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Streutker EM, Devamoglu U, Vonk MC, Verdurmen WPR, Le Gac S. Fibrosis-on-Chip: A Guide to Recapitulate the Essential Features of Fibrotic Disease. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2303991. [PMID: 38536053 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202303991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Fibrosis, which is primarily marked by excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, is a pathophysiological process associated with many disorders, which ultimately leads to organ dysfunction and poor patient outcomes. Despite the high prevalence of fibrosis, currently there exist few therapeutic options, and importantly, there is a paucity of in vitro models to accurately study fibrosis. This review discusses the multifaceted nature of fibrosis from the viewpoint of developing organ-on-chip (OoC) disease models, focusing on five key features: the ECM component, inflammation, mechanical cues, hypoxia, and vascularization. The potential of OoC technology is explored for better modeling these features in the context of studying fibrotic diseases and the interplay between various key features is emphasized. This paper reviews how organ-specific fibrotic diseases are modeled in OoC platforms, which elements are included in these existing models, and the avenues for novel research directions are highlighted. Finally, this review concludes with a perspective on how to address the current gap with respect to the inclusion of multiple features to yield more sophisticated and relevant models of fibrotic diseases in an OoC format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma M Streutker
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 28, Nijmegen, 6525 GA, The Netherlands
| | - Utku Devamoglu
- Applied Microfluidics for BioEngineering Research, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnoloygy and TechMed Centre, Organ-on-Chip Centre, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, Enschede, 7522 NB, The Netherlands
| | - Madelon C Vonk
- Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, PO Box 9101, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter P R Verdurmen
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 28, Nijmegen, 6525 GA, The Netherlands
| | - Séverine Le Gac
- Applied Microfluidics for BioEngineering Research, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnoloygy and TechMed Centre, Organ-on-Chip Centre, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, Enschede, 7522 NB, The Netherlands
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Di X, Gao X, Peng L, Ai J, Jin X, Qi S, Li H, Wang K, Luo D. Cellular mechanotransduction in health and diseases: from molecular mechanism to therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:282. [PMID: 37518181 PMCID: PMC10387486 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01501-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular mechanotransduction, a critical regulator of numerous biological processes, is the conversion from mechanical signals to biochemical signals regarding cell activities and metabolism. Typical mechanical cues in organisms include hydrostatic pressure, fluid shear stress, tensile force, extracellular matrix stiffness or tissue elasticity, and extracellular fluid viscosity. Mechanotransduction has been expected to trigger multiple biological processes, such as embryonic development, tissue repair and regeneration. However, prolonged excessive mechanical stimulation can result in pathological processes, such as multi-organ fibrosis, tumorigenesis, and cancer immunotherapy resistance. Although the associations between mechanical cues and normal tissue homeostasis or diseases have been identified, the regulatory mechanisms among different mechanical cues are not yet comprehensively illustrated, and no effective therapies are currently available targeting mechanical cue-related signaling. This review systematically summarizes the characteristics and regulatory mechanisms of typical mechanical cues in normal conditions and diseases with the updated evidence. The key effectors responding to mechanical stimulations are listed, such as Piezo channels, integrins, Yes-associated protein (YAP) /transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ), and transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4). We also reviewed the key signaling pathways, therapeutic targets and cutting-edge clinical applications of diseases related to mechanical cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingpeng Di
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoshuai Gao
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Liao Peng
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Jianzhong Ai
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Xi Jin
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Shiqian Qi
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Kunjie Wang
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China.
| | - Deyi Luo
- Department of Urology and Institute of Urology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China.
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Xu H, Yang F, Bao Z. Gut microbiota and myocardial fibrosis. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 940:175355. [PMID: 36309048 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial fibrosis (MF) is a pathophysiological condition that accompanies various myocardial diseases and comprises a damaged myocardial matrix repair process. Although fibrosis plays a vital role in repair, it ultimately alters cardiac systolic and diastolic functions. The gut microbiota is a complex and dynamic ecosystem with billions of microorganisms that produce bioactive compounds that influence host health and disease progression. Intestinal microbiota has been shown to correlate with cardiovascular disease, and dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota is involved in the development of MF. In this review, we discuss the role of intestinal microbiota in the process of MF, including alterations in microbiota composition and the effects of metabolites. We also discuss how diet and medicines can affect cardiac fibrosis by influencing the gut microbiota, and potential future therapies targeting the gut-heart axis. A healthy gut microbiota can prevent disease, but dysbiosis can lead to various symptoms, including the induction of heart disease. In this review, we discuss the relevance of the gut-heart axis and the multiple pathways by which gut microbiota may affect cardiac fibrosis, including inflammatory factors, immune cells, and gut microbiota metabolites, such as trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Finally, we discuss the involvement of gut microbiota in the treatment of cardiac fibrosis, including drugs, fecal microbiota transplantation, and oral probiotics or prebiotics. With future studies on the relationship between the heart and gut microbiota, we hope to find better ways to improve MF through the gut-heart axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Xu
- Department of Gerontology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Shanghai, China; Research Center on Aging and Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Gerontology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Shanghai, China; Research Center on Aging and Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhijun Bao
- Department of Gerontology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Shanghai, China; Research Center on Aging and Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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4
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Anwar F, Omar Asar T, Al-Abassi FA, Kumar V, Alhayyani S. Natural sea salt in diet ameliorates better protection compared to table salt in the doxorubicin-induced cardiac remodeling. JOURNAL OF TAIBAH UNIVERSITY FOR SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/16583655.2022.2154491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Firoz Anwar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Turky Omar Asar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Arts at Alkamil, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad A. Al-Abassi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Natural Product Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sultan Alhayyani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences & Arts, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, Saudi Arabia
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5
