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Sharma N, Kishore J, Gupta M, Singla H, Dayma R, Sharma JB. The Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women (MDD-W) Score: Its Association With the Prevalence and Severity of Anemia in Pregnancy. Cureus 2024; 16:e66248. [PMID: 39238752 PMCID: PMC11375392 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.66248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anemia during pregnancy is a very common medical disorder and is usually related to poor dietary nutrients. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to study the Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women (MDD-W) score during pregnancy and its correlation with the prevalence and severity of anemia in a tertiary referral hospital. MATERIAL AND METHOD A total of 430 women in their second and third trimesters of pregnancy were included and details of sociodemographic, obstetric, and nutritional factors were asked from all participants. MDD-W score was calculated and was correlated with the prevalence and severity of anemia. RESULTS The mean age, median parity, and mean body mass index were 26.2 years, 2, and 22.4 kg/m2,respectively. Of the patients, 30% were in lower socioeconomic classes. Anemia was seen in 250 (48.84%) women, being mild in 25.81%, moderate in 15-8%, and severe in 7.04%. A total of 49.3% of patients were vegetarian. The mean dietary calories and protein and iron intake were less in anemic patients. MDD-W score was 6.2±1.2 in the normal hemoglobin group, which was significantly higher than the anemia group (3.8±0.75). The mean MDD-W score was 4.4±0.9 in mild anemia, 3.5±0.7 in moderate anemia, and only 2.2±0.45 in severe anemia. CONCLUSION The MDD-W score was significantly less in anemic pregnant patients, being least in patients with severe anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishal Sharma
- Community Medicine, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, IND
| | - Jugal Kishore
- Community Medicine, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, IND
| | - Monika Gupta
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, IND
| | - Himal Singla
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, IND
| | - Rohini Dayma
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, New Delhi, IND
| | - Jai Bhagwan Sharma
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, New Delhi, IND
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Let S, Tiwari S, Singh A, Chakrabarty M. Prevalence and determinants of anaemia among women of reproductive age in Aspirational Districts of India: an analysis of NFHS 4 and NFHS 5 data. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:437. [PMID: 38347505 PMCID: PMC10860231 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-17789-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over one-third of women worldwide suffer from anaemia. The prevalence of anaemia is particularly pronounced among women of reproductive age (WRA) in developing countries, such as India. No prior study has ever exclusively studied the prevalence of anaemia across the Aspirational Districts of India. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of anaemia across Aspirational Districts of India and to identify the determinants of anaemia among WRA in these districts. METHODS From the National Family Health Survey (NFHS)-4 (2015-16) and NFHS-5 (2019-21), data on 114,444 and 108,782 women aged 15-49 from Aspirational Districts were analyzed in our study, respectively. Bivariate statistics and multivariable binary logistic regression were used to identify the determinants of anaemia. RESULTS The national prevalence of anaemia among WRA has increased from 53% in NFHS-4 to 57% in NFHS-5 whereas anaemia among WRA in Aspirational Districts has increased from 58.7% in NFHS-4 to 61.1% in NFHS-5. Between 2015 and 2021, over 60% of Aspirational Districts experienced an increase in the prevalence of anaemia and one-fourth, specifically 29 out of 112, observed a rise by at least 10 percentage points (pp). Notably, there are significant variations in anaemia prevalence among districts, with Simdega and Udalgiri having the highest anaemia prevalence in NFHS-4 and NFHS-5 at 78.2% and 81.5%, respectively. During this period, Barpeta followed by Udalgiri of Assam have witnessed the maximum increase with 29.4% and 26.7% respectively. Moreover, pooled regression results show women with three to four children [AOR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.08-1.17], women who breastfeed [AOR: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.13-1.20], Scheduled Tribe women [AOR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.35-1.44], poorest women [AOR: 1.27, 95% CI: 1.22-1.33] and women those who consume fish occasionally [AOR: 1.14, 95% CI: 1.12-1.17] were more likely to be anaemic. CONCLUSION The significant increase in anaemia among WRA in Aspirational Districts of India is a matter of concern. Given the rise in anaemia among WRA, determinants-based and district-specific measures must be designed and implemented to reduce the prevalence of anaemia among Aspirational Districts of India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhojit Let
- Department of Geography, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Seema Tiwari
- Geography Section, Mahila Maha Vidyalaya, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Aditya Singh
- Department of Geography, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
- Girl Innovation, Research, and Learning (GIRL) Center, Population Council, New York, NY, United States of America.
