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Otten R, Ha T, Westling E, Lemery-Chalfant K, Wilson MN, Shaw DS. How pubertal timing and self-regulation predict adolescent sexual activity in resource-poor environments. Dev Psychopathol 2023:1-7. [PMID: 37791470 DOI: 10.1017/s095457942300127x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Studies found support for a link between pubertal timing and self-regulation in low-resource environments. This link could potentially explain a link between pubertal timing and early risk behavior. This study builds on this body of research by examining the mediated effect of pubertal timing on sexual activity through self-regulation in 728 adolescents and their families in a group with poor resources and a group with adequate resources. Income-to-Needs (ITN) was measured at age 7.5 to establish two groups (low-ITN and Medium/High-ITN). Pubertal timing was measured at age 10.5, self-regulation was assessed at age 14 and operationalized with effortful control, and sexual activity was assessed at age 16. Structural equation modeling was employed to test the hypothesized model in both groups. The link between pubertal timing and sexual activity mediated by effortful control was only significant in the low-ITN group. Specifically, more advanced pubertal maturity was associated with lower levels of adolescents' effortful control, which in turn was associated with more sexual activity at age 16. Findings were partially replicated with a drug use index replacing sexual activity. This study shows a different operating link from pubertal timing to effortful control and subsequent risk behavior in resource-poor environments. Implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Otten
- Department of Psychology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, NL, USA
| | - Thao Ha
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | | | | | - Melvin N Wilson
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Daniel S Shaw
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Tammilehto J, Flykt M, Peltonen K, Kuppens P, Bosmans G, Lindblom J. Roles of recalled parenting experiences and effortful control in adult daily emotion regulation. Cogn Emot 2023; 37:795-817. [PMID: 37161353 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2023.2209711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Research suggests that both childhood experiences with one's parents and individual differences in effortful control contribute to adult emotion regulation (ER). However, it is unclear how they associate with specific ER processes. In this adult study, we examined the roles of recalled parenting experiences and effortful control in daily ER selection and implementation. Using ecological momentary assessment (EMA), we focused on ER strategies of reappraisal, suppression, and rumination. We hypothesized recalled parental warmth, rejection, and overcontrol to predict adult ER selection and effectiveness of ER implementation and effortful control to mediate these effects. One hundred twenty-two adults answered self-reported questionnaires on their childhood experiences with their parents and effortful control. In EMA, they reported ER and emotions seven times daily for seven days. Recalled parental warmth predicted less suppression and rumination, whereas recalled overcontrol, especially in fathers, predicted greater suppression and reappraisal. However, recalled parenting experiences did not predict the effectiveness of ER implementation, and no support was found for the mediating role of effortful control between recalled parenting experiences and ER. Our findings suggest that recalled parenting experiences may guide adult ER selection rather than shape ER implementation, and these links may be largely independent of their effortful control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaakko Tammilehto
- Faculty of Social Sciences / Psychology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Marjo Flykt
- Faculty of Social Sciences / Psychology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kirsi Peltonen
- INVEST Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Peter Kuppens
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy Bosmans
- Clinical Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jallu Lindblom
- Faculty of Social Sciences / Psychology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
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Scheier LM, Shigeto A. Developmental cascades in studies of adolescent and young adult substance use etiology: A systematic review. Addict Behav Rep 2022; 15:100420. [PMID: 35313482 PMCID: PMC8933337 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2022.100420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Systematic reviews of developmental cascade studies in drug etiology are lacking. Reviews can highlight important design concerns that promote better science. Cascade studies articulate important risk mechanisms that are prevention targets. Few cascade studies find support for intricate risk mechanisms involving parents.
Introduction Frequently, developmental cascade models are used to examine causal linkages between early family risk and substance use etiology. When framed with longitudinal data, cascade models contribute to understanding developmental etiology by parsing stability from change in multiple domains of influence. This systematic review examines the research methods used in cascade studies of substance use etiology. Method A systematic literature review involved four electronic literature databases (i.e., PsycINFO, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science). Specific terms referenced substance use etiology and developmental cascade effects. Inclusion requirements included cross-domain effects and repeated measures. Studies were eliminated based on including interventions or growth modeling that failed to differentiate time-specific effects. A risk assessment indicated adequate inter-rater reliability for the 18 studies included. Results Conceptually, there was little evidence supporting hypothesized cascade effects that involved cross-domain risk mechanisms linking early parental socialization with later substance use. Methodologically, studies were characterized by modest sample sizes, lack of power, and relatively small effect sizes (ESavg. = 0.05 [SD = 0.046], range 0.003 - 0.19). Only half of the studies conducted formal statistical tests of indirect effects linking early socialization with later substance use. Conclusion This review highlights there is very little evidence for developmental cascade effects involving early parental socialization and substance use etiology. Methodological and conceptual limitations may hamper detection of developmental cascade effects and further undermine our understanding of substance use etiology. Future studies may want to follow larger samples, over extended time frames and specify intermediate mechanism that contribute to vulnerability.