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Villalba-Orero M, Jiménez-Riobóo RJ, Gontán N, Sanderson D, López-Olañeta M, García-Pavía P, Desco M, Lara-Pezzi E, Gómez-Gaviro MV. Assessment of myocardial viscoelasticity with Brillouin spectroscopy in myocardial infarction and aortic stenosis models. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21369. [PMID: 34725389 PMCID: PMC8560820 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00661-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart diseases are associated with changes in the biomechanical properties of the myocardial wall. However, there is no modality available to assess myocardial stiffness directly. Brillouin microspectroscopy (mBS) is a consolidated mechanical characterization technique, applied to the study of the viscoelastic and elastic behavior of biological samples and may be a valuable tool for assessing the viscoelastic properties of the cardiac tissue. In this work, viscosity and elasticity were assessed using mBS in heart samples obtained from healthy and unhealthy mice (n = 6 per group). Speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE) was performed to evaluate heart deformation. We found that mBS was able to detect changes in stiffness in the ventricles in healthy myocardium. The right ventricle showed reduced stiffness, in agreement with its increased compliance. mBS measurements correlated strongly with STE data, highlighting the association between displacement and stiffness in myocardial regions. This correlation was lost in pathological conditions studied. The scar region in the infarcted heart presented changes in stiffness when compared to the rest of the heart, and the hypertrophied left ventricle showed increased stiffness following aortic stenosis, compared to the right ventricle. We demonstrate that mBS can be applied to determine myocardial stiffness, that measurements correlate with functional parameters and that they change with disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Villalba-Orero
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cardiovascular (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael J Jiménez-Riobóo
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Gontán
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Sanderson
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina López-Olañeta
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo García-Pavía
- Hospital Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cardiovascular (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain.,Universidad Francisco de Vitoria (UFV), Pozuelo de Alarcon, Spain
| | - Manuel Desco
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain. .,Departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. .,Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Doctor Esquerdo 46, 28007, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Enrique Lara-Pezzi
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cardiovascular (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Maria Victoria Gómez-Gaviro
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain. .,Departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. .,Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Doctor Esquerdo 46, 28007, Madrid, Spain.
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Sun X, Song Y, Xie Y, Han J, Chen F, Sun Y, Sui B, Jiang D. Shenlijia Attenuates Doxorubicin-Induced Chronic Heart Failure by Inhibiting Cardiac Fibrosis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2021; 2021:6659676. [PMID: 34326887 PMCID: PMC8310442 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6659676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Application of the anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) is restricted due to its adverse, cardiotoxic side effects, which ultimately result in heart failure. Moreover, there are a limited number of chemical agents for the clinical prevention of DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. Based on the theories of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) on chronic heart failure (CHF), Shenlijia (SLJ), a new TCM compound, has been developed to fulfill multiple functions, including improving cardiac function and inhibiting cardiac fibrosis. In the present study, the protective effects and molecular mechanisms of SLJ on DOX-induced CHF rats were investigated. The CHF rat model was induced by intraperitoneal injection of DOX for six weeks with the cumulative dose of 15 mg/kg. All rats were then randomly divided into the control, CHF, CHF + SLJ (3.0 g/kg per day), and CHF + captopril (3.8 mg/kg per day) groups and treated for further four weeks. Echocardiography and the assessment of hemodynamic parameters were performed to evaluate heart function. A protein chip was applied to identify proteins with diagnostic values that were differentially expressed following SLJ treatment. The data from these investigations showed that SLJ treatment significantly improved cardiac function by increasing the left ventricular ejection fraction, improving the hemodynamic index, and inhibiting interstitial fibrosis. Protein chip analysis revealed that SLJ upregulated MCP-1, MDC, neuropilin-2, TGF-β3, thrombospondin, TIE-2, EG-VEGF/PK1, and TIMP-1/2/3 expressions and downregulated that of MMP-13. In addition, immunohistochemistry and western blot results further confirmed that SLJ promoted TIMP-1/2/3 and inhibited MMP-13 expression. The results of the present study suggest that SLJ was effective against DOX-induced CHF rats and is related to the improvement of heart function and ultrastructure and the inhibition of myocardial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xutao Sun
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Yunjia Song
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Xie
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Jieru Han
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Fei Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Yang Sun
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Bowen Sui
- Department of Pneumology, First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Deyou Jiang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
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7
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Bu S, Singh KK. Epigenetic Regulation of Autophagy in Cardiovascular Pathobiology. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126544. [PMID: 34207151 PMCID: PMC8235464 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the number one cause of debilitation and mortality worldwide, with a need for cost-effective therapeutics. Autophagy is a highly conserved catabolic recycling pathway triggered by various intra- or extracellular stimuli to play an essential role in development and pathologies, including CVDs. Accordingly, there is great interest in identifying mechanisms that govern autophagic regulation. Autophagic regulation is very complex and multifactorial that includes epigenetic pathways, such as histone modifications to regulate autophagy-related gene expression, decapping-associated mRNA degradation, microRNAs, and long non-coding RNAs; pathways are also known to play roles in CVDs. Molecular understanding of epigenetic-based pathways involved in autophagy and CVDs not only will enhance the understanding of CVDs, but may also provide novel therapeutic targets and biomarkers for CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Krishna K. Singh
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-519-661-2111 (ext. 80542) (Office) or (ext. 85683) (Lab)
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8
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Gong Z, Ye Q, Wu JW, Zhou JL, Kong XY, Ma LK. UCHL1 inhibition attenuates cardiac fibrosis via modulation of nuclear factor-κB signaling in fibroblasts. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 900:174045. [PMID: 33745956 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) plays an essential role in cellular homeostasis and myocardial function. Ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase 1 (UCHL1) is involved in cardiac remodeling, but its underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we observed that the UCHL1 was significantly up-regulated in angiotensin II-infused heart and primary cardiac fibroblast (CF). Systemic administration of the UCHL1 inhibitor LDN57444 significantly ameliorated cardiac fibrosis and improved cardiac function induced by angiotensin II. Also, LDN57444 inhibited CF cell proliferation as well as attenuated collagen I, and CTGF gene expression in the presence of Ang II. Mechanistically, UCHL1 promotes angiotensin II-induced fibrotic responses by way of activating nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling. Moreover, suppression of the NF-κB pathway interfered with UCHL1 overexpression-mediated fibrotic responses. Besides, the chromatin immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated that NF-κB can bind to the UCHL1 promoter and trigger its transcription in cardiac fibroblasts. These findings suggest that UCHL1 positively regulates cardiac fibrosis by modulating NF-κB signaling pathway and identify UCHL1 could be a new treatment strategy for cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Gong
- Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230000, Anhui, PR China
| | - Qing Ye
- The First Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230000, Anhui, PR China
| | - Jia-Wei Wu
- The First Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230000, Anhui, PR China
| | - Jun-Ling Zhou
- The First Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230000, Anhui, PR China
| | - Xiang-Yong Kong
- The First Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230000, Anhui, PR China
| | - Li-Kun Ma
- Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230000, Anhui, PR China; The First Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230000, Anhui, PR China.