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S T PK, Lahiri B. Conditional selection of multifactor evidence for the levels of anaemia among women of reproductive age group. EVALUATION AND PROGRAM PLANNING 2023; 100:102344. [PMID: 37437494 DOI: 10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2023.102344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The study aims at ascertaining the conditional selection of key indicators affecting severe, moderate, mild, and no anaemia levels for women of reproductive age in India. The secondary data for levels of anaemia and personal records of individuals collected for India from the 7th phase of District Health Survey program of the United States Agency for International Development data depository. The data was cleaned and summarised using frequency and percentages. Then the variables were tested for association with levels of anaemia using the Chi-square (χ2) test. The multinomial logistic regression model was employed to ascertain the key indicators through a conditional selection of reference categories. Results suggest that severe anaemia was significantly prevalent among women in the reproductive stage, especially among the 15-29 age groups. Secondary and higher education had a negative effect on the severity of severe, moderate, and mild anaemia. The poorest wealth index stratum had higher and more significant severe anaemia, and households with two adults of the opposite sex had a significant negative effect (β = -0.116, OR = 0.89, p < 0.001) on severe anaemia level while having a significant positive effect on moderate and mild anaemia. Rural households were associated negatively and significantly with moderate and mild anaemia, and nuclear household structures had a higher prevalence of severe anaemia. Therefore, these indicators across different levels of anaemia should be considered for a faster rate of reduction at the national level. Despite several initiatives by the public sector, the anaemia level has remained elevated among women of reproductive age. Education, wealth index, age, pregnancy, relationship structure, household structure, and place of residence were found to be key indicators for the level of anaemia. The significant variables will act as a crucial input to formulate cost-effective public interventions and finally encourage the faster reduction of anaemia levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Kumar S T
- College of Community Science, Central Agricultural University, Tura, Meghalaya 794005, India.
| | - Biswajit Lahiri
- College of Fisheries, Central Agricultural University, Lembucherra, Tripura, India
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Haridas S, Ramaswamy J, Natarajan T, Nedungadi P. Micronutrient interventions among vulnerable population over a decade: A systematic review on Indian perspective. Health Promot Perspect 2022; 12:151-162. [PMID: 36276418 PMCID: PMC9508398 DOI: 10.34172/hpp.2022.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Micronutrient deficiency has long been recognized as a public health problem, particularly among vulnerable groups such as children, adolescents, pregnant and lactating women. Micronutrient deficiency could not be ruled out in spite of the implementation of various intervention strategies. Different interventions are being used to prevent and treat micronutrient deficiencies at the national and global level. The aim of this study is to systematically review the intervention strategies among different vulnerable age groups in India. Methods: The review was focused on identifying various interventions published based on the internet databases and the peer-reviewed papers from 2011 to 2021, on the predefined inclusive/exclusive criteria. The major intervention strategies implemented in India were recognized and evaluated based on dietary supplementation, micronutrient supplementation, knowledge interventions and food fortification among various age groups. Results: The results show that there are still considerable gaps in identifying the effective intervention strategies, research initiatives, programs and policies addressing to tackle micronutrient deficiencies in India. Multiple interventions are effective that could lead the road to innovations in approaches with diverse dietary intake, developing multiple micronutrient supplements, fortifying foods and nutrition interventions to address calcium, zinc, iodine, vitamin D and vitamin A deficiencies among the vulnerable population. Conclusion: Evidence-based multiple intervention studies covering a large population, in the long term cross-sectional, is the need for the hour to design policies and programs for improving the micronutrient status of vulnerable population in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soorya Haridas
- Department of Sciences, Amrita School of Physical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jancirani Ramaswamy
- Department of Sciences, Amrita School of Physical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Tharanidevi Natarajan
- Department of Sciences, Amrita School of Physical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Prema Nedungadi
- Amrita Create, Amrita School of Computing, Amritapuri, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kerala, India
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Dharmarajan S, Pawar A, Bhide P, Kar A. Undiagnosed haemoglobinopathies among pregnant women attending antenatal care clinics in Pune, India. J Community Genet 2021; 12:337-344. [PMID: 33486692 PMCID: PMC8241948 DOI: 10.1007/s12687-021-00505-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnant women with iron deficiency and those who are carriers of haemoglobinopathies present with anaemia of varying severity. There is no antenatal screening for haemoglobinopathies in India. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of undiagnosed haemoglobinopathy carriers in a random sample of pregnant women attending antenatal care clinics in Pune city, India. Biobanked DNA of 360 randomly selected pregnant women was genotyped for six common mutations and two common haemoglobin variants, HbS and HbE. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals were computed to determine association of carrier status with socio-demographic, haematological and clinical characteristics. The prevalence of undiagnosed haemoglobinopathy carriers was 6.3% (95% CI 4.2-9.4%) of which 3.3% (95% CI 1.9-5.7%) were beta thalassaemia carriers. There was an increased odds that beta thalassaemia carriers had moderate anaemia (OR 10.59, 95% CI 1.15-96.90). This study reveals the high prevalence of undiagnosed haemoglobinopathy carriers among pregnant women, indicating the need to immediately implement carrier screening and genetic counselling services across the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumedha Dharmarajan
- School of Health Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University (University of Pune), Pune, 411007, India
| | - Ameya Pawar
- Department of Microbiology, Modern College of Arts, Science & Commerce, Pune, India
| | - Prajkta Bhide
- School of Health Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University (University of Pune), Pune, 411007, India
| | - Anita Kar
- School of Health Sciences, Savitribai Phule Pune University (University of Pune), Pune, 411007, India.