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Common Features in Compulsive Sexual Behavior, Substance Use Disorders, Personality, Temperament, and Attachment-A Narrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:ijerph19010296. [PMID: 35010552 PMCID: PMC8751077 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Do addictions share common traits of an “addictive personality” or do different addictions have distinct personality profiles? This narrative review examines the differences in the associations between substance use disorder (SUD) and compulsive sexual behavior disorder (CSBD), on the one hand, and personality traits, attachment dispositions, and temperament, on the other hand. We found that both people with a SUD and people with CSBD tended to be more spontaneous, careless, and less reliable, to place self-interest above getting along with others, to show emotional instability and experience negative emotions such as anger, anxiety, and/or depression, to be less able to control their attention and/or behavior, and to be engulfed with a constant sensation of “wanting”. Only people with CSBD, but not SUD, noted concerns with their social ties, fear of losing close others, and/or trusting others around them. Results also suggested that people with a SUD and people with CSBD share high commonalities in personality traits and temperament, yet there are noted differences in their social tendencies, especially with close others. People with CSBD reported more concerns with possible relationship losses compared to people with SUD issues, who may be more worried about losing their source of escapism.
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Pintos Lobo R, Morris SSJ, Yanes J, Tenenbaum RB, Feeney KE, Musser ED. The role of temperament in alcohol use among college students. Addict Behav Rep 2021; 14:100366. [PMID: 34938827 PMCID: PMC8664780 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2021.100366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Examining the mechanisms underlying alcohol use in college students. Interplay among temperament domains and alcohol use. Positive affect (PA) linked with engagement in hazardous alcohol use. Effortful control (EC) associated with reduced engagement in alcohol use broadly. PA and EC temperament domains linked to alcohol use in college students.
Alcohol use and alcohol use disorder (AUD) among young adults are important public health concerns. The high prevalence and negative effects of alcohol use suggests that there is a need for improved understanding of the mechanisms underlying alcohol use. The current study utilizes the model of adult temperament proposed by Evans and Rothbart (2007) as the framework with which to examine the interplay among temperament domains and alcohol use. Specifically, we examined individual and interactive associations among self-report ratings of positive affect, negative affect, effortful control, orienting sensitivity and alcohol use patterns, among a large sample of college students. ANOVA and linear regression analyses indicated that positive affect was associated with engagement in hazardous alcohol use and binge drinking. Furthermore, effortful control was associated with reduced engagement in overall alcohol use. These results corroborate and extend previous work which suggests that positive affect and effortful control temperament domains are linked to alcohol use patterns in college-age young adults. These findings may serve as an important step for informed decision-making about prevention and intervention efforts related to problematic alcohol use in young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Julio Yanes
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Rachel B Tenenbaum
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kathleen E Feeney
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Erica D Musser
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
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Santens E, Claes L, Dierckx E, Dom G. Effortful Control - A Transdiagnostic Dimension Underlying Internalizing and Externalizing Psychopathology. Neuropsychobiology 2021; 79:255-269. [PMID: 32106115 DOI: 10.1159/000506134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Effortful control (EC) or self-regulation refers to the ability to regulate behavior, emotion, and cognition. It has been identified as a contributor to both adaptive and adverse outcomes in children, adolescents, and adults and this across many domains. As such, it could be considered as a transdiagnostic dimension underlying internalizing (e.g., mood and anxiety disorders) and externalizing (e.g., substance use disorders, ADHD) psychopathology. We aimed to examine the role of EC throughout the adult psychopathological spectrum by means of a literature search of studies published between 2008 and 2018. Overall, the results point to the role of EC in the development of a broad spectrum of psychiatric diagnosis, reflecting the transdiagnostic characteristic of this construct. This role may be both directly causal or as a mediator factor influencing outcomes of a specific disorder. Early assessment of EC and early interventions to improve EC might help to avoid or decrease the risk of developing psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Els Santens
- Alexian Psychiatric Hospital, Tienen, Belgium, .,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium,
| | - Laurence Claes
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eva Dierckx
- Alexian Psychiatric Hospital, Tienen, Belgium.,Department of Clinical and Life Span Psychology, Faculty of Psychological and Educational Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Geert Dom
