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Barel E, Shahrabani S, Mahagna L, Massalha R, Colodner R, Tzischinsky O. State Anxiety and Procrastination: The Moderating Role of Neuroendocrine Factors. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:bs13030204. [PMID: 36975229 PMCID: PMC10045520 DOI: 10.3390/bs13030204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Procrastination is prevalent among students, as well as the general population, and has negative impacts on various domains. Several models aimed to understand factors associated with procrastination, with some suggesting that anxiety plays a significant role. Biological factors have been shown to contribute to individual differences in procrastination; however, little attention has been paid to the role of neuroendocrine factors on procrastination. The primary question addressed in the present study is whether neuroendocrine factors (testosterone and cortisol) moderate the association between state anxiety and procrastination. Eighty-eight participants (29 men; 32 women using oral contraceptives; and 27 women not using oral contraceptives and in their luteal phase) were tested for biomarkers and completed questionnaires. Results show that state anxiety is positively correlated with procrastination. Furthermore, testosterone levels moderate the correlation between state anxiety and procrastination. As testosterone levels drop, the positive correlation between state anxiety and procrastination becomes stronger, but when testosterone levels are higher, no significant association between state anxiety and procrastination is found. Cortisol levels do not moderate the relationship between state anxiety and procrastination. The role of neuroendocrine factors for psychological outcomes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrat Barel
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, The Max Stern Academic College of Emek Yezreel, Emek Yezreel 1930000, Israel
- Correspondence:
| | - Shosh Shahrabani
- Department of Economics and Management, The Max Stern Academic College of Emek Yezreel, Emek Yezreel 1930000, Israel
| | - Lila Mahagna
- Endocrinology Laboratory, Emek Medical Center, Afula 1855701, Israel
| | - Refaat Massalha
- Endocrinology Laboratory, Emek Medical Center, Afula 1855701, Israel
| | - Raul Colodner
- Endocrinology Laboratory, Emek Medical Center, Afula 1855701, Israel
| | - Orna Tzischinsky
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, The Max Stern Academic College of Emek Yezreel, Emek Yezreel 1930000, Israel
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Vélez-Morón A, Andújar-Barroso RT, Allande-Cussó R, García-Iglesias JJ, Aquino-Cárdenas G, Gómez-Salgado J. Measuring anxiety and fear of Covid-19 among older people: psychometric properties of anxiety and fear of Covid-19 scale (AMICO) in Spain. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1589. [PMID: 35987563 PMCID: PMC9392509 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13960-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The elderly population has proven to be a particularly vulnerable group with regard to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this study was to study the psychometric properties of the Ansiedad y MIedo a Covid-19 scale (AMICO) on a population-based sample of elderly people. Methods A descriptive and psychometric cross-sectional study, based on questionnaires, was carried out. An exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was performed, as well as a bivariate analysis between the different sociodemographic variables with respect to the total scale score. Results A sample of 720 adults over 65 years of age was obtained, 52.2% of whom were women. The structure of the factor of the scale showed two factors (fear and anxiety) and was confirmed with good fit parameters. The overall reliability of the scale in terms of internal consistency was α = 0.94. Conclusions The AMICO scale is a valid and reliable instrument to measure anxiety and fear of COVID-19 in the Spanish population over 65 years of age. Women and subjects with a partner showed the highest values of fear and anxiety.
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Świerad M, Świerad I, Szydło R, Honisz G, Gąsior M, Kalarus Z, Dyrbuś K. Assessment of the Level of Anxiety for COVID-19 Vaccinations. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10060915. [PMID: 35746523 PMCID: PMC9227172 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10060915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Research published especially in the last decade indicates the influence of anxiety on the human decision-making process. This study analyzes the anxiety among individuals who decided to undergo vaccinations for COVID-19. The study assesses that the level of education, especially medical education, age, and gender, had an influence on the level of anxiety in terms of vaccination situations. The STAI self-assessment questionnaire was used. The study was conducted anonymously using the paper-pencil method during two rounds of vaccination; therefore, the respondent sample included mainly medical personnel and elderly people. A total of 898 questionnaires were issued. Age did not affect the trait and state of anxiety, but highly educated people tested during vaccination had a lower anxiety level. Gender had no influence on the trait but did influence the state of anxiety. Overall, women were the group that exhibited a higher level of anxiety than men. Nurses were particularly vulnerable to the negative effects of situational medication in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Świerad
- Department of Cardiology, Congenital Heart Diseases and Electrotherapy, Silesian Center for Heart Diseases in Zabrze, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; (M.Ś.); (G.H.); (Z.K.)
