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Kosińska A, Mrózek M, Łopyta-Mirocha M, Tomsia M. The smallest traces of crime: Trace elements in forensic science. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2024; 86:127527. [PMID: 39288558 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2024.127527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 09/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Securing the evidence in various investigative situations is often associated with trace analysis, including fingerprints or blood groups. However, when classic and conventional methods fail, trace elements, such as copper, zinc, fluorine, and many others found in exceedingly insignificant amounts in organisms, may prove useful and effective. METHODS The presented work reviews articles published between 2003 and 2023, describing the use of trace elements and the analytical methods employed for their analysis in forensic medicine and related sciences. RESULTS & CONCLUSION Trace elements can be valuable as traces collected at crime scenes and during corpse examination, aiding in determining characteristics like the sex or age of the deceased. Additionally, trace elements levels in the body can serve as alcohol or drug poisoning markers. In traumatology, trace elements enable the identification of various instruments and the injuries caused by their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kosińska
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Medyków 18 Street, Katowice 40-752, Poland.
| | - Marcella Mrózek
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Medyków 18 Street, Katowice 40-752, Poland.
| | - Marta Łopyta-Mirocha
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Medyków 18 Street, Katowice 40-752, Poland.
| | - Marcin Tomsia
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Forensic Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Medyków 18 Street, Katowice 40-752, Poland.
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2
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Redouté Minzière V, Weyermann C. Organic and inorganic gunshot residues on the hands, forearms, face, and nostrils of shooters 30 min after a discharge. Sci Justice 2024; 64:557-571. [PMID: 39277338 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2024.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
During the investigation of firearm-related incidents, gunshot residues (GSR) can be collected on the scene and individuals (e.g., shooters or bystanders). Their analysis can give valuable information for the reconstruction of the events. Since GSR collection on persons of interest generally occurs a few minutes to hours after discharge, knowledge is needed to understand how organic (O), and inorganic (I) residues are transferred and persist. In this research, the quantities of OGSR and IGSR were assessed on the right and left hands, forearms, face, and nostrils of four shooters. Specimens were collected immediately before the discharge (shooter's blank specimens) and shortly after (30 min) using carbon adhesive stubs. Organic compounds were first extracted from the collection device and analysed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Subsequently, IGSR particles were detected on the same stub using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM/EDS). Shooter's blank specimen analysis revealed background contamination of both O and IGSR in the shooter's environment, predominantly attributed to the presence of an indoor shooting range. However, the background quantities generally remained below the associated 30-minute specimen. Thirty minutes after a discharge, higher quantities were generally detected on the shooter's right and left hands than on other collection regions for both GSR types. Forearms and face emerged as interesting collection alternatives, especially in cases where a person of interest may have washed their hands in the interval between the discharge and collection. In contrast, very low amounts of GSR were detected in the nostrils. Furthermore, the results indicated that OGSR and IGSR have different transfer and persistence mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Céline Weyermann
- Ecole des Sciences Criminelles, Université de Lausanne, Switzerland.
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3
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Demircioğlu D, Yildirim MŞ, Erkan E, Çapaci M, Tümer AR, Akçan R. Beyond the shot: Exploring secondary transfer of gunshot residue on common surfaces and the impact of hand cleaning methods. Forensic Sci Int 2024; 361:112135. [PMID: 38972145 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the presence, transfer dynamics and depletion of gunshot residues (GSR) on various surfaces is crucial for preserving evidence, reconstructing shooting incidents, and linking suspects to crime scenes. This study aims to explore the transfer and loss of GSR on commonly encountered surfaces such as ceramic, glass, metal, paper, and plastic, as well as the influence of different common hand cleaning methods on secondary transfer. Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and automated detection software, we quantified highly indicative three-component characteristic particles (lead, barium, and antimony) on cups made from ceramic, glass, metal, paper, and plastic. Furthermore, we evaluated the amount of secondary transferred particles on these surfaces following various post-discharge hand cleaning methods: washing with water and soap, washing with only water, wiping with wet wipes, or using paper towels. The results demonstrate that counts of secondarily transferred GSR particles vary significantly among surfaces. Specifically, the transferred GSR count was highest on paper, followed by plastic, ceramic, metal, and glass respectively. Post-discharge hand cleaning methods, including washing with water and soap, washing with only water, cleaning with wet wipes, or with paper towel, resulted in substantial loss of GSR count on transferred surfaces. Among these methods, washing with water and soap showed the highest depletion. The empirical evidence provided by our results underscores the importance of considering surface properties, post-shooting activities, and the methods of sample collection and analysis when interpreting transferred GSR analysis. Despite challenges, these insights enhance our ability to link suspects to shooting crimes through careful consideration of the entire context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Demircioğlu
- Department of Criminology, Ankara General Command of Gendarmerie, Ankara, Turkey.
