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Cheng F, Zhang J, Xie K. In situ Observation of Porosity Formation in Porous Single-crystalline TiO 2 Monolith for Enhanced and Stable Catalytic CO Oxidation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202300480. [PMID: 36718945 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202300480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Introducing pores in single crystals creates a new type of porous materials that incorporate porosity and structural coherence. Herein, we use in situ transmission electron microscopy to disclose the porosity formation by converting KTiOPO4 (KTP) single crystals into porous single-crystalline (PSC) TiO2 monoliths in a solid-solid transformation. The isolated crystalline nuclei of TiO2 clusters with identical lattice orientation on KTP surface moves TiO2 /KTP interface toward mother phase for growing PSC TiO2 monoliths. The relative density in PSC TiO2 monoliths dominates porosity while the macroscopic dimensions remain unchanged in the transformation. The single-crystalline nature of porous architecture stabilizes oxygen vacancy to activate lattice oxygen while the three-dimensional percolation enhances species diffusion. PSC TiO2 monoliths with deposited Pt clusters show enhanced and stable catalytic CO oxidation in air at ∼75 °C for 200 hours of operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, 29 Sanxin North Road, Huizhou, Guangdong, 116023, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Kui Xie
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China.,Key Laboratory of Design & Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China.,Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, 29 Sanxin North Road, Huizhou, Guangdong, 116023, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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2
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Merkens S, De Salvo G, Kruse J, Modin E, Tollan C, Grzelczak M, Chuvilin A. Quantification of reagent mixing in liquid flow cells for Liquid Phase-TEM. Ultramicroscopy 2023; 245:113654. [PMID: 36470094 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2022.113654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Liquid-Phase Transmission Electron Microscopy (LP-TEM) offers the opportunity to study nanoscale dynamics of phenomena related to materials and life science in a native liquid environment and in real time. Until now, the opportunity to control/induce such dynamics by changing the chemical environment in the liquid flow cell (LFC) has rarely been exploited due to an incomplete understanding of hydrodynamic properties of LP-TEM flow systems. This manuscript introduces a method for hydrodynamic characterization of LP-TEM flow systems based on monitoring transmitted intensity while flowing a strongly electron scattering contrast agent solution. Key characteristic temporal indicators of solution replacement for various channel geometries were experimentally measured. A numerical physical model of solute transport based on realistic flow channel geometries was successfully implemented and validated against experiments. The model confirmed the impact of flow channel geometry on the importance of convective and diffusive solute transport, deduced by experiment, and could further extend understanding of hydrodynamics in LP-TEM flow systems. We emphasize that our approach can be applied to hydrodynamic characterization of any customized LP-TEM flow system. We foresee the implemented predictive model driving the future design of application-specific LP-TEM flow systems and, when combined with existing chemical reaction models, to a flourishing of the planning and interpretation of experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Merkens
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, Tolosa Hiribidea 76, Donostia, San Sebastián 20018, Spain; Department of Physics, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Donostia, San Sebastián 20018, Spain.
| | - Giuseppe De Salvo
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, Tolosa Hiribidea 76, Donostia, San Sebastián 20018, Spain; Department of Physics, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Donostia, San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Joscha Kruse
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, Tolosa Hiribidea 76, Donostia, San Sebastián 20018, Spain; Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, Donostia, San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Evgenii Modin
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, Tolosa Hiribidea 76, Donostia, San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Christopher Tollan
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, Tolosa Hiribidea 76, Donostia, San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Marek Grzelczak
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, Donostia, San Sebastián 20018, Spain; Centro de Física de Materiales CSIC-UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, Donostia, San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Andrey Chuvilin
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, Tolosa Hiribidea 76, Donostia, San Sebastián 20018, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
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3
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Yue S, Yuan W, Deng Z, Xi W, Shen Y. In Situ TEM Observation of the Atomic Transport Process during the Coalescence of Au Nanoparticles. Nano Lett 2022; 22:8115-8121. [PMID: 36197114 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c02491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In practical applications, the coalescence of metal nanoparticles (NPs) is a major factor affecting their physical chemistry properties. Currently, due to a lack of understanding of the atomic-level mechanisms during the nucleation and growth stages of coalescence, the correlation between the different dynamic factors in the different stages of NP coalescence is unclear. In this study, we used advanced in situ characterization techniques to observe the formation of atomic material transport channels (Au chains) during the initiation of coalescence nucleation. We focused on the movement and migration states of Au atoms and discovered an atomic ordered arrangement growth mechanism that occurs after the completion of nucleation. Simultaneously, we used density functional theory to reveal the formation principle of Au chains. These findings improve our understanding of the atomic-scale coalescence process, which can provide a new perspective for further research on coalescence atomic dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Yue
- Center for Electron Microscopy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous Materials, Institute for New Energy Materials & Low-Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Wenjuan Yuan
- Center for Electron Microscopy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous Materials, Institute for New Energy Materials & Low-Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Ziliang Deng
- Center for Electron Microscopy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous Materials, Institute for New Energy Materials & Low-Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Wei Xi
- Center for Electron Microscopy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous Materials, Institute for New Energy Materials & Low-Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Yongli Shen
- Center for Electron Microscopy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous Materials, Institute for New Energy Materials & Low-Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
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4