| | - Ilona Świerad
- Psychological and Pedagogical Counseling Center No. 3 in Katowice, 40-096 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Robert Szydło
- Department of Labor Resource Management, Cracow University of Economics, 31-510 Kraków, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-660715085
| | - Grzegorz Honisz
- Department of Cardiology, Congenital Heart Diseases and Electrotherapy, Silesian Center for Heart Diseases in Zabrze, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; (M.Ś.); (G.H.); (Z.K.)
| | - Mariusz Gąsior
- 3rd Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (M.G.); (K.D.)
| | - Zbigniew Kalarus
- Department of Cardiology, Congenital Heart Diseases and Electrotherapy, Silesian Center for Heart Diseases in Zabrze, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; (M.Ś.); (G.H.); (Z.K.)
| | - Krzysztof Dyrbuś
- 3rd Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (M.G.); (K.D.)
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Vaccaro MG, Bertollo M, Guidetti L, Quattrone A, Emerenziani GP. Individuals’ depression and anxiety might be influenced by the level of physical activity and expertise: a pilot study on elite volleyball players and amateur athletes. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-021-00767-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Ilardi CR, Gamboz N, Iavarone A, Chieffi S, Brandimonte MA. Psychometric properties of the STAI-Y scales and normative data in an Italian elderly population. Aging Clin Exp Res 2021; 33:2759-2766. [PMID: 33733325 PMCID: PMC7968568 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-021-01815-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early detection of anxiety symptoms in older people is capital as it may be linked to increased physical/functional disabilities, onset and progression of neurodegenerative disorders, and poor cognitive functioning. Nonetheless, there is a paucity of psychometrically validated anxiety measures in the elderly. AIMS This study aimed at assessing the psychometric properties of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-Form Y (STAI-Y) and providing the first normative data for the Italian elderly population. METHODS The sample included 361 individuals aged 65-94. All subjects underwent the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), and the state (S-Anxiety) and trait anxiety (T-anxiety) scales of the STAI-Y. RESULTS The S-Anxiety and T-Anxiety scales showed reliable internal consistency and, overall, good item characteristics. Divergent validity was "apparently" threatened, with S-Anxiety scale correlating with MMSE and GDS, and T-Anxiety scale only with GDS. The principal component analysis revealed a three-factor solution for both scales, i.e., presence and absence of state (or trait) anxiety, and performance anxiety. Since no effect of sociodemographic variables was found, unadjusted cutoffs were provided. CONCLUSIONS Although some questions on the psychometric properties of the STAI-Y remain unanswered, this normative study can help clinicians and researchers to monitor anxiety levels in the Italian elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro Rosario Ilardi
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Nadia Gamboz
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology, Suor Orsola Benincasa University, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Sergio Chieffi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
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Rosenblum S, Cohen Elimelech O. Gender Differences in State Anxiety Related to Daily Function Among Older Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Questionnaire Study. JMIR Aging 2021; 4:e25876. [PMID: 33939623 PMCID: PMC8176945 DOI: 10.2196/25876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic poses a challenge to people's day-to-day functioning and emotional and physical health, especially among older adults. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to analyze gender differences in state anxiety, daily functional self-actualization, and functional cognition as well as the relationships among those factors in older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. METHODS We collected data on the web from a sample of 204 people (102 men and 102 women) aged 60 years and older. In addition to a demographic questionnaire, we used the State-Trait Personality Inventory to assess state anxiety, the Daily Functional Actualization questionnaire to evaluate daily functional self-actualization, and the Daily Living Questionnaire to measure functional cognition. RESULTS Significant gender differences were found for state anxiety (t202=-2.36, P=.02); daily functional self-actualization (t202=2.15, P=.03); and the functional cognition components: complex tasks (Z=-3.07, P=.002); cognitive symptoms that might be interfering (Z=-2.15, P=.028); executive functions (Z=-2.21, P=.024); and executive function monitoring (Z=-2.21, P=.027). Significant medium correlations were found between both state anxiety level and daily functional self-actualization (r=-0.62, P<.001) and functional cognition (r=0.37-0.40, P<.001). Gender predicted 3% of the variance in state anxiety level, while daily functional self-actualization predicted 41% and complex activities (Daily Living Questionnaire) predicted an additional 3% (F3,200=58.01, P<.001). CONCLUSIONS In older adults, anxiety is associated with cognitive decline, which may harm daily functional abilities and lead to social isolation, loneliness, and decreased well-being. Self-awareness and knowledge of gender differences and relationships between common available resources of daily functional self-actualization and functional cognition with anxiety may be strengthening factors in crisis periods such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rosenblum
