augusto Rohde
- ADHD Outpatient Program, Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eyup Sabri Ercan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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2
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Schloß S, Derz F, Schurek P, Cosan AS, Becker K, Pauli-Pott U. Reward-Related Dysfunctions in Children Developing Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder-Roles of Oppositional and Callous-Unemotional Symptoms. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:738368. [PMID: 34744828 PMCID: PMC8569139 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.738368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Neurocognitive functions might indicate specific pathways in developing attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We focus on reward-related dysfunctions and analyze whether reward-related inhibitory control (RRIC), approach motivation, and autonomic reactivity to reward-related stimuli are linked to developing ADHD, while accounting for comorbid symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and callous-unemotional (CU) traits. Methods: A sample of 198 preschool children (115 boys; age: m = 58, s = 6 months) was re-assessed at age 8 years (m = 101.4, s = 3.6 months). ADHD diagnosis was made by clinical interviews. We measured ODD symptoms and CU traits using a multi-informant approach, RRIC (Snack-Delay task, Gift-Bag task) and approach tendency using neuropsychological tasks, and autonomic reactivity via indices of electrodermal activity (EDA). Results: Low RRIC and low autonomic reactivity were uniquely associated with ADHD, while longitudinal and cross-sectional links between approach motivation and ADHD were completely explained by comorbid ODD and CU symptoms. Conclusion: High approach motivation indicated developing ADHD with ODD and CU problems, while low RRIC and low reward-related autonomic reactivity were linked to developing pure ADHD. The results are in line with models on neurocognitive subtypes in externalizing disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Schloß
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Friederike Derz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Pia Schurek
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Alisa Susann Cosan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Katja Becker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University Giessen, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ursula Pauli-Pott
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Mascheretti S, Riva V, Feng B, Trezzi V, Andreola C, Giorda R, Villa M, Dionne G, Gori S, Marino C, Facoetti A. The Mediation Role of Dynamic Multisensory Processing Using Molecular Genetic Data in Dyslexia. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10120993. [PMID: 33339203 PMCID: PMC7765588 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10120993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although substantial heritability has been reported and candidate genes have been identified, we are far from understanding the etiopathogenetic pathways underlying developmental dyslexia (DD). Reading-related endophenotypes (EPs) have been established. Until now it was unknown whether they mediated the pathway from gene to reading (dis)ability. Thus, in a sample of 223 siblings from nuclear families with DD and 79 unrelated typical readers, we tested four EPs (i.e., rapid auditory processing, rapid automatized naming, multisensory nonspatial attention and visual motion processing) and 20 markers spanning five DD-candidate genes (i.e., DYX1C1, DCDC2, KIAA0319, ROBO1 and GRIN2B) using a multiple-predictor/multiple-mediator framework. Our results show that rapid auditory and visual motion processing are mediators in the pathway from ROBO1-rs9853895 to reading. Specifically, the T/T genotype group predicts impairments in rapid auditory and visual motion processing which, in turn, predict poorer reading skills. Our results suggest that ROBO1 is related to reading via multisensory temporal processing. These findings support the use of EPs as an effective approach to disentangling the complex pathways between candidate genes and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mascheretti
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy; (S.M.); (V.R.); (V.T.); (C.A.)
| | - Valentina Riva
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy; (S.M.); (V.R.); (V.T.); (C.A.)
| | - Bei Feng
- École de Psychologie, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (B.F.); (G.D.)
| | - Vittoria Trezzi
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy; (S.M.); (V.R.); (V.T.); (C.A.)
| | - Chiara Andreola
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy; (S.M.); (V.R.); (V.T.); (C.A.)
- Laboratoire de Psychologie du Développement et de l’Éducation de l’Enfant (LaPsyDÉ), Universitè de Paris, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Roberto Giorda
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy; (R.G.); (M.V.)
| | - Marco Villa
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy; (R.G.); (M.V.)
| | - Ginette Dionne
- École de Psychologie, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (B.F.); (G.D.)
| | - Simone Gori
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, 24100 Bergamo, Italy;
| | - Cecilia Marino
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy; (S.M.); (V.R.); (V.T.); (C.A.)
