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Nikrad N, Shakarami A, Rahimi Z, Janghorbanian-Poodeh R, Farhangi MA, Hosseini B, Jafarzadeh F. Dietary pro-oxidant score (POS) and cardio-metabolic panel among obese individuals: a cross-sectional study. BMC Endocr Disord 2023; 23:144. [PMID: 37430312 PMCID: PMC10332071 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-023-01395-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress is a disturbance in the natural balance between oxidative and anti-oxidative processes, which is the major effective factor in cardiovascular disorders and metabolic syndrome (MetS), due to the role of pro-oxidants in inducing oxidative stress, and as a result, the occurrence and exacerbation of components of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk factors, this cross-sectional study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between the status of dietary pro-oxidants score (POS) and metabolic parameters including serum lipids, glycemic markers and blood pressure among obese adults. METHODS 338 individuals with obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m 2), aged between 20 and 50 years were recruited in the present cross-sectional study. A validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to determine the dietary pro-oxidant score (POS). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey's post-hoc comparisons after adjustment for confounders and multivariable logistic regression analysis were performed to determine the association of cardiometabolic risk factors among the tertiles of POS. RESULTS Participants with higher POS had lower levels of body mass index (BMI), weight and waist circumference (WC). There were no significant associations between metabolic parameters including glycemic markers and lipid profile in one-way ANOVA and multivariate multinomial logistic regression models. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study revealed that greater dietary pro-oxidant intake might be associated with lower BMI, body weight, and WC in Iranian obese individuals. Further studies with interventional or longitudinal approaches will help to better elucidate the causality of the observed associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negin Nikrad
- Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Shakarami
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Assistant Professor of Cardiology, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Zahra Rahimi
- Teaching Experimental Sciences Group, Teachers Training Center, Pardis Bahonar Faculty of Farhangian University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Raheleh Janghorbanian-Poodeh
- Coronary Angiography Group, Heart Department of Chamran Sub-Speciality Heart Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Abbasalizad Farhangi
- Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Babak Hosseini
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Laparoscopy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Faria Jafarzadeh
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnourd, Iran.
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Vela-Vásquez DA, Sifuentes-Rincón AM, Delgado-Enciso I, Ordaz-Pichardo C, Arellano-Vera W, Treviño-Alvarado V. Effect of Consuming Beef with Varying Fatty Acid Compositions as a Major Source of Protein in Volunteers under a Personalized Nutritional Program. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14183711. [PMID: 36145087 PMCID: PMC9501318 DOI: 10.3390/nu14183711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Beef is an excellent source of nutrients; unfortunately, most nutritional recommendations suggest limiting or even avoiding it. Studies have shown that the fatty acid composition of meat influences weight loss. This randomized controlled clinical trial evaluated the anthropometric and serum lipid changes after a food intervention that included frequent beef consumption (120 g consumed four days/week for four weeks). Volunteers were randomly assigned to the commercial or Wagyu-Cross beef groups, with the latter beef possessing higher fat and MUFA contents. Both groups exhibited reductions in body measurements and lipid profiles; however, the Wagyu-Cross group exhibited greater changes in weight (−3.75 vs. −2.90 kg) and BMI (−1.49 vs. −1.03) than the commercial group, without a significant difference between them. No significant group differences in lipid profiles were observed; however, the Wagyu-Cross group exhibited a more favorable change in decreasing the TC concentration (−7.00 mg/dL) and LDL-C concentration (−12.5 mg/dL). We suggest that high MUFA beef could be included in weight-loss programs since it does not affect weight loss and hasn’t a negative influence on lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana A. Vela-Vásquez
- Animal Biotechnology Laboratory, Center for Genomic Biotechnology, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, Mexico
| | - Ana M. Sifuentes-Rincón
- Animal Biotechnology Laboratory, Center for Genomic Biotechnology, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, Mexico
- Correspondence:
| | - Iván Delgado-Enciso
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico
- State Institute of Cancerology of the Health Services of the State of Colima, Colima 28085, Mexico
| | - Cynthia Ordaz-Pichardo
- National School of Medicine and Homeopathy, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07320, Mexico
| | - Williams Arellano-Vera
- Animal Biotechnology Laboratory, Center for Genomic Biotechnology, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Reynosa 88710, Mexico
| | - Víctor Treviño-Alvarado
- School of Medicine, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64710, Mexico
- The Institute for Obesity Research, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64710, Mexico
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Watkins BA, Friedman AN, Kim J, Borkowski K, Kaiser S, Fiehn O, Newman JW. Blood Levels of Endocannabinoids, Oxylipins, and Metabolites Are Altered in Hemodialysis Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179781. [PMID: 36077177 PMCID: PMC9456435 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemodialysis patients (HDPs) have higher blood pressure, higher levels of inflammation, a higher risk of cardiovascular disease, and unusually low plasma n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels compared to healthy subjects. The objective of our investigation was to examine the levels of endocannabinoids (eCBs) and oxylipins (OxLs) in female HDPs compared to healthy matched female controls, with the underlying hypothesis that differences in specific PUFA levels in hemodialysis patients would result in changes in eCBs and OxLs. Plasma phospholipid fatty acids were analyzed by gas chromatography. Plasma was extracted and analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography followed by electrospray ionization and tandem MS for eCBs and OxLs. The global untargeted metabolite profiling of plasma was performed by GCTOF MS. Compared to the controls, HDPs showed lower levels of plasma EPA and the associated OxL metabolites 5- and 12-HEPE, 14,15-DiHETE, as well as DHA derived 19(20)-EpDPE. Meanwhile, no changes in arachidonylethanolamide or 2-arachidonylglycerol in the open circulation were detected. Higher levels of multiple N-acylethanolamides, monoacylglycerols, biomarkers of progressive kidney disease, the nitric oxide metabolism-linked citrulline, and the uremic toxins kynurenine and creatine were observed in HDP. These metabolic differences in cCBs and OxLs help explain the severe inflammatory and cardiovascular disease manifested by HDPs, and they should be explored in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A. Watkins
