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Palchikova IG, Latyshov IV, Smirnov ES, Vasiliev VA, Kondakov AV, Budaeva IA. Computer Vision in Analyzing the Propagation of a Gas-Gunpowder Jet. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 22:6. [PMID: 35009548 PMCID: PMC8747569 DOI: 10.3390/s22010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A method of mathematically processing the digital images of targets is developed. The theoretical and mathematical justification and the experimental validation of the possibility of estimating the amount of gunshot residue (GSR) and determining the GSR distribution over the target on the basis of its digital image is provided. The analysis of the optical density in selected concentric rings in the images reveals the radial dependence of soot distribution in the cross section of a gas-gunpowder jet. The analysis of the optical density in selected sectors of the circle reveals the angular dependence of the soot distribution in the gas-gunpowder jet cross section. It is shown that the integral optical density averaged over a selected area in the target image characterizes the mass of GSP deposited on it. It is possible to quantify the differences in the radial and angular distributions of the thickness of the GSR layer on various targets obtained both with the help of weapons of different types at the same distances and with the help of weapons of the same type at different distances, by calculating the distribution of optical density on their digital images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina G. Palchikova
- Technological Design Institute of Scientific Instrument Engineering of the Siberian Branch of the RAS, 630058 Novosibirsk, Russia; (E.S.S.); (I.A.B.)
| | - Igor V. Latyshov
- Saint Petersburg University of the Ministry of the Interior of Russia, 198206 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Evgenii S. Smirnov
- Technological Design Institute of Scientific Instrument Engineering of the Siberian Branch of the RAS, 630058 Novosibirsk, Russia; (E.S.S.); (I.A.B.)
| | - Vasilii A. Vasiliev
- Volgograd Academy of the Ministry of Interior of Russia, 400089 Volgograd, Russia;
| | - Alexander V. Kondakov
- Federal State Institution of Higher Education, Saint Petersburg Academy of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation, 190068 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Irina A. Budaeva
- Technological Design Institute of Scientific Instrument Engineering of the Siberian Branch of the RAS, 630058 Novosibirsk, Russia; (E.S.S.); (I.A.B.)
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Akçan R, Demircioglu D, Aydogan HC, Cavlak M, Erkan E, Demiray E, Mercan M, Rıza Tümer A. Ear as an alternative sampling site for GSR analysis following shotgun discharge. J Forensic Sci 2021; 66:1042-1047. [PMID: 33491186 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Detection of GSR particles potentially indicates that a person fired a gun or somehow involved to a shooting event. GSR on the shooter's hand, face, and clothing may disappear within hours and with sweat secretion, washing or cleaning to remove evidences. Due to its anatomical properties, ears are relatively protected; therefore, we aimed to identify GSR particles on ears, to compare its anatomical parts of ears, and compare ears with common GSR sampling sites, based on firing frequency. A 12-gauge semi-automatic shotgun was used. In the 4-week study, one shot in the first week, two consecutive shots in second week, three shots in third week, and five shots in fourth week were fired by six participants. Samples were taken from MAE, CA, and AAECA of both ears and common GSR sampling sites. The characteristic 3-component structure (Pb/Sb/Ba) of the samples was analyzed by SEM/EDX. Right CA was the most suitable area for sampling, which might be attributed to posture of body during targeting. Right ear was the most suitable area to take samples from CA or MAE in 3-shot group. Besides, left AAECA in 1- and 2-shot groups and the left MAE in 5-shot group were the most suitable areas for GSR sampling. In conclusion, ear seems to be a valuable alternative for detection of GSR particles, due to its complex anatomical structure potentially preventing loss of GSR with daily cleaning. Findings suggested that crime scene investigation teams and criminal laboratory staff should consider ear as a valuable alternative for GSR detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramazan Akçan
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Derya Demircioglu
- Department of Criminology, Ankara General Command of Gendarmerie, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Halit Canberk Aydogan
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Gülhane Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Cavlak
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emre Erkan
- Department of Criminology, Ankara General Command of Gendarmerie, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emirhan Demiray
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Mercan
- Department of Criminology, Ankara General Command of Gendarmerie, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ali Rıza Tümer