- The Laboratory of Complex Human Activity and Participation, Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ortal Cohen Elimelech
- The Laboratory of Complex Human Activity and Participation, Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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Sebri V, Cincidda C, Savioni L, Ongaro G, Pravettoni G. Worry during the initial height of the COVID-19 crisis in an Italian sample. The Journal of General Psychology 2021; 148:327-359. [PMID: 33522456 DOI: 10.1080/00221309.2021.1878485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the earliest months of 2020, the COVID-19 emergency reached a pandemic status of international concern. In this situation, people tended to think more about current difficulties and their negative consequences due to the fear of infection and changed daily life during quarantine. The aim of this study was to explore the severity of worry in relation to individual characteristics and emotions during COVID-19 outbreak in the Italian people. Socio-demographic questions and standardized self-report questionnaires were administered online. Results highlighted a moderate level of worry, anxiety and distress. People with higher perceptions of COVID-19 severity exhibited higher levels of worry in contrast to those who perceived a greater control over the possibility of infection. Multiple regression analysis indicated that coping styles, emotion regulation strategies and personality traits significantly contributed to explain the variance in worry scores. Findings supported that cognitive reappraisal, emotion-focused coping and extraversion were protective factors for worry, while expressive suppression, dysfunctional and problem-focused coping, and neuroticism were related to high worry. However, neuroticism and dysfunctional coping were particularly important predictors of worry. This paper also considers possible psychological interventions that might be implemented in order to deal with mental health issues emanating from the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Sebri
- Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Clizia Cincidda
- Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucrezia Savioni
- Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Ongaro
- Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Pravettoni
- Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Cléophat JE, Simon P, Chiniara G, St-Pierre L, Ahossi E, Dogba MJ, Chénier C, Dubuc É, Landry C, Vonarx N, Pilote B. How anxious were Quebec healthcare professionals during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic? A web-based cross-sectional survey. Work 2021; 70:701-712. [PMID: 34719462 PMCID: PMC8673505 DOI: 10.3233/wor-210525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may cause significant anxiety among healthcare professionals (HCPs). COVID-19-related psychological impacts on HCPs in Western countries have received relatively little attention. OBJECTIVE This study aims to assess the levels of anxiety in HCPs working in the province of Quebec (Canada) during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic and identify factors associated with changes in anxiety scores. METHODS An exploratory online cross-sectional survey was conducted among Quebec HCPs from April to July 2020. The Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was used to measure state anxiety among HCPs. Descriptive and multivariate analyses were performed. RESULTS A total of 426 HCPs completed the survey. Anxiety scores ranged from 20 to 75 points, with 80 being the highest possible value on the STAI scale. Being a female HCP [B = 5.89, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.49-9.3] and declaring having the intention to avoid caring for patients with COVID-19 (B = 3.75, 95% CI: 1.29-6.22) were associated with increased anxiety scores. Having more years of experience was associated with decreased anxiety scores [B = -0.2, 95% CI: -0.32-(-0.08)]. CONCLUSION Organizational strategies aimed at preventing and relieving anxiety should target junior female HCPs who express the intention to avoid caring for patients with COVID-19. Seniority could become an important criterion in selecting frontline HCPs during pandemics. Further studies are needed to comprehensively examine the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on Canadian HCPs and identify evidence-based coping strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philippe Simon
- Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Gilles Chiniara
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Liette St-Pierre
- Department of Nursing, Quebec University in Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Eusèbe Ahossi
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Maman Joyce Dogba
- Department of Family Medicine and EmergencyMedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | | | - Éric Dubuc
- Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Caroline Landry
- Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Vonarx
- Faculty of Nursing, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Bruno Pilote
