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Sharma R, Yang WCD. Perspective and prospects of in situ transmission/scanning transmission electron microscopy. Microscopy (Oxf) 2024; 73:79-100. [PMID: 38006307 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfad057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In situ transmission/scanning transmission electron microscopy (TEM/STEM) measurements have taken a central stage for establishing structure-chemistry-property relationship over the past couple of decades. The challenges for realizing 'a lab-in-gap', i.e. gap between the objective lens pole pieces, or 'a lab-on-chip', to be used to carry out experiments are being met through continuous instrumental developments. Commercially available TEM columns and sample holder, that have been modified for in situ experimentation, have contributed to uncover structural and chemical changes occurring in the sample when subjected to external stimulus such as temperature, pressure, radiation (photon, ions and electrons), environment (gas, liquid and magnetic or electrical field) or a combination thereof. Whereas atomic resolution images and spectroscopy data are being collected routinely using TEM/STEM, temporal resolution is limited to millisecond. On the other hand, better than femtosecond temporal resolution can be achieved using an ultrafast electron microscopy or dynamic TEM, but the spatial resolution is limited to sub-nanometers. In either case, in situ experiments generate large datasets that need to be transferred, stored and analyzed. The advent of artificial intelligence, especially machine learning platforms, is proving crucial to deal with this big data problem. Further developments are still needed in order to fully exploit our capability to understand, measure and control chemical and/or physical processes. We present the current state of instrumental and computational capabilities and discuss future possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu Sharma
- Materials Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Wei-Chang David Yang
- Materials Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
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2
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Żak AM. Light-Induced In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy─Development, Challenges, and Perspectives. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:9219-9226. [PMID: 36442075 PMCID: PMC9756336 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Transmission electron microscopy is a basic technique used for examining matter at the highest magnification scale available. One of its most challenging branches is in situ microscopy, in which dynamic processes are observed in real time. Among the various stimuli, like strain, temperature, and magnetic or electric fields, the light-matter interaction is rarely observed. However, in recent years, a significant increase in the interest in this technique has been observed. Therefore, I present a summary and critical review of all the in situ experiments performed with light, various technical possibilities for bringing radiation inside the transmission electron microscope, and the most important differences between the effects of light and electrons on the studied matter. Finally, I summarize the most promising directions for further research using light excitation.
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3
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Kadkhodazadeh S, Cavalca FC, Miller BJ, Zhang L, Wagner JB, Crozier PA, Hansen TW. In Situ TEM under Optical Excitation for Catalysis Research. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2022; 380:52. [PMID: 36207646 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-022-00408-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In situ characterization of materials in their operational state is a highly active field of research. Investigating the structure and response of materials under stimuli that simulate real working environments for technological applications can provide new insight and unique input to the synthesis and design of novel materials. Over recent decades, experimental setups that allow different stimuli to be applied to a sample inside an electron microscope have been devised, built, and commercialized. In this review, we focus on the in situ investigation of optically active materials using transmission electron microscopy. We illustrate two different approaches for exposing samples to light inside the microscope column, explaining the importance of different aspects of their mechanical construction and choice of light source and materials. We focus on the technical challenges of the setups and provide details of the construction, providing the reader with input on deciding which setup will be more useful for a specific experiment. The use of these setups is illustrated using examples from the literature of relevance to photocatalysis and nanoparticle synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Filippo C Cavalca
- DTU Nanolab, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ben J Miller
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Liuxian Zhang
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Jakob B Wagner
- DTU Nanolab, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter A Crozier
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Thomas W Hansen
- DTU Nanolab, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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Żak AM, Kaczmarczyk O, Piksa M, Grzęda J, Matczyszyn K. Fiber-optic sample illuminator design for the observation of light induced phenomena with transmission electron microscopy in situ: Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. Ultramicroscopy 2021; 230:113388. [PMID: 34509894 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2021.113388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Antibacterial photodynamic therapy is a promising treatment for problematic infections caused by bacteria and fungi. Despite its undoubted effectiveness, the ultrastructural mechanism of microbial death remains not fully described and distinct organisms respond to the treatment with different efficacy. For this reason, it was decided to try imaging the process using the in situ transmission electron microscopy method. To conduct an observational experiment, the microscope was significantly modified. Liquid cell methods were used, electron doses and their influence on the sample were estimated, and a fiber-optic sample illuminator was designed and built. The modifications allowed for the light-induced characterization of photosensitizer-bacteria interaction. Microscope modification is a promising platform for further studies of light-induced phenomena in both life and material science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej M Żak