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Carruth ED, Teh I, Schneider JE, McCulloch AD, Omens JH, Frank LR. Regional variations in ex-vivo diffusion tensor anisotropy are associated with cardiomyocyte remodeling in rats after left ventricular pressure overload. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2020; 22:21. [PMID: 32241289 PMCID: PMC7114814 DOI: 10.1186/s12968-020-00615-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pressure overload left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy is characterized by increased cardiomyocyte width and ventricle wall thickness, however the regional variation of this remodeling is unclear. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) may provide a non-invasive, comprehensive, and geometrically accurate method to detect regional differences in structural remodeling in hypertrophy. We hypothesized that DTI parameters, such as fractional and planar anisotropy, would reflect myocyte remodeling due to pressure overload in a regionally-dependent manner. METHODS We investigated the regional distributions of myocyte remodeling in rats with or without transverse aortic constriction (TAC) via direct measurement of myocyte dimensions with confocal imaging of thick tissue sections, and correlated myocyte cross-sectional area and other geometric features with parameters of diffusivity from ex-vivo DTI in the same regions of the same hearts. RESULTS We observed regional differences in several parameters from DTI between TAC hearts and SHAM controls. Consistent with previous studies, helix angles from DTI correlated strongly with those measured directly from histological sections (p < 0.001, R2 = 0.71). There was a transmural gradient in myocyte cross-sectional area in SHAM hearts that was diminished in the TAC group. We also found several regions of significantly altered DTI parameters in TAC LV compared to SHAM, especially in myocyte sheet angle dispersion and planar anisotropy. Among others, these parameters correlated significantly with directly measured myocyte aspect ratios. CONCLUSIONS These results show that structural remodeling in pressure overload LV hypertrophy is regionally heterogeneous, especially transmurally, with a greater degree of remodeling in the sub-endocardium compared to the sub-epicardium. Additionally, several parameters derived from DTI correlated significantly with measurements of myocyte geometry from direct measurement in histological sections. We suggest that DTI may provide a non-invasive, comprehensive method to detect regional structural myocyte LV remodeling during disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Carruth
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Irvin Teh
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Jurgen E Schneider
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Andrew D McCulloch
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey H Omens
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
| | - Lawrence R Frank
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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10
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Niestrawska JA, Augustin CM, Plank G. Computational modeling of cardiac growth and remodeling in pressure overloaded hearts-Linking microstructure to organ phenotype. Acta Biomater 2020; 106:34-53. [PMID: 32058078 PMCID: PMC7311197 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac growth and remodeling (G&R) refers to structural changes in myocardial tissue in response to chronic alterations in loading conditions. One such condition is pressure overload where elevated wall stresses stimulate the growth in cardiomyocyte thickness, associated with a phenotype of concentric hypertrophy at the organ scale, and promote fibrosis. The initial hypertrophic response can be considered adaptive and beneficial by favoring myocyte survival, but over time if pressure overload conditions persist, maladaptive mechanisms favoring cell death and fibrosis start to dominate, ultimately mediating the transition towards an overt heart failure phenotype. The underlying mechanisms linking biological factors at the myocyte level to biomechanical factors at the systemic and organ level remain poorly understood. Computational models of G&R show high promise as a unique framework for providing a quantitative link between myocardial stresses and strains at the organ scale to biological regulatory processes at the cellular level which govern the hypertrophic response. However, microstructurally motivated, rigorously validated computational models of G&R are still in their infancy. This article provides an overview of the current state-of-the-art of computational models to study cardiac G&R. The microstructure and mechanosensing/mechanotransduction within cells of the myocardium is discussed and quantitative data from previous experimental and clinical studies is summarized. We conclude with a discussion of major challenges and possible directions of future research that can advance the current state of cardiac G&R computational modeling. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The mechanistic links between organ-scale biomechanics and biological factors at the cellular size scale remain poorly understood as these are largely elusive to investigations using experimental methodology alone. Computational G&R models show high promise to establish quantitative links which allow more mechanistic insight into adaptation mechanisms and may be used as a tool for stratifying the state and predict the progression of disease in the clinic. This review provides a comprehensive overview of research in this domain including a summary of experimental data. Thus, this study may serve as a basis for the further development of more advanced G&R models which are suitable for making clinical predictions on disease progression or for testing hypotheses on pathogenic mechanisms using in-silico models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna A Niestrawska
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center: Division of Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Christoph M Augustin
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center: Division of Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8010, Austria.