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Baker A, Vishnubhotla SB, Chen R, Martini A, Jacobs TDB. Origin of Pressure-Dependent Adhesion in Nanoscale Contacts. Nano Lett 2022; 22:5954-5960. [PMID: 35793499 PMCID: PMC9335865 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c02016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The adhesion between nanoscale components has been shown to increase with applied load, contradicting well-established mechanics models. Here, we use in situ transmission electron microscopy and atomistic simulations to reveal the underlying mechanism for this increase as a change in the mode of separation. Analyzing 135 nanoscale adhesion tests on technologically relevant materials of anatase TiO2, silicon, and diamond, we demonstrate a transition from fracture-controlled to strength-controlled separation. When fracture models are incorrectly applied, they yield a 7-fold increase in apparent work of adhesion; however, we show that the true work of adhesion is unchanged with loading. Instead, the nanoscale adhesion is governed by the product of adhesive strength and contact area; the pressure dependence of adhesion arises because contact area increases with applied load. By revealing the mechanism of separation for loaded nanoscale contacts, these findings provide guidance for tailoring adhesion in applications from nanoprobe-based manufacturing to nanoparticle catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew
J. Baker
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, 3700 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Sai Bharadwaj Vishnubhotla
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, 3700 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Rimei Chen
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
California-Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Ashlie Martini
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
California-Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Tevis D. B. Jacobs
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, 3700 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
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5
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Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) PtSe2 has potential applications in near-infrared optoelectronics because its band gap can be tuned by varying the layer thickness. There are several different platinum-selenide phases with different stoichiometries that result from high-temperature processing. In this report, we use in situ scanning/transmission electron microscopy (STEM) to investigate high-temperature phase transitions in 2D PtSe2 and observe interfacial reactions as well as the Kirkendall effect. The 2D nature of PtSe2 plays a key role in the unique one-dimensional interfaces that result during the formation of Se-poor phases (PtSe and PtSe1-x) at the edges of the PtSe2 crystals. The activation energy extracted for this formation suggests that the process is mediated by Se vacancies, as evidenced by the large strain variations in the material made via 4D STEM measurements. The observation of the Kirkendall effect in a 2D material suggests routes to engineer 1D edge chemistry for contact engineering in device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kumar
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Andrew C Meng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Kiyoung Jo
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Eric A Stach
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Deep Jariwala
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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6
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Peng XL, Lee S, Wilmers J, Oh SH, Bargmann S. Orientation-dependent micromechanical behavior of nacre: In situ TEM experiments and finite element simulations. Acta Biomater 2022:S1742-7061(22)00309-9. [PMID: 35609803 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nacre's superior mechanical properties and failure behavior are strongly orientation-dependent due to its brick-and-mortar microstructure. In this work, the anisotropic microscopic deformation and the resulting macroscopic mechanical properties are evaluated under different loading conditions. Our in situ transmission electron microscopy deformation experiments and finite element simulations reveal that nacre possesses enhanced indentation resistance along the direction normal to the tablets through delocalization of indentation-induced deformation by taking advantage of its layered structure. In addition, nacre's ability to recover from large deformations is observed. We study the strong loading direction dependence of nacre's macroscopic mechanical properties and elucidate the underlying microscopic deformation patterns in the tablets and the soft matrix. Particularly, its performance along the transverse direction is optimized to withstand the loading conditions in nature. We show the importance of the vertical matrix for the initial stiffness and fracture toughness of the composite. These findings provide guidelines for designing nacre-inspired artificial composites with enhanced mechanical properties. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Nacre is widely recognized as an excellent structural model for designing bio-inspired tough and strong artificial composites. Due to its brick-and-mortar microstructure, it exhibits loading direction-dependent mechanical behavior. In this contribution, we investigate the macroscopic mechanical properties and microscopic deformation behavior of nacre under different loading conditions by means of in situ TEM deformation tests and FE simulations. It is found that effective elastic moduli and microscopic deformation strongly depend on the loading direction. The organic matrix is highly deformable. The indentation resistance along the direction normal to tablets is enhanced via deformation delocalization. Our quantitative and qualitative results provide guidelines on optimizing the mechanical properties of nacre-inspired novel composites.
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7
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Wang X, Li M, Xu P, Chen Y, Yu H, Li X. In Situ TEM Technique Revealing the Deactivation Mechanism of Bimetallic Pd-Ag Nanoparticles in Hydrogen Sensors. Nano Lett 2022; 22:3157-3164. [PMID: 35191710 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c05018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bimetallic Pd-Ag alloy nanoparticles exhibit satisfactory H2-sensing improvements and show application potential for H2 sensor construction. However, the long-term stability of the H2 sensor with Pd-Ag nanoparticles as the catalyst is found to dramatically decrease during operation. Herein, gas-cell in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is used to investigate the failure mechanisms of Pd-Ag nanoparticles under operation conditions. Based on the in situ TEM results, the Pd-Ag nanoparticles have two failure mechanisms: particles coalescence at 300 °C and phase segregation at 500 °C. Guided by the failure mechanisms, the H2 sensor is comprehensively optimized based on the working temperature and the amount of Pd-Ag alloy nanoparticles. The optimized sensor exhibits satisfactory H2-sensing properties, and the response decline of the sensor after 1 month is negligible. The revealing of the failure mechanisms with in situ TEM technology provides a valuable route for developing gas sensors with high long-term stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- School of Microelectronics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Pengcheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- School of Microelectronics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Haitao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Xinxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- School of Microelectronics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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8
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Minenkov A, Šantić N, Truglas T, Aberl J, Vukušić L, Brehm M, Groiss H. Advanced preparation of plan-view specimens on a MEMS chip for in situ TEM heating experiments. MRS Bull 2022; 47:359-370. [PMID: 35968543 PMCID: PMC9365753 DOI: 10.1557/s43577-021-00255-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a powerful tool for advanced material characterization. It allows real-time observation of structural evolution at the atomic level while applying different stimuli such as heat. However, the validity of analysis strongly depends on the quality of the specimen, which has to be prepared by thinning the bulk material to electron transparency while maintaining the pristine properties. To address this challenge, a novel method of TEM samples preparation in plan-view geometry was elaborated based on the combination of the wedge polishing technique and an enhanced focused ion beam (FIB) workflow. It involves primary mechanical thinning of a broad sample area from the backside followed by FIB-assisted installation on the MEMS-based sample carrier. The complete step-by-step guide is provided, and the method's concept is discussed in detail making it easy to follow and adapt for diverse equipment. The presented approach opens the world of in situ TEM heating experiments for a vast variety of fragile materials. The principle and significant advantage of the proposed method are demonstrated by new insights into the stability and thermal-induced strain relaxation of Ge Stranski-Krastanov islands on Si during in situ TEM heating. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1557/s43577-021-00255-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Minenkov