- Faculty of Nursing, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Research Centerfor Sustainable Health, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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Pizzoli SFM, Marzorati C, Mazzoni D, Pravettoni G. Web-Based Relaxation Intervention for Stress During Social Isolation: Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Ment Health 2020; 7:e22757. [PMID: 33200990 PMCID: PMC8080491 DOI: 10.2196/22757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Relaxation practices might be helpful exercises for coping with anxiety and stressful sensations. They may be of particular utility when used in web-based interventions during periods of social isolation. OBJECTIVE This randomized study aimed to test whether web-based relaxation practices like natural sounds, deep respiration, and body scans can promote relaxation and a positive emotional state, and reduce psychomotor activation and preoccupation related to the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS Participants were randomly assigned to one of three experimental conditions. Each condition was characterized by a single online session of a guided square breathing exercise, a guided body scan exercise, or natural sounds. The participants listened to one of the fully automated audio clips for 7 minutes and pre-post completed self-assessed scales on perceived relaxation, psychomotor activation, level of preoccupation associated with COVID-19, and emotional state. At the end of the session, qualitative reports on subjective experience were also collected. RESULTS Overall, 294 participants completed 75% of the survey and 240 completed the entire survey as well as one of three randomly assigned interventions. Perceived relaxation, psychomotor activation/stress, and preoccupation related to COVID-19 showed a positive improvement after participants listened to the audio clips. The same pattern was observed for the valence and perceived dominance of the emotional state. The square breathing and body scan exercises yielded superior results compared to natural sounds in lowering perceived stress. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a novel insight that can guide the development of future low-cost web-based interventions to reduce preoccupation and stress in the general population. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) RR2-10.2196/19236.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Francesca Maria Pizzoli
- University of Milan, Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology, Milan, Italy.,Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, European Institute of Oncology IEO, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Marzorati
- Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, European Institute of Oncology IEO, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Mazzoni
- University of Milan, Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Pravettoni
- University of Milan, Department of Oncology and Hematology-Oncology, Milan, Italy.,Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, European Institute of Oncology IEO, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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Veeraboina N, Doshi D, Kulkarni S, Patanapu SK, Dantala SN, Adepu S. Association of state and trait anxiety with oral health status among adult dental patients. ACTA BIO-MEDICA : ATENEI PARMENSIS 2020; 91:e2020070. [PMID: 32921765 PMCID: PMC7716995 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v91i3.8986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background: Dental caries and periodontal diseases are the most prevalent oral health problems worldwide. Behavioral and psychosocial factors along with social, economic and cultural conditions may alter the health balance, favoring the onset of dental diseases. Hence the study was conducted to assess the association of state and trait anxiety with oral health status among adult dental patients. Methods: The study was carried out among 456 adult dental patients visiting Panineeya Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Hyderabad. Anxiety levels were measured by State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-short version (STAI-S) consisting subscales State Anxiety (SA) and Trait Anxiety (TA). Clinical examination was done using WHO Basic Oral Health survey assessment form, 2013. The data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences Software 21.0. p≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A significant gender difference (p=0.001) was noted for total anxiety with higher mean score observed among males (46.13±5.98) than females (45.32±6.00).Similarly, significant higher mean score was observed among males (23.31±4.08) than females (p=0.03) for State anxiety. Females had higher mean DMFT (3.61±3.21), DT (2.04±2.05), FT (0.49±1.34) and MT (1.08±2.09) components but significant difference was noted only for overall DMFT (p=0.03) and DT (p=0.001) component than males. Conclusion: Gender, education and previous dental visits didn’t show any significant association with total anxiety, state and trait anxiety. Likewise, none of the oral parameters showed any significant association except for the Decayed Teeth (DT) component of DMFT with total anxiety levels among study subjects. (www.actabiomedica.it)
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Siciliano M, Trojano L, Trojsi F, Monsurrò MR, Tedeschi G, Santangelo G. Assessing anxiety and its correlates in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: The state-trait anxiety inventory. Muscle Nerve 2019; 60:47-55. [PMID: 30897219 DOI: 10.1002/mus.26475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We evaluated: (1) psychometric properties of State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Form Y (STAI Form Y); (2) clinical correlates of state and trait anxiety; (3) associations of anxiety with quality of life (QoL) dimensions. METHODS We assessed 159 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) on STAI Form Y and on tests and questionnaires for depression, apathy, QoL, and cognitive abilities. RESULTS Clinically diagnosed anxiety (by Mini International Neuropsychiatric Inventory) occurred in 30 (19%) patients. STAI Form Y fitted a 2-factor structure and showed good psychometric properties. State and trait anxiety were weakly associated with female sex, bulbar functional decay, and cognitive decline in language and memory; trait anxiety was associated with lower educational attainment and poorer scores on visuospatial tasks. State and trait anxiety were associated with poorer physical and psychosocial QoL dimensions. CONCLUSIONS Anxiety is tightly associated with QoL in ALS, and can be reliably assessed by STAI Form Y. Muscle Nerve, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Siciliano