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Allon N. Friedman
- University Hospital, Suite 6100, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Jeffrey Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kamil Borkowski
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | | - Oliver Fiehn
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - John W. Newman
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, USDA-ARS Agriculture Research Service, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Abstract
Pandemic obesity is a major public health problem because of its association with non-communicable diseases and all-cause mortality, which can be improved/delayed with weight loss. Thus, several scientific societies and governments have launched guidelines to reduce body weight and adiposity or, at least, to avoid weight gain. In spite of the abundant literature on the topic, there is still controversy on the relative roles of fat and carbohydrate in the diet on weight gain. Present recommendations to avoid weight gain and obesity are directed to reduce intake of total energy variably and of total fat to <30% of energy, in spite on the lack of evidence of protection against cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality. By contrast, both high and low carbohydrate diets are associated with CVD and all-cause mortality in prospective studies, with a safe intake level at ≈50% of energy. Many popular diets with widely different macronutrient composition, including the Mediterranean diet, have been used in obesity; when energy-restricted, all result in similar modest weight loss at 6 months, but the effects are largely lost at 12 months. The Mediterranean diet is a plant-based, high-fat, high-unsaturated fat dietary pattern that has been consistently associated with lower rates on non-communicable diseases and total mortality in prospective studies and with reduced CVD in the PREDIMED trial. For this merits above other diets, this dietary pattern might also be used advantageously for weight loss. The results of the PREDIMED and PREDIMED-Plus randomized controlled trials on adiposity variables in high-risk populations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Estruch
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Invetigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Emilio Ros
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
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AlKhattaf NF, Alraddadi AM, Aljarbou MA, Arnauti MA, Alfaleh AM, Hammouda SA. Determining the correlation between olive oil consumption, BMI, and waist circumference in the adult Saudi population. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2020; 15:380-386. [PMID: 33132810 PMCID: PMC7564903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2020.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to explore the correlation between dietary intake of olive oil, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference (WC). Methods In this cross-sectional study, we recruited 200 participants aged 20–30 years using pre-determined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Demographic data was collected via a questionnaire, while dietary data was collected for two days using a 24-hour dietary recall. Anthropometric data such as BMI and WC were collected, and all the information was entered into the Diet Organizer software and statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) software for statistical analysis. The test results were assessed on the basis of a significance level of 95% (p < 0.05). Results We did not find a significant difference in BMI and WC between high and low olive oil consumers. Carbohydrate intake was significantly higher among low olive oil consumers. Although high olive oil consumers had a significantly higher caloric intake, they had a similar BMI compared to low olive oil consumers. Conclusion This study provides baseline data on the intake of olive oil in a Saudi cohort aged 20–30 years. This study suggests that high olive oil intake may have a role in maintaining body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sahar A Hammouda
- Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Almadinah Almunawwarah, KSA
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Beulen Y, Martínez-González MA, van de Rest O, Salas-Salvadó J, Sorlí JV, Gómez-Gracia E, Fiol M, Estruch R, Santos-Lozano JM, Schröder H, Alonso-Gómez A, Serra-Majem L, Pintó X, Ros E, Becerra-Tomas N, González JI, Fitó M, Martínez JA, Gea A. Quality of Dietary Fat Intake and Body Weight and Obesity in a Mediterranean Population: Secondary Analyses within the PREDIMED Trial. Nutrients 2018; 10:E2011. [PMID: 30572588 PMCID: PMC6315420 DOI: 10.3390/nu10122011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A moderately high-fat Mediterranean diet does not promote weight gain. This study aimed to investigate the association between dietary intake of specific types of fat and obesity and body weight. A prospective cohort study was performed using data of 6942 participants in the PREDIMED trial, with yearly repeated validated food-frequency questionnaires, and anthropometric outcomes (median follow-up: 4.8 years). The effects of replacing dietary fat subtypes for one another, proteins or carbohydrates were estimated using generalized estimating equations substitution models. Replacement of 5% energy from saturated fatty acids (SFA) with monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) or polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) resulted in weight changes of -0.38 kg (95% Confidece Iinterval (CI): -0.69, -0.07), and -0.51 kg (95% CI: -0.81, -0.20), respectively. Replacing proteins with MUFA or PUFA decreased the odds of becoming obese. Estimates for the daily substitution of one portion of red meat with white meat, oily fish or white fish showed weight changes up to -0.87 kg. Increasing the intake of unsaturated fatty acids at the expense of SFA, proteins, and carbohydrates showed beneficial effects on body weight and obesity. It may therefore be desirable to encourage high-quality fat diets like the Mediterranean diet instead of restricting total fat intake.