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Nanoscale Phase Transformations, Center for Surface and Nanoanalytics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Natalija Šantić
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Nanoscale Phase Transformations, Center for Surface and Nanoanalytics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Tia Truglas
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Nanoscale Phase Transformations, Center for Surface and Nanoanalytics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
- Tietz Video and Image Processing Systems GmbH, Eremitenweg 1, 82131 Gauting, Germany
| | - Johannes Aberl
- Institute of Semiconductor and Solid-State Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Lada Vukušić
- Institute of Semiconductor and Solid-State Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Moritz Brehm
- Institute of Semiconductor and Solid-State Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Heiko Groiss
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Nanoscale Phase Transformations, Center for Surface and Nanoanalytics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
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Żak AM, Kaczmarczyk O, Piksa M, Grzęda J, Matczyszyn K. Fiber-optic sample illuminator design for the observation of light induced phenomena with transmission electron microscopy in situ: Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. Ultramicroscopy 2021; 230:113388. [PMID: 34509894 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2021.113388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Antibacterial photodynamic therapy is a promising treatment for problematic infections caused by bacteria and fungi. Despite its undoubted effectiveness, the ultrastructural mechanism of microbial death remains not fully described and distinct organisms respond to the treatment with different efficacy. For this reason, it was decided to try imaging the process using the in situ transmission electron microscopy method. To conduct an observational experiment, the microscope was significantly modified. Liquid cell methods were used, electron doses and their influence on the sample were estimated, and a fiber-optic sample illuminator was designed and built. The modifications allowed for the light-induced characterization of photosensitizer-bacteria interaction. Microscope modification is a promising platform for further studies of light-induced phenomena in both life and material science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej M Żak
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland; Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Rudolfa Weigla 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Olga Kaczmarczyk
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marta Piksa
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Rudolfa Weigla 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Grzęda
- Department of Lightweight Elements Engineering, Foundry and Automation, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Matczyszyn
- Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling Group, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
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10
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Wang X, Yao F, Xu P, Li M, Yu H, Li X. Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship of Nanowire Adsorption to SO 2 Revealed by In Situ TEM Technique. Nano Lett 2021; 21:1679-1687. [PMID: 33533628 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c04481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) is revealed based on the real-time sulfurization processes of ZnO nanowires observed via gas-cell in situ transmission electron microscopy (in situ TEM). According to the in situ TEM observations, the ZnO nanowires with a diameter of 100 nm (ZnO-100 nm) gradually transform into a core-shell nanostructure under SO2 atmosphere, and the shell formation kinetics are quantitatively determined. However, only sparse nanoparticles can be observed on the surface of the ZnO-500 nm sample, which implies a weak solid-gas interaction between SO2 and ZnO-500 nm. The QSAR model is verified with heat of adsorption (-ΔH°) and aberration-corrected TEM characterization. With the guidance of the QSAR model, the following adsorbing/sensing applications of ZnO nanomaterials are explored: (i) breakthrough experiment demonstrates the application potential of the ZnO-100 nm sample for SO2 capture/storage; (ii) the ZnO-500 nm sample features good reversibility (RSD = 1.5%, n = 3) for SO2 sensing, and the detection limit reaches 70 ppb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing Wang
- State Key Lab of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- School of Microelectronics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fanglan Yao
- State Key Lab of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- School of Microelectronics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pengcheng Xu
- State Key Lab of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- School of Microelectronics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ming Li
- State Key Lab of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Haitao Yu
- State Key Lab of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Xinxin Li
- State Key Lab of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- School of Microelectronics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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11
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Han J, Tang DM, Kong D, Chen F, Xiao J, Zhao Z, Pan S, Wu S, Yang QH. A thick yet dense silicon anode with enhanced interface stability in lithium storage evidenced by in situ TEM observations. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2020; 65:1563-1569. [PMID: 36738074 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2020.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Increasing the density and thickness of electrodes is required to maximize the volumetric energy density of lithium-ion batteries for practical applications. However, dense and thick electrodes, especially high-mass-content (>50 wt%) silicon anodes, have poor mechanical stability due to the presence of a large number of unstable interfaces between the silicon and conducting components during cycling. Here we report a network of mechanically robust carbon cages produced by the capillary shrinkage of graphene hydrogels that can contain the silicon nanoparticles in the cages and stabilize the silicon/carbon interfaces. In situ transmission electron microscope characterizations including compression and tearing of the structure and lithiation-induced silicon expansion experiments, have provided insight into the excellent confinement and buffering ability of this interface-strengthened graphene-caged silicon nanoparticle anode material. Consequently, a dense and thick silicon anode with reduced thickness fluctuations has been shown to deliver both high volumetric (>1000 mAh cm-3) and areal (>6 mAh cm-2) capacities together with excellent cycling capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Han
- Nanoyang Group, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Dai-Ming Tang
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Debin Kong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Fanqi Chen
- Nanoyang Group, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jing Xiao
- Nanoyang Group, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Ziyun Zhao
- Nanoyang Group, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Siyuan Pan
- Nanoyang Group, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Shichao Wu
- Nanoyang Group, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Quan-Hong Yang
- Nanoyang Group, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China.