| | - Gernot Plank
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center: Division of Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Graz 8010, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Austria
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11
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Hughes CJR, Turner S, Andrews RM, Vitkin A, Jacobs JR. Matrix metalloproteinases regulate ECM accumulation but not larval heart growth in Drosophila melanogaster. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2020; 140:42-55. [PMID: 32105665 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Drosophila heart provides a simple model to examine the remodelling of muscle insertions with growth, extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover, and fibrosis. Between hatching and pupation, the Drosophila heart increases in length five-fold. If major cardiac ECM components are secreted remotely, how is ECM "self assembly" regulated? We explored whether ECM proteases were required to maintain the morphology of a growing heart while the cardiac ECM expanded. An increase in expression of Drosophila's single tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP), or reduced function of metalloproteinase MMP2, resulted in fibrosis and ectopic deposition of two ECM Collagens; type-IV and fibrillar Pericardin. Significant accumulations of Collagen-IV (Viking) developed on the pericardium and in the lumen of the heart. Congenital defects in Pericardin deposition misdirected further assembly in the larva. Reduced metalloproteinase activity during growth also increased Pericardin fibre accumulation in ECM suspending the heart. Although MMP2 expression was required to remodel and position cardiomyocyte cell junctions, reduced MMP function did not impair expansion of the heart. A previous study revealed that MMP2 negatively regulates the size of the luminal cell surface in the embryonic heart. Cardiomyocytes align at the midline, but do not adhere to enclose a heart lumen in MMP2 mutant embryos. Nevertheless, these embryos hatch and produce viable larvae with bifurcated hearts, indicating a secondary pathway to lumen formation between ipsilateral cardiomyocytes. MMP-mediated remodelling of the ECM is required for organogenesis, and to prevent assembly of excess or ectopic ECM protein during growth. MMPs are not essential for normal growth of the Drosophila heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J R Hughes
- Dept. Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.
| | - S Turner
- Dept. Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.
| | - R M Andrews
- Dept. Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.
| | - A Vitkin
- Dept. Biomedical Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Cananda.
| | - J R Jacobs
- Dept. Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.
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Response of non-failing hypertrophic rat hearts to prostaglandin F2α. Curr Res Physiol 2019; 2:1-11. [PMID: 34746811 PMCID: PMC8562143 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphys.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) has a positively inotropic effect on right ventricular (RV) trabeculae from healthy adult rat hearts, and may therefore be therapeutically useful as a non-catecholaminergic inotrope. These provide additional contractile support for the heart without the added energetic demand of increased heart rate, and are also suitable for patients with reduced β adrenergic receptor (β-AR) responsiveness, or impaired mitochondrial energy supply. However, the response of hypertrophied rat hearts to PGF2α has not previously been examined. Our aim was therefore to determine the effect of PGF2α on isolated perfused rat hearts with RV hypertrophy following induction of pulmonary artery hypertension. Methods Male Wistar rats (300 g) were injected with either 60 mg kg−1 of monocrotaline (MCT, n = 10) or sterile saline as control (CON, n = 11). Four weeks post injection; hearts were isolated and Langendorff-perfused in sinus rhythm. Measurement of left ventricular (LV) pressure and the electrocardiogram were made and the response to 0.3 μM PGF2α was determined. Results PGF2α increased LV developed pressure in CON and in 60% MCT hearts, with no change in heart rate. However, 40% of MCT hearts developed arrhythmias during the peak inotropic response. For comparison, the response to 0.03 μM isoproterenol (ISO) was also investigated. Peak LV pressure developed sooner in response to ISO compared to PGF2α in both rat groups, although the inotropic response to ISO was reduced in MCT hearts. Analysis of fixed ventricular tissue confirmed that only RV myocytes were hypertrophied in MCT hearts. Our study showed that PGF2α was positively inotropic for healthy hearts, but found it generated arrhythmias in 40% of MCT hearts at the dose investigated. However, a more physiological dose of PGF2α may be a useful alternative without the added energetic cost of catecholaminergic inotropes. PGF2α elicits a positive inotropic response in isolated, perfused healthy and hypertrophic rat hearts, with no chronotropic effects, unlike β-AR stimulation. The dose of 0.3 μM PGF2α investigated also triggered sustained, slow onset, arrhythmic activity in 40% of hypertrophic MCT hearts. The peak inotropic response to PGF2α is slower to establish in comparison to the characteristic response to β-AR stimulation, which suggests PGF2α acts via a separate signalling pathway within cardiomyocytes. Hypertrophic MCT hearts had a reduced inotropic response to β-AR stimulation, which illustrates the importance of developing non-catecholaminergic inotropes which will eliminate the increased energetic cost and improve myocardial performance.