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland; Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Rudolfa Weigla 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Olga Kaczmarczyk
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marta Piksa
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Rudolfa Weigla 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Grzęda
- Department of Lightweight Elements Engineering, Foundry and Automation, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Matczyszyn
- Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling Group, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
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5
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Chee SW, Lunkenbein T, Schlögl R, Cuenya BR. In situand operandoelectron microscopy in heterogeneous catalysis-insights into multi-scale chemical dynamics. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:153001. [PMID: 33825698 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/abddfd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This review features state-of-the-artin situandoperandoelectron microscopy (EM) studies of heterogeneous catalysts in gas and liquid environments during reaction. Heterogeneous catalysts are important materials for the efficient production of chemicals/fuels on an industrial scale and for energy conversion applications. They also play a central role in various emerging technologies that are needed to ensure a sustainable future for our society. Currently, the rational design of catalysts has largely been hampered by our lack of insight into the working structures that exist during reaction and their associated properties. However, elucidating the working state of catalysts is not trivial, because catalysts are metastable functional materials that adapt dynamically to a specific reaction condition. The structural or morphological alterations induced by chemical reactions can also vary locally. A complete description of their morphologies requires that the microscopic studies undertaken span several length scales. EMs, especially transmission electron microscopes, are powerful tools for studying the structure of catalysts at the nanoscale because of their high spatial resolution, relatively high temporal resolution, and complementary capabilities for chemical analysis. Furthermore, recent advances have enabled the direct observation of catalysts under realistic environmental conditions using specialized reaction cells. Here, we will critically discuss the importance of spatially-resolvedoperandomeasurements and the available experimental setups that enable (1) correlated studies where EM observations are complemented by separate measurements of reaction kinetics or spectroscopic analysis of chemical species during reaction or (2) real-time studies where the dynamics of catalysts are followed with EM and the catalytic performance is extracted directly from the reaction cell that is within the EM column or chamber. Examples of current research in this field will be presented. Challenges in the experimental application of these techniques and our perspectives on the field's future directions will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- See Wee Chee
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Lunkenbein
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Schlögl
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Heterogeneous Reactions, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, 45413 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Beatriz Roldan Cuenya
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
Abstract
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7
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Liu C, Ma C, Xu J, Qiao R, Sun H, Li X, Xu Z, Gao P, Wang E, Liu K, Bai X. Development of in situ optical spectroscopy with high temporal resolution in an aberration-corrected transmission electron microscope. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:013704. [PMID: 33514196 DOI: 10.1063/5.0031115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Exploring the corresponding relation between structural and physical properties of materials at the atomic scale remains the fundamental problem in science. With the development of the aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy (AC-TEM) and the ultrafast optical spectroscopy technique, sub-angstrom-scale spatial resolution and femtosecond-scale temporal resolution can be achieved, respectively. However, the attempt to combine both their advantages is still a great challenge. Here, we develop in situ optical spectroscopy with high temporal resolution in AC-TEM by utilizing a self-designed and manufactured TEM specimen holder, which has the capacity of sub-angstrom-scale spatial resolution and femtosecond-scale temporal resolution. The key and unique design of our apparatus is the use of the fiber bundle, which enables the delivery of focused pulse beams into TEM and collection of optical response simultaneously. The generated focused spot has a size less than 2 µm and can be scanned in plane with an area larger than 75 × 75 µm2. Most importantly, the positive group-velocity dispersion caused by glass fiber is compensated by a pair of diffraction gratings, thus resulting in the generation of pulse beams with a pulse width of about 300 fs (@ 3 mW) in TEM. The in situ experiment, observing the atomic structure of CdSe/ZnS quantum dots in AC-TEM and obtaining the photoluminescence lifetime (∼4.3 ns) in the meantime, has been realized. Further ultrafast optical spectroscopy with femtosecond-scale temporal resolution could be performed in TEM by utilizing this apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chaojie Ma
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jinjing Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ruixi Qiao
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Huacong Sun
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiaomin Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhi Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Peng Gao
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Enge Wang
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Kaihui Liu
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xuedong Bai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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8