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences - MRI Research Center SUN-FISM, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.,Department of Psychology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Viale Ellittico 31, 81100, Caserta, Italy
| | - Luigi Trojano
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Viale Ellittico 31, 81100, Caserta, Italy
| | - Francesca Trojsi
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences - MRI Research Center SUN-FISM, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Monsurrò
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences - MRI Research Center SUN-FISM, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Gioacchino Tedeschi
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences - MRI Research Center SUN-FISM, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriella Santangelo
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Viale Ellittico 31, 81100, Caserta, Italy
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The assessment of anxiety in aged care residents: a systematic review of the psychometric properties of commonly used measures. Int Psychogeriatr 2018; 30:967-979. [PMID: 29223175 DOI: 10.1017/s1041610217002599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED ABSTRACTBackground:Assessing anxiety among residential aged care facility (RACF) residents is challenging, and it cannot be assumed that valid and reliable measures used within the community are also appropriate for this setting. This review systematically examined the literature to identify which anxiety measures were most commonly used with older adults in RACFs, and determine whether psychometric data support their use within this population. METHODS Using the PRISMA guidelines, five electronic databases were searched using key terms and subject headings. The search was limited to literature published in English. Eligible studies utilized an anxiety measure to assess anxiety symptoms among RACF residents. Based on the findings of this search, a critical review of the research into the reliability, validity, and administrative and respondent burden of the most commonly used measures (i.e. used in four or more studies) was conducted. RESULTS In total, 1,771 articles were identified, with 50 studies included in this review. Overall, 22 measures were used, with the majority of studies utilizing a clinician-administered or self-report measure. The RAID, HADS, STAI, and GAI were the most commonly used measures. While overall there is a lack of research and consensus into the psychometric properties of these measures within RACFs, strongest evidence of reliability and validity was found for the GAI. CONCLUSION Commonly used measures of anxiety within aged care populations are not well validated for this complex subsample of older adults. Strengths and weaknesses of each measure with regards to their usefulness in aged care settings are discussed, with future research areas highlighted.
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Santangelo G, Sacco R, Siciliano M, Bisecco A, Muzzo G, Docimo R, De Stefano M, Bonavita S, Lavorgna L, Tedeschi G, Trojano L, Gallo A. Anxiety in Multiple Sclerosis: psychometric properties of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Acta Neurol Scand 2016; 134:458-466. [PMID: 27219913 DOI: 10.1111/ane.12564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aims of the present study were to examine psychometric properties of the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-Y-1 and STAI-Y-2, respectively) in a Multiple Sclerosis (MS) population and to identify a cut-off score to detect those MS patients with high level of state and/or trait anxiety who could be more vulnerable to development of depression and/or cognitive defects. MATERIAL AND METHODS The STAI-Y-1 and STAI-Y-2 was completed by a group of patients (n = 175) affected by MS and a group of healthy subjects (n = 150) matched for age, educational level, and gender. In MS patients internal consistency, divergent and discriminant validities were evaluated. Construct validity was examined by exploratory factor analysis for each scale. RESULTS There was no missing data, no floor or ceiling effects for both scales. The two scales showed high internal consistency, good divergent, and Known-groups validities. To identify high levels of state and trait anxiety in a patient with MS, we proposed three gender specific screening cut-off values (1, 1.5, 2 SD) for the STAI-Y-1 and the STAI-Y-2. CONCLUSIONS The findings showed that the STAI-Y-1 and the STAI-Y-2 are a valid tool for clinical use in MS patients and can be useful to measure the severity of anxiety and to identify those patients with high anxiety to introduce them in specific non-pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Santangelo
- Department of Psychology; Second University of Naples; Caserta Italy
- IDC-Hermitage-Capodimonte; Naples Italy
| | - R. Sacco
- MS Center; I Division of Neurology; Dept of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic and Aging Sciences; Second University of Naples; Naples Italy
| | - M. Siciliano
- Department of Psychology; Second University of Naples; Caserta Italy
| | - A. Bisecco
- MS Center; I Division of Neurology; Dept of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic and Aging Sciences; Second University of Naples; Naples Italy
| | - G. Muzzo