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Grants
- RTIC G03/140, RTIC RD 06/0045 Instituto de Salud Carlos III
- - CIBERobn
- CNIC 06/2007 Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares
- PI04-2239, PI 05/2584, CP06/00100, PI07/0240, PI07/1138, PI07/0954, PI 07/0473, PI10/01407, PI10/02658, PI11/01647, P11/02505 Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria - Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional
- AGL-2009-13906-C02, AGL2010-22319-C03 Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación
- Fundación Mapfre 2010 Fundación Mapfre 2010
- PI0105/2007 Consejería de Salud de la Junta de Andalucía
- ACOMP06109, GVACOMP2010-181, GVACOMP2011-151, CS2010-AP-111, CS2011-AP-042, and PROMETEO17/2017 Public Health Division of the Department of Health of the Autonomous Government of Catalonia, Generalitat Valenciana
- P27/2011 Regional Government of Navarra
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette Beulen
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, 6708 Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Miguel A Martínez-González
- Department of Preventive Medicine & Public Health, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spanish Government, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ondine van de Rest
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, 6708 Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jordi Salas-Salvadó
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spanish Government, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Human Nutrition Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Pere Virgili Health Research Institute, Rovira i Virgili University, 43002 Reus, Spain.
| | - José V Sorlí
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spanish Government, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
| | | | - Miquel Fiol
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spanish Government, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Institute of Health Sciences IUNICS, University of Balearic Islands and Hospital Son Espases, 07010 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
| | - Ramón Estruch
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spanish Government, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition Biomedical Research Institute August Pi Sunyer (IDI- BAPS), Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - José M Santos-Lozano
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spanish Government, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Family Medicine, Research Unit, Distrito Sanitario Atención Primaria Sevilla, Centro de Salud Universitario San Pablo, 41013 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Helmut Schröder
- Cardiovascular and Nutrition Research Group (Regicor Study Group), Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spanish Government, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Angel Alonso-Gómez
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spanish Government, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Alava, 48940 Vitoria, Spain.
| | - Luis Serra-Majem
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spanish Government, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and Service of Preventive Medicine, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno Infantil (CHUIMI), Canary Health Service, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
| | - Xavier Pintó
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spanish Government, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Lipids and Vascular Risk Unit, Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Emilio Ros
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spanish Government, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Lipid Clinic, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition Biomedical Research Institute August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Nerea Becerra-Tomas
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spanish Government, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Human Nutrition Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Pere Virgili Health Research Institute, Rovira i Virgili University, 43002 Reus, Spain.
| | - José I González
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spanish Government, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Montserrat Fitó
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spanish Government, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Cardiovascular and Nutrition Research Group (Regicor Study Group), Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - J Alfredo Martínez
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spanish Government, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences and Physiology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Alfredo Gea
- Department of Preventive Medicine & Public Health, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
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Wehling H, Lusher J. People with a body mass index ⩾30 under-report their dietary intake: A systematic review. J Health Psychol 2017; 24:2042-2059. [PMID: 28810493 DOI: 10.1177/1359105317714318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Under-reporting of total energy intake is a common and well-known source of measurement error in dietary assessment, and evidence suggests that this bias is particularly significant in obese individuals. After a multi-stage selection process of eligible papers, this literature review appraised 34 papers detailing the accuracy of self-reported dietary intake in people with an obese body mass index (BMI ⩾ 30). The available literature to date shows that having a body mass index ⩾30 is associated with significant under-reporting of food intake. Future research should look into identifying effective techniques to reduce this bias in clinical practice.
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Labayen I, Ruiz JR, Ortega FB, Huybrechts I, Rodríguez G, Jiménez-Pavón D, Roccaldo R, Nova E, Widhalm K, Kafatos A, Molnar D, Androutsos O, Moreno LA. High fat diets are associated with higher abdominal adiposity regardless of physical activity in adolescents; the HELENA study. Clin Nutr 2013; 33:859-66. [PMID: 24182766 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Failure to attain fat balance may contribute to obesity development even without excessive energy intake. The objective of this study was to examine the associations of dietary macronutrient distribution with abdominal adiposity in adolescents and to evaluate whether these relationships were attenuated by physical activity. METHODS A total of 224 Spanish adolescents (51% females, 14.9 ± 1.2 years) were included in the study. Abdominal adiposity in three regions, truncal and total body fat mass (FM) and lean mass (LM) were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and thereafter FM index (FMI = FM/height(2)) and FMI/LMI ratio were calculated. The energy derived from fat intake was assessed by two non-consecutive 24 h recalls. Total physical activity (PA) and time spent in moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) and vigorous PA were objectively measured by accelerometry. RESULTS We observed that the percent of energy derived from fat intake was significantly associated with FMI and FMI/LMI ratio (Ps = 0.001) and greater amounts of truncal (P = 0.001) and abdominal adiposity in the three regions regardless of age, sex and height (all P ≤ 0.005). The strength of the relationships was not substantially altered by further adjustment for PA, vigorous PA or moderate-to-vigorous PA (Ps ≤ 0.005). CONCLUSIONS The percent of energy derived from dietary fat intake is strongly and linearly associated with total, truncal and abdominal adiposity independently of PA in adolescents. These observations implicate the amount of dietary fat intake as a specific risk factor in the excess of abdominal adiposity in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idoia Labayen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Vitoria, Spain.