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Ott CE, Dalzell KA, Calderón-Arce PJ, Alvarado-Gámez AL, Trejos T, Arroyo LE. Evaluation of the Simultaneous Analysis of Organic and Inorganic Gunshot Residues Within a Large Population Data Set Using Electrochemical Sensors* , †. J Forensic Sci 2020; 65:1935-1944. [PMID: 32841369 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The increasing demand for rapid methods to identify both inorganic and organic gunshot residues (IGSR and OGSR) makes electrochemical methods, an attractive screening tool to modernize current practice. Our research group has previously demonstrated that electrochemical screening of GSR samples delivers a simple, inexpensive, and sensitive analytical solution that is capable of detecting IGSR and OGSR in less than 10 min per sample. In this study, we expand our previous work by increasing the number of GSR markers and applying machine learning classifiers to the interpretation of a larger population data set. Utilizing bare screen-printed carbon electrodes, the detection and resolution of seven markers (IGSR; lead, antimony, and copper, and OGSR; nitroglycerin, 2,4-dinitrotoluene, diphenylamine, and ethyl centralite) was achieved with limits of detection (LODs) below 1 µg/mL. A large population data set was obtained from 395 authentic shooter samples and 350 background samples. Various statistical methods and machine learning algorithms, including critical thresholds (CT), naïve Bayes (NB), logistic regression (LR), and neural networks (NN), were utilized to calculate the performance and error rates. Neural networks proved to be the best predictor when assessing the dichotomous question of detection of GSR on the hands of shooter versus nonshooter groups. Accuracies for the studied population were 81.8 % (CT), 88.1% (NB), 94.7% (LR), and 95.4% (NN), respectively. The ability to detect both IGSR and OGSR simultaneously provides a selective testing platform for gunshot residues that can provide a powerful field-testing technique and assist with decisions in case management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colby E Ott
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506
| | - Kourtney A Dalzell
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506
| | - Pedro José Calderón-Arce
- Centro de Electroquímica y Energía Química, CELEQ, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, San José, 11501-2060, Costa Rica
| | - Ana Lorena Alvarado-Gámez
- Centro de Electroquímica y Energía Química, CELEQ, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, San José, 11501-2060, Costa Rica
| | - Tatiana Trejos
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506
| | - Luis E Arroyo
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506
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Lucena MAM, Oliveira MFL, Arouca AM, Talhavini M, Ferreira EA, Alves S, Veiga-Souza FH, Weber IT. Application of the Metal-Organic Framework [Eu(BTC)] as a Luminescent Marker for Gunshot Residues: A Synthesis, Characterization, and Toxicity Study. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:4684-4691. [PMID: 27936564 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b13474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The 3D metal-organic framework (MOF) [Eu(BTC)] (where BTC = trimesic acid) was synthesized in 20 min by a microwave-assisted hydrothermal method with a yield of 89%. A structural and spectroscopic study, performed by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry, and photoluminescence spectroscopy, showed that this framework has high crystallinity, thermal stability, and luminescence. This MOF had a red-orange luminescence when excited with ultraviolet (UV) radiation (λ = 254 nm) and a high potential for use as a luminescent marker for gunshot residues (GSR). When added to 9 mm nontoxic ammunition, it greatly improved quality of the crime scene investigation, allowing for direct visualization of the luminescent GSR on the shooter's hand and firearm and at the firing range using only a portable UV lamp. The marked luminescent GSR was easily collected and characterized by nondestructive techniques, including with a Video Spectral Comparator and scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive spectroscopy, wherein the presence of Eu3+ ions was confirmed. Furthermore, the oral acute toxicity of this MOF was assessed in adult female Wistar rats using the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development 423 guidelines. This study classified the MOF [Eu(BTC)] in a less toxic Globally Harmonized System category (category 5), with a LD50 (lethal dose) of 5000 mg/kg, ensuring a wide security range for its application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella A M Lucena
- PGMTR - CCEN, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco-UFPE , 50740-540 Recife, PE, Brazil
- LIMA, Instituto de Química, Universidade de Brasília-UnB , 70904-970 Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Marina F L Oliveira
- LBQP, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Brasília-UnB , 70910-900 Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Aline M Arouca