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He B, Zhang Y, Liu X, Chen L. In‐situ Transmission Electron Microscope Techniques for Heterogeneous Catalysis. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201902285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bowen He
- In-situ Center for Physical Sciences School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 P.R. China
| | - Yixiao Zhang
- In-situ Center for Physical Sciences School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 P.R. China
| | - Xi Liu
- In-situ Center for Physical Sciences School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 P.R. China
- SynCat@BeijingSynfuels China Technology Co.Ltd Beijing 101407 P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion Institute of Coal ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Taiyuan 030001 P.R. China
| | - Liwei Chen
- In-situ Center for Physical Sciences School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 P.R. China
- i-Lab, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO)Chinese Academy of Sciences Suzhou 215123 P.R. China
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9
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Dong H, Xu F, Sun Z, Wu X, Zhang Q, Zhai Y, Tan XD, He L, Xu T, Zhang Z, Duan X, Sun L. In situ interface engineering for probing the limit of quantum dot photovoltaic devices. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 14:950-956. [PMID: 31451758 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-019-0526-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dot (QD) photovoltaic devices are attractive for their low-cost synthesis, tunable band gap and potentially high power conversion efficiency (PCE). However, the experimentally achieved efficiency to date remains far from ideal. Here, we report an in-situ fabrication and investigation of single TiO2-nanowire/CdSe-QD heterojunction solar cell (QDHSC) using a custom-designed photoelectric transmission electron microscope (TEM) holder. A mobile counter electrode is used to precisely tune the interface area for in situ photoelectrical measurements, which reveals a strong interface area dependent PCE. Theoretical simulations show that the simplified single nanowire solar cell structure can minimize the interface area and associated charge scattering to enable an efficient charge collection. Additionally, the optical antenna effect of nanowire-based QDHSCs can further enhance the absorption and boost the PCE. This study establishes a robust 'nanolab' platform in a TEM for in situ photoelectrical studies and provides valuable insight into the interfacial effects in nanoscale solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Dong
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Fabrication, Device and System, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Welding Robot and Application Technology of Hunan Province, Engineering Research Center of Complex Tracks Processing Technology and Equipment of Ministry of Education, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, China
| | - Feng Xu
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Fabrication, Device and System, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ziqi Sun
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Gardens Point, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Xing Wu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiubo Zhang
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Fabrication, Device and System, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yusheng Zhai
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao Dong Tan
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Fabrication, Device and System, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Longbing He
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Fabrication, Device and System, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Xu
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Fabrication, Device and System, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ze Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Xiangfeng Duan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Litao Sun
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Fabrication, Device and System, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
- Southeast University-Monash University Joint Research Institute, Suzhou, China.
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10
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Wu Y, Liu C, Moore TM, Magel GA, Garfinkel DA, Camden JP, Stanford MG, Duscher G, Rack PD. Exploring Photothermal Pathways via in Situ Laser Heating in the Transmission Electron Microscope: Recrystallization, Grain Growth, Phase Separation, and Dewetting in Ag0.5Ni0.5 Thin Films. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2018; 24:647-656. [PMID: 30588914 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927618015465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A new optical delivery system has been developed for the (scanning) transmission electron microscope. Here we describe the in situ and "rapid ex situ" photothermal heating modality of the system, which delivers >200 mW of optical power from a fiber-coupled laser diode to a 3.7 μm radius spot on the sample. Selected thermal pathways can be accessed via judicious choices of the laser power, pulse width, number of pulses, and radial position. The long optical working distance mitigates any charging artifacts and tremendous thermal stability is observed in both pulsed and continuous wave conditions, notably, no drift correction is applied in any experiment. To demonstrate the optical delivery system's capability, we explore the recrystallization, grain growth, phase separation, and solid state dewetting of a Ag0.5Ni0.5 film. Finally, we demonstrate that the structural and chemical aspects of the resulting dewetted films was assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueying Wu
- 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,University of Notre Dame,Notre Dame,IN46556,USA
| | - Chenze Liu
- 2Department of Materials Science and Engineering,University of Tennessee,Knoxville,TN 37996,USA
| | | | | | - David A Garfinkel
- 2Department of Materials Science and Engineering,University of Tennessee,Knoxville,TN 37996,USA
| | - Jon P Camden
- 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,University of Notre Dame,Notre Dame,IN46556,USA
| | - Michael G Stanford
- 2Department of Materials Science and Engineering,University of Tennessee,Knoxville,TN 37996,USA
| | - Gerd Duscher
- 2Department of Materials Science and Engineering,University of Tennessee,Knoxville,TN 37996,USA
| | - Philip D Rack