| | - Jonatan R Ruiz
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, School of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; PROFITH, PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity
| | - Francisco B Ortega
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, School of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; PROFITH, PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity
| | - Inge Huybrechts
- Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; International Agency for Research on Cancer, Dietary Exposure Assessment Group, Lyon, France
| | - Gerardo Rodríguez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - David Jiménez-Pavón
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Romana Roccaldo
- Human Nutrition Unit, National Research Institute for Food and Nutrition, Rome, Italy
| | - Esther Nova
- Immunonutrition Research Group, Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Kurt Widhalm
- Division of Nutrition and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Dénés Molnar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pecs, Pécs, Hungary
| | | | - Luis A Moreno
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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9
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Olive oil has a beneficial effect on impaired glucose regulation and other cardiometabolic risk factors. Di@bet.es study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2013; 67:911-6. [PMID: 23859999 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2013.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the marked increase in cardiovascular risk factors in Spain in recent years, the prevalence and incidence of cardiovascular diseases have not risen as expected. Our objective is to examine the association between consumption of olive oil and the presence of cardiometabolic risk factors in the context of a large study representative of the Spanish population. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A population-based, cross-sectional, cluster sampling study was conducted. The target population was the whole Spanish population. A total of 4572 individuals aged ≥ 18 years in 100 clusters (health centers) were randomly selected with a probability proportional to population size. The main outcome measures were clinical and demographic structured survey, lifestyle survey, physical examination (weight, height, body mass index, waist, hip and blood pressure) and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) (75 g). RESULTS Around 90% of the Spanish population use olive oil, at least for dressing, and slightly fewer for cooking or frying. The preference for olive oil is related to age, educational level, alcohol intake, body mass index and serum glucose, insulin and lipids. People who consume olive oil (vs sunflower oil) had a lower risk of obesity (odds ratio (OR)=0.62 (95% confidence interval (CI)=0.41-0.93, P=0.02)), impaired glucose regulation (OR=0.49 (95% CI=0.28-0.86, P=0.04)), hypertriglyceridemia (OR=0.53 (95% CI=0.33-0.84, P=0.03)) and low HDL cholesterol levels (OR=0.40 (95% CI=0.26-0.59, P=0.0001)). CONCLUSIONS The results show that consumption of olive oil has a beneficial effect on different cardiovascular risk factors, particularly in the presence of obesity, impaired glucose tolerance or a sedentary lifestyle.
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Kim J, Li Y, Watkins BA. Fat to treat fat: emerging relationship between dietary PUFA, endocannabinoids, and obesity. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2013; 104-105:32-41. [PMID: 23466458 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 10/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Obesity incidence continues to escalate as a global nutrition and health problem. Scientists and clinicians are engaged in numerous research approaches that include behavior, education, applied nutrition studies and clinical therapies to prevent, control and reverse obesity. The common goal is to identify areas of basic and clinical research to understand aspects of human biology that contribute to obesity. In these approaches recent discoveries in biology and advancing technologies are tools employed to prevent and reverse obesity. The purpose of this review article is to present the current knowledge of key components of the endocannabinoid system that contribute to eating, influence systemic energy metabolism, and dietary factors that alter the responses of ligand binding and activation of cannabinoid receptors. Herein the objectives are to (1) describe the relationship between dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and obesity, (2) explain the role of this signaling system in obesity, and (3) present areas of consequential future research with dietary long chain PUFA. There are several gaps in the knowledge of the role dietary PUFA play in the tone of the endocannabinoid signaling system involving ligands and receptors. Elucidating the PUFA relationship to signaling tone may explain the presumed overstimulation of signaling believed to contribute to over eating, fat accretion and inflammation. Future research in this endeavor must be hypothesis driven utilizing appropriate models for investigations on dietary PUFA, endocannabinoids and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Kim
- Lipid Chemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Center on Aging, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-4004, USA
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11
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Mendez MA, Popkin BM, Buckland G, Schroder H, Amiano P, Barricarte A, Huerta JM, Quirós JR, Sánchez MJ, González CA. Alternative methods of accounting for underreporting and overreporting when measuring dietary intake-obesity relations. Am J Epidemiol 2011; 173:448-58. [PMID: 21242302 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwq380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Misreporting characterized by the reporting of implausible energy intakes may undermine the valid estimation of diet-disease relations, but the methods to best identify and account for misreporting are unknown. The present study compared how alternate approaches affected associations between selected dietary factors and body mass index (BMI) by using data from the European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer and Nutrition-Spain. A total of 24,332 women and 15,061 men 29-65 years of age recruited from 1992 to 1996 for whom measured height and weight and validated diet history data were available were included. Misreporters were identified on the basis of disparities between reported energy intakes and estimated requirements calculated using the original Goldberg method and 2 alternatives: one that substituted basal metabolic rate equations that are more valid at higher BMIs and another that used doubly labeled water-predicted total energy expenditure equations. Compared with results obtained using the original method, underreporting was considerably lower and overreporting higher with alternative methods, which were highly concordant. Accounting for misreporters with all methods yielded diet-BMI relations that were more consistent with expectations; alternative methods often strengthened associations. For example, among women, multivariable-adjusted differences in BMI for the highest versus lowest vegetable intake tertile (β = 0.37 (standard error, 0.07)) were neutral after adjusting with the original method (β = 0.01 (standard error, 07)) and negative using the predicted total energy expenditure method with stringent cutoffs (β = -0.15 (standard error, 0.07)). Alternative methods may yield more valid associations between diet and obesity-related outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Mendez
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology/Municipal Institute for Medical Research-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.