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12
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Ta HQ, Yang QX, Liu S, Bachmatiuk A, Mendes RG, Gemming T, Liu Y, Liu L, Tokarska K, Patel RB, Choi JH, Rümmeli MH. In Situ Formation of Free-Standing Single-Atom-Thick Antiferromagnetic Chromium Membranes. Nano Lett 2020; 20:4354-4361. [PMID: 32357000 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c01082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Compared to van der Waals two-dimensional (2D) layers with lateral covalent bonds, metallic bonding systems favor close-packed structures, and thus, free-standing 2D metals have remained, for the most part, elusive. However, a number of theoretical studies suggest a number of metals can exist as 2D materials and a few early experiments support this notion. Here we demonstrate free-standing single-atom-thick crystalline chromium (Cr) suspended membranes using aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy and image simulations. Density functional theory studies confirm the 2D Cr membranes have an antiferromagnetic ground state making them highly attractive for spintronic applications. Moreover, the work also helps consolidate the existence of a new family of 2D metal layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huy Quang Ta
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, and Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, P.O. Box 270116, Dresden D-01171, Germany
| | - Qin Xiao Yang
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, and Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Shuyuan Liu
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, and Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - A Bachmatiuk
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, P.O. Box 270116, Dresden D-01171, Germany
- Polish Center for Technology Development (PORT), Ul. Stabłowicka 147, Wrocław 54-066, Poland
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 34, Zabrze 41-819, Poland
| | - Rafael G Mendes
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, P.O. Box 270116, Dresden D-01171, Germany
| | - Thomas Gemming
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, P.O. Box 270116, Dresden D-01171, Germany
| | - Yu Liu
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, and Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Lijun Liu
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Klaudia Tokarska
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 34, Zabrze 41-819, Poland
| | - Rajen B Patel
- NJ Explosives Research Branch, Picatinny Arsenal, Picatinny Arsenal, New Jersey 07806, United States
| | - Jin-Ho Choi
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, and Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Mark H Rümmeli
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, and Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, P.O. Box 270116, Dresden D-01171, Germany
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 34, Zabrze 41-819, Poland
- Institute of Environmental Technology, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 15, Ostrava 708 33, Czech Republic
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13
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Cai J, Cai R, Sun Z, Wang X, Wei N, Xu F, Shao Y, Gao P, Dou S, Sun J. Confining TiO 2 Nanotubes in PECVD-Enabled Graphene Capsules Toward Ultrafast K-Ion Storage: In Situ TEM/XRD Study and DFT Analysis. Nanomicro Lett 2020; 12:123. [PMID: 34138148 PMCID: PMC7770745 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-020-00460-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has gained burgeoning attention for potassium-ion storage because of its large theoretical capacity, wide availability, and environmental benignity. Nevertheless, the inherently poor conductivity gives rise to its sluggish reaction kinetics and inferior rate capability. Here, we report the direct graphene growth over TiO2 nanotubes by virtue of chemical vapor deposition. Such conformal graphene coatings effectively enhance the conductive environment and well accommodate the volume change of TiO2 upon potassiation/depotassiation. When paired with an activated carbon cathode, the graphene-armored TiO2 nanotubes allow the potassium-ion hybrid capacitor full cells to harvest an energy/power density of 81.2 Wh kg-1/3746.6 W kg-1. We further employ in situ transmission electron microscopy and operando X-ray diffraction to probe the potassium-ion storage behavior. This work offers a viable and versatile solution to the anode design and in situ probing of potassium storage technologies that is readily promising for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingsheng Cai
- College of Energy, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS (SIEMIS), Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran Cai
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongti Sun
- College of Energy, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS (SIEMIS), Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangguo Wang
- College of Energy, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS (SIEMIS), Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Wei
- College of Energy, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS (SIEMIS), Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing, 100095, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Xu
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuanlong Shao
- College of Energy, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS (SIEMIS), Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing, 100095, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Gao
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing, 100095, People's Republic of China.