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Multiversum, Psychiatric Hospital, Boechout, Belgium
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Kapetanovic S, Skoog T, Bohlin M, Gerdner A. Does one Size Fit All?-Linking Parenting With Adolescent Substance Use and Adolescent Temperament. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2020; 30 Suppl 2:443-457. [PMID: 30861247 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Using longitudinal Swedish data from 1,373 early-adolescent youths, this study aims to answer the question of whether the previously established protective function of parental knowledge and its sources-adolescent disclosure, parental solicitation, and parental control-on substance use among early-adolescents is moderated by the adolescent's temperament. Adolescent temperament moderated several links between parental knowledge and its sources and adolescent substance use. The most pronounced moderating results were found for those adolescents with fearless, socially detached and thrill-seeking tendencies. For these "detached thrill-seekers", bidirectional links between adolescent disclosure and substance use, and negative links between parental solicitation and substance use were found. We recommend, therefore, that adolescent temperament is considered when designing parenting programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Therése Skoog
- Jönköping University
- Gothenburg University
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU
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Tian Q, Chen BB. The associations among parental warmth and hostility and student engagement in math and the mediating role of effortful control among Chinese children. Psych J 2020; 9:339-349. [PMID: 31943910 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The associations among parenting behaviors, effortful control, and student engagement in math were examined in a sample of Chinese children. The sample was composed of 778 students (Mage = 10.43 years, SD = 0.99) from Grades 4 to 6 in Shanghai, China. Children completed questionnaires to assess parental warmth and hostility, effortful control, and student engagement in math. The results indicated that parental warmth was positively correlated with math engagement whereas parental hostility was negatively correlated with math engagement. In addition, mediational analyses indicated that effortful control fully mediated the association between parental hostility and math engagement, but partially mediated the association between parental warmth and math engagement. This study offers insights into a mediating mechanism linking the relationships among parenting behaviors, effortful control, and math engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Tian
- Department of Psychology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin-Bin Chen
- Department of Psychology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Chen BB, Zhou N. The Weight Status of Only Children in China: The Role of Marital Satisfaction and Maternal Warmth. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND FAMILY STUDIES 2019; 28:2754-2761. [DOI: 10.1007/s10826-019-01455-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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Otten R, Mun CJ, Shaw DS, Wilson MN, Dishion TJ. A developmental cascade model for early adolescent-onset substance use: the role of early childhood stress. Addiction 2019; 114:326-334. [PMID: 30280443 PMCID: PMC6519208 DOI: 10.1111/add.14452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS AND AIMS Despite the link between stress and addictive behavior in adulthood, little is known about how early life stress in families predicts the early emergence of substance use in adolescence. This study tested a developmental cascade model, proposing that early stressful life events and negative parent-child interaction covary, and both disrupt the refinement of inhibitory control, which evolves into problem behavior in middle/late childhood and subsequent substance use exploration in early adolescence. METHODS Data came from the Early Steps Multisite study, a community sample of at-risk families in the metropolitan US areas of Pittsburgh (Pennsylvania), Eugene (Oregon) and Charlottesville (Virginia) with children aged 2 years at the start of the study and 14 years at the last measurement (n = 364). Structural equation modeling was used to test the proposed model. RESULTS Early stressful life events and negative parent-child interaction assessed at ages 2-5 were negatively related to inhibitory control at ages 7 and 8. Low levels of inhibitory control were prognostic of childhood problem behavior at ages 9 and 10. Finally, late childhood problem behavior was associated with substance use at age 14. Parental drug use was directly related to substance use at age 14. CONCLUSIONS Early life stress may disrupt child inhibitory control, which can cascade into behavioral and peer problem behavior in childhood and, in turn, heighten the risk for early adolescent substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Otten
- Pluryn, Research and DevelopmentNijmegenthe Netherlands
- REACH Institute, Department of PsychologyArizona State UniversityTempeAZUSA
- Behavioural Science InstituteRadboud University NijmegenNijmegenthe Netherlands
| | - Chung Jung Mun
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesJohns Hopkins School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Daniel S. Shaw
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Melvin N. Wilson
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesville, VAUSA
| | - Thomas J. Dishion
- REACH Institute, Department of PsychologyArizona State UniversityTempeAZUSA
- Oregon Research InstituteEugene, ORUSA
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