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Ogura T, Takada H, Okuno M, Kitade H, Matsuura T, Kwon M, Arita S, Hamazaki K, Itomura M, Hamazaki T. Fatty acid composition of plasma, erythrocytes and adipose: their correlations and effects of age and sex. Lipids 2010; 45:137-44. [PMID: 20094809 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-010-3386-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The composition of fatty acids in abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue and the correlation of fatty acid values of plasma and erythrocytes had not been reported in Japan. The aim of the present study was to investigate the fatty acid composition and correlation of plasma and erythrocyte phospholipids (PL) and adipose triacylglycerols (TG) in 75 adult patients admitted for non-malignant diseases. We also examined the relationship of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) with patients' characteristics. The total n-3 PUFA were 11.2, 11.8 and 1.9%, and the ratios of n-6/n-3 were 2.41, 1.87 and 8.20 in plasma and erythrocyte PL and adipose TG, respectively. There were the highest correlations for total n-3 PUFA and the n-6/n-3 ratio between plasma and erythrocyte PL and adipose TG. There was a positive correlation between n-3 PUFAs and age, but a negative correlation was found between n-6 PUFAs and age. There was no significant difference in the values of PUFAs in plasma and erythrocyte PL and adipose TG between men and women. The patients with cholesterol cholecystolithiasis showed a significantly lower proportion of eicosapentaenoic acid in plasma and erythrocyte PL than those of the other patients. Our findings suggest that PUFA in plasma and erythrocyte PL may be good biomarkers and more acceptable for studying participants than adipose TG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokuhiro Ogura
- Division of Surgery, Takii Hospital of Kansai Medical University, Moriguchi, Osaka, Japan
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Effect of dietary fatty acid intake on prospective weight change in the Heidelberg cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Public Health Nutr 2010; 13:1636-46. [DOI: 10.1017/s1368980009993041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the association between fatty acid (α-linolenic acid (ALA), EPA, DHA, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and arachidonic acids) intake and prospective weight change in the Heidelberg cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition.DesignProspective cohort study with mean follow-up time of 6·5 years. In a total of 9182 men and 10867 women aged 35 to 64 years, from body weight measurement at recruitment and calibrated body weight during follow-up, weight change was expressed as mean annual weight change relative to baseline weight (%/year) and categorised into four groups (weight loss, <−2·5%/5 years; stable weight, between −2·5 and +2·5%/5 years; small weight gain, ≥2·5 to <7·5%/5 years; large weight gain, ≥7·5%/5 years). Energy-adjusted dietary fatty acid intake data were estimated from the FFQ completed at baseline. Multivariate linear regression models as well as multinomial logistic regression analyses (carbohydrate replacement models) were conducted.ResultsStearic acid intake was linearly associated with weight gain (P < 0·01) in men and women. Linear associations also existed for ALA and arachidonic acid intake, significantly so in women. In multinomial models, women in the highest tertile of ALA and stearic acid intake showed increased OR (95 % CI) for small weight gain (1·16 (0·94, 1·88) and 1·24 (1·08, 1·43), respectively), and large weight gain (1·39 (1·03, 1·88) and 1·56 (1·27, 1·90), respectively), whereas OR were non-significantly increased in men. Dietary intake of ALA was inversely associated with large (0·80 (0·65, 0·99)) weight gain in women only.ConclusionsThese results suggest differential effects of single dietary fatty acids on prospective weight gain in adults.
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Berghöfer A, Pischon T, Reinhold T, Apovian CM, Sharma AM, Willich SN. Obesity prevalence from a European perspective: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 2008; 8:200. [PMID: 18533989 PMCID: PMC2441615 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-8-200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 441] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2007] [Accepted: 06/05/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity has been recognised as an important contributing factor in the development of various diseases, but comparative data on this condition are limited. We therefore aimed to identify and discuss current epidemiological data on the prevalence of obesity in European countries. Methods We identified relevant published studies by means of a MEDLINE search (1990–2008) supplemented by information obtained from regulatory agencies. We only included surveys that used direct measures of weight and height and were representative of each country's overall population. Results In Europe, the prevalence of obesity (body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2) in men ranged from 4.0% to 28.3% and in women from 6.2% to 36.5%. We observed considerable geographic variation, with prevalence rates in Central, Eastern, and Southern Europe being higher than those in Western and Northern Europe. Conclusion In Europe, obesity has reached epidemic proportions. The data presented in our review emphasise the need for effective therapeutic and preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Berghöfer
- Institute for Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité University Medical Center, Berlin, Germany.
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15
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal studies and a few clinical trials lend credibility to the hypothesis that not all types of fatty acids carry the same potential for weight gain. Only a few epidemiological studies concerning this issue are currently available and results are conflicting. AIM The purpose of the present ecological study was to test the existence of an association between obesity prevalence and the types of fat available in 168 countries. METHODS Data on the prevalence of obesity (BMI >or= 30 kg/m2) for women over 15 years of age were obtained from the WHO Global InfoBase. Food balance sheets for the years 1998 to 2002 were obtained from the FAOSTAT database. Five-year means for energy, total fat, MUFA, PUFA, SFA and 'other fat' per capita were calculated, with their standard deviations, for each country. Bivariate correlations and a multiple linear regression model were used to test for the association between prevalence of obesity and types of fat available in these countries. RESULTS Not surprisingly, dietary energy supply, SFA, PUFA and 'other fat' were positively associated with the prevalence of obesity. We also found, however, a strong negative association between MUFA availability and obesity prevalence (beta= -0.68, P<0.0001). CONCLUSION Populations with a lower prevalence of obesity seem to consume a greater amount of MUFA. Considering the partial correlations between variables, our results suggest that in countries with higher obesity prevalence, it is the shift from MUFA to PUFA that particularly appears to be associated with the risk of obesity.