- 2Department of Materials Science and Engineering,University of Tennessee,Knoxville,TN 37996,USA
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11
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Daio T, Narita I, Nandy S, Hisatomi T, Domen K, Suganuma K. Direct observation of hydrogen bubble generation on photocatalyst particles by in situ electron microscopy. Chem Phys Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2018.05.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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12
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Fernando JFS, Zhang C, Firestein KL, Golberg D. Optical and Optoelectronic Property Analysis of Nanomaterials inside Transmission Electron Microscope. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13. [PMID: 28902975 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201701564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) allows one to investigate nanostructures at high spatial resolution in response to external stimuli, such as heat, electrical current, mechanical force and light. This review exclusively focuses on the optical, optoelectronic and photocatalytic studies inside TEM. With the development of TEMs and specialized TEM holders that include in situ illumination and light collection optics, it is possible to perform optical spectroscopies and diverse optoelectronic experiments inside TEM with simultaneous high resolution imaging of nanostructures. Optical TEM holders combining the capability of a scanning tunneling microscopy probe have enabled nanomaterial bending/stretching and electrical measurements in tandem with illumination. Hence, deep insights into the optoelectronic property versus true structure and its dynamics could be established at the nanometer-range precision thus evaluating the suitability of a nanostructure for advanced light driven technologies. This report highlights systems for in situ illumination of TEM samples and recent research work based on the relevant methods, including nanomaterial cathodoluminescence, photoluminescence, photocatalysis, photodeposition, photoconductivity and piezophototronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph F S Fernando
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Chao Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Konstantin L Firestein
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", Leninsky prospect 4, Moscow, 119049, Russia
| | - Dmitri Golberg
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- World Premier International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 3050044, Japan
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13
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Cassidy C, Yamashita M, Cheung M, Kalale C, Adaniya H, Kuwahara R, Shintake T. Water without windows: Evaluating the performance of open cell transmission electron microscopy under saturated water vapor conditions, and assessing its potential for microscopy of hydrated biological specimens. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186899. [PMID: 29099843 PMCID: PMC5669482 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We have performed open cell transmission electron microscopy experiments through pure water vapor in the saturation pressure regime (>0.6 kPa), in a modern microscope capable of sub-Å resolution. We have systematically studied achievable pressure levels, stability and gas purity, effective thickness of the water vapor column and associated electron scattering processes, and the effect of gas pressure on electron optical resolution and image contrast. For example, for 1.3 kPa pure water vapor and 300kV electrons, we report pressure stability of ± 20 Pa over tens of minutes, effective thickness of 0.57 inelastic mean free paths, lattice resolution of 0.14 nm on a reference Au specimen, and no significant degradation in contrast or stability of a biological specimen (M13 virus, with 6 nm body diameter). We have also done some brief experiments to confirm feasibility of loading specimens into an in situ water vapor ambient without exposure to intermediate desiccating conditions. Finally, we have also checked if water experiments had any discernible impact on the microscope performance, and report pertinent vacuum and electron optical data, for reference purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathal Cassidy
- Quantum Wave Microscopy, OIST Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Masao Yamashita
- Quantum Wave Microscopy, OIST Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Martin Cheung
- Quantum Wave Microscopy, OIST Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Chola Kalale
- Quantum Wave Microscopy, OIST Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Hidehito Adaniya
- Quantum Wave Microscopy, OIST Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Kuwahara
- Quantum Wave Microscopy, OIST Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Tsumoru Shintake
- Quantum Wave Microscopy, OIST Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
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14
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Wu J, Shan H, Chen W, Gu X, Tao P, Song C, Shang W, Deng T. In Situ Environmental TEM in Imaging Gas and Liquid Phase Chemical Reactions for Materials Research. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:9686-9712. [PMID: 27628711 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201602519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Gas and liquid phase chemical reactions cover a broad range of research areas in materials science and engineering, including the synthesis of nanomaterials and application of nanomaterials, for example, in the areas of sensing, energy storage and conversion, catalysis, and bio-related applications. Environmental transmission electron microscopy (ETEM) provides a unique opportunity for monitoring gas and liquid phase reactions because it enables the observation of those reactions at the ultra-high spatial resolution, which is not achievable through other techniques. Here, the fundamental science and technology developments of gas and liquid phase TEM that facilitate the mechanistic study of the gas and liquid phase chemical reactions are discussed. Combined with other characterization tools integrated in TEM, unprecedented material behaviors and reaction mechanisms are observed through the use of the in situ gas and liquid phase TEM. These observations and also the recent applications in this emerging area are described. The current challenges in the imaging process are also discussed, including the imaging speed, imaging resolution, and data management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenlong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengyi Song