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- The Division of Child and Youth Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON M6J 1H4, Canada
- Correspondence: (C.M.); (A.F.)
| | - Andrea Facoetti
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy
- Correspondence: (C.M.); (A.F.)
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Drechsler R, Brem S, Brandeis D, Grünblatt E, Berger G, Walitza S. ADHD: Current Concepts and Treatments in Children and Adolescents. Neuropediatrics 2020; 51:315-335. [PMID: 32559806 PMCID: PMC7508636 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1701658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is among the most frequent disorders within child and adolescent psychiatry, with a prevalence of over 5%. Nosological systems, such as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5) and the International Classification of Diseases, editions 10 and 11 (ICD-10/11) continue to define ADHD according to behavioral criteria, based on observation and on informant reports. Despite an overwhelming body of research on ADHD over the last 10 to 20 years, valid neurobiological markers or other objective criteria that may lead to unequivocal diagnostic classification are still lacking. On the contrary, the concept of ADHD seems to have become broader and more heterogeneous. Thus, the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD are still challenging for clinicians, necessitating increased reliance on their expertise and experience. The first part of this review presents an overview of the current definitions of the disorder (DSM-5, ICD-10/11). Furthermore, it discusses more controversial aspects of the construct of ADHD, including the dimensional versus categorical approach, alternative ADHD constructs, and aspects pertaining to epidemiology and prevalence. The second part focuses on comorbidities, on the difficulty of distinguishing between "primary" and "secondary" ADHD for purposes of differential diagnosis, and on clinical diagnostic procedures. In the third and most prominent part, an overview of current neurobiological concepts of ADHD is given, including neuropsychological and neurophysiological researches and summaries of current neuroimaging and genetic studies. Finally, treatment options are reviewed, including a discussion of multimodal, pharmacological, and nonpharmacological interventions and their evidence base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate Drechsler
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Brem
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Brandeis
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edna Grünblatt
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gregor Berger
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Walitza
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Koltermann G, Becker N, Lopes-Silva JB, Gomides MRDA, Paiva GM, Haase VG, de Salles JF. Are "cool" executive function impairments more salient in ADHD symptoms than in reading disability? Dement Neuropsychol 2020; 14:47-55. [PMID: 32206198 PMCID: PMC7077861 DOI: 10.1590/1980-57642020dn14-010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Reading disability (RD) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
symptoms often co-occur in school-age children. Methods: The present study evaluated the performance of 216 Brazilian children from
3rd and 4th grades on “cool” executive function
(EF) abilities and phonological processing. The children were divided into
three groups: those with ADHD symptoms only, those with RD only, and
controls. Results: MANOVA analyses, controlling for age and nonverbal intelligence, showed worse
performance for the RD group, compared to the ADHD symptoms group, on
measures of phonological processing (phonemic awareness, phonological
short-term memory, and lexical access) and “cool” EF components
(orthographic verbal fluency and processing speed). The ADHD symptoms group
did not differ from the control group on the majority of the “cool” EF
tasks. Compared to the control group, the ADHD symptoms group and the RD
group both showed significantly more errors in rapid automatized naming of
figures, which evaluates the inhibition component of EF; performance on this
task was similar for these groups. Conclusion: We conclude that children with RD have greater impairment in phonological
processing and “cool” EF compared to those with ADHD symptoms. Furthermore,
deficits in inhibitory control may be shared among children with both
conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natália Becker
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
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Low AM, Vangkilde S, le Sommer J, Fagerlund B, Glenthøj B, Jepsen JRM, Bundesen C, Petersen A, Habekost T. Visual attention in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder before and after stimulant treatment. Psychol Med 2019; 49:2617-2625. [PMID: 30560740 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291718003628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder which frequently persists into adulthood. The primary goal of the current study was to (a) investigate attentional functions of stimulant medication-naïve adults with ADHD, and (b) investigate the effects of 6 weeks of methylphenidate treatment on these functions. METHODS The study was a prospective, non-randomized, non-blinded, 6-week follow-up design with 42 stimulant medication-naïve adult patients with ADHD, and 42 age and parental education-matched healthy controls. Assessments included measures of visual attention, based on Bundesen's Theory of Visual Attention (TVA), which yields five precise measures of aspects of visual attention; general psychopathology; ADHD symptoms; dyslexia screening; and estimates of IQ. RESULTS