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Moussavi N, Gavino V, Receveur O. Could the quality of dietary fat, and not just its quantity, be related to risk of obesity? Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008; 16:7-15. [PMID: 18223605 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2007.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the possible association between types of fatty acids and weight change. It examines the biological plausibility underlining these associations and the evidence obtained to date from clinical trials and epidemiological studies. Animal studies have shown that dietary short- and medium-chain fatty acids compared to long-chain fatty acids appear to promote weight loss. Similarly, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) appear to favor weight loss compared to saturated fatty acids (SFAs) in human studies. The structure of fatty acids seems to affect their degree of oxidation and deposition. Although results are conflicting, human studies follow the general trend reported in animal studies. These trials suggest that some fatty acids are prone to oxidation and some others lead to fat storage when comparing isocaloric diets. For instance, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids are preferentially oxidizied to other PUFA but results remain inconsistent. Epidemiological studies concerning this issue reported that total dietary fat, which includes MUFA, PUFA, and SFA could increase the risk of obesity, but results are few and conflicting. The rising biological plausibility linking dietary fat quality and risk of obesity, together with the rather recent addition of fatty acids content in food composition tables, support the need for major epidemiological studies in that area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadiah Moussavi
- Department of Nutrition, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Guallar-Castillón P, Rodríguez-Artalejo F, Fornés NS, Banegas JR, Etxezarreta PA, Ardanaz E, Barricarte A, Chirlaque MD, Iraeta MD, Larrañaga NL, Losada A, Mendez M, Martínez C, Quirós JR, Navarro C, Jakszyn P, Sánchez MJ, Tormo MJ, González CA. Intake of fried foods is associated with obesity in the cohort of Spanish adults from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 86:198-205. [PMID: 17616781 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/86.1.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consumption of fried food has been suggested to promote obesity, but this association has seldom been studied. OBJECTIVE We aimed to assess the association of energy intake from fried food with general and central obesity in Spain, a Mediterranean country where frying with oil is a traditional cooking procedure. DESIGN This was a cross-sectional study of 33 542 Spanish persons aged 29-69 y who were participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition between 1992 and 1996. Dietary intake was assessed by a diet history questionnaire. Height, weight, and waist circumference were measured by trained interviewers. Analyses were performed with logistic regression and were adjusted for total energy intake and other confounders. RESULTS The prevalence of general obesity [body mass index (in kg/m(2)) >or= 30] was 27.6% in men and 27.7% in women. Respective figures for central obesity (waist circumference >or= 102 cm in men and >or= 88 cm in women) were 34.5% and 42.6%. The average proportion of energy intake from fried food was 15.6% in men and 12.6% in women. The adjusted odds ratios for general obesity in the highest versus the lowest quintile of fried food intake were 1.26 (95% CI: 1.09, 1.45; P for trend < 0.001) in men and 1.25 (1.11, 1.41; P for trend < 0.001) in women. The corresponding values for central obesity were 1.17 (1.02, 1.34; P for trend < 0.003) in men and 1.27 (1.13, 1.42; P for trend < 0.001) in women. CONCLUSION Fried food was positively associated with general and central obesity only among subjects in the highest quintile of energy intake from fried food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Guallar-Castillón
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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Krachler B, Eliasson M, Stenlund H, Johansson I, Hallmans G, Lindahl B. Reported food intake and distribution of body fat: a repeated cross-sectional study. Nutr J 2006; 5:34. [PMID: 17187681 PMCID: PMC1769392 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-5-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2006] [Accepted: 12/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Body mass, as well as distribution of body fat, are predictors of both diabetes and cardiovascular disease. In Northern Sweden, despite a marked increase in average body mass, prevalence of diabetes was stagnant and myocardial infarctions decreased. A more favourable distribution of body fat is a possible contributing factor. This study investigates the relative importance of individual food items for time trends in waist circumference (WC) and hip circumference (HC) on a population level. Methods Independent cross-sectional surveys conducted in 1986, 1990, 1994 and 1999 in the two northernmost counties of Sweden with a common population of 250000. Randomly selected age stratified samples, altogether 2982 men and 3087 women aged 25–64 years. Questionnaires were completed and anthropometric measurements taken. For each food item, associations between frequency of consumption and waist and hip circumferences were estimated. Partial regression coefficients for every level of reported intake were multiplied with differences in proportion of the population reporting the corresponding levels of intake in 1986 and 1999. The sum of these product terms for every food item was the respective estimated impact on mean circumference. Results Time trends in reported food consumption associated with the more favourable gynoid distribution of adipose tissue were increased use of vegetable oil, pasta and 1.5% fat milk. Trends associated with abdominal obesity were increased consumption of beer in men and higher intake of hamburgers and French fried potatoes in women. Conclusion Food trends as markers of time trends in body fat distribution have been identified. The method is a complement to conventional approaches to establish associations between food intake and disease risk on a population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benno Krachler
- Department of Medicine, Kalix Hospital, Kalix, Sweden
- Behavioural Medicine, Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mats Eliasson
- Department of Medicine, Sunderby Hospital, Luleå, Sweden
- Medicine, Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Hans Stenlund
- Epidemiology and Public Health Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Göran Hallmans
- Nutrition Research, Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Bernt Lindahl