| | | | - Emre Erkan
- Department of Criminology, Ankara General Command of Gendarmerie, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Merve Çapaci
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Ali Rıza Tümer
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Ramazan Akçan
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
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4
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Gorey B, Boyle M, O'Brien CM, O'Shaughnessy J, Daly D, Forde A. Gunshot residue (GSR): Frequency of residue types encountered in case work and background levels on control samples. Forensic Sci Int 2024; 359:112029. [PMID: 38657323 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The evaluation of criminal cases involving the discharge of a firearm requires reliable and up to date information regarding the transfer and persistence of gunshot residue (GSR). Similarly, knowledge of background levels of GSR on relevant populations and awareness of the potential for contamination/secondary transfer is essential. In this paper we build on previous work published by this laboratory and provide an update on the frequency of gunshot residue types in discharged cartridge casings (DCC) encountered in casework within the Republic of Ireland. In conjunction, an examination of the types of firearms encountered in casework and the associated residue types is undertaken. Finally, a review of levels of GSR particles detected on control samples taken from members of An Garda Síochána, the Irish police is detailed. Control samples are taken before a police officer samples a detainee suspected of involvement in an incident where a firearm was discharged and/or subsequently handled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Gorey
- Forensic Science Ireland, Department of Justice, Backweston Campus, Stacumny Lane, Celbridge, Kildare, Ireland.
| | - Michelle Boyle
- Forensic Science Ireland, Department of Justice, Backweston Campus, Stacumny Lane, Celbridge, Kildare, Ireland
| | - Clíona M O'Brien
- Forensic Science Ireland, Department of Justice, Backweston Campus, Stacumny Lane, Celbridge, Kildare, Ireland
| | - John O'Shaughnessy
- Department of Analytical, Biopharmaceutical and Medical Sciences, School of Science and Computing, Atlantic Technological University, Galway, Ireland
| | - Dyan Daly
- Forensic Science Ireland, Department of Justice, Backweston Campus, Stacumny Lane, Celbridge, Kildare, Ireland
| | - Annette Forde
- Forensic Science Ireland, Department of Justice, Backweston Campus, Stacumny Lane, Celbridge, Kildare, Ireland
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5
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Merelli V, Caccia G, Mazzarelli D, Franceschetti L, Paciello O, Bonizzoni L, Caccianiga M, Campobasso C, Cattaneo C. Skin surface debris as an archive of environmental traces: an investigation through the naked eye, episcopic microscope, ED-XRF, and SEM-EDX. Int J Legal Med 2024; 138:123-137. [PMID: 37227490 PMCID: PMC10772008 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-023-03021-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Traces from bodies can be of various nature, for example of biological or inorganic origin. Some of these historically have received more consideration than others in forensic practice. Samplings of gunshot residues or biological fluid traces are commonly standardized, whereas macroscopically invisible environmental traces are usually ignored. This paper simulated the interaction between a cadaver and a crime scene by placing skin samples on the ground of five different workplaces and inside the trunk of a car. Traces on samples were then investigated through different approaches: the naked eye, episcopic microscope, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (ED-XRF). The purpose is to provide the forensic scientist with the awareness of the value of debris on skin and then to highlight implications for forensic investigations. Results demonstrated that even naked eye observation can reveal useful trace materials, for defining the possible surrounding environment. As a next step, the episcopic microscope can increase the number of visible particulates and their analysis. In parallel, the ED-XRF spectroscopy can be useful to add a first chemical composition to the morphological data. Finally, the SEM-EDX analysis on small samples can provide the greatest morphological detail and the most complete chemical analysis, although limited, like the previous technique, to inorganic matrices. The analysis of debris on the skin, even with the difficulties due to the presence of contaminants, can provide information on the environments involved in criminal events that can add to the investigation framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Merelli
- Labanof (Laboratorio Di Antropologia E Odontologia Forense), Sezione Di Medicina Legale, Dipartimento Di Scienze Biomediche Per La Salute, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Caccia
- Labanof (Laboratorio Di Antropologia E Odontologia Forense), Sezione Di Medicina Legale, Dipartimento Di Scienze Biomediche Per La Salute, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy.
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Sperimentale, Università Degli Studi Della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy.
