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Aguilar-Navarro SG, Sánchez BLP, Gutiérrez LAG, Arias-Trejo N, Quiroz YT, Alvarado AJM. Cross-cultural adaptation of the everyday cognition scale (M-ECog) in older Mexican adults with cognitive impairment. Dement Neuropsychol 2023; 17:e20230011. [PMID: 37885966 PMCID: PMC10599302 DOI: 10.1590/1980-5764-dn-2023-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The Everyday Cognition (ECog) scale was created to evaluate the functional abilities of older adults across a wide range of abilities between normal aging and dementia. ECog screens cognitive alterations such as subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). This early recognition is done by the measurement of the ability to perform the activities of daily living (ADLs). Objective To establish the cross-cultural adaptation, validity, and reliability of the ECog Mexican version (M-ECog) in participants with: SCD, MCI, and dementia coming from a memory clinic. Methods There were 200 patients and their respective informants in a memory clinic of a third level hospital in Mexico City. Four groups were studied: 50 cognitively healthy (CH), 50 SCD, 50 MCI, and 50 dementia. The clinical evaluation included: sociodemographic and health characteristics, cognitive status by the Mini-Mental State Evaluation (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Evaluation Spanish version (MoCA-E), and caregiver information (informants) about the difficulty in ADLs as well as the ECog Spanish version (M-ECog). Results The M-ECog was significantly correlated with MMSE, MoCA-E, and ADLs. It showed the ability to discriminate the different cognitive declines (Cronbach's alpha 0.881). The intra-class correlation coefficient was 0.877 (95% confidence interval - CI, 0.850-0.902; p<0.001). The patient's group area under curve (AUC) of M-ECog for SCD was 0.70 (95%CI 0.58-0.82, p<0.005), for MCI it was 0.94 (95%CI 0.89-0.99, p<0.001) and for dementia 0.86 (95%CI 0.79-0.92, p<0.001). Conclusion The M-ECog scale proves to be valid and reliable for measuring everyday abilities mediated by cognition. It is self-applicable without requiring extensive prior formation. It is useful to screen for SCD and MCI in older Mexican adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gloria Aguilar-Navarro
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Geriatrics Department, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Natalia Arias-Trejo
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Faculty of Psychology, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yakeel T. Quiroz
- Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Boston, MA, USA
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Simons R, Ong M, Beach S, Lei MK, Philibert R, Mielke M. Direct and Indirect Effects of Socioeconomic Status and Discrimination on Subjective Cognitive Decline: A Longitudinal Study of African American Women. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2023; 78:799-808. [PMID: 36810805 PMCID: PMC10195880 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbad029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study builds on recent findings suggesting that the stress of institutional and interpersonal racism may contribute to African Americans' elevated risk for dementia. We investigated the extent to which 2 consequences of racism-low socioeconomic status (SES) and discrimination-predict self-reported cognitive decline (SCD) 19 years later. Further, we examined potential mediating pathways that might link SES and discrimination to cognitive decline. Potential mediators included depression, accelerated biological aging, and onset of chronic illnesses. METHODS Hypotheses were tested using a sample of 293 African American women. SCD was assessed using the Everyday Cognition Scale. Structural equation modeling was used to assess the effects of SES and racial discrimination, both measured in 2002, on SCD reported in 2021. Turning to the mediators, midlife depression was assessed in 2002, accelerated aging in 2019, and chronic illness in 2019. Age and prodrome depression were included as covariates. RESULTS There were direct effects of SES and discrimination on SCD. In addition, these 2 stressors showed a significant indirect effect on SCD through depression. Finally, there was evidence for a more complex pathway where SES and discrimination accelerate biological aging, with accelerated aging, in turn leading to chronic illness, which then predicted SCD. DISCUSSION Results of the present study add to a growing literature indicating that living in a racialized society is a central factor in explaining the high risk for dementia among Black Americans. Future research should continue to emphasize the various ways that exposure to racism over the life course effects cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald L Simons
- Department of Sociology, University of Georgia,
Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Mei Ling Ong
- Center for Family Research, University of Georgia,
Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Steven R H Beach
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia,
Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Man-Kit Lei
- Department of Sociology, University of Georgia,
Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Robert Philibert
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa School of
Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Michelle M Mielke
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest University, School
of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina,
USA
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3