- Behavioural Medicine, Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Mendez MA, Popkin BM, Jakszyn P, Berenguer A, Tormo MJ, Sanchéz MJ, Quirós JR, Pera G, Navarro C, Martinez C, Larrañaga N, Dorronsoro M, Chirlaque MD, Barricarte A, Ardanaz E, Amiano P, Agudo A, González CA. Adherence to a Mediterranean diet is associated with reduced 3-year incidence of obesity. J Nutr 2006; 136:2934-8. [PMID: 17056825 DOI: 10.1093/jn/136.11.2934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Few studies have prospectively examined dietary patterns and adult weight change, and results to date are inconsistent. This study examines whether a Mediterranean diet (MD) pattern is associated with reduced 3-y incidence of obesity using data from the Spanish cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Spain). The sample included 17,238 women and 10,589 men not obese and aged 29-65 y at baseline (1992-96). Height and weight were measured at baseline; weight was self-reported in a follow-up survey a mean of 3.3 y later. Detailed dietary history data, collected using a validated method, were used to construct a MD score. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds of becoming overweight or obese. Among initially overweight subjects, 7.9% of women and 6.9% of men became obese, whereas 13.8% of normal weight men and 23.0% women became overweight. High MD adherence was associated with significantly lower likelihood of becoming obese among overweight subjects, with stronger associations after adjusting for underreporting of dietary data. Associations (odds ratios with 95% CI) were similar in women (0.69, 0.54-0.89) and men (0.68, 0.53-0.89). Adjusting for the plausibility of reported dietary intakes increased the magnitude of these associations, which were approximately 0.8 without this adjustment. MD adherence was not associated with incidence of overweight in initially normal-weight subjects. Nonetheless, results suggest that promoting eating habits consistent with MD patterns may be a useful part of efforts to combat obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Mendez
- IDIBELL, Institut Català d'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
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Bes-Rastrollo M, Sánchez-Villegas A, de la Fuente C, de Irala J, Martinez JA, Martínez-González MA. Olive oil consumption and weight change: The SUN prospective cohort study. Lipids 2006; 41:249-56. [PMID: 16711599 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-006-5094-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this dynamic prospective follow-up study was to assess the association between olive oil consumption and the likelihood of weight gain or the incidence of overweight or obesity in a large Mediterranean cohort of 7,368 male and female Spanish university graduates (the SUN Project) who were followed for a median period of 28.5 mon. A validated Food Frequency Questionnaire was administered at baseline, and respondents also completed a follow-up questionnaire after 28.5 mon. Changes in participants' consumption of olive oil and their weight were assessed during follow-up. A higher baseline consumption of olive oil was associated with a lower likelihood of weight gain, although the differences were not statistically significant. The adjusted difference in weight gain (kg) was -0.16 [95% confidence interval (CI): -0.42 to +0.11] for participants in the upper quintile of olive oil consumption (median: 46 g/d) compared with those in the lowest quintile (median: 6 g/d). For participants with a high baseline consumption of olive oil whose olive oil consumption also increased during follow-up, we found a slightly increased but nonsignificant risk of incidence of overweight or obesity (adjusted odds ratio = 1.19, 95% CI: 0.73 to 1.95). Our study, carried out in a sample of free-living people, shows that a high amount of olive oil consumption is not associated with higher weight gain or a significantly higher risk of developing overweight or obesity in the context of the Mediterranean food pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bes-Rastrollo
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
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Scali J, Siari S, Grosclaude P, Gerber M. Dietary and socio-economic factors associated with overweight and obesity in a southern French population. Public Health Nutr 2004; 7:513-22. [PMID: 15153257 DOI: 10.1079/phn2003569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the socio-economic and dietary factors associated with overweight and obesity, respectively, in southern France. DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis of socio-economic, lifestyle and nutritional characteristics of a representative population sample. A questionnaire elicited information on anthropometric measurements, socio-economic factors, physical activity, tobacco use, and alcohol and food intakes. Non-parametric tests, multiple linear regression models and correspondence factorial analysis (CFA) were used to estimate the association of the various factors with overweight and obesity. SETTING French Southwest and Mediterranean areas. SUBJECTS In total, 1169 subjects (578 women and 552 men), aged 30-77 years, were recruited at random. RESULTS Overweight and obesity were associated with age and education in both genders, reproductive factors in women and tobacco use in men. A few dietary factors were identified (high energy intake and low intake of carbohydrates), but all these variables explained little of the variation (18.5% in women and 14.6% in men). The CFA further investigated the association of lifestyle and nutritional factors, giving more weight to nutritional behaviour for overweight men and women. Factors for obesity differed from those for overweight by being different in men and women, possibly related to psychological behaviour, and there were fewer of them, suggesting an insufficient coverage by the usual questionnaires. CONCLUSIONS Overweight and obesity appear as two different entities. Energy imbalance induced by various lifestyle factors plays a major role in the development of overweight, whereas obesity represents a more complex entity where psychological and genetic factors that are difficult to assess may be more important. General nutritional guidelines appear more adapted to the prevention of overweight than to that of obesity, and individual counselling to the prevention of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Scali
- Groupe d'Epidémiologie Métabolique, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie, INSERM-CRLC, F-34298 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Garaulet M, Marín C, Pérez-Llamas F, Canterasl M, Tebar FJ, Zamora S. Adiposity and dietary intake in cardiovascular risk in an obese population from a Mediterranean area. J Physiol Biochem 2004; 60:39-49. [PMID: 15352383 DOI: 10.1007/bf03168219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the particular relevance of android fat distribution and dietary intake in cardiovascular risk in an obese Mediterranean population with high intake of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and to compare the findings with those from normal-weight subjects. For the study, 193 subjects aged 25-60 were selected: 118 obese (BMI > or = 27 kg/m2), and 75 normal-weight (BMI < 25 kg/m2). Cardiovascular risk factors including hypertension, dyslipidaemia, glucose intolerance and insulin resistance were assessed. Nutrient intake and body fat distribution were determined. Results show that MUFA were highly consumed in the total population (21% of total energy). The obese population was normolipidemic and normoinsulinemic. However, cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) were significantly higher than in normal-weight (P < 0.05). Obese subjects derived a greater percentage of their energy intake from total fat and lower from carbohydrates and saturated fats (P < 0.05). BMI and waist-hip ratio positively correlated with fat percentage of total energy intake and with MUFA (g/100 g fatty acids) in men, indicating that the excess of fat intake in obesity is due to a larger consumption of olive oil. CVRF were significantly and positively associated to waist circumference and WHR, both in obese and in normal-weight subjects. In conclusion, not only obesity but also android fat in normal-weight subjects are important factors in cardiovascular disease even in the Mediterranean population, with a high intake of MUFA, where these factors seem to be more relevant to cardiovascular risk than dietary composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Garaulet
- Dept. of Physiology, Univ. of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, Murcia, Spain.