| | - Debora Mazzarelli
- Labanof (Laboratorio Di Antropologia E Odontologia Forense), Sezione Di Medicina Legale, Dipartimento Di Scienze Biomediche Per La Salute, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Franceschetti
- Labanof (Laboratorio Di Antropologia E Odontologia Forense), Sezione Di Medicina Legale, Dipartimento Di Scienze Biomediche Per La Salute, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Orlando Paciello
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Veterinaria E Produzioni Animali, Università Degli Studi Di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Letizia Bonizzoni
- Dipartimento Di Fisica Aldo Pontremoli, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Caccianiga
- Dipartimento Di Bioscienze, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Campobasso
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Sperimentale, Università Degli Studi Della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Cristina Cattaneo
- Labanof (Laboratorio Di Antropologia E Odontologia Forense), Sezione Di Medicina Legale, Dipartimento Di Scienze Biomediche Per La Salute, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milan, Italy
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6
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Rodriguez-Pascual JA, Doña-Fernández A, Loarce-Tejada Y, de Andres-Gimeno I, Valtuille-Fernández E, Gutiérrez-Redomero E, Gomez-Laina FJ. Assessment of gunshot residue detection on a large variety of surfaces by portable LIBS system for crime scene application. Forensic Sci Int 2023; 353:111886. [PMID: 37977062 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The application of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) in forensic science has garnered increasing attention. The ability to perform real-time, on-site analysis of Gunshot Residue (GSR) particles and potential elements originating from bullets or projectile cores on various surfaces holds the potential to assist in resolving firearms-related cases. This includes facilitating trajectory determination by locating distinct impact points and identifying the types of ammunition used. This study evaluates the utilization of a portable LIBS device for ballistic forensic purposes. Additionally, it focuses on the assessment of potential false positives and false negatives arising from the different materials where the shots have been fired. Since the system performs laser ablation of both surface particles and the substrate, it emphasizes the importance of conducting preliminary screening in an area with the same composition as the impact zone to minimize potential false positives during direct surface analysis. Furthermore, the results demonstrate the capability to detect the constituent elements of characteristic gunshot residue particles (GSR particles): lead (Pb), antimony (Sb), and barium (Ba) adhering to bullets, as well as the principal elements composing the jacket or core of the projectile: lead (Pb), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) through direct analysis, without the need for a sampling kit, on different surfaces such as walls, furniture, or fabrics. Analyses conducted a month after the shots were fired indicate the potential for finding residues in the vicinity of the bullet hole. Analyses conducted a month after the shots were fired indicate the possibility of finding residues in the area around the bullet hole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Antonio Rodriguez-Pascual
- Ballistics Section of the Spanish Scientific Police Headquarters (National Police), Julián González Segador s/n, Madrid, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Ciencias Policiales (IUICP), Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Yolanda Loarce-Tejada
- Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Israel de Andres-Gimeno
- Chemical Laboratory of the Spanish Scientific Police Headquarters (National Police), Julián González Segador s/n, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Esperanza Gutiérrez-Redomero
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Ciencias Policiales (IUICP), Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Gomez-Laina
- Ballistics Section of the Spanish Scientific Police Headquarters (National Police), Julián González Segador s/n, Madrid, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Ciencias Policiales (IUICP), Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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7
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Redouté Minzière V, Robyr O, Weyermann C. Should inorganic or organic gunshot residues be analysed first? Forensic Sci Int 2023:111600. [PMID: 36801088 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Gunshot residues (GSR) collected during the investigation of firearm-related incidents can provide useful information for the reconstruction of the events. Two main types of GSR traces can be targeted by forensic scientists, the inorganic (IGSR) and the organic GSR (OGSR). Up to now, forensic laboratories have mainly focused on the detection of inorganic particles on the hands and clothes of a person of interest using carbon stubs analysed by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM/EDS). Several approaches have been proposed to also analyse the organic compounds since they might bring additional information for the investigation. However, implementing such approaches might disrupt the detection of IGSR (and vice versa depending on the applied sequence of analysis). In this work, two sequences were compared for the combined detection of both types of residues. One carbon stub was used for collection, and the analysis was performed either by targeting the IGSR or the OGSR first. The aim was to evaluate which one allows maximum recovery of both types of GSR while minimising losses that might occur at different stages of the analysis process. SEM/EDS was used for the detection of IGSR particles while an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) was used for the analysis of OGSR compounds. Extracting OGSR first required the implementation of an extraction protocol that did not interfere with the IGSR particles present on the stub. Both sequences allowed good recovery of the inorganic particles since no significant difference was observed in the detected concentrations. However, OGSR concentrations were lower after IGSR analysis than before for two compounds (ethyl and methylcentralite). Thus, it is advised to extract rapidly the OGSR before or after IGSR analysis to avoid losses during the storage and analysis processes. The data also indicated that there was a low correlation between IGSR and OGSR highlighting the potential of a combined detection and analysis of both types of GSR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olivier Robyr
- Microscan Service SA, Chavannes-près-Renens, Switzerland
| | - Céline Weyermann
- Ecole des Sciences Criminelles, Université de Lausanne, Switzerland
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8