At baseline, significant differences were found between patients and controls on three attentional parameters: visual short-term memory capacity, threshold of conscious perception, and to a lesser extent visual processing speed. Secondary analyses revealed no significant correlations between TVA parameter estimates and severity of ADHD symptomatology. At follow-up, significant improvements were found specifically for visual processing speed; this improvement had a large effect size, and remained when controlling for re-test effects, IQ, and dyslexia screen performance. There were no significant correlations between changes in visual processing speed and changes in ADHD symptomatology. CONCLUSIONS ADHD in adults may be associated with deficits in three distinct aspects of visual attention. Improvements after 6 weeks of medication are seen specifically in visual processing speed, which could represent an improvement in alertness. Clinical symptoms and visual attentional deficits may represent separate aspects of ADHD in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Marie Low
- Deparment of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CNSR) and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Signe Vangkilde
- Deparment of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julijana le Sommer
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CNSR) and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Fagerlund
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CNSR) and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birte Glenthøj
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CNSR) and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Richardt Møllegaard Jepsen
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CNSR) and Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Bundesen
- Deparment of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Petersen
- Deparment of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Habekost
- Deparment of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Morgan JE, Lee SS, Loo SK. Fluid Reasoning Mediates the Association of Birth Weight With ADHD Symptoms in Youth From Multiplex Families With ADHD. J Atten Disord 2019; 23:682-691. [PMID: 27658748 PMCID: PMC5360552 DOI: 10.1177/1087054716670006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We tested mediation of birth weight and ADHD symptoms by multiple biologically plausible neurocognitive functions and evaluated familiality of observed indirect effects. METHOD 647 youth from 284 multiplex families with ADHD completed the Arithmetic, Digit Span, Vocabulary, and Block Design subtests of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC). Multiple mediation tested WISC subtests as mediators of birth weight and multi-informant ADHD symptoms. Familiality of indirect effects was estimated via moderated mediation comparing conditional indirect effects across siblings concordant and discordant for ADHD. RESULTS Controlling for IQ and demographic factors, Arithmetic uniquely mediated birth weight and ADHD symptoms. Conditional indirect effects through Arithmetic did not differ across ADHD concordant and discordant siblings. CONCLUSION These cross-sectional findings support previous prospective longitudinal research implicating Arithmetic (i.e., fluid reasoning) as a preliminary causal mediator of birth weight and ADHD symptoms, and suggest that this pathway is independent of genetic influences on ADHD.
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Wang Y, Hu D, Chen W, Xue H, Du Y. Prenatal Tobacco Exposure Modulated the Association of Genetic variants with Diagnosed ADHD and its symptom domain in children: A Community Based Case-Control Study. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4274. [PMID: 30862909 PMCID: PMC6414688 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40850-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of our study was to test the hypothesis that prenatal tobacco smoking exposure (PSE) could modulate the association of genetic variants with ADHD. A community based case-control study was conducted among Chinese children and 168 ADHD patients and 233 controls were recruited by using combination diagnosis of DSM-IV, SNAP-IV and semi-structured clinical interview. Logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate the effect of prenatal tobacco smoking exposure and genotype frequencies on ADHD susceptibility individually by adjustment for potential confounders. Multiplicative and additive interaction analysis were performed to evaluate the interactions between risk genes and PSE with regard to ADHD. Prenatal tobacco smoke exposure was a significant risk factor of ADHD even after adjusted for other potential confounders. ADRA2A rs553668, DRD2 rs1124491 and SLC6A4 rs6354 were identified to be associated with ADHD. A significant multiplicative and additive gene-environment interactions were observed between the PSE and the ADRA2A rs553668 in relation to ADHD and ADHD-ODD. The risk of the genetic variants in ADHD was increased significantly if the child had prenatal tobacco exposure. The genetic risk for ADHD could be influenced by the presence of environmental risks. The environmental and the genetic risks are not distinct to each other. More gene-environment interaction studies were needed to reveal the etiology of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanni Wang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Dan Hu
- Department of Child Health Care, Hospital of Maternal and Child Health of Dalian, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Wenjing Chen
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Hongli Xue
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Yukai Du
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China.