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Liu W, Wang Z. Current Understanding of the Biomechanics of Ventricular Tissues in Heart Failure. Bioengineering (Basel) 2019; 7:E2. [PMID: 31861916 PMCID: PMC7175293 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering7010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure is the leading cause of death worldwide, and the most common cause of heart failure is ventricular dysfunction. It is well known that the ventricles are anisotropic and viscoelastic tissues and their mechanical properties change in diseased states. The tissue mechanical behavior is an important determinant of the function of ventricles. The aim of this paper is to review the current understanding of the biomechanics of ventricular tissues as well as the clinical significance. We present the common methods of the mechanical measurement of ventricles, the known ventricular mechanical properties including the viscoelasticity of the tissue, the existing computational models, and the clinical relevance of the ventricular mechanical properties. Lastly, we suggest some future research directions to elucidate the roles of the ventricular biomechanics in the ventricular dysfunction to inspire new therapies for heart failure patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
| | - Zhijie Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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14
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Simon LR, Masters KS. Disease-inspired tissue engineering: Investigation of cardiovascular pathologies. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 6:2518-2532. [PMID: 32974421 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Once focused exclusively on the creation of tissues to repair or replace diseased or damaged organs, the field of tissue engineering has undergone an important evolution in recent years. Namely, tissue engineering techniques are increasingly being applied to intentionally generate pathological conditions. Motivated in part by the wide gap between 2D cultures and animal models in the current disease modeling continuum, disease-inspired tissue-engineered platforms have numerous potential applications, and may serve to advance our understanding and clinical treatment of various diseases. This review will focus on recent progress toward generating tissue-engineered models of cardiovascular diseases, including cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, and ischemia reperfusion injury, atherosclerosis, and calcific aortic valve disease, with an emphasis on how these disease-inspired platforms can be used to decipher disease etiology. Each pathology is discussed in the context of generating both disease-specific cells as well as disease-specific extracellular environments, with an eye toward future opportunities to integrate different tools to yield more complex and physiologically relevant culture platforms. Ultimately, the development of effective disease treatments relies upon our ability to develop appropriate experimental models; as cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide, the insights yielded by improved in vitro disease modeling could have substantial ramifications for public health and clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- LaTonya R Simon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Kristyn S Masters
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705.,Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
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15
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Abstract
The ECM (extracellular matrix) network plays a crucial role in cardiac homeostasis, not only by providing structural support, but also by facilitating force transmission, and by transducing key signals to cardiomyocytes, vascular cells, and interstitial cells. Changes in the profile and biochemistry of the ECM may be critically implicated in the pathogenesis of both heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. The patterns of molecular and biochemical ECM alterations in failing hearts are dependent on the type of underlying injury. Pressure overload triggers early activation of a matrix-synthetic program in cardiac fibroblasts, inducing myofibroblast conversion, and stimulating synthesis of both structural and matricellular ECM proteins. Expansion of the cardiac ECM may increase myocardial stiffness promoting diastolic dysfunction. Cardiomyocytes, vascular cells and immune cells, activated through mechanosensitive pathways or neurohumoral mediators may play a critical role in fibroblast activation through secretion of cytokines and growth factors. Sustained pressure overload leads to dilative remodeling and systolic dysfunction that may be mediated by changes in the interstitial protease/antiprotease balance. On the other hand, ischemic injury causes dynamic changes in the cardiac ECM that contribute to regulation of inflammation and repair and may mediate adverse cardiac remodeling. In other pathophysiologic conditions, such as volume overload, diabetes mellitus, and obesity, the cell biological effectors mediating ECM remodeling are poorly understood and the molecular links between the primary insult and the changes in the matrix environment are unknown. This review article discusses the role of ECM macromolecules in heart failure, focusing on both structural ECM proteins (such as fibrillar and nonfibrillar collagens), and specialized injury-associated matrix macromolecules (such as fibronectin and matricellular proteins). Understanding the role of the ECM in heart failure may identify therapeutic targets to reduce geometric remodeling, to attenuate cardiomyocyte dysfunction, and even to promote myocardial regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- From the Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
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16
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Avazmohammadi R, Soares JS, Li DS, Raut SS, Gorman RC, Sacks MS. A Contemporary Look at Biomechanical Models of Myocardium. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2019; 21:417-442. [PMID: 31167105 PMCID: PMC6626320 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-062117-121129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding and predicting the mechanical behavior of myocardium under healthy and pathophysiological conditions are vital to developing novel cardiac therapies and promoting personalized interventions. Within the past 30 years, various constitutive models have been proposed for the passive mechanical behavior of myocardium. These models cover a broad range of mathematical forms, microstructural observations, and specific test conditions to which they are fitted. We present a critical review of these models, covering both phenomenological and structural approaches, and their relations to the underlying structure and function of myocardium. We further explore the experimental and numerical techniques used to identify the model parameters. Next, we provide a brief overview of continuum-level electromechanical models of myocardium, with a focus on the methods used to integrate the active and passive components of myocardial behavior. We conclude by pointing to future directions in the areas of optimal form as well as new approaches for constitutive modeling of myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Avazmohammadi
- James T. Willerson Center for Cardiovascular Modeling and Simulation, Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA;
| | - João S Soares
- James T. Willerson Center for Cardiovascular Modeling and Simulation, Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA;
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, USA
| | - David S Li
- James T. Willerson Center for Cardiovascular Modeling and Simulation, Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA;
| | - Samarth S Raut
- James T. Willerson Center for Cardiovascular Modeling and Simulation, Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA;
| | - Robert C Gorman
- Gorman Cardiovascular Research Group, Smilow Center for Translational Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Michael S Sacks
- James T. Willerson Center for Cardiovascular Modeling and Simulation, Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA;
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Michalak M, Agellon LB. Stress Coping Strategies in the Heart: An Integrated View. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:168. [PMID: 30519562 PMCID: PMC6258784 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The heart is made up of an ordered amalgam of cardiac cell types that work together to coordinate four major processes, namely energy production, electrical conductance, mechanical work, and tissue remodeling. Over the last decade, a large body of information has been amassed regarding how different cardiac cell types respond to cellular stress that affect the functionality of their elaborate intracellular membrane networks, the cellular reticular network. In the context of the heart, the manifestations of stress coping strategies likely differ depending on the coping strategy outcomes of the different cardiac cell types, and thus may underlie the development of distinct cardiac disorders. It is not clear whether all cardiac cell types have similar sensitivity to cellular stress, how specific coping response strategies modify their unique roles, and how their metabolic status is communicated to other cells within the heart. Here we discuss our understanding of the roles of specialized cardiac cells that together make the heart function as an organ with the ability to pump blood continuously and follow a regular rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Michalak
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Luis B Agellon
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, QC, Canada
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18
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miRNAS in cardiovascular diseases: potential biomarkers, therapeutic targets and challenges. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:1073-1084. [PMID: 29877320 PMCID: PMC6289363 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2018.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 390] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. Although considerable progress has been made in the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of CVD, there is still a critical need for novel diagnostic biomarkers and new therapeutic interventions to decrease the incidence of this disease. Recently, there is increasing evidence that circulating miRNAs (miRNAs), i.e. endogenous, stable, single-stranded, short, non-coding RNAs, can be used as diagnostic biomarkers for CVD. Furthermore, miRNAs represent potential novel therapeutic targets for several cardiovascular disorders. In this review we provides an overview of the effects of several CVD; including heart failure, acute myocardial infarction, arrhythmias and pulmonary hypertension; on levels of circulating miRNAs. In addition, the use of miRNA as therapeutic targets is also discussed, as well as challenges and recommendations in their use in the diagnosis of CVD.