- Birth Defects and Childhood Disability Research Centre, Pune, 411020, India.
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Fançony C, Soares Â, Lavinha J, Barros H, Brito M. Effectiveness of Nutrition and WASH/malaria educational community-based interventions in reducing anemia in children from Angola. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5603. [PMID: 33692404 PMCID: PMC7946872 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We found no published data in Angola regarding the effect of combining nutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive approaches in the reduction of anemia in preschool children. Thus, we implemented a cluster-randomized controlled trial to determine the effectiveness of two educational-plus-therapeutic interventions, in Nutrition and WASH/Malaria, in reducing anemia. We compared them to (1) a test-and-treat intervention and (2) with each other. A block randomization was performed to allocate 6 isolated hamlets to 3 study arms. A difference-in-difference technique, using Fit Generalized estimating models, was used to determine differences between the children successfully followed in all groups, between 2015 and 2016. We found no significant differences in anemia´s and hemoglobin variability between educational and the control group. However, the WASH/Malaria group had 22.8% higher prevalence of anemia when compared with the Nutrition group, having also higher prevalence of P. falciparum. Thus, our results suggest that adding a 12-month educational Nutrition or a WASH/Malaria component to a test-and-treat approach may have a limited effect in controlling anemia. Possibly, the intensity and duration of the educational interventions were not sufficient to observe the amount of behavior change needed to stop transmission and improve the general child feeding practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Fançony
- Health Research Center of Angola (CISA, Translated), Caxito, Angola. .,Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ânia Soares
- Health Research Center of Angola (CISA, Translated), Caxito, Angola
| | - João Lavinha
- Departamento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal.,BioISI, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Henrique Barros
- Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Miguel Brito
- Health Research Center of Angola (CISA, Translated), Caxito, Angola.,Health and Technology Research Center (H&TRC), Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Anemia in preschool children from Angola: a review of the evidence. Porto Biomed J 2020; 5:e60. [PMID: 33299941 PMCID: PMC7722406 DOI: 10.1097/j.pbj.0000000000000060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Angola is one of the southern African countries with the highest prevalence of anemia, and despite the high geographic heterogeneity of its distribution across the country, it was reported to be indicative of a severe public health problem in some areas, mainly in children. Despite the relevance of this condition in the country there is still an important gap regarding scientific evidences and knowledge systematization in the indexed literature, that could be used to inform and optimize national public health policies willing to address it. Furthermore, the changes in anemia epidemiology among African preschool children and the late updates in nutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive preventive strategies in the continent are of imperative relevance, as they could contribute to design context-specific national approaches to reduce anemia's morbidity and mortality. In this study we intent to perform a systematic review regarding the sparse evidence available on the country regarding the prevalence of anemia, its associated factors, the prevention, and/or control strategies with potential to reduce anemia that were implemented, and to discuss interventions targeting infections and/or nutrition conducted in other African countries.