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Interaction between DRD2 and lead exposure on the cortical thickness of the frontal lobe in youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 82:169-176. [PMID: 29169998 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dopamine receptor D2 receptor (DRD2) gene and lead exposure are both thought to contribute to the pathophysiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ADHD is characterized by delay in brain maturation, most prominent in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). The D2 receptor is also mainly located in the PFC, and animal studies show that lead exposure affects the dopaminergic system of the frontal lobe, indicating an overlap in neural correlates of ADHD, DRD2, and lead exposure. We examined the interaction effects of DRD2 rs1800497 and lead exposure on the cortical thickness of the frontal lobe in patients with ADHD. METHODS A 1:1 age- and gender-matched sample of 75 participants with ADHD and 75 healthy participants was included in the analysis. The interaction effects of DRD2 and lead exposure on the cortical thickness of 12 regions of interest in the frontal lobe were examined by multivariable linear regression analyses. RESULTS When we investigated the DRD2×lead effects in the ADHD and HC groups separately, significant DRD2×lead effects were found in the ADHD group, but not in the healthy control group in multiple ROIs of the frontal lobe. There was a significant negative correlation between the cortical thickness of the right superior frontal gyrus and inattention scores. CONCLUSIONS The present findings demonstrated significant interaction effects of DRD2 and lead exposure on the cortical thickness of the frontal lobe in ADHD. Replication studies with larger sample sizes, using a prospective design, are warranted to confirm these findings.
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Nigg JT, Gustafsson HC, Karalunas SL, Ryabinin P, McWeeney SK, Faraone SV, Mooney MA, Fair DA, Wilmot B. Working Memory and Vigilance as Multivariate Endophenotypes Related to Common Genetic Risk for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2018; 57:175-182. [PMID: 29496126 PMCID: PMC6547382 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Understanding the role of endophenotypes is essential for process models of psychopathology. This study examined which candidate cognitive endophenotypes statistically mediate common variant genetic risk for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHOD A case-control design using community-recruited volunteer children 7 to 11 years of age (n = 656, n = 435 ADHD), of whom 514 were of homogenous European ancestry for the primary models (n = 337 ADHD, 177 non-ADHD). Children were assessed with a multi-informant, best-estimate diagnostic procedure and laboratory measures of working memory, response inhibition, executive functioning, arousal/attention, temporal information processing, and processing speed. Latent variables were created for the candidate cognitive measures and for parent- and teacher-rated ADHD dimensions. Polygenic risk scores (PGS) were computed using a discovery sample of 20,183 individuals with ADHD and 35,191 controls from the Psychiatric Genetics Consortium. Cognitive measures that survived multiple testing correction for association with the PGS were evaluated for mediation with ADHD using structural equation models. RESULTS Results were essentially identical in the homogeneous European ancestry subgroup (n = 514) and in the full sample (N = 656). For the European population, the PGS was associated with ADHD diagnosis (Nagelkerke R2 = 0.045; β = 0.233, SE = 0.053, p = .000011) and multi-indicator dimensional ADHD latent variables by parent report (β = 0.185, SE = 0.043) and teacher report (β = 0.165, SE = 0.042). The PGS effect was statistically mediated by working memory (indirect effect, β = 0.101, SE = 0.029, 95% CI = 0.05, 0.16, p = .00049, 43% of genetic effect accounted for) and arousal/alertness (indirect effect β = 0.115, 95% CI = 0.04, 0.20, SE = 0.041, p = .005, 49% of genetic effect accounted for). CONCLUSION This is the first clear demonstration from molecular genetic data that working memory and arousal regulation are promising cognitive endophenotypes for ADHD with regard to mediating genetic risk from common genetic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel T Nigg
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Beth Wilmot
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland
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Pauli-Pott U, Schloß S, Heinzel-Gutenbrunner M, Becker K. Multiple causal pathways in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder – Do emerging executive and motivational deviations precede symptom development? Child Neuropsychol 2017; 25:179-197. [DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2017.1380177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Pauli-Pott
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Susan Schloß