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19
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Nguyen-Truong M, Wang Z. Biomechanical Properties and Mechanobiology of Cardiac ECM. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1098:1-19. [PMID: 30238363 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-97421-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The heart is comprised of cardiac cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) which function together to pump blood throughout the body, provide organs with nutrients and oxygen, and remove metabolic wastes. Cardiac ECM provides a scaffold to cardiac cells and contributes to the mechanical properties and function of the cardiac tissue. Recently, more evidence suggests that cardiac ECM plays an active role in cardiac remodeling in response to mechanical loads. To that end, we provide an overview of the structure and function of the heart and the currently available in vivo and ex vivo mechanical measurements of cardiac tissues. We also review the biomechanical properties of cardiac tissues including the myocardium and heart valves, with a discussion on the differences between the right ventricle and left ventricle. Lastly, we go into the mechanical factors involved in cardiac remodeling and review the mechanobiology of cardiac tissues, i.e., the biomechanical responses at the cellular and tissue level, with an emphasis on the impact on the cardiac ECM. The regulation of cardiac ECM on cell function, which is a new and open area of research, is also briefly discussed. Future investigation into the ECM deposition and the interaction of cardiac cells and ECM components for mechanotransduction can assist to understand cardiac remodeling and inspire new therapies for cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhijie Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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20
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Frangogiannis NG. The extracellular matrix in myocardial injury, repair, and remodeling. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:1600-1612. [PMID: 28459429 DOI: 10.1172/jci87491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The cardiac extracellular matrix (ECM) not only provides mechanical support, but also transduces essential molecular signals in health and disease. Following myocardial infarction, dynamic ECM changes drive inflammation and repair. Early generation of bioactive matrix fragments activates proinflammatory signaling. The formation of a highly plastic provisional matrix facilitates leukocyte infiltration and activates infarct myofibroblasts. Deposition of matricellular proteins modulates growth factor signaling and contributes to the spatial and temporal regulation of the reparative response. Mechanical stress due to pressure and volume overload and metabolic dysfunction also induce profound changes in ECM composition that contribute to the pathogenesis of heart failure. This manuscript reviews the role of the ECM in cardiac repair and remodeling and discusses matrix-based therapies that may attenuate remodeling while promoting repair and regeneration.
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21
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Dissecting the Role of the Extracellular Matrix in Heart Disease: Lessons from the Drosophila Genetic Model. Vet Sci 2017; 4:vetsci4020024. [PMID: 29056683 PMCID: PMC5606597 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci4020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a dynamic scaffold within organs and tissues that enables cell morphogenesis and provides structural support. Changes in the composition and organisation of the cardiac ECM are required for normal development. Congenital and age-related cardiac diseases can arise from mis-regulation of structural ECM proteins (Collagen, Laminin) or their receptors (Integrin). Key regulators of ECM turnover include matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors, tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs). MMP expression is increased in mice, pigs, and dogs with cardiomyopathy. The complexity and longevity of vertebrate animals makes a short-lived, genetically tractable model organism, such as Drosophila melanogaster, an attractive candidate for study. We survey ECM macromolecules and their role in heart development and growth, which are conserved between Drosophila and vertebrates, with focus upon the consequences of altered expression or distribution. The Drosophila heart resembles that of vertebrates during early development, and is amenable to in vivo analysis. Experimental manipulation of gene function in a tissue- or temporally-regulated manner can reveal the function of adhesion or ECM genes in the heart. Perturbation of the function of ECM proteins, or of the MMPs that facilitate ECM remodelling, induces cardiomyopathies in Drosophila, including cardiodilation, arrhythmia, and cardia bifida, that provide mechanistic insight into cardiac disease in mammals.
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22
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Park DW, Sebastiani A, Yap CH, Simon MA, Kim K. Quantification of Coupled Stiffness and Fiber Orientation Remodeling in Hypertensive Rat Right-Ventricular Myocardium Using 3D Ultrasound Speckle Tracking with Biaxial Testing. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165320. [PMID: 27780271 PMCID: PMC5079565 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical and structural changes of right ventricular (RV) in response to pulmonary hypertension (PH) are inadequately understood. While current standard biaxial testing provides information on the mechanical behavior of RV tissues using surface markers, it is unable to fully assess structural and mechanical properties across the full tissue thickness. In this study, the mechanical and structural properties of normotensive and pulmonary hypertension right ventricular (PHRV) myocardium through its full thickness were examined using mechanical testing combined with 3D ultrasound speckle tracking (3D-UST). RV pressure overload was induced in Sprague–Dawley rats by pulmonary artery (PA) banding. The second Piola–Kirchhoff stress tensors and Green-Lagrangian strain tensors were computed in the RV myocardium using the biaxial testing combined with 3D-UST. A previously established non-linear curve-fitting algorithm was applied to fit experimental data to a Strain Energy Function (SEF) for computation of myofiber orientation. The fiber orientations obtained by the biaxial testing with 3D-UST compared well with the fiber orientations computed from the histology. In addition, the re-orientation of myofiber in the right ventricular free wall (RVFW) along longitudinal direction (apex-to-outflow-tract direction) was noticeable in response to PH. For normotensive RVFW samples, the average fiber orientation angles obtained by 3D-UST with biaxial test spiraled from 20° at the endo-cardium to -42° at the epi-cardium (Δ = 62°). For PHRV samples, the average fiber orientation angles obtained by 3D-UST with biaxial test had much less spiral across tissue thickness: 3° at endo-cardium to -7° at epi-cardium (Δ = 10°, P<0.005 compared to normotensive).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Woo Park
- Center for Ultrasound Molecular Imaging and Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Andrea Sebastiani
- Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Choon Hwai Yap
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marc A. Simon
- Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh and UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kang Kim
- Center for Ultrasound Molecular Imaging and Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh School of Engineering, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh and UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Heart, Lung, and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Chacar S, Farès N, Bois P, Faivre JF. Basic Signaling in Cardiac Fibroblasts. J Cell Physiol 2016; 232:725-730. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Chacar
- Laboratoire Signalisation et Transports Ioniques Membranaires (STIM); Université de Poitiers; CNRS; Poitiers France
- Laboratoire de recherche en Physiologie et Physiopathologie (LRPP); pôle technologie santé; Faculté de Médecine; Université Saint Joseph; Beyrouth Liban
| | - Nassim Farès
- Laboratoire de recherche en Physiologie et Physiopathologie (LRPP); pôle technologie santé; Faculté de Médecine; Université Saint Joseph; Beyrouth Liban
| | - Patrick Bois
- Laboratoire Signalisation et Transports Ioniques Membranaires (STIM); Université de Poitiers; CNRS; Poitiers France
| | - Jean-François Faivre
- Laboratoire Signalisation et Transports Ioniques Membranaires (STIM); Université de Poitiers; CNRS; Poitiers France
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Lister Z, Rayner KJ, Suuronen EJ. How Biomaterials Can Influence Various Cell Types in the Repair and Regeneration of the Heart after Myocardial Infarction. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2016; 4:62. [PMID: 27486578 PMCID: PMC4948030 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2016.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The healthy heart comprises many different cell types that work together to preserve optimal function. However, in a diseased heart the function of one or more cell types is compromised which can lead to many adverse events, one of which is myocardial infarction (MI). Immediately after MI, the cardiac environment is characterized by excessive cardiomyocyte death and inflammatory signals leading to the recruitment of macrophages to clear the debris. Proliferating fibroblasts then invade, and a collagenous scar is formed to prevent rupture. Better functional restoration of the heart is not achieved due to the limited regenerative capacity of cardiac tissue. To address this, biomaterial therapy is being investigated as an approach to improve regeneration in the infarcted heart, as they can possess the potential to control cell function in the infarct environment and limit the adverse compensatory changes that occur post-MI. Over the past decade, there has been considerable research into the development of biomaterials for cardiac regeneration post-MI; and various effects have been observed on different cell types depending on the biomaterial that is applied. Biomaterial treatment has been shown to enhance survival, improve function, promote proliferation, and guide the mobilization and recruitment of different cells in the post-MI heart. This review will provide a summary on the biomaterials developed to enhance cardiac regeneration and remodeling post-MI with a focus on how they control macrophages, cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells. A better understanding of how a biomaterial interacts with the different cell types in the heart may lead to the development of a more optimized biomaterial therapy for cardiac regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Lister
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Katey J Rayner
- Atherosclerosis, Genomics and Cell Biology Group, University of Ottawa Heart Institute , Ottawa, ON , Canada
| | - Erik J Suuronen
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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25
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Kamisah Y, Periyah V, Lee KT, Noor-Izwan N, Nurul-Hamizah A, Nurul-Iman BS, Subermaniam K, Jaarin K, Azman A, Faizah O, Qodriyah HMS. Cardioprotective effect of virgin coconut oil in heated palm oil diet-induced hypertensive rats. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2015; 53:1243-1249. [PMID: 25853965 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2014.971383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Virgin coconut oil (VCO) contains high antioxidant activity which may have protective effects on the heart in hypertensive rats. OBJECTIVES The study investigated the effects of VCO on blood pressure and cardiac tissue by measuring angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity and its histomorphometry in rats fed with a heated palm oil (HPO) diet. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: (i) control, (ii) orally given VCO (1.42 ml/kg), (iii) fed with a HPO (15%) diet, and (iv) fed with a HPO diet and supplemented with VCO (1.42 ml/kg, po) (HPO+VCO) for 16 weeks. Blood pressure was measured monthly. After 16 weeks, rat hearts were dissected for lipid peroxidation (TBARS) and ACE activity measurement and histomorphometric study. RESULTS Systolic blood pressure was significantly increased in the HPO group compared with the control starting at week eight (112.91 ± 1.32 versus 98.08 ± 3.61 mmHg, p < 0.05) which was prevented by VCO supplementation (91.73 ± 3.42 mmHg). The consumption of HPO increased TBARS and ACE activity in heart, which were inhibited by VCO supplementation. The increases in the myofiber width and area as well as nuclear size reduction in the HPO group were significantly prevented by VCO supplementation. CONCLUSION These results suggested that VCO supplementation possesses a cardioprotective effect by preventing the increase in blood pressure via an antioxidant mechanism and remodeling in rats fed repeatedly with a HPO diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusof Kamisah
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, UKMMC, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
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Kong P, Christia P, Frangogiannis NG. The pathogenesis of cardiac fibrosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:549-74. [PMID: 23649149 PMCID: PMC3769482 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1349-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1109] [Impact Index Per Article: 110.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is characterized by net accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins in the cardiac interstitium, and contributes to both systolic and diastolic dysfunction in many cardiac pathophysiologic conditions. This review discusses the cellular effectors and molecular pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiac fibrosis. Although activated myofibroblasts are the main effector cells in the fibrotic heart, monocytes/macrophages, lymphocytes, mast cells, vascular cells and cardiomyocytes may also contribute to the fibrotic response by secreting key fibrogenic mediators. Inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, reactive oxygen species, mast cell-derived proteases, endothelin-1, the renin/angiotensin/aldosterone system, matricellular proteins, and growth factors (such as TGF-β and PDGF) are some of the best-studied mediators implicated in cardiac fibrosis. Both experimental and clinical evidence suggests that cardiac fibrotic alterations may be reversible. Understanding the mechanisms responsible for initiation, progression, and resolution of cardiac fibrosis is crucial to design anti-fibrotic treatment strategies for patients with heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Kong