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, International Centre for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shixue Dou
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Jingyu Sun
- College of Energy, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS (SIEMIS), Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
- Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI), Beijing, 100095, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Maliakkal CB, Mårtensson EK, Tornberg MU, Jacobsson D, Persson AR, Johansson J, Wallenberg LR, Dick KA. Independent Control of Nucleation and Layer Growth in Nanowires. ACS Nano 2020; 14:3868-3875. [PMID: 32049491 PMCID: PMC7307954 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b09816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Control of the crystallization process is central to developing nanomaterials with atomic precision to meet the demands of electronic and quantum technology applications. Semiconductor nanowires grown by the vapor-liquid-solid process are a promising material system in which the ability to form components with structure and composition not achievable in bulk is well-established. Here, we use in situ TEM imaging of Au-catalyzed GaAs nanowire growth to understand the processes by which the growth dynamics are connected to the experimental parameters. We find that two sequential steps in the crystallization process-nucleation and layer growth-can occur on similar time scales and can be controlled independently using different growth parameters. Importantly, the layer growth process contributes significantly to the growth time for all conditions and will play a major role in determining material properties such as compositional uniformity, dopant density, and impurity incorporation. The results are understood through theoretical simulations correlating the growth dynamics, liquid droplet, and experimental parameters. The key insights discussed here are not restricted to Au-catalyzed GaAs nanowire growth but can be extended to most compound nanowire growths in which the different growth species has very different solubility in the catalyst particle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina B. Maliakkal
- Centre
for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- Solid
State Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Erik K. Mårtensson
- Solid
State Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Marcus Ulf Tornberg
- Solid
State Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Daniel Jacobsson
- Centre
for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- National
Center for High Resolution Electron Microscopy, Lund University, Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Axel R. Persson
- Centre
for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- National
Center for High Resolution Electron Microscopy, Lund University, Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jonas Johansson
- Solid
State Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Lars Reine Wallenberg
- Centre
for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- National
Center for High Resolution Electron Microscopy, Lund University, Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Kimberly A. Dick
- Centre
for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- Solid
State Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
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15
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Zhou X, Tang DM, Mitome M, Bando Y, Sasaki T, Golberg D. Intrinsic and Defect-Related Elastic Moduli of Boron Nitride Nanotubes As Revealed by in Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy. Nano Lett 2019; 19:4974-4980. [PMID: 31265300 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b01170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) are promising for mechanical applications owing to the high modulus, high strength, and inert chemical nature. However, up to now, precise evaluation of their elastic properties and their relation to defects have not been experimentally established. Herein, the intrinsic elastic modulus of BNNTs and its dependence on intrinsic and deliberately irradiation-induced extrinsic defects have been studied via an electric-field-induced high-order resonance technique inside a high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM). Resonances up to fourth order for normal modes and third order for parametric modes have been initiated in the cantilevered tubes, and the recorded frequencies are well consistent with the theoretical calculations with a discrepancy of ∼1%. The elastic moduli of the BNNTs measured from high-order resonance is about 906.2 GPa on average, with a standard deviation of 9.3%, which is found to be closely related to the intrinsic defect as cavities in the nanotube walls. Furthermore, electron irradiation in HRTEM has been used to study the effects of defects to elastic moduli and to evaluate the radiation resistance of the BNNTs. Along with an increase in the irradiation dose, the outer diameter has linearly reduced due to the knock-on effects. A defective shell with nearly constant thickness has been formed on the outer surface, and as a result, the elastic modulus decreases gradually to ∼662.9 GPa, which is still 3 times that of steel. Excellent intrinsic elastic properties and decent radiation-resistance prove that BNNTs could be a material of choice for applications in extreme environments, such as those existing in space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA) , National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) , 1-1 Namiki , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-0044 , Japan
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences , University of Tsukuba , 1-1-1 Tennodai , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-8577 , Japan
| | - Dai-Ming Tang
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA) , National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) , 1-1 Namiki , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-0044 , Japan
| | - Masanori Mitome
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA) , National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) , 1-1 Namiki , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-0044 , Japan
| | - Yoshio Bando
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA) , National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) , 1-1 Namiki , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-0044 , Japan
| | - Takayoshi Sasaki
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA) , National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) , 1-1 Namiki , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-0044 , Japan
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences , University of Tsukuba , 1-1-1 Tennodai , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-8577 , Japan
| | - Dmitri Golberg
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA) , National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) , 1-1 Namiki , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-0044 , Japan
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty , Queensland University of Technology (QUT) , Second George Street , Brisbane , QLD 4000 , Australia
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16
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Kim K, Yoon JC, Kim J, Kim JH, Lee SW, Yoon A, Lee Z. Dedicated preparation for in situ transmission electron microscope tensile testing of exfoliated graphene. Appl Microsc 2019; 49:3. [PMID: 33580404 PMCID: PMC7818284 DOI: 10.1007/s42649-019-0005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene, which is one of the most promising materials for its state-of-the-art applications, has received extensive attention because of its superior mechanical properties. However, there is little experimental evidence related to the mechanical properties of graphene at the atomic level because of the challenges associated with transferring atomically-thin two-dimensional (2D) materials onto microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices. In this study, we show successful dry transfer with a gel material of a stable, clean, and free-standing exfoliated graphene film onto a push-to-pull (PTP) device, which is a MEMS device used for uniaxial tensile testing in in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Through the results of optical microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and TEM, we demonstrate high quality exfoliated graphene on the PTP device. Finally, the stress-strain results corresponding to propagating cracks in folded graphene were simultaneously obtained during the tensile tests in TEM. The zigzag and armchair edges of graphene confirmed that the fracture occurred in association with the hexagonal lattice structure of graphene while the tensile testing. In the wake of the results, we envision the dedicated preparation and in situ TEM tensile experiments advance the understanding of the relationship between the mechanical properties and structural characteristics of 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangsik Kim
- School Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City, 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Chan Yoon
- School Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City, 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Jaemin Kim
- School Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City, 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hwa Kim
- School Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City, 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Woo Lee
- School Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City, 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Aram Yoon