- MS Center; I Division of Neurology; Dept of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic and Aging Sciences; Second University of Naples; Naples Italy
| | - R. Docimo
- MS Center; I Division of Neurology; Dept of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic and Aging Sciences; Second University of Naples; Naples Italy
| | - M. De Stefano
- MS Center; I Division of Neurology; Dept of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic and Aging Sciences; Second University of Naples; Naples Italy
| | - S. Bonavita
- MS Center; I Division of Neurology; Dept of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic and Aging Sciences; Second University of Naples; Naples Italy
| | - L. Lavorgna
- MS Center; I Division of Neurology; Dept of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic and Aging Sciences; Second University of Naples; Naples Italy
| | - G. Tedeschi
- IDC-Hermitage-Capodimonte; Naples Italy
- MS Center; I Division of Neurology; Dept of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic and Aging Sciences; Second University of Naples; Naples Italy
| | - L. Trojano
- Department of Psychology; Second University of Naples; Caserta Italy
- Salvatore Maugeri Foundation; Scientific Institute of Telese; Telese Terme Italy
| | - A. Gallo
- MS Center; I Division of Neurology; Dept of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic and Aging Sciences; Second University of Naples; Naples Italy
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14
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Bergua V, Meillon C, Potvin O, Ritchie K, Tzourio C, Bouisson J, Dartigues JF, Amieva H. Short STAI-Y anxiety scales: validation and normative data for elderly subjects. Aging Ment Health 2016; 20:987-95. [PMID: 26055726 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2015.1051511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to develop short forms of the STAI-Y trait and state scales and associated norms suitable for the screening of anxiety in elderly populations. METHOD This study was based on population-based cohorts of older persons from two epidemiological French studies that each included one subscale of the STAI-Y, i.e. state and trait anxiety scales. For both scales, the most discriminative items were retained and their factorial structure was examined using principal components analysis. Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) was estimated and cut-offs and norms were computed. RESULTS A 10-item STAI-Y version produced scores similar to those obtained with the full form of the STAI-Y. The factorial structure of the shortened form is comparable to that of the full scales. Results showed good internal consistency (alpha coefficients were 0.92 and 0.85 for short STAI-Y state and trait scales, respectively). Moreover, both short STAI-Y state and trait scales correctly classified 88% of the participants using a cut-off point of 23. Norms for both short trait and state anxiety scales are provided according to age, gender, educational level and depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION Both shortened scales have similar factorial structure and internal consistency to the longer scales and classify anxious/non-anxious elderly with acceptable accuracy. The shorter form is likely to be more acceptable to elderly persons through reduction of fatigue effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Bergua
- a EA 4139, Psychologie, Santé et Qualité de Vie , University of Bordeaux , Bordeaux , France
| | - Céline Meillon
- b INSERM, ISPED , University of Bordeaux , Bordeaux , France
| | - Olivier Potvin
- c Centre de recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en santé mentale de Québec , University of Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke , Canada
| | - Karen Ritchie
- d INSERM , University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier , France ; Imperial College, Division of Neuroscience and Mental Health , London , UK
| | | | - Jean Bouisson
- a EA 4139, Psychologie, Santé et Qualité de Vie , University of Bordeaux , Bordeaux , France
| | | | - Hélène Amieva
- b INSERM, ISPED , University of Bordeaux , Bordeaux , France
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15
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Petkus AJ, Gatz M, Reynolds CA, Kremen WS, Wetherell JL. Stability of Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Anxiety Symptoms in Older Adulthood. Behav Genet 2016; 46:492-505. [PMID: 26659832 PMCID: PMC4887343 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-015-9772-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Anxiety symptoms are common in later life and are associated with diverse adverse health outcomes. Little is known about how genetic and environmental influences on anxiety symptoms might vary across older adulthood. The purpose of this study was to explore change and stability of contributions to anxiety symptoms across older adulthood. We examined data from the Swedish Adoption/Twin Study of Aging (SATSA). Between the years 1984 and 2010, 2021 participants (including 753 complete twin pairs) completed up to seven assessments containing two measures of anxiety symptoms. Longitudinal genetic simplex models were fit to examine the stability and change in genetic and environmental influences. Amplification of genetic factors at ages 75-80 suggests tentative new genetic contributions to anxiety symptoms. These findings suggest that the heritability of anxiety symptoms may increase later in life. Physiological factors associated with aging are discussed as potential factors explaining this increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Petkus
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, 3620 South McClintock Ave., SGM 522, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-1061, USA.