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue Forchheimer G46B, Bronx, NY 10461 USA
| | - Panagiota Christia
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue Forchheimer G46B, Bronx, NY 10461 USA
| | - Nikolaos G. Frangogiannis
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue Forchheimer G46B, Bronx, NY 10461 USA
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Zhou S, Liu Y, Prater K, Zheng Y, Cai L. Roles of microRNAs in pressure overload- and ischemia-related myocardial remodeling. Life Sci 2013; 93:855-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Smaill BH, Zhao J, Trew ML. Three-dimensional impulse propagation in myocardium: arrhythmogenic mechanisms at the tissue level. Circ Res 2013; 112:834-48. [PMID: 23449546 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.111.300157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Impulse propagation in the heart depends on the excitability of individual cardiomyocytes, impulse transmission between adjacent myocytes, and the 3-dimensional arrangement of those cells. Here, we review the role of each of these factors in normal and aberrant cardiac electric activation, with particular emphasis on the effects of 3-dimensional myocyte architecture at the tissue scale. The analysis draws on findings from in vivo and in vitro experiments, as well as biophysically based computer models that have been used to integrate and interpret these experimental data. It indicates that discontinuous arrangement of myocytes and extracellular connective tissue at the tissue scale can give rise to current source-to-sink mismatch, spatiotemporal distribution of refractoriness, and rate-sensitive electric instability, which contribute to the initiation and maintenance of reentrant cardiac arrhythmia. This exacerbates the risk of rhythm disturbance associated with heart disease. We conclude that structure-based, multiscale computer models that incorporate accurate information about local cellular electric activity provide a powerful platform for investigating the basis of reentrant cardiac arrhythmia. However, it is important that these models capture key features of structure and related electric function at the tissue scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce H Smaill
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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LeGrice IJ, Pope AJ, Sands GB, Whalley G, Doughty RN, Smaill BH. Progression of myocardial remodeling and mechanical dysfunction in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2012; 303:H1353-65. [PMID: 23001837 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00748.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The progression of hypertensive heart disease (HHD) to heart failure (HF) is associated with myocardial remodeling. Corresponding changes in three-dimensional organization of cardiac extracellular matrix have not been quantified or related fully to the development of HF. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and Wistar-Kyoto controls were studied at 3, 12, 18, and 24 mo. Hemodynamic and morphological data, brain natriuretic peptide levels, and echocardiography demonstrate four distinct disease stages: systemic hypertension, diastolic dysfunction, early systolic failure, and decompensated HF. Passive left ventricular (LV) pressure-volume relationships were determined in vitro. Transmural specimens from the anterior LV free wall were imaged using extended-volume confocal microscopy, and three-dimensional myocardial architecture was quantified. In SHRs, LV compliance was reduced at 12 mo and increased progressively thereafter. However, it was less than in controls for filling pressures <10 mmHg and not significantly different at ≥10 mmHg. Myocyte cross section was enlarged, with increased variability from 12 mo, while collagen fraction increased progressively. Perimysial collagen fraction remained unchanged with age, although endomysial collagen increased from 12 mo. Perimysial collagen between adjacent muscle layers fused at 12 mo and continued to thicken subsequently, while muscle layers became more dispersed and disordered. We conclude that LV dilatation, which accompanies decompensated HF in this model of HHD, is not due to LV "softening." While perimysial (and endomysial) collagen networks are substantially remodeled, they are not dissolved, as has been proposed. We argue that progressive disruption of the laminar organization of LV myocardium may contribute to impaired systolic function in HHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J LeGrice
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Dobaczewski M, de Haan JJ, Frangogiannis NG. The extracellular matrix modulates fibroblast phenotype and function in the infarcted myocardium. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2012; 5:837-47. [PMID: 22956156 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-012-9406-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibroblasts are key cellular effectors of cardiac repair; their phenotype and function are modulated by interactions with extracellular matrix proteins. This review manuscript discusses the effects of the extracellular matrix on the inflammatory and reparative properties of fibroblasts in the infarcted myocardium. Early generation of matrix fragments in the infarct induces a pro-inflammatory and matrix-degrading fibroblast phenotype. Formation of a fibrin/fibronectin-rich provisional matrix serves as a conduit for migration of fibroblasts into the infarcted area. Induction of ED-A fibronectin and nonfibrillar collagens may contribute to myofibroblast transdifferentiation. Upregulation of matricellular proteins promotes transduction of growth factor and cytokine-mediated signals. As the scar matures, matrix cross-linking, clearance of matricellular proteins, and reduced growth factor signaling cause deactivation and apoptosis of reparative infarct fibroblasts. Understanding the effects of matrix components on infarct fibroblasts may guide the design of peptides that reproduce, or inhibit, specific matricellular functions, attenuating adverse remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Dobaczewski
- Department of Medicine Cardiology, The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue Forchheimer G46B, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Lindsey ML, Borg TK. Introduction: Extracellular matrix and cardiovascular remodeling-using microscopy to delineate mechanisms. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2012; 18:1-2. [PMID: 22258720 PMCID: PMC4000442 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927611012761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In January 2011, a Keystone Symposium on “Extracellular Matrix and Cardiovascular Remodeling” was held in Tahoe City, California. The purpose of this meeting was to focus on the general theme of extracellular matrix (ECM) roles in cardiovascular remodeling. The presentations and discussions stimulated by this meeting, which was attended by approximately 160 people, serve as the inspiration for this special section of Microscopy and Microanalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merry L. Lindsey
- Barshop Institute of Longevity and Aging Studies and Division of Geriatrics, Gerontology and Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Thomas K. Borg
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
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