- School Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City, 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Zonghoon Lee
- School Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City, 44919 Republic of Korea
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan Metropolitan City, 44919 Republic of Korea
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17
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Zhang Q, Gao G, Shen Y, Peng X, Shangguan J, Wang Y, Dong H, Bustillo K, Wang L, Sun L, Zheng H. Anomalous Shape Evolution of Ag 2O 2 Nanocrystals Modulated by Surface Adsorbates during Electron Beam Etching. Nano Lett 2019; 19:591-597. [PMID: 30582699 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b04719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
An understanding of nanocrystal shape evolution is significant for the design, synthesis, and applications of nanocrystals with surface-enhanced properties such as catalysis or plasmonics. Surface adsorbates that are selectively attached to certain facets may strongly affect the atomic pathways of nanocrystal shape development. However, it is a great challenge to directly observe such dynamic processes in situ with a high spatial resolution. Here, we report the anomalous shape evolution of Ag2O2 nanocrystals modulated by the surface adsorbates of Ag clusters during electron beam etching, which is revealed through in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In contrast to the Ag2O2 nanocrystals without adsorbates, which display the near-equilibrium shape throughout the etching process, Ag2O2 nanocrystals with Ag surface adsorbates show distinct facet development during etching by electron beam irradiation. Three stages of shape changes are observed: a sphere-to-a cube transformation, side etching of a cuboid, and bottom etching underneath the surface adsorbates. We find that the Ag adsorbates modify the Ag2O2 nanocrystal surface configuration by selectively capping the junction between two neighboring facets. They prevent the edge atoms from being etched away and block the diffusion path of surface atoms. Our findings provide critical insights into the modulatory function of surface adsorbates on the shape control of nanocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiubo Zhang
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Fabrication, Device and System , Southeast University , Nanjing 210018 , People's Republic of China
- Materials Science Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Guoping Gao
- Materials Science Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Yuting Shen
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Fabrication, Device and System , Southeast University , Nanjing 210018 , People's Republic of China
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering , Changshu Institute of Technology , Changshu 215500 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxing Peng
- Materials Science Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Junyi Shangguan
- Materials Science Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Yu Wang
- Materials Science Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Hui Dong
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Fabrication, Device and System , Southeast University , Nanjing 210018 , People's Republic of China
| | - Karen Bustillo
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Linwang Wang
- Materials Science Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Litao Sun
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Fabrication, Device and System , Southeast University , Nanjing 210018 , People's Republic of China
| | - Haimei Zheng
- Materials Science Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
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18
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Zhang C, Kvashnin DG, Bourgeois L, Fernando JFS, Firestein K, Sorokin PB, Fukata N, Golberg D. Mechanical, Electrical, and Crystallographic Property Dynamics of Bent and Strained Ge/Si Core-Shell Nanowires As Revealed by in situ Transmission Electron Microscopy. Nano Lett 2018; 18:7238-7246. [PMID: 30346785 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b03398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Research on electromechanical properties of semiconducting nanowires, including plastic behavior of Si nanowires and superb carrier mobility of Ge and Ge/Si core-shell nanowires, has attracted increasing attention. However, to date, there have been no direct experimental studies on crystallography dynamics and its relation to electrical and mechanical properties of Ge/Si core-shell nanowires. In this Letter, we in parallel investigated the crystallography changes and electrical and mechanical behaviors of Ge/Si core-shell nanowires under their deformation in a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The core-shell Ge/Si nanowires were bent and strained in tension to high limits. The nanowire Young's moduli were measured to be up to ∼191 GPa, and tensile strength was in a range of 3-8 GPa. Using high-resolution imaging, we confirmed that under large bending strains, Si shells had irregularly changed to the polycrystalline/amorphous state, whereas Ge cores kept single crystal status with the local lattice strains on the compressed side. The nanowires revealed cyclically changed electronic properties and had decent mechanical robustness. Electron diffraction patterns obtained from in situ TEM, paired with theoretical simulations, implied that nonequilibrium phases of polycrystalline/amorphous Si and β-Sn Ge appearing during the deformations may explain the regarded mechanical robustness and varying conductivities under straining. Finally, atomistic simulations of Ge/Si nanowires showed the pronounced changes in their electronic structure during bending and the appearance of a conductive channel in compressed regions which might also be responsible for the increased conductivity seen in bent nanowires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty , Queensland University of Technology (QUT) , 2nd George Street , Brisbane , Queensland 4000 , Australia
| | - Dmitry G Kvashnin
- Inorganic Nanomaterials Laboratory , National University of Science and Technology MISIS , Leninsky prospect 4 , Moscow 119049 , Russian Federation
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics RAS, Kosigina 4 , Moscow 119334 , Russian Federation
| | - Laure Bourgeois
- Monash Centre for Electron Microscopy and Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Monash University , Victoria 3800 , Australia
| | - Joseph F S Fernando
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty , Queensland University of Technology (QUT) , 2nd George Street , Brisbane , Queensland 4000 , Australia
| | - Konstantin Firestein
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty , Queensland University of Technology (QUT) , 2nd George Street , Brisbane , Queensland 4000 , Australia
| | - Pavel B Sorokin
- Inorganic Nanomaterials Laboratory , National University of Science and Technology MISIS , Leninsky prospect 4 , Moscow 119049 , Russian Federation
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics RAS, Kosigina 4 , Moscow 119334 , Russian Federation
| | - Naoki Fukata
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA) , National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) , Namiki 1-1 , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 3050044 , Japan
| | - Dmitri Golberg
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty , Queensland University of Technology (QUT) , 2nd George Street , Brisbane , Queensland 4000 , Australia
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA) , National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) , Namiki 1-1 , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 3050044 , Japan
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19
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Yang J, Alam SB, Yu L, Chan E, Zheng H. Dynamic behavior of nanoscale liquids in graphene liquid cells revealed by in situ transmission electron microscopy. Micron 2018; 116:22-29. [PMID: 30265880 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in graphene liquid cells for in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) have opened many opportunities for the study of materials transformations and chemical reactions in liquids with high spatial resolution. However, the behavior of thin liquids encapsulated in a graphene liquid cell has not been fully understood. Here, we report real time TEM imaging of the nanoscale dynamic behavior of liquids in graphene nanocapillaries. Our observations reveal that the interfaces between liquid and gas bubble can fluctuate, leading to the generation of liquid nanodroplets near the interfaces. Liquid nanodroplets often show irregular shape with dynamic changes of their configuration under the electron beam. We consider that the dynamic motion of liquid-gas interfaces might be introduced by the electrostatic energy from transiently charged interfaces. We find that improving the wettability of graphene liquid cells by ultraviolet-ozone treatment can significantly modify the dynamic motion of the encapsulated liquids. Our study provides valuable information of the interactions between liquid and graphene under the electron beam, and it also offers key insights on the nanoscale fluid dynamics in confined spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwoong Yang
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Sardar B Alam
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Lei Yu
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Emory Chan
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States
| | - Haimei Zheng
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States.