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Pregnant Women in Four Low-Middle Income Countries Have a High Prevalence of Inadequate Dietary Intakes That Are Improved by Dietary Diversity. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11071560. [PMID: 31295916 PMCID: PMC6682861 DOI: 10.3390/nu11071560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Up-to-date dietary data are required to understand the diverse nutritional challenges of pregnant women living in low-middle income countries (LMIC). To that end, dietary data were collected from 1st trimester pregnant women in rural areas of Guatemala, India, Pakistan, and Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) participating in a maternal lipid-based nutrient supplement (LNS) Randomized Controlled Trial to examine dietary diversity (DD), usual group energy and nutrient intakes, and prevalence of inadequate dietary intakes. Methods: Two 24-h dietary recalls were conducted in ~240 pregnant women/site (total n = 966) prior to 12-week gestation. Adequate DD was assessed, i.e., ≥5 major food groups consumed within the past 24 h. Median, Q1, Q3 intakes (without LNS) of energy, macronutrients, 12 micronutrients, and phytate were examined. The “at risk” prevalence of inadequate intakes were based on international guidelines for pregnant women. Results: Dietary patterns varied widely among sites, with adequate DD reported: 20% (Pakistan), 25% (DRC), 50% (Guatemala), and 70% (India). Significantly higher intakes of most key nutrients were observed in participants with adequate DD. More than 80% of women in all sites had inadequate intakes of folate, vitamin B12, and choline, and >80% of women in India and DRC also had inadequate intakes of calcium, thiamine, riboflavin, and vitamin B6. Conclusions: Our data highlight the likely need for micronutrient supplementation in pregnancy, specifically multi-micronutrient interventions, and support the value of increasing DD as part of sustainable long-term nutrition programs for women of reproductive age in these poor rural settings in LMIC.
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Skolmowska D, Głąbska D. Analysis of Heme and Non-Heme Iron Intake and Iron Dietary Sources in Adolescent Menstruating Females in a National Polish Sample. Nutrients 2019; 11:E1049. [PMID: 31083370 PMCID: PMC6567869 DOI: 10.3390/nu11051049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron intake and heme/non-heme iron proportions are crucial for iron deficiency anemia prevention. Women of childbearing age are indicated by World Health Organization as the primary target group, but maintaining iron balance is particularly challenging for adolescents. The aim of the presented study was to analyze heme and non-heme iron intake and dietary sources in adolescent menstruating females in a national Polish sample. The study was conducted in a representative sample of adolescents (aged 15-20) who were recruited from all regions of Poland based on secondary school sampling (random quota sampling), with 1385 female adolescents being included in the sample. The iron intake was assessed using the previously validated IRONIC-FFQ (IRON Intake Calculation-Food Frequency Questionnaire). The intakes of iron, heme iron, non-heme iron, and iron from food product groups were assessed and compared with those of male adolescents (n = 1025) who were recruited from the same schools, as well as between sub-groups stratified by age, body mass index, anemia history, following vegetarian diet, applying iron supplementation and school type. Compared with male individuals, females were characterized by a lower intake of all forms of iron. It was stated that non-heme iron intake was highest in younger ones, overweight ones, vegetarian ones, and comprehensive school students. Female adolescents with anemia history were characterized by similar iron intake as others. For the target group, there is inadequate nutritional education and a necessity to broaden the knowledge about specific sources of iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Skolmowska
- Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW-WULS), 159c Nowoursynowska Street, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Dominika Głąbska
- Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW-WULS), 159c Nowoursynowska Street, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
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Efficacy of Nutrition and WASH/Malaria Educational Community-Based Interventions in Reducing Anemia in Preschool Children from Bengo, Angola: Study Protocol of a Randomized Controlled Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16030466. [PMID: 30764549 PMCID: PMC6388146 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16030466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Angola reports one of the highest infant mortality rates in the world, and anemia represents one of its important causes. Recent studies, in under-five children from the Bengo province of Angola, described high prevalence’s, suggesting malaria, undernutrition and urogenital schistosomiasis as important contributors for the occurrence and spatial variations of anemia. Educational community-based interventions, either in Nutrition and Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Malaria are recommended to correct anemia. Herein, we designed a cluster-randomized controlled trial to study the efficacy of two educational-plus-therapeutic interventions in the reduction of anemia: one in nutrition and the other in WASH/Malaria. Socioeconomic, nutritional, anthropometric, parasitological and biochemical data will be collected from all willing-to-participate children, aging under four and resident in the Health Research Center of Angola study area. Considering the multifactorial causes of this condition, determining the efficacy of both interventions might help documenting weaknesses and opportunities for planning integrated strategies to reduce anemia.