| | - Margaret Gatz
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, 3620 South McClintock Ave., SGM 522, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-1061, USA
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chandra A Reynolds
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - William S Kremen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92093-0603, USA
- VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, CA, 92093-0603, USA
| | - Julie Loebach Wetherell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92093-0603, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, 92093-0603, USA
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16
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Petkus AJ, Reynolds CA, Wetherell JL, Kremen WS, Pedersen NL, Gatz M. Anxiety is associated with increased risk of dementia in older Swedish twins. Alzheimers Dement 2016; 12:399-406. [PMID: 26549599 PMCID: PMC4841698 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We asked whether anxiety is associated with prospective risk of dementia, and the extent to which genetic influences mediate this association. METHODS Nondemented twins (n = 1082) from the Swedish Adoption Twin Study of Aging completed an assessment of anxiety symptoms in 1984 and were followed for 28 years. RESULTS Baseline anxiety score, independent of depressive symptoms, was significantly associated with incident dementia over follow-up (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.04; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01-1.06). There was 48% increased risk of becoming demented for those who had experienced high anxiety at any time compared with those who had not. In co-twin analyses, the association between anxiety symptoms and dementia was greater for dizygotic (HR = 1.11; 95% CI = 1.02-1.20) compared with monozygotic twins (HR = 1.06; 95% CI = 0.95-1.20), indicating genetic mediation. DISCUSSION Anxiety symptoms were associated with increased risk of dementia. Genetic factors common to dementia and anxiety partially mediated this association.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - William S. Kremen
- University of California, San Diego, CA
- VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, San Diego, CA
| | - Nancy L. Pedersen
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Margaret Gatz
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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17
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Geriatric Anxiety Scale: item response theory analysis, differential item functioning, and creation of a ten-item short form (GAS-10). Int Psychogeriatr 2015; 27:1099-111. [PMID: 24576589 DOI: 10.1017/s1041610214000210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Geriatric Anxiety Scale (GAS; Segal et al. (Segal, D. L., June, A., Payne, M., Coolidge, F. L. and Yochim, B. (2010). Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24, 709-714. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.05.002) is a self-report measure of anxiety that was designed to address unique issues associated with anxiety assessment in older adults. This study is the first to use item response theory (IRT) to examine the psychometric properties of a measure of anxiety in older adults. METHOD A large sample of older adults (n = 581; mean age = 72.32 years, SD = 7.64 years, range = 60 to 96 years; 64% women; 88% European American) completed the GAS. IRT properties were examined. The presence of differential item functioning (DIF) or measurement bias by age and sex was assessed, and a ten-item short form of the GAS (called the GAS-10) was created. RESULTS All GAS items had discrimination parameters of 1.07 or greater. Items from the somatic subscale tended to have lower discrimination parameters than items on the cognitive or affective subscales. Two items were flagged for DIF, but the impact of the DIF was negligible. Women scored significantly higher than men on the GAS and its subscales. Participants in the young-old group (60 to 79 years old) scored significantly higher on the cognitive subscale than participants in the old-old group (80 years old and older). CONCLUSIONS Results from the IRT analyses indicated that the GAS and GAS-10 have strong psychometric properties among older adults. We conclude by discussing implications and future research directions.