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Nichols E, Ng DK, James BD, Deal JA, Gross AL. The application of cross-sectionally derived dementia algorithms to longitudinal data in risk factor analyses. Ann Epidemiol 2023; 77:78-84. [PMID: 36470322 PMCID: PMC9924954 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2022.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dementia algorithms are often developed in cross-sectional samples but implemented in longitudinal studies to ascertain incident dementia. However, algorithm performance may be higher in cross-sectional settings, and this may impact estimates of risk factor associations. METHODS We used data from the Religious Orders Study and the Memory and Aging Project (N = 3460) to assess the performance of example algorithms in classifying prevalent dementia in cross-sectional samples versus incident dementia in longitudinal samples. We used an applied example and simulation study to characterize the impact of varying sensitivity, specificity, and unequal sensitivity or specificity between exposure groups (differential performance) on estimated hazard ratios from Cox models. RESULTS Using all items, algorithm sensitivity was higher for prevalent (0.796) versus incident dementia (0.719); hazard ratios had slight bias. Sensitivity differences were larger using a subset of items (0.732 vs. 0.600) and hazard ratios were 13%-19% higher across adjustment sets compared to estimates using gold-standard dementia status. Simulations indicated specificity and differential algorithmic performance between exposure groups may have large effects on hazard ratios. CONCLUSIONS Algorithms developed using cross-sectional data may be adequate for longitudinal settings when performance is high and non-differential. Poor specificity or differential performance between exposure groups may lead to biases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Nichols
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD.
| | - Derek K Ng
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Bryan D James
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Jennifer A Deal
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD; Cochlear Center for Hearing and Public Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Alden L Gross
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
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4
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Divers R, Robinson A, Miller L, De Vito AN, Pugh E, Calamia M. Beyond depression: examining the role of anxiety and anxiety sensitivity on subjective cognition and functioning in older adults. Aging Ment Health 2022; 26:2300-2306. [PMID: 34424804 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2021.1966747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Subjective cognitive difficulties in the elderly may serve as potential risk-factors for future, objective decline and conversion to neurodegenerative disorders (e.g., mild cognitive impairment [MCI] and dementia). Though these subjective declines have been associated with depression, and to a lesser extent, anxiety, it is unknown if related constructs (e.g. anxiety sensitivity) and specific kinds of worries (e.g. worry about developing dementia, health anxiety) are related to subjective declines. The current study sought to examine if cognitive concerns related to anxiety sensitivity, dementia worry, and health anxiety added incremental validity beyond general symptoms of anxiety and depression in predicting subjective cognition and functioning in a sample of older adults. METHODS Participants were 429 older adults who were at least 60 years old. Participants completed questionnaires on subjective cognition, subjective everyday function, anxiety, depression, anxiety sensitivity, dementia worry, and health anxiety via Qualtrics Panels. Hierarchical multiple regressions were conducted. RESULTS Our variables of interest (anxiety sensitivity, dementia worry, and health anxiety) added significant variance in predicting subjective cognition and everyday function. Specifically, anxiety sensitivity was related to subjective cognition and functioning, while dementia worry and health anxiety were variably associated. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that constructs related to anxiety and worry have a significant relationship with subjective cognition and function in older adults beyond general symptoms of depression and anxiety. Future work should examine if interventions and education may help to decrease anxiety sensitivity and worry about dementia respectively in older adults, which may in tern protect against future subjective declines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Divers
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Anthony Robinson
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Luke Miller
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Alyssa N De Vito
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Erika Pugh
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Matthew Calamia
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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5