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Chalise B, Aryal KK, Mehta RK, Dhimal M, Sapkota F, Mehata S, Karki KB, Madjdian D, Patton G, Sawyer S. Prevalence and correlates of anemia among adolescents in Nepal: Findings from a nationally representative cross-sectional survey. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208878. [PMID: 30551124 PMCID: PMC6294609 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Anemia is regarded as major public health problem among adolescents in Low and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) but there is limited primary data in many countries, including Nepal. This study investigated the prevalence and correlates of anemia in a nationally representative sample of adolescents within the 2014 National Adolescent Nutrition Survey in Nepal. A total of 3780 adolescents aged 10 to 19 years were selected from a cross-sectional survey through multi-stage cluster sampling. Structured interviews, anthropometric measurements and hemoglobin assessments of capillary blood were obtained. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were undertaken to compute the Adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) for socio-demographic, behavioral and cluster characteristics. The overall prevalence of anemia was 31% (95%CI: 28.2, 33.5), 38% (95%CI: 34.0, 41.8) in female and 24% (95%CI: 20.6, 27.1) in male. The likelihood of anemia was significantly higher among older adolescents (aOR 1.75, 95%CI: 1.44, 2.13), females (aOR 2.02; 95%CI: 1.57, 2.60), among those who walk barefoot (aOR 1.78, 95%CI: 1.08, 2.94), and those residing in the Terai (aOR 1.80, 95%CI: 1.18, 2.77). Food consumption from more than four food groups (aOR 0.71, 95%CI: 0.57, 0.88) was protective against anemia. In conclusion, anemia is common in Nepali adolescents. Efforts to improve the nutritional status of this high-risk age group require nutrition that focus on eating habits, sanitation, iron supplementation and the treatment of hookworm infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binaya Chalise
- Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Donya Madjdian
- Department of Social Sciences, Sociology of Consumption and Households, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - George Patton
- Department of Paediatrics, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Royal Children’s Hospital and Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Susan Sawyer
- Department of Paediatrics, the University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Royal Children’s Hospital and Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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Kondala R, Singh Puri A, Banka AK, Sachdeva S, Sakhuja P. Potential celiac disease in Indian patients: Response. United European Gastroenterol J 2017; 5:140-141. [PMID: 28405334 PMCID: PMC5384562 DOI: 10.1177/2050640616659999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Raghuram Kondala
- Department of Gastroenterology, GB Pant Hospital, JL Nehru Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Amarender Singh Puri
- Department of Gastroenterology, GB Pant Hospital, JL Nehru Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Ameet Kumar Banka
- Department of Gastroenterology, GB Pant Hospital, JL Nehru Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjeev Sachdeva
- Department of Gastroenterology, GB Pant Hospital, JL Nehru Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Puja Sakhuja
- Department of Pathology, GB Pant Hospital, JL Nehru Marg, New Delhi, India
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Tan GZH, Das Bhowmik SS, Hoang TML, Karbaschi MR, Johnson AAT, Williams B, Mundree SG. Finger on the Pulse: Pumping Iron into Chickpea. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1755. [PMID: 29081785 PMCID: PMC5646179 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Iron deficiency is a major problem in both developing and developed countries, and much of this can be attributed to insufficient dietary intake. Over the past decades several measures, such as supplementation and food fortification, have helped to alleviate this problem. However, their associated costs limit their accessibility and effectiveness, particularly amongst the financially constrained. A more affordable and sustainable option that can be implemented alongside existing measures is biofortification. To date, much work has been invested into staples like cereals and root crops-this has culminated in the successful generation of high iron-accumulating lines in rice and pearl millet. More recently, pulses have gained attention as targets for biofortification. Being secondary staples rich in protein, they are a nutritional complement to the traditional starchy staples. Despite the relative youth of this interest, considerable advances have already been made concerning the biofortification of pulses. Several studies have been conducted in bean, chickpea, lentil, and pea to assess existing germplasm for high iron-accumulating traits. However, little is known about the molecular workings behind these traits, particularly in a leguminous context, and biofortification via genetic modification (GM) remains to be attempted. This review examines the current state of the iron biofortification in pulses, particularly chickpea. The challenges concerning biofortification in pulses are also discussed. Specifically, the potential application of transgenic technology is explored, with focus on the genes that have been successfully used in biofortification efforts in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Z. H. Tan
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Sudipta S. Das Bhowmik
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Thi M. L. Hoang
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Mohammad R. Karbaschi
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Brett Williams
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Sagadevan G. Mundree
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- *Correspondence: Sagadevan G. Mundree
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