- LIMA, Instituto de Química, Universidade de Brasília-UnB , 70904-970 Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Márcio Talhavini
- Polícia Federal, Instituto Nacional de Criminalística , SAIS Quadra 07 Lote 23, 70610-200 Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Eduardo A Ferreira
- Faculdade de Ceilândia, Universidade de Brasília-UnB , 72220-275 Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Severino Alves
- BSTR, Departamento de Química Fundamental-DQF, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco-UFPE , 50740-540 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Fabiane H Veiga-Souza
- LBQP, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Brasília-UnB , 70910-900 Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Faculdade de Ceilândia, Universidade de Brasília-UnB , 72220-275 Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Ingrid T Weber
- PGMTR - CCEN, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco-UFPE , 50740-540 Recife, PE, Brazil
- LIMA, Instituto de Química, Universidade de Brasília-UnB , 70904-970 Brasília, DF, Brazil
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Gilles S, Steppert AK, Schaal PA, Barth M, Niewoehner L, Simon U. Challenging material patterning: fine lithography on coarse substrates. Scanning 2014; 36:362-367. [PMID: 24170434 DOI: 10.1002/sca.21126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Precise patterning of inorganic materials is important for many technological applications. Often lithography processes are required on challenging substrates with respect to topography, flexibility, and surface adhesion. Here we show the fabrication of artificial gunshot residues (GSR) on adhesive tape samples by means of dip-pen lithography as an example for fine lithography on coarse substrates. We deposited lead-, barium-, and antimony-containing inks on SEM adhesive tape by direct writing with a fine tip. Single as well as multiple element structures with dimensions in the range of 10-75 µm were fabricated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Gilles
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; JARA-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Bisbing RE, Schneck WM. Particle Analysis in Forensic Science. Forensic Sci Rev 2006; 18:119-144. [PMID: 26247226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Microscopic trace evidence includes particles from many sources such as biologicals, soil, building materials, metals, explosives, gunshot residues, and cosmetics. The particles are identified by morphological analysis, microscopy, and chemical analysis. Their identity is confirmed by comparison with reference materials or other comparison samples. The probative value of particles of forensic interest depends on their nature and the circumstances of their presence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - W M Schneck
- Washington State Patrol Crime Laboratory, Cheney, WA, USA
- Microvision Northwest-Forensic Analysis and Consulting, Inc., Cheney, WA, USA
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Siegel JA. Application of Fluorescence Spectroscopy to Forensic Science. Forensic Sci Rev 1996; 8:1-11. [PMID: 26270604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, both ultraviolet and infrared fluorescence techniques have been applied to a number of areas of forensic science. Much of this work has been spurred on by the development of laser methods of visualization. One of the major beneficiaries of this attention to lasers and fluorescence has been in fingerprints. A great deal of research has been done on the development of new fluorescent dyes for visualizing fingerprints with a laser. Fluorescence has also been applied extensively to questioned-document analysis, principally in characterization of inks. Other types of evidence that use fluorimetric analysis include drugs, glass, petroleum products, and biological samples. This article will discuss these applications to forensic science and their advantages relative to other methods of analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Siegel
- School of Criminal Justice, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Lichtenberg W. Methods for the Determination of Shooting Distance. Forensic Sci Rev 1990; 2:37-62. [PMID: 26266705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The review deals with scientific methods for determining shooting distance. The different procedures are explained, their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. The methods are divided into chemographical processes and spectroscopic techniques. Special emphasis is given to the methods proven to be especially useful in daily work, but methods used in basic research are briefly described as well. Furthermore, attention is paid to newly developed ammunitions. In addition, a survey is given on the chemical elements found in gunshot residences (GSR).
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Affiliation(s)
- W Lichtenberg
- Bundeskriminalamt Kriminaltechnisches Institut, Wiesbaden, Federal Republic of Germany
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