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Nichols E, Ng DK, Hayat S, Langa KM, Lee J, Steptoe A, Deal JA, Gross AL. Differences in the measurement of cognition for the assessment of dementia across geographic contexts: Recommendations for cross-national research. Alzheimers Dement 2022; 19:10.1002/alz.12740. [PMID: 35841625 PMCID: PMC9891734 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Most cognitive assessments have been developed in high-income countries but are used in diverse contexts. Differences in culture and context may affect the performance of cognitive items. METHODS We used the Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol (HCAP) surveys in the United States, Mexico, India, England, and South Africa (combined N = 11,364) to quantify associations across countries between cognitive items and cognitive impairment status using age- and sex-adjusted logistic regression. RESULTS Associations were stronger in the United States (median odds ratio [OR] across items = 0.17) and England (median OR = 0.19), compared to South Africa (median OR = 0.23), India (median OR = 0.29), and Mexico (median OR = 0.28). Items assessing memory (e.g., delayed recall tasks) had the most consistent associations of the largest magnitudes across contexts. DISCUSSION Transporting cognitive items among countries and cultures warrants caution. Our results can guide the design of future instruments by identifying items that performed well either in individual contexts or across the range of contexts considered. HIGHLIGHTS Little quantitative evidence exists to guide the design of cognitive assessments in cross-national studies. The performance of cognitive items for the measurement of dementia varied across countries. Items with lower variation across countries (e.g., delayed word recall) should be used in future cross-national assessments. Across countries, there was variability in the performance of language assessments, with the exception of the animal naming task. Results can be used to design future cross-national or location-specific cognitive assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Nichols
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Derek K. Ng
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shablina Hayat
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kenneth M. Langa
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- VA Center for Clinical Management Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jinkook Lee
- Department of Economics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Andrew Steptoe
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jennifer A. Deal
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alden L. Gross
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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6
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Nichols E, Deal JA, Swenor BK, Abraham AG, Armstrong NM, Bandeen-Roche K, Carlson MC, Griswold M, Lin FR, Mosley TH, Ramulu PY, Reed NS, Sharrett AR, Gross AL. The effect of missing data and imputation on the detection of bias in cognitive testing using differential item functioning methods. BMC Med Res Methodol 2022; 22:81. [PMID: 35346056 PMCID: PMC8961895 DOI: 10.1186/s12874-022-01572-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Item response theory (IRT) methods for addressing differential item functioning (DIF) can detect group differences in responses to individual items (e.g., bias). IRT and DIF-detection methods have been used increasingly often to identify bias in cognitive test performance by characteristics (DIF grouping variables) such as hearing impairment, race, and educational attainment. Previous analyses have not considered the effect of missing data on inferences, although levels of missing cognitive data can be substantial in epidemiologic studies. Methods We used data from Visit 6 (2016–2017) of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Neurocognitive Study (N = 3,580) to explicate the effect of artificially imposed missing data patterns and imputation on DIF detection. Results When missing data was imposed among individuals in a specific DIF group but was unrelated to cognitive test performance, there was no systematic error. However, when missing data was related to cognitive test performance and DIF group membership, there was systematic error in DIF detection. Given this missing data pattern, the median DIF detection error associated with 10%, 30%, and 50% missingness was -0.03, -0.08, and -0.14 standard deviation (SD) units without imputation, but this decreased to -0.02, -0.04, and -0.08 SD units with multiple imputation. Conclusions Incorrect inferences in DIF testing have downstream consequences for the use of cognitive tests in research. It is therefore crucial to consider the effect and reasons behind missing data when evaluating bias in cognitive testing. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12874-022-01572-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Nichols
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - J A Deal
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Cochlear Center for Hearing and Public Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - B K Swenor
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A G Abraham
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - N M Armstrong
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University Warren Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, USA
| | - K Bandeen-Roche
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - M C Carlson
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - M Griswold
- Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - F R Lin
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Cochlear Center for Hearing and Public Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - T H Mosley
- Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - P Y Ramulu
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - N S Reed
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Cochlear Center for Hearing and Public Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A R Sharrett
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A L Gross
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, USA
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7