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
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15
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Taheri ML, Stach EA, Arslan I, Crozier PA, Kabius BC, LaGrange T, Minor AM, Takeda S, Tanase M, Wagner JB, Sharma R. Current status and future directions for in situ transmission electron microscopy. Ultramicroscopy 2016; 170:86-95. [PMID: 27566048 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This review article discusses the current and future possibilities for the application of in situ transmission electron microscopy to reveal synthesis pathways and functional mechanisms in complex and nanoscale materials. The findings of a group of scientists, representing academia, government labs and private sector entities (predominantly commercial vendors) during a workshop, held at the Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology- National Institute of Science and Technology (CNST-NIST), are discussed. We provide a comprehensive review of the scientific needs and future instrument and technique developments required to meet them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra L Taheri
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, USA
| | - Eric A Stach
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, National Laboratory, Brookhaven, USA
| | - Ilke Arslan
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, 902 Battelle Blvd, Richland, WA, USA
| | - P A Crozier
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Bernd C Kabius
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Thomas LaGrange
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Physical and Life Science Directorate, Condensed Matter and Materials Division, 7000 East Avenue, P.O. 808 L-356, USA
| | - Andrew M Minor
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of California, Berkeley and National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, MS 72, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Seiji Takeda
- Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Mihaela Tanase
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-6203, USA
| | - Jakob B Wagner
- Center for Electron Nanoscopy, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Renu Sharma
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-6203, USA.
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16
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Tao F(F, Crozier PA. Atomic-Scale Observations of Catalyst Structures under Reaction Conditions and during Catalysis. Chem Rev 2016; 116:3487-539. [DOI: 10.1021/cr5002657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Franklin (Feng) Tao
- Department
of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Peter A. Crozier
- School
of Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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17
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Carenco S, Moldovan S, Roiban L, Florea I, Portehault D, Vallé K, Belleville P, Boissière C, Rozes L, Mézailles N, Drillon M, Sanchez C, Ersen O. The core contribution of transmission electron microscopy to functional nanomaterials engineering. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:1260-1279. [PMID: 26674446 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr05460e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Research on nanomaterials and nanostructured materials is burgeoning because their numerous and versatile applications contribute to solve societal needs in the domain of medicine, energy, environment and STICs. Optimizing their properties requires in-depth analysis of their structural, morphological and chemical features at the nanoscale. In a transmission electron microscope (TEM), combining tomography with electron energy loss spectroscopy and high-magnification imaging in high-angle annular dark-field mode provides access to all features of the same object. Today, TEM experiments in three dimensions are paramount to solve tough structural problems associated with nanoscale matter. This approach allowed a thorough morphological description of silica fibers. Moreover, quantitative analysis of the mesoporous network of binary metal oxide prepared by template-assisted spray-drying was performed, and the homogeneity of amino functionalized metal-organic frameworks was assessed. Besides, the morphology and internal structure of metal phosphide nanoparticles was deciphered, providing a milestone for understanding phase segregation at the nanoscale. By extrapolating to larger classes of materials, from soft matter to hard metals and/or ceramics, this approach allows probing small volumes and uncovering materials characteristics and properties at two or three dimensions. Altogether, this feature article aims at providing (nano)materials scientists with a representative set of examples that illustrates the capabilities of modern TEM and tomography, which can be transposed to their own research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Carenco
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Collège de France, Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Simona Moldovan
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg (UdS), 23 rue du Loess, 67037 Strasbourg Cedex 08, France.
| | - Lucian Roiban
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg (UdS), 23 rue du Loess, 67037 Strasbourg Cedex 08, France.
| | - Ileana Florea
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg (UdS), 23 rue du Loess, 67037 Strasbourg Cedex 08, France.
| | - David Portehault
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Collège de France, Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France.
| | | | | | - Cédric Boissière
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Collège de France, Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Laurence Rozes
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Collège de France, Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Nicolas Mézailles
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée, Université Paul Sabatier, UMR CNRS 5069, 118, route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Marc Drillon
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg (UdS), 23 rue du Loess, 67037 Strasbourg Cedex 08, France.
| | - Clément Sanchez
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Collège de France, Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Ovidiu Ersen
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg (UdS), 23 rue du Loess, 67037 Strasbourg Cedex 08, France.