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Monika Heinzel-Gutenbrunner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Katja Becker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Nikolas MA, Momany AM. DRD4 Variants Moderate the Impact of Parental Characteristics on Child Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Exploratory Evidence from a Multiplex Family Design. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 45:429-442. [PMID: 28138806 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-017-0264-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Parental ADHD symptomatology and related impairments have been robustly associated with youth ADHD across decades of work. Notably, these factors may impede typical development of child self-regulation capabilities through both neurobiological and interpersonal processes. High heritability of estimates for the disorder further suggest that these effects are likely genetically-mediated, at least in part. Variation within the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) has been shown to moderate parental influences on youth ADHD. Use of a multiplex family design (i.e., samples of families that included multiple affected members) may facilitate identification of additional gene variants of interest and advance understanding of gene-environment interplay in regard to parenting. Thirty multiplex families consisting of 114 individuals (66 youth, 48 parents) completed a multi-stage, multi-informant diagnostic and neurocognitive assessment, measures of parenting, and provided saliva samples for DNA analyses. Sanger sequencing of the DRD4 gene yielded 16 rare variants; a polygenic risk score was computed for both parents and youth. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) examined the predictive effects of parental ADHD symptoms, parental neurocognitive functioning, and poor parenting dimensions on youth ADHD as well as moderation of these effects by parental and youth DRD4 variants. Findings indicated that parental DRD4 variants moderated the impact of parental ADHD and neurocognitive functioning on youth ADHD symptoms. Youth DRD4 variants moderated the impact of parental inconsistent discipline on child ADHD. In all cases, stronger associations were observed for those individuals with more risk variants. These exploratory findings highlight the potential utility of a multiplex family design for examining the interplay between parent and child characteristics in predicting youth outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly A Nikolas
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, E11 Seashore Hall, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
| | - Allison M Momany
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, E11 Seashore Hall, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
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Morgan JE, Caplan B, Tung I, Noroña AN, Baker BL, Lee SS. COMT and DAT1 polymorphisms moderate the indirect effect of parenting behavior on youth ADHD symptoms through neurocognitive functioning. Child Neuropsychol 2017; 24:823-843. [PMID: 28675949 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2017.1346067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Although gene × environment interactions contribute to youth attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, the pathways mediating these influences are unknown. We tested genetic moderation of indirect effects from parenting behavior to youth ADHD symptoms through multiple neurocognitive factors. Two hundred and twenty-nine youth with and without ADHD were assessed at baseline (Wave 1; ages 5-10) and at a 2-year follow-up (Wave 2; ages 7-13). At Wave 1, youth completed a neurocognitive battery including measures of response inhibition, visuospatial working memory, and fluid reasoning, and a standardized parent-child interaction task yielding observational measures of positive and negative parenting. At Wave 2, youth psychopathology was rated by parents and teachers using multiple methods (i.e., structured interview, rating scale). We employed moderated multiple mediation and compared conditional indirect effects across youth genotypes at two biologically plausible genetic loci. Controlling for parent ADHD symptoms as well as youth demographic factors and co-occurring externalizing symptoms, these genetic factors moderated the indirect effect from Wave 1 parenting to multi-method/informant Wave 2 ADHD symptoms through Wave 1 neurocognitive functioning. This preliminary study is the first to identify genetic moderation of mediated effects underlying ADHD symptoms and suggests that specific gene × parenting interactions may underlie neurocognitive functioning deficits and subsequent ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E Morgan
- a Department of Psychology , UCLA , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Barbara Caplan
- a Department of Psychology , UCLA , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Irene Tung
- a Department of Psychology , UCLA , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | | | - Bruce L Baker
- a Department of Psychology , UCLA , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Steve S Lee
- a Department of Psychology , UCLA , Los Angeles , CA , USA
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Psychometric Markers of Genuine and Feigned Neurodevelopmental Disorders in the Context of Applying for Academic Accommodations. PSYCHOLOGICAL INJURY & LAW 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12207-017-9287-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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