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"Do I Have a Memory Problem? I Can't Recall": An Evaluation of Measurement Invariance in Subjective Reporting of Memory Symptoms among Persons with and without Objective HIV-Associated Memory Impairment. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2022; 28:166-176. [PMID: 33952370 PMCID: PMC9011384 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617721000448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Memory symptoms and objective impairment are common in HIV disease and are associated with disability. A paradoxical issue is that objective episodic memory failures can interfere with accurate recall of memory symptoms. The present study assessed whether responses on a self-report scale of memory symptoms demonstrate measurement invariance in persons with and without objective HIV-associated memory impairment. METHOD In total, 505 persons with HIV completed the Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ). Objective memory impairment (n = 141) was determined using a 1-SD cutoff on clinical tests of episodic memory. PRMQ measurement invariance was assessed by confirmatory factor analyses examining a one-factor model with increasing cross-group equality constraints imposed on factor loadings and item thresholds (i.e., configural, weak, and strong invariance). RESULTS Configural model fit indicated that identical items measured a one-factor model for both groups. Comparison to the weak model indicated that factor loadings were equivalent across groups. However, there was evidence of partial strong invariance, with two PRMQ item thresholds differing across memory impairment groups. Post hoc analyses using a 1.5-SD memory impairment cutoff (n = 77) revealed both partial weak and partial strong invariance, such that PRMQ item loadings differed across memory groups for three items. CONCLUSIONS The PRMQ demonstrated a robust factor structure among persons with and without objective HIV-associated memory impairment. However, on select PRMQ items, individuals with memory impairment reported observed scores that were relatively higher than their latent score, while items were more strongly associated with the memory factor in a group with greater memory impairment.
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8
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Thompson JL, Beltran-Najera I, Johnson B, Morales Y, Woods SP. Evidence for neuropsychological health disparities in Black Americans with HIV disease. Clin Neuropsychol 2022; 36:388-413. [PMID: 35166174 PMCID: PMC8868032 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2021.1947387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Black Americans are at high risk for HIV disease and associated morbidity. The impact and clinical correlates of HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment among Black Americans is not fully understood. The current study uses a full factorial design to examine the independent and combined effects of race and HIV disease on neurocognitive functioning, including its associations with everyday functioning and clinical disease markers in Black and White persons with HIV (PWH). METHOD Participants included 40 Black PWH, 83 White PWH, 28 Black HIV- and 64 White HIV- individuals. Neurocognition was measured by raw sample-based z-scores from a clinical battery. Everyday functioning was assessed using self- and clinician-rated measures of cognitive symptoms and activities of daily living. HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders were also classified using demographically adjusted normative standards and the Frascati criteria. RESULTS We observed a significant three-way interaction between HIV, race, and domain on raw neurocognitive z-scores. This omnibus effect was driven by medium and large effect size decrements in processing speed and semantic memory, respectively, in Black PWH compared to other study groups. Black PWH also demonstrated higher frequencies of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders as compared to White PWH. Unexpectedly, global neurocognitive performance was negatively related to everyday functioning impairments for White PWH, but not for Black PWH. CONCLUSIONS Systemic disadvantages for Black Americans may combine with HIV disease to compound some neurocognitive impairments in this under-served population. Prospective studies are needed to identify better ways to prevent, measure, diagnose, and manage HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders among Black Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Steven Paul Woods
- Corresponding author: Steven Paul Woods, Psy.D. . Address: 126 Heyne Building, Suite 239D, Houston, TX 77004-5022. Phone: 713-743-6415
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9
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Farias ST, Weakley A, Harvey D, Chandler J, Huss O, Mungas D. The Measurement of Everyday Cognition (ECog): Revisions and Updates. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2021; 35:258-264. [PMID: 33901047 PMCID: PMC8387334 DOI: 10.1097/wad.0000000000000450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Everyday Cognition scale (ECog), a measure of everyday functioning developed in 2008, is sensitive to early detection and progression of neurodegenerative disease. The goal was to update ECog item content to ensure relevancy to contemporary older adults from diverse backgrounds. METHODS Participants included 44 culturally diverse older adults (18 with normal cognition, 11 with mild cognitive impairment) and their study partners. Item understandability and relevance was evaluated using iterative interviewing methods that were analyzed using standard qualitative methods. On the basis of this information, items were modified, deleted, or developed as needed. RESULTS Of the 39 original items, 19 were revised, 3 new items were added (primarily to cover contemporary activities such as the use of technology), and 1 was deleted. The revised version (ECog-II) includes 41 items. DISCUSSION To ensure strong psychometric properties, and to facilitate harmonization of previously collected data, we preserved well over half of the items. Future work will validate the revised ECog by measuring associations with neuropsychological performance, external measures of disease, and other functional measures. Overall, the revised ECog will continue to be a useful tool for measuring cognitively relevant everyday abilities in clinical settings and intervention clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alyssa Weakley