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Oberenko AV, Sagalakov SA, Kachin SV. [Current approaches for sampling to study the traces of gunshot residue]. Sud Med Ekspert 2023; 66:55-58. [PMID: 38093431 DOI: 10.17116/sudmed20236606155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
An overview of researches, mainly by foreign specialists, on current available approaches for sampling to study the traces of gunshot residue (GSR) is presented. The comparative characteristics of traditional methods of samples (use of cotton and gauze tampons, blotting paper, textile fabrics, adhesive tapes, adhesives and vacuum samplers), as well as advanced technologies, including special devices and sorbents, are given. The characteristics of samplings from hands, scalp, nostrils, clothes of examined persons as well as procedures, that allow to increase the duration of GSR detection, are described in details. The importance of GSR sustainability over time is noted. On average, the most likely detection periods of particles are less than 1 hour for samples, collected from hands, more than 1 hour for samples from clothes and 2-3 hours for face. It is possible to detect the GSR particles in hair up to 24 h., and in nasal mucus after 6 h. of shot. The methods of identification and determination for analytes of inorganic and organic nature are discussed. The most common methods for determining heavy metal particles are atomic spectrometry, namely atomic absorption with electrothermal atomization and atomic emission. The combination of scanning laser ablation and mass-spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma makes it possible to detect more than 15 analytes in a single sample. Scanning electron microscopy with X-ray detectors is effective for the examination of powder particles. The described methods of sampling complement each other increasing the possibility of evidence base for court proceedings.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Oberenko
- Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Expert-Criminalistic Center of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia for the Siberian Federal District, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | | | - S V Kachin
- Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
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9
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A likelihood-ratio framework for evaluating results of forensic gunshot-residue analysis. Forensic Sci Int 2022; 336:111339. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2022.111339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Evaluation of organic and inorganic gunshot residues in various populations using LC-MS/MS. Forensic Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2021.100389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Brożek-Mucha Z, Wąs-Gubała J. Effects of the interaction of gunshot residue plume and cotton fabrics—an empirical study towards extensive assessment of close-range shooting distance. Analyst 2022; 147:2141-2155. [DOI: 10.1039/d1an02001c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study is focused on the distribution of gunshot residue as well as changes in the textiles to support forensic investigations of suicides and homicides committed by means of a firearm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jolanta Wąs-Gubała
- Institute of Forensic Research, Westerplatte St. 9, 31-033 Krakow, Poland
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Séguin K, Falardeau M, Mousseau V, Ducharme N, Cadola L, Crispino F. First lessons regarding the data analysis of gunshot residue traces at activity level in TTADB. CANADIAN SOCIETY OF FORENSIC SCIENCE JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00085030.2021.2007666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karelle Séguin
- Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Criminalistique, Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Mylène Falardeau
- Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Criminalistique, Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
- Laboratoire de Sciences Judiciaires et de Médecine Légale, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Vincent Mousseau
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Criminalistique, Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
- École de Criminologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre Interuniversitaire de Criminologie Comparée (CICC), Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Nadia Ducharme
- Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Criminalistique, Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Liv Cadola
- Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Criminalistique, Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Frank Crispino
- Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Criminalistique, Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
- Centre Interuniversitaire de Criminologie Comparée (CICC), Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
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13
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Abedi M, Bonsu DOM, Badu IK, Afoakwah R, Ahuja P. Spectroscopic (analytical) approach to gunshot residue analysis for shooting distance estimation: a systematic review. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s41935-021-00253-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The determination of the shooting distance using gunshot residue (GSR) analysis is crucial in the investigation and reconstruction of firearm-related crimes. However, the conventional chemographic method for GSR analysis is destructive and has limited sensitivity and selectivity. While the spectroscopic method has potential in GSR analysis for crime investigation, there is a current lack of consistency in the spectroscopic results obtained for shooting distance estimation via GSR analysis. Addressing such limitations will enhance the forensic capabilities of law enforcement and provide an added advantage to crime laboratories during an investigation. It will also reinforce the use of such spectroscopic data in a criminal investigation.
Main text
We obtained all peer-reviewed articles relevant to shooting distance estimation from searching Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases. We specifically searched the databases using the keywords “shooting distance,” “range of fire,” “gunshot residue,” “firearm discharge residue,” and “firearm-related crime” and obtained 3811 records. We further filtered these records using a combination of two basic keywords “gunshot residue” and “shooting distance estimations” yielding 108 papers. Following a careful evaluation of the titles, abstracts, and full texts, 40 original peer-reviewed articles on shooting distance estimation via GSR analysis were included in the study. The forgoing included additional sources (n = 5) we obtained from looking through the reference lists of the forensic articles we found.
Short conclusion
This paper discusses the current scope of research concerning the chemographic and spectroscopic analysis of GSR for shooting distance estimation. It also examines the challenges of these techniques and provides recommendations for future research.