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20
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Zhang Q, Shi Z, Yin K, Dong H, Xu F, Peng X, Yu K, Zhang H, Chen CC, Valov I, Zheng H, Sun L. Spring-Like Pseudoelectroelasticity of Monocrystalline Cu 2S Nanowire. Nano Lett 2018; 18:5070-5077. [PMID: 29965777 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b01914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Prediction from the dual-phase nature of superionic conductors-both solid and liquid-like-is that mobile ions in the material may experience reversible extraction-reinsertion by an external electric field. However, this type of pseudoelectroelasticity has not been confirmed in situ, and no details on the microscopic mechanism are known. Here, we in situ monitor the pseudoelectroelasticity of monocrystalline Cu2S nanowires (NWs) using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Specifically, we reveal the atomic scale details including phase transformation, migration and redox reactions of Cu+ ions, nucleation, growth, as well as spontaneous shrinking of Cu protrusion. Caterpillar-diffusion-dominated deformation is confirmed by the high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) observation and ab initio calculation, which can be driven by either an external electric field or chemical potential difference. The observed spring-like behavior was creatively adopted for electric nanoactuators. Our findings are crucial to elucidate the mechanism of pseudoelectroelasticity and could potentially stimulate in-depth research into electrochemical and nanoelectromechanical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiubo Zhang
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Fabrication, Device and System , Southeast University , Nanjing 210018 , P. R. China
- Materials Science Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Zhe Shi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Kuibo Yin
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Fabrication, Device and System , Southeast University , Nanjing 210018 , P. R. China
| | - Hui Dong
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Fabrication, Device and System , Southeast University , Nanjing 210018 , P. R. China
| | - Feng Xu
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Fabrication, Device and System , Southeast University , Nanjing 210018 , P. R. China
| | - Xinxing Peng
- Materials Science Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Kaihao Yu
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Fabrication, Device and System , Southeast University , Nanjing 210018 , P. R. China
| | - Hongtao Zhang
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Fabrication, Device and System , Southeast University , Nanjing 210018 , P. R. China
| | - Chia-Chin Chen
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , Heisenbergstrasse 1 , 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Ilia Valov
- Peter Gruenberg Institute, Electronic Materials , Research Centre Juelich , 52425 Juelich , Germany
| | - Haimei Zheng
- Materials Science Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Litao Sun
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Fabrication, Device and System , Southeast University , Nanjing 210018 , P. R. China
- Center for Advanced Materials and Manufacture , Joint Research Institute of Southeast University and Monash University , Suzhou 215123 , P. R. China
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21
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Song Z, Xie ZH. A literature review of in situ transmission electron microscopy technique in corrosion studies. Micron 2018; 112:69-83. [PMID: 29929172 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
One of the biggest challenges in corrosion investigation is foreseeing precisely how and where materials will degenerate in a designated condition owing to scarceness of accurate corrosion mechanisms. Recent fast development of in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) technique makes it achievable to better understand the corrosion mechanism and physicochemical processes at the interfaces between samples and gases or electrolytes by dynamical capture the microstructural and chemical changes with high resolution within a realistic or near-realistic environment. However, a detailed and in-depth account summing up the development and latest achievements of in situ TEM techniques, especially the application of emerging liquid and electrochemical cells in the community of corrosion study in the last several years is lacking and is urgently needed for its heathy development. To fill this gap, this critical review summarizes firstly the key scientific issues in corrosion research, followed by introducing the configurations of several typical closed-type cells. Then, the achievements of in situ TEM using open-type or closed-type cells in corrosion study are presented in detail. The study directions in the future are commented finally in terms of spatial and temporal resolution, electron radiation, and linkage between microstructure and electrochemical performance in corrosion community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengwei Song
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan Institute of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Zhi-Hui Xie
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, Sichuan, PR China; Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, New York 13902, USA.