- University of California, Davis Departments of Neurology
| | - Danielle Harvey
- University of California, Davis Departments of Public Health
| | - Julie Chandler
- University of California, Davis Departments of Eli Lilly Pharmaceuticals
| | - Olivia Huss
- University of California, Davis Departments of Neurology
| | - Dan Mungas
- University of California, Davis Departments of Neurology
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10
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Zlatar ZZ, Tarraf W, González KA, Vásquez PM, Marquine MJ, Lipton RB, Gallo LC, Khambaty T, Zeng D, Youngblood ME, Estrella ML, Isasi CR, Daviglus M, González HM. Subjective cognitive decline and objective cognition among diverse U.S. Hispanics/Latinos: Results from the Study of Latinos-Investigation of Neurocognitive Aging (SOL-INCA). Alzheimers Dement 2021; 18:43-52. [PMID: 34057776 PMCID: PMC8630099 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Despite increased risk of cognitive decline in Hispanics/Latinos, research on early risk markers of Alzheimer's disease in this group is lacking. Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) may be an early risk marker of pathological aging. We investigated associations of SCD with objective cognition among a diverse sample of Hispanics/Latinos living in the United States. Methods SCD was measured with the Everyday Cognition Short Form (ECog‐12) and cognitive performance with a standardized battery in 6125 adults aged ≥ 50 years without mild cognitive impairment or dementia (x̄age = 63.2 years, 54.5% women). Regression models interrogated associations of SCD with objective global, memory, and executive function scores. Results Higher SCD was associated with lower objective global (B = −0.16, SE = 0.01), memory (B = −0.13, SE = 0.02), and executive (B = −0.13, SE = 0.02, p's < .001) function composite scores in fully adjusted models. Discussion Self‐reported SCD, using the ECog‐12, may be an indicator of concurrent objective cognition in diverse middle‐aged and older community‐dwelling Hispanics/Latinos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zvinka Z Zlatar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Wassim Tarraf
- Institute of Gerontology & Department of Healthcare Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Kevin A González
- Department of Neurosciences and the Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Priscilla M Vásquez
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - María J Marquine
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Richard B Lipton
- Departments of Neurology, Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein, College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Linda C Gallo
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Tasneem Khambaty
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Donglin Zeng
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Marston E Youngblood
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mayra L Estrella
- Institute for Minority Health Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Carmen R Isasi
- Departments of Neurology, Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein, College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Martha Daviglus
- Institute for Minority Health Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Hector M González
- Department of Neurosciences and the Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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11
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Shaikh KT, Tatham EL, Rich JB, Troyer AK. Examining the factor structure of the Multifactorial Memory Questionnaire. Memory 2021; 29:255-260. [PMID: 33480308 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2021.1874995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Many adults report memory changes as they age. The Multifactorial Memory Questionnaire (MMQ) measures different aspects of self-reported memory, including satisfaction with one's memory, self-appraisal of memory ability, and compensatory strategy use. This questionnaire has been extensively used for clinical and research purposes, with studies reporting differences in the factor structure (three or four factors) underlying this measure. The current study evaluates previously reported factor configurations of the MMQ using best measurement practices. Confirmatory factor analyses were conducted on data from 560 cognitively - normal adults, ranging in age from 50 to 90 years old. Our results demonstrate support for both 3-factor model (with Satisfaction, Ability and Strategy scales) and 4-factor model structure (with Satisfaction, Ability, Internal Strategy and External Strategy scales) of this instrument. These results harmonise the existing literature which, in separate studies using exploratory analyses, supports the validity of one model or the other. The confirmation of multiple Strategy scales will provide clinicians and researchers with additional relevant information about how older adults compensate for their memory changes, enabling a broader understanding of the experience of age-related memory change. We contextualise these results within existing research identifying conceptual differences between internal and external strategy implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal T Shaikh