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14
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Kara I, Tahillioglu E. Digital image analysis of gunshot residue dimensional dispersion by computer vision method. Microsc Res Tech 2021; 85:971-979. [PMID: 34655131 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Detection and identification of gunshot residues (GSR) have been used as base evidence in elucidating forensic cases. GSR particles consist of burnt and partially unburned material and contaminate the hands, face, hair, and clothes of the shooter when coming out of the gun. Nowadays, GSR samples are collected from the hands of the suspect and are analyzed routinely in forensic laboratories by the scanning electron microscope/energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) method. GSR particles are comprised of a morphological and specific structure (generally spherical and have a diameter between 0 and 100 μm [occasionally even larger]). In addition, the present studies in the field have claimed that GSR particles during formation are formed under equilibrium surface distribution and are unrelated to morphological dimensional classification. Our contribution to this study is two-folded. First, this study offers a new approach to identify images of GSR particles by computer vision gathered by SEM/EDS method from the hand of the shooter. Second, it presents open access to the SEM/EDS image data set of the analyzed GSR. During the study, a new data set consisting of 22,408 samples from three different types of MKEK (Mechanical and Chemical Industries Corporation) brand ammunition has been used. It is seen in the results that the computer vision method has been successful in the dimensional classification of GSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilker Kara
- Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Eldivan Medical Services Vocational School, Çankırı Karatekin University, Çankırı, Turkey
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15
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Rosengarten H, Israelsohn O, Sirota N, Mero O. Finding GSR evidence on used towels. Forensic Sci Int 2021; 328:111032. [PMID: 34619559 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.111032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
When a firearm is discharged, gunshot residue (GSR) is produced and may be deposited on a shooter's body and his close vicinity. The tendency of GSR to drop off easily from the shooter may hinder forensic detection; this well-known phenomenon is accelerated by various common physical activities so that the number of particles detected on a suspect decreases over time. After shooting incidents, suspects will often try to cover their tracks by taking a shower. In these cases, it was assumed that no GSR will be detected upon examining the suspect's hand and hair. In the present study, we provide a way to overcome this loss of evidence by taking advantage of another occurrence, namely secondary transfer. Our participants were asked to take a shower after shooting a firearm. Samples were thereafter collected from the used bath towels and were found to contain up to a few dozen particles characteristic of GSR, including very large particles (>45 µm). The detection of GSR on a suspect's towel may provide significant forensic evidence aiding an investigation. When a shooter tries to remove evidence by taking a shower, sampling the towels that he may have used can preserve important evidence and connect a suspect to a shooting incident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hila Rosengarten
- Toolmark and Materials laboratory, Division of Identification and Forensic Science, Israel Police, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Osnat Israelsohn
- Toolmark and Materials laboratory, Division of Identification and Forensic Science, Israel Police, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Noam Sirota
- Scientific officers at the portable laboratory, Division of Identification and Forensic Science, Israel Police, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - On Mero
- Scientific officers at the portable laboratory, Division of Identification and Forensic Science, Israel Police, Jerusalem, Israel
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16
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Trends in Gunshot Residue Detection by Electrochemical Methods for Forensic Purpose. JOURNAL OF ANALYSIS AND TESTING 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41664-020-00152-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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17
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Akçan R, Demircioglu D, Aydogan HC, Cavlak M, Erkan E, Demiray E, Mercan M, Rıza Tümer A. Ear as an alternative sampling site for GSR analysis following shotgun discharge. J Forensic Sci 2021; 66:1042-1047. [PMID: 33491186 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Detection of GSR particles potentially indicates that a person fired a gun or somehow involved to a shooting event. GSR on the shooter's hand, face, and clothing may disappear within hours and with sweat secretion, washing or cleaning to remove evidences. Due to its anatomical properties, ears are relatively protected; therefore, we aimed to identify GSR particles on ears, to compare its anatomical parts of ears, and compare ears with common GSR sampling sites, based on firing frequency. A 12-gauge semi-automatic shotgun was used. In the 4-week study, one shot in the first week, two consecutive shots in second week, three shots in third week, and five shots in fourth week were fired by six participants. Samples were taken from MAE, CA, and AAECA of both ears and common GSR sampling sites. The characteristic 3-component structure (Pb/Sb/Ba) of the samples was analyzed by SEM/EDX. Right CA was the most suitable area for sampling, which might be attributed to posture of body during targeting. Right ear was the most suitable area to take samples from CA or MAE in 3-shot group. Besides, left AAECA in 1- and 2-shot groups and the left MAE in 5-shot group were the most suitable areas for GSR sampling. In conclusion, ear seems to be a valuable alternative for detection of GSR particles, due to its complex anatomical structure potentially preventing loss of GSR with daily cleaning. Findings suggested that crime scene investigation teams and criminal laboratory staff should consider ear as a valuable alternative for GSR detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramazan Akçan
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Derya Demircioglu
- Department of Criminology, Ankara General Command of Gendarmerie, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Halit Canberk Aydogan
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Gülhane Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Cavlak