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18
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Chan CK, Tüysüz H, Braun A, Ranjan C, La Mantia F, Miller BK, Zhang L, Crozier PA, Haber JA, Gregoire JM, Park HS, Batchellor AS, Trotochaud L, Boettcher SW. Advanced and In Situ Analytical Methods for Solar Fuel Materials. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2015; 371:253-324. [PMID: 26267386 DOI: 10.1007/128_2015_650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In situ and operando techniques can play important roles in the development of better performing photoelectrodes, photocatalysts, and electrocatalysts by helping to elucidate crucial intermediates and mechanistic steps. The development of high throughput screening methods has also accelerated the evaluation of relevant photoelectrochemical and electrochemical properties for new solar fuel materials. In this chapter, several in situ and high throughput characterization tools are discussed in detail along with their impact on our understanding of solar fuel materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candace K Chan
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
| | - Harun Tüysüz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
| | - Artur Braun
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Chinmoy Ranjan
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470, Muelheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
| | - Fabio La Mantia
- Semiconductor and Energy Conversion - Center for Electrochemical Sciences, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Benjamin K Miller
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Liuxian Zhang
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Peter A Crozier
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
| | - Joel A Haber
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 9112, USA
| | - John M Gregoire
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 9112, USA.
| | - Hyun S Park
- Fuel Cell Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 39-1 Hawolgok-dong, Seoul, 136-791, Republic of Korea.
| | - Adam S Batchellor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Lena Trotochaud
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Shannon W Boettcher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA.
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19
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Picher M, Mazzucco S, Blankenship S, Sharma R. Vibrational and optical spectroscopies integrated with environmental transmission electron microscopy. Ultramicroscopy 2014; 150:10-15. [PMID: 25490533 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2014.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Here, we present a measurement platform for collecting multiple types of spectroscopy data during high-resolution environmental transmission electron microscopy observations of dynamic processes. Such coupled measurements are made possible by a broadband, high-efficiency, free-space optical system. The critical element of the system is a parabolic mirror, inserted using an independent hollow rod and placed below the sample holder which can focus a light on the sample and/or collect the optical response. We demonstrate the versatility of this optical setup by using it to combine in situ atomic-scale electron microscopy observations with Raman spectroscopy. The Raman data is also used to measure the local temperature of the observed sample area. Other applications include, but are not limited to: cathodo- and photoluminescence spectroscopy, and use of the laser as a local, high-rate heating source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Picher
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-6203, United States; Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, United States
| | - Stefano Mazzucco
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-6203, United States; Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, United States
| | - Steve Blankenship
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-6203, United States
| | - Renu Sharma
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-6203, United States.
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20
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Hansen TW, Wagner JB. Catalysts under Controlled Atmospheres in the Transmission Electron Microscope. ACS Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/cs401148d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W. Hansen
- Center for Electron Nanoscopy, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jakob B. Wagner
- Center for Electron Nanoscopy, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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21
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Jinschek JR. Advances in the environmental transmission electron microscope (ETEM) for nanoscale in situ studies of gas–solid interactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:2696-706. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc49092k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This review highlights how ETEM technology advances have enabled new essential (structural) information that improve our understanding of nanomaterials' structure–property–function relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. R. Jinschek
- FEI Company
- Materials Science BU
- Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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22
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Zhang L, Miller BK, Crozier PA. Atomic level in situ observation of surface amorphization in anatase nanocrystals during light irradiation in water vapor. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:679-684. [PMID: 23294377 DOI: 10.1021/nl304333h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
An in situ atomic level investigation of the surface structure of anatase nanocrystals has been conducted under conditions relevant to gas phase photocatalytic splitting of water. The experiments were carried out in a modified environmental transmission electron microscope fitted with a high intensity broadband light source with an illumination intensity of 1430 mW/cm(2) close to 10 suns. When the titania is exposed to light and water vapor, the initially crystalline surface converts to an amorphous phase one to two monolayers thick. Spectroscopic analyses show that the amorphous layer contains titanium in a +3 oxidation state. The amorphous layer is stable and does not increase in thickness with time and is heavily hydroxylated. This disorder layer will be present on the anatase surface under reaction conditions relevant to photocatalytic splitting of water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuxian Zhang
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-6106, USA
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