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Canada.,Neuropsychology and Cognitive Health Program, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, Canada
| | - Erica L Tatham
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Canada.,Neuropsychology and Cognitive Health Program, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jill B Rich
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Canada.,Neuropsychology and Cognitive Health Program, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, Canada
| | - Angela K Troyer
- Neuropsychology and Cognitive Health Program, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Cerin E, Barnett A, Chaix B, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Caeyenberghs K, Jalaludin B, Sugiyama T, Sallis JF, Lautenschlager NT, Ni MY, Poudel G, Donaire-Gonzalez D, Tham R, Wheeler AJ, Knibbs L, Tian L, Chan YK, Dunstan DW, Carver A, Anstey KJ. International Mind, Activities and Urban Places (iMAP) study: methods of a cohort study on environmental and lifestyle influences on brain and cognitive health. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e036607. [PMID: 32193278 PMCID: PMC7202706 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Numerous studies have found associations between characteristics of urban environments and risk factors for dementia and cognitive decline, such as physical inactivity and obesity. However, the contribution of urban environments to brain and cognitive health has been seldom examined directly. This cohort study investigates the extent to which and how a wide range of characteristics of urban environments influence brain and cognitive health via lifestyle behaviours in mid-aged and older adults in three cities across three continents. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Participants aged 50-79 years and living in preselected areas stratified by walkability, air pollution and socioeconomic status are being recruited in Melbourne (Australia), Barcelona (Spain) and Hong Kong (China) (n=1800 total; 600 per site). Two assessments taken 24 months apart will capture changes in brain and cognitive health. Cognitive function is gauged with a battery of eight standardised tests. Brain health is assessed using MRI scans in a subset of participants. Information on participants' visited locations is collected via an interactive web-based mapping application and smartphone geolocation data. Environmental characteristics of visited locations, including the built and natural environments and their by-products (e.g., air pollution), are assessed using geographical information systems, online environmental audits and self-reports. Data on travel and lifestyle behaviours (e.g., physical and social activities) and participants' characteristics (e.g., sociodemographics) are collected using objective and/or self-report measures. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study has been approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the Australian Catholic University, the Institutional Review Board of the University of Hong Kong and the Parc de Salut Mar Clinical Research Ethics Committee of the Government of Catalonia. Results will be communicated through standard scientific channels. Methods will be made freely available via a study-dedicated website. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ACTRN12619000817145.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Cerin
- Mary MacKillop Inst Health Res, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Anthony Barnett
- Mary MacKillop Inst Health Res, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Basile Chaix
- INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Sorbonne Université, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | | | - Karen Caeyenberghs
- Cognitive Neurosciences Unit, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bin Jalaludin
- Population Health Intelligence, Healthy People and Places Unit, South Western Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Takemi Sugiyama
- Mary MacKillop Inst Health Res, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Urban Transitions, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - James F Sallis
- Mary MacKillop Inst Health Res, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Michael Y Ni
- School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Govinda Poudel
- Mary MacKillop Inst Health Res, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Donaire-Gonzalez
- Mary MacKillop Inst Health Res, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rachel Tham
- Mary MacKillop Inst Health Res, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amanda J Wheeler
- Mary MacKillop Inst Health Res, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Luke Knibbs
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Linwei Tian
- School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yih-Kai Chan
- Mary MacKillop Inst Health Res, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David W Dunstan
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alison Carver
- Mary MacKillop Inst Health Res, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kaarin J Anstey
- UNSW Ageing Futures Institute and School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
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