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emre Erkan
- Department of Criminology, Ankara General Command of Gendarmerie, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emirhan Demiray
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Mercan
- Department of Criminology, Ankara General Command of Gendarmerie, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ali Rıza Tümer
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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18
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Feeney W, Vander Pyl C, Bell S, Trejos T. Trends in composition, collection, persistence, and analysis of IGSR and OGSR: A review. Forensic Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2020.100250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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19
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Abstract
Gunshot-residue (GSR) particles usually form spherical structures, have special dimensions, and a composition that consists of burned and partially unburned matter with a 0.5–50-µm diameter (sometimes larger). The GSR particle-size distributions have been argued to be caused by the effects of equilibrium-surface distributions during formation and have not yet been correlated with a theoretical analysis or probability distribution. This study proposes a model to explain the GSR particle-size distribution quantitatively. Based on the data, and, as predicted by our model, the number of GSR particles decreases proportionally to the inverse square of the GSR particle size as the particle size increases. This result occurs because of the abundance of microstructures that are encountered in the GSR particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- İlker Kara
- Department of Medical Services and Technique Eldivan, Çankırı Karatekin University, Çankırı, Turkey
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20
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Romanò S, De-Giorgio F, D’Onofrio C, Gravina L, Abate S, Romolo FS. Characterisation of gunshot residues from non-toxic ammunition and their persistence on the shooter’s hands. Int J Legal Med 2020; 134:1083-1094. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-020-02261-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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21
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Aliste M, Arranz S, Sánchez-Ortega A, Sampedro MC, Unceta N, Gómez-Caballero A, Vallejo A, Goicolea MA, Barrio RJ. Particle Analysis for the Detection of Gunshot Residue (GSR) in Nasal Samples Using Scanning Laser Ablation and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (SLA-ICPMS). J Forensic Sci 2020; 65:1094-1101. [PMID: 31943223 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Currently, aluminum stub with carbon adhesive devices are used to collect inorganic gunshot residues (GSR) from the hands of a shooter. In an ideal shooting case, the gunshot particles do not persist for more than 2 h in the hands of the shooter, provided that the hands have not been washed. However, for forensic analysis and inference, the extended persistence of GSR would be desirable. This study investigates a novel GSR sampling and detection protocol. Sampling was performed in the nostrils using swab devices impregnated in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). The GSRs persisted for longer periods in nasal mucus than on the hands, and particles were detected 6 h after shooting occurred. The analytical determination was conducted by scanning laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (SLA-ICPMS) which enable the identification of the number of particles and their elemental composition. Seventeen isotope signals corresponding to 13 C, 205 Tl and 15 analytes that are usually associated with the composition of GSR residues were monitored: 27 Al, 29 Si, 31 P, 33 S, 35 Cl, 39 K, 44 Ca, 57 Fe, 60 Ni, 63 Cu, 66 Zn, 118 Sn, 121 Sb, 137 Ba, and 208 Pb. The SLA technique enabled the reduction of the swab analysis time to 40 min. The effectiveness of this methodology was evaluated with two types of firearms: a pistol and a shotgun. The results indicated that the methodology proposed for the analysis of the nasal GSR was effective and that it can improve or complement the forensic analyses and inferences presented in a court.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Aliste
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Sandra Arranz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Alicia Sánchez-Ortega
- Central Service of Analysis (SGiker), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Laskaray Ikergunea, Miguel de Unamuno 3, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - M Carmen Sampedro
- Central Service of Analysis (SGiker), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Laskaray Ikergunea, Miguel de Unamuno 3, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Nora Unceta
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Alberto Gómez-Caballero
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Asier Vallejo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Maria Aranzazu Goicolea
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Ramón J Barrio
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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22
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Choban E, Starn T. Electrical Pulse Generated Upon Discharging a Firearm and Its Implication for Gunshot Residue Analysis. J Forensic Sci 2020; 65:225-228. [PMID: 31411739 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ammunition primers consisting of a mixture of lead styphnate, barium nitrate, and antimony (III) sulfide, upon deflagration, lead to the formation of inorganic gunshot residue (GSR). The cations, from their predeflagration form, undergo reduction reactions during burning to form the classic spheroidal, micron-sized particles indicative of GSR. However, the rapidly changing pressure and temperature of the reaction zone implies that the reactions cannot go to completion. In this study, we use a conductivity detector to show that GSR produces an electrical pulse which corroborates the incomplete redox chemistry. We find that the shape of some GSR formed in an electric field also suggests its nonneutral character. Tantalizingly, the formation of GSR might be a result of Coulombic repulsion shattering the molten droplets in to smaller spheroids. Lastly, we suggest that deposition or transfer of GSR could be influenced by static electricity, an area which should be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella Choban
- West Chester University of Pennsylvania, West Chester, PA, 19383
| | - Tim Starn
- West Chester University of Pennsylvania, West Chester, PA, 19383
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23