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Fernández-Blázquez M, Ávila-Villanueva M, López-Pina J, Zea-Sevilla M, Frades-Payo B. Psychometric properties of a new short version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) for the assessment of anxiety in the elderly. NEUROLOGÍA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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19
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Andrews LK, Coviello J, Hurley E, Rose L, Redeker NS. "I'd eat a bucket of nails if you told me it would help me sleep:" perceptions of insomnia and its treatment in patients with stable heart failure. Heart Lung 2014; 42:339-45. [PMID: 23998381 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor sleep, including insomnia, is common among patients with heart failure (HF). However, little is known about the efficacy of interventions for insomnia in this population. Prior to developing interventions, there is a need for better understanding of patient perceptions about insomnia and its treatment. OBJECTIVES To evaluate HF patients' perceptions about 1) insomnia and its consequences; 2) predisposing, precipitating, and perpetuating factors for insomnia; 3) self-management strategies and treatments for insomnia; and 4) preferences for insomnia treatment. METHODS The study, guided by the "3 P" model of insomnia, employed a parallel convergent mixed methods design in which we obtained qualitative data through focus groups and quantitative data through questionnaires (sleep quality, insomnia severity, dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes about sleep; sleep-related daytime symptoms and functional performance). Content analysis was used to evaluate themes arising from the focus group data, and descriptive statistics were used to analyze the quantitative data. The results of both forms of data collection were compared and synthesized. RESULTS HF patients perceived insomnia as having a negative impact on daytime function and comorbid health problems, pain, nocturia, and psychological factors as perpetuating factors. They viewed use of hypnotic medications as often necessary but disliked negative daytime side effects. They used a variety of strategies to manage their insomnia, but generally did not mention their sleep concerns to physicians whom they perceived as not interested in sleep. CONCLUSIONS HF patients believe insomnia is important and multi-factorial. Behavioral treatments, such as cognitive behavioral therapy, for insomnia may be efficacious in modifying perpetuating factors and likely to be acceptable to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Kierol Andrews
- Yale University School of Nursing, 100 Church St. South, New Haven, CT 06536, USA.
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20
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Fernández-Blázquez MA, Ávila-Villanueva M, López-Pina JA, Zea-Sevilla MA, Frades-Payo B. Psychometric properties of a new short version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) for the assessment of anxiety in the elderly. Neurologia 2014; 30:352-8. [PMID: 24484757 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2013.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Anxiety has negative effects on the cognitive performance and psychosocial adjustment of elderly people. Given the high prevalence of anxiety symptoms in patients suffering from cognitive impairment, it has been suggested that these symptoms may be an early marker of dementia. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) is one of the most widely-used scales for evaluating anxiety in elderly people. However, inasmuch as the STAI may be difficult to apply to older people, having a short form of it would be desirable. METHODS The participants comprised 489 community-dwelling individuals aged 68 years and over. All of them were volunteers in a longitudinal study for early detection of Alzheimer' Disease (Proyecto Vallecas). The full sample was divided in two homogeneous subgroups: Group A, used to reduce the number of items and response options, and Group B, the group used to determine the psychometric properties of the new short form (STAIr). RESULTS A dichotomous Rasch model was used to obtain the STAIr. No statistically significant differences for STAIr scores were found with respect to sociodemographic variables. Psychometric properties and normative data were obtained for the new short version. CONCLUSIONS The STAIr is composed of 13 items and data fits the model well. Since it is short and easy to apply to elderly people, STAIr will be very useful in clinical and research settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Fernández-Blázquez
- Unidad de Investigación Proyecto Alzheimer, Fundación CIEN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro Alzheimer Fundación Reina Sofía, Madrid, España; Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Sanitas La Moraleja, Madrid, España.
| | - M Ávila-Villanueva
- Unidad de Investigación Proyecto Alzheimer, Fundación CIEN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro Alzheimer Fundación Reina Sofía, Madrid, España
| | - J A López-Pina
- Departamento de Psicología Básica y Metodología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, España
| | - M A Zea-Sevilla
- Unidad de Investigación Proyecto Alzheimer, Fundación CIEN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro Alzheimer Fundación Reina Sofía, Madrid, España
| | - B Frades-Payo
- Unidad de Investigación Proyecto Alzheimer, Fundación CIEN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro Alzheimer Fundación Reina Sofía, Madrid, España
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