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Lasheras C, Gonzalez S, Huerta JM, Lombardia C, Ibañez R, Patterson AM, Fernandez S. Food habits are associated with lipid peroxidation in an elderly population. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 103:1480-7. [PMID: 14576712 DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2003.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to assess the association between dietary intake and lipid peroxidation. DESIGN Cross-sectional population analysis from an ongoing prospective study. Malondialdehyde (MDA) was measured as a marker of lipid peroxidation. Diet was assessed through direct observation and food frequency questionnaire. SUBJECTS Participants with no missing data were 162 nonsmoking elderly individuals residing in 7 institutions across Asturias (Spain). STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED Comparisons of adjusted group means by tertiles of plasma MDA were made by analysis of variance. Stepwise regression analysis was done using MDA as a dependent variable and food intake as an independent variable. Food intakes were categorized into quartiles and logistic regression was applied to calculate the odds ratio for being in the highest tertile of plasma MDA. RESULTS Consumption of potatoes had an independent direct effect and accounted for a sizeable proportion of the variation in plasma MDA levels (18%, P<.001). In addition to potatoes, other foods that had an apparently independent effect on plasma MDA were eggs, cooked vegetables, and red wine (R(2)=0.028, 0.023 and 0.018, respectively). In this study, dietary factors accounted for 25% of the variation in plasma MDA levels. CONCLUSION Identifying nutritional determinants of oxidative stress is important because of its negative health effect. Consumption of cooked vegetables and moderate intake of wine has been shown to be appropriate for reducing the risk of oxidative damage. On the contrary, caution must be used with the intake of potatoes because we have found a positive association with MDA levels. Further studies are required to investigate the mechanism(s) of this association and whether it is related to the preparation method or to the potato itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Lasheras
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Area de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, Julián Clavería, s/n, Oviedo, Spain.
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Schröder H, Marrugat J, Elosua R, Covas MI. Relationship between body mass index, serum cholesterol, leisure-time physical activity, and diet in a Mediterranean Southern-Europe population. Br J Nutr 2003; 90:431-9. [PMID: 12908905 DOI: 10.1079/bjn2003899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the relationship of BMI with other cardiovascular risk factors, leisure-time physical activity and diet. Participants were recruited in a cross-sectional population-based survey in a southern-Europe Mediterranean population (Spain); cardiovascular risk factors were measured, and leisure-time physical activity and diet intake were evaluated. Linear regression analysis adjusted for several confounders showed a significant, direct association of BMI and total cholesterol (P<0.005) and LDL-cholesterol (P<0.006), in men. HDL-cholesterol was inversely related to BMI in both sexes (P<0.0001). Higher BMI was more frequent in less-active men (P<0.04) but not in women. BMI increased significantly (P<0.0001) by 1.92 kg/m(2) with each 4.18 MJ consumed in men but not in women. Dietary intakes of carbohydrate (P<0.03), total fat (P<0.03) and saturated fatty acids (P<0.02) were directly associated with BMI in men but not in women, in whom protein intake was correlated (P<0.001) with BMI. Linear regression models including dietary components explained up to 10.6 and 21.1 % of BMI variability in men and women, respectively. Sex differences in the association of BMI with total cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol, may account for the lower risk for CHD in women compared with men of similar BMI reported in the literature for the southern-Europe Mediterranean region. An increases of BMI may be more deleterious in populations in which it is accompanied by other risk factors such as a higher intake of total fat and, particularly, of saturated fatty acids, or lower leisure-time physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Schröder
- Lipids and Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica, IMIM and Department of Nutrition, Sports Medicine Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This is a review of recent studies on the analysis of misreporting of food intake and on the consequences of misreporting for the interpretation of dietary surveys. Bias in the assessment of dietary intake was analysed from studies comparing reported intake with doubly labelled water assessed energy expenditure. RECENT FINDINGS There is not yet a method for the accurate determination of dietary intake. Physical and psychological characteristics of study participants play an important role in the observed reporting bias. The degree of misreporting might increase with repeated dietary assessment in the same subjects, confounding the results of intervention studies. SUMMARY Campaigns aimed at changing food intake might not be as successful as concluded from the results of national food consumption measurements. Subjects might be reporting according to expected instead of real intake. In a clinical setting, the increased awareness of the nursing staff has been observed to result in overreporting of intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaas R Westerterp
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Sánchez-Villegas A, Martínez-González MA, Toledo E, de Irala-Estévez J, Martínez JA. [Relative role of physical inactivity and snacking between meals in weight gain]. Med Clin (Barc) 2002; 119:46-52. [PMID: 12084369 DOI: 10.1016/s0025-7753(02)73311-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diet and life-styles are considered as the main factors that determine the high prevalence of obesity in Western societies. Although some countries have registered a decrease in fat intake, the percentage of overweight and obesity has increased. Therefore, it is thought that fat intake may not be the main factor that determines the current epidemic of obesity. The objective of this study was to determine the role of a sedentary life-style and eating between meals (snacking) as major determinants of a recent weight change (over last 5 years). METHOD By using cross-sectionally baseline data of the SUN cohort, we adjusted non-conditional logistic regression models to estimate the odds ratio (OR) of gaining weight according to age, physical activity in leisure time, watching television, taking a nap, smoking, snacking and the intake of macronutrients. RESULTS A statistically significant inverse association between leisure-time physical activity and the probability of gaining weight was found for men (OR = 0.93; CI 95%, 0.88-0.98) and a trend was also present among women. Snacking was positively associated with a higher probability of gaining weight among men (OR = 1.88; CI 95%, 1.40-2.53) and among women (OR = 1.38; CI 95%, 1.10-1.73). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest a direct association between snacking and weight gain in middle-aged people.
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