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A forensic investigation on the persistence of organic gunshot residues. Forensic Sci Int 2018; 292:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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24
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Doña-Fernández A, de Andres-Gimeno I, Santiago-Toribio P, Valtuille-Fernández E, Aller-Sanchez F, Heras-González A. Real-time detection of GSR particles from crime scene: A comparative study of SEM/EDX and portable LIBS system. Forensic Sci Int 2018; 292:167-175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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25
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Laflèche DJN, Brière SJJ, Faragher NF, Hearns NGR. Gunshot residue and airbags: Part I. Assessing the risk of deployed automotive airbags to produce particles similar to gunshot residue. CANADIAN SOCIETY OF FORENSIC SCIENCE JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00085030.2018.1463202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Denis J. N. Laflèche
- Trace Evidence Services, RCMP National Forensic Laboratory Services, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Serge J. J. Brière
- Trace Evidence Services, RCMP National Forensic Laboratory Services, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nichole F. Faragher
- Trace Evidence Services, RCMP National Forensic Laboratory Services, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nigel G. R. Hearns
- Trace Evidence Services, RCMP National Forensic Laboratory Services, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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26
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Chun HJ, Nam SM, Cho IH. Study of the Heavy Metals in Fume of Buckshot, Blood Lead Concentration and Self-Rated Health Status of National Clay Shooting Athletes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.5763/kjsm.2018.36.2.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Jae Chun
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Min Nam
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, Korea
| | - In-Ho Cho
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, Korea
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27
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Brożek-Mucha Z, Zdeb K. Controversial Suicide Case Using a Submachine Gun with a Sound Suppressor-The Need of Team Work of Forensic Chemistry and Firearm Examiners. J Forensic Sci 2017; 63:921-929. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna Brożek-Mucha
- Department of Criminalistics; Institute of Forensic Research; Westerplatte St. 9 31-033 Krakow Poland
| | - Krzysztof Zdeb
- Criminalistics Laboratory; Lesser Poland Voivodeship Command of the Police; Mogilska St. 109 31-571 Krakow Poland
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28
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Kara İ. The influence of different skin types on GSR sampling by tape lifting for SEM analysis. Microsc Res Tech 2017; 80:1310-1314. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- İlker Kara
- Department of Engineering Physics; Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University; Ankara Turkey
- Department of Ballistic; Ballistics Expert, Ankara Criminal Police Laboratory; Ankara Turkey
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29
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Brożek-Mucha Z. Trends in analysis of gunshot residue for forensic purposes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:5803-5811. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0460-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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30
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Blakey LS, Sharples GP, Chana K, Birkett JW. Fate and Behavior of Gunshot Residue-A Review. J Forensic Sci 2017; 63:9-19. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren S. Blakey
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences; Faculty of Science; Liverpool John Moores University; Byrom Street L3 3AF Liverpool UK
| | - George P. Sharples
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences; Faculty of Science; Liverpool John Moores University; Byrom Street L3 3AF Liverpool UK
| | - Kal Chana
- Orchid Cellmark; PO Box 265 Abingdon OX14 1YX Oxfordshire UK
| | - Jason W. Birkett
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences; Faculty of Science; Liverpool John Moores University; Byrom Street L3 3AF Liverpool UK
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31
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Brożek-Mucha Z. A study of gunshot residue distribution for close-range shots with a silenced gun using optical and scanning electron microscopy, X-ray microanalysis and infrared spectroscopy. Sci Justice 2017; 57:87-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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32
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Maitre M, Kirkbride K, Horder M, Roux C, Beavis A. Current perspectives in the interpretation of gunshot residues in forensic science: A review. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 270:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Cook M. Gunshot residue contamination of the hands of police officers following start-of-shift handling of their firearm. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 269:56-62. [PMID: 27866062 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
If police officers are contaminated with gunshot residue (GSR) through the normal receiving, checking, loading, and securing of their issued firearm, there is the potential for secondary transfer of GSR to anyone those officers arrest during their shift. This 3-part study examined the level of GSR contamination of police officers following the start-of-shift handling of their standard issue firearm, the impact that hand-washing or the use of a self-drying hand-wash had on the level of GSR contamination, and the likelihood of officers re-contaminating their hands through contact with the exposed hand-grip of their holstered hand-gun. Almost 85% (28/33) of officers sampled had 3-component GSR particles on their hands immediately following the start-of-shift handling of their firearm. There was an average of 64 such particles over the 33 officers sampled. Of the 17 officers who washed their hands after securing their firearm, a single 3-component particle was recovered from the hands of one officer. GSR particles (maximum of 4) were recovered from 3 of the 14 officers who used self-drying hand gel following firearm handling. 3-component particles (maximum of 7) were recovered from the hand-grips of 12 of the 34 unissued handguns sampled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Cook
- Forensic Science South Australia (FSSA), GPO Box 2790, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia.
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34
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Lucas N, Cook M, Wallace J, Kirkbride KP, Kobus H. Quantifying gunshot residues in cases of suicide: Implications for evaluation of suicides and criminal shootings. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 266:289-298. [PMID: 27348466 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Gunshot residue (GSR) is a valuable form of forensic trace evidence in the investigation of firearms-related suicide and crime. In order to ensure that such evidence is given appropriate evidential weighting when it comes to case investigations, the dynamics of the deposition and distribution of GSR must be understood. As the activity of the subject after firing is a major factor in the retention of GSR, cases of suicide involving a firearm provide an opportunity to assess GSR distribution where post-shooting activity is not an issue, assuming the subject had not been moved. Seventy-one cases of suicide by gunshot in South Australia between 1998 and 2014 were examined to collect data on firearm type, calibre, and gunshot residue test results. Overall, 47% of cases were found to produce GSR results that were not of high probative value, even though it was known that the shooter had fired a firearm. Of particular interest were cases involving 0.22 rimfire ammunition, for which characteristic particles are not expected due to lack of antimony present in the primer. Despite this, 64% of these cases resulted in the detection of antimony-containing, three-component particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Lucas
- Flinders University, South Australia, Bedford Park, SA, Australia.
| | - Michael Cook
- Forensic Science SA, Divett Place, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - James Wallace
- Retired Forensic Scientist, Northern Ireland Forensic Science Laboratory, United Kingdom
| | - K Paul Kirkbride
- Flinders University, South Australia, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Hilton Kobus
- Flinders University, South Australia, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
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35
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Hannigan TJ, McDermott SD, Greaney CM, O'Shaughnessy J, O’Brien CM. Evaluation of gunshot residue (GSR) evidence: Surveys of prevalence of GSR on clothing and frequency of residue types. Forensic Sci Int 2015; 257:177-181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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36
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Chemical and physical characterisation of welding fume particles for distinguishing from gunshot residue. Forensic Sci Int 2015; 254:51-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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37
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López-López M, Fernández de la Ossa MÁ, García-Ruiz C. Fast Analysis of Complete Macroscopic Gunshot Residues on Substrates Using Raman Imaging. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 69:889-93. [PMID: 26036696 DOI: 10.1366/14-07816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy has emerged as a viable technique for the organic analysis of gunshot residues (GSRs), offering additional information to the well-established analysis using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). In this article, a Raman imaging system with an electron-multiplying coupled-charged device (EMCCD) camera was used to analyze complete GSR particles from both conventional and nontoxic ammunition fired at different cloth targets. The same cloths were then stained with blood to mimic real evidence and measured. The direct analysis using Raman imaging of the GSR particles collected with the stubs used for SEM-EDX analysis (the frequent method used for GSR collection) was evaluated. Multivariate curve-resolution and chemical-mapping methods were applied to the spectroscopic data to identify and highlight the signal corresponding to the GSR particles and differentiate them from the substrates. It was confirmed that both measurement approaches (on the targets and the stubs) could be used for the identification of GSR particles, even under unfavorable conditions such as the presence of blood. The results obtained demonstrate the huge potential of Raman imaging for the fast analysis of complete GSR particles and prove its complementary usefulness in the analysis of the stubs used by the well-established SEM-EDX technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- María López-López
- University of Alcalá, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Multipurpose Building of Chemistry and University Institute of Research in Police Sciences, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona km 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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38
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Weber I, Melo A, Lucena M, Consoli E, Rodrigues M, de Sá G, Maldaner A, Talhavini M, Alves S. Use of luminescent gunshot residues markers in forensic context. Forensic Sci Int 2014; 244:276-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis for chemical and morphological characterisation of the inorganic component of gunshot residue: selected problems. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:428038. [PMID: 25025050 PMCID: PMC4082842 DOI: 10.1155/2014/428038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chosen aspects of examinations of inorganic gunshot particles by means of scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry technique are presented. The research methodology of particles was worked out, which included a precise and repeatable procedure of the automatic detection and identification of particles as well as the representation of the obtained analytical data in the form of the frequencies of occurrence of particles of certain chemical or morphological class within the whole population of particles revealed in a specimen. On this basis, there were established relationships between the chemical and morphological properties of populations of particles and factors, such as the type of ammunition, the distance from the gun muzzle to the target, the type of a substrate the particles sediment on, and the time between shooting and collecting the specimens. Each of these aspects of examinations of particles revealed a great potential of being utilised in casework, while establishing various circumstances of shooting incidents leads to the reconstruction of the course of the studied incident.
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On the prevalence of gunshot residue in selected populations – An empirical study performed with SEM-EDX analysis. Forensic Sci Int 2014; 237:46-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Detection of anionic energetic material residues in enhanced fingermarks on porous and non-porous surfaces using ion chromatography. Forensic Sci Int 2013; 231:150-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Christopher ME, Warmenhoeven JW, Romolo FS, Donghi M, Webb RP, Jeynes C, Ward NI, Kirkby KJ, Bailey MJ. A new quantitative method for gunshot residue analysis by ion beam analysis. Analyst 2013; 138:4649-55. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an00597f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Gibelli D, Mazzarelli D, Porta D, Rizzi A, Cattaneo C. Detection of metal residues on bone using SEM-EDS—Part II: Sharp force injury. Forensic Sci Int 2012; 223:91-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Preliminary evaluation of the persistence of organic gunshot residue. Forensic Sci Int 2012; 222:137-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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