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22
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Li Y, Li Y, Sun Y, Butz B, Yan K, Koh AL, Zhao J, Pei A, Cui Y. Revealing Nanoscale Passivation and Corrosion Mechanisms of Reactive Battery Materials in Gas Environments. Nano Lett 2017; 17:5171-5178. [PMID: 28692280 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b02630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Lithium (Li) metal is a high-capacity anode material (3860 mAh g-1) that can enable high-energy batteries for electric vehicles and grid-storage applications. However, Li metal is highly reactive and repeatedly consumed when exposed to liquid electrolyte (during battery operation) or the ambient environment (throughout battery manufacturing). Studying these corrosion reactions on the nanoscale is especially difficult due to the high chemical reactivity of both Li metal and its surface corrosion films. Here, we directly generate pure Li metal inside an environmental transmission electron microscope (TEM), revealing the nanoscale passivation and corrosion process of Li metal in oxygen (O2), nitrogen (N2), and water vapor (H2O). We find that while dry O2 and N2 (99.9999 vol %) form uniform passivation layers on Li, trace water vapor (∼1 mol %) disrupts this passivation and forms a porous film on Li metal that allows gas to penetrate and continuously react with Li. To exploit the self-passivating behavior of Li in dry conditions, we introduce a simple dry-N2 pretreatment of Li metal to form a protective layer of Li nitride prior to battery assembly. The fast ionic conductivity and stable interface of Li nitride results in improved battery performance with dendrite-free cycling and low voltage hysteresis. Our work reveals the detailed process of Li metal passivation/corrosion and demonstrates how this mechanistic insight can guide engineering solutions for Li metal batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhang Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yanbin Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yongming Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Benjamin Butz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Institut für Mikro- und Nanostrukturforschung, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Cauerstrasse 6, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kai Yan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Ai Leen Koh
- Stanford Nano Shared Facilities, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Allen Pei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yi Cui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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23
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Zhao L, Ta HQ, Dianat A, Soni A, Fediai A, Yin W, Gemming T, Trzebicka B, Cuniberti G, Liu Z, Bachmatiuk A, Rummeli MH. In Situ Electron Driven Carbon Nanopillar-Fullerene Transformation through Cr Atom Mediation. Nano Lett 2017; 17:4725-4732. [PMID: 28691821 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b01406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The promise of sp2 nanomaterials remains immense, and ways to strategically combine and manipulate these nanostructures will further enhance their potential as well as advance nanotechnology as a whole. The scale of these structures requires precision at the atomic scale. In this sense electron microscopes are attractive as they offer both atomic imaging and a means to structurally modify structures. Here we show how Cr atoms can be used as physical linkers to connect carbon nanotubes and fullerenes to graphene. Crucially, while under electron irradiation, the Cr atoms can drive transformations such as catalytic healing of a hole in graphene with simultaneous transformation of a single wall carbon nanotube into a fullerene. The atomic resolution of the electron microscopy along with density functional theory based total energy calculations provide insight into the dynamic transformations of Cr atom linkers. The work augments the potential of transmission electron microscopes as nanolaboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhao
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University , Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Huy Q Ta
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University , Suzhou 215006, China
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences , M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 34, Zabrze 41-819, Poland
| | - Arezoo Dianat
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergman Center of Biomaterials, Dresden Center for Computational Materials Science (DCMS), TU Dresden , 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Akash Soni
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University , Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Artem Fediai
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergman Center of Biomaterials, Dresden Center for Computational Materials Science (DCMS), TU Dresden , 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, TU Dresden , 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, KIT, Karlsruhe , Hermann von Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Wanjian Yin
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University , Suzhou 215006, China
| | | | - Barbara Trzebicka
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences , M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 34, Zabrze 41-819, Poland
| | - Gianaurelio Cuniberti
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergman Center of Biomaterials, Dresden Center for Computational Materials Science (DCMS), TU Dresden , 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, TU Dresden , 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Zhongfan Liu
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Centre for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Alicja Bachmatiuk
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University , Suzhou 215006, China
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences , M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 34, Zabrze 41-819, Poland
- IFW Dresden , P.O. Box D, 01171, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mark H Rummeli
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University , Suzhou 215006, China
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences , M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 34, Zabrze 41-819, Poland
- IFW Dresden , P.O. Box D, 01171, Dresden, Germany
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24
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Chen R, Jungjohann KL, Mook WM, Nogan J, Dayeh SA. Atomic Scale Dynamics of Contact Formation in the Cross-Section of InGaAs Nanowire Channels. Nano Lett 2017; 17:2189-2196. [PMID: 28334533 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b04713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Alloyed and compound contacts between metal and semiconductor transistor channels enable self-aligned gate processes which play a significant role in transistor scaling. At nanoscale dimensions and for nanowire channels, prior experiments focused on reactions along the channel length, but the early stage of reaction in their cross sections remains unknown. Here, we report on the dynamics of the solid-state reaction between metal (Ni) and semiconductor (In0.53Ga0.47As), along the cross-section of nanowires that are 15 nm in width. Unlike planar structures where crystalline nickelide readily forms at conventional, low alloying temperatures, nanowires exhibit a solid-state amorphization step that can undergo a crystal regrowth step at elevated temperatures. In this study, we capture the layer-by-layer reaction mechanism and growth rate anisotropy using in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Our kinetic model depicts this new, in-plane contact formation which could pave the way for engineered nanoscale transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katherine L Jungjohann
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories , Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - William M Mook
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories , Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - John Nogan
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories , Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
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25
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Abstract
In situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with the ability to reveal materials dynamic processes with high spatial and temporal resolution has attracted significant interest. The recent advances in in situ methods, including liquid and gas sample environment, pump-probe ultrafast microscopy, nanomechanics and ferroelectric domain switching the aberration corrected electron optics as well as fast electron detector has opened new opportunities to extend the impact of in situ TEM in broad areas of research ranging from materials science to chemistry, physics and biology. In this article, we highlight the development of liquid environment electron microscopy and its applications in the study of colloidal nanoparticle growth, electrochemical processes and others; in situ study of topological vortices in ferroelectric and ferromagnetic materials. At the end, perspectives of future in situ TEM are provided.
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26
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Burke MG, Bertali G, Prestat E, Scenini F, Haigh SJ. The application of in situ analytical transmission electron microscopy to the study of preferential intergranular oxidation in Alloy 600. Ultramicroscopy 2017; 176:46-51. [PMID: 27932032 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In situ analytical transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can provide a unique perspective on dynamic reactions in a variety of environments, including liquids and gases. In this study, in situ analytical TEM techniques have been applied to examine the localised oxidation reactions that occur in a Ni-Cr-Fe alloy, Alloy 600, using a gas environmental cell at elevated temperatures. The initial stages of preferential intergranular oxidation, shown to be an important precursor phenomenon for intergranular stress corrosion cracking in pressurized water reactors (PWRs), have been successfully identified using the in situ approach. Furthermore, the detailed observations correspond to the ex situ results obtained from bulk specimens tested in hydrogenated steam and in high temperature PWR primary water. The excellent agreement between the in situ and ex situ oxidation studies demonstrates that this approach can be used to investigate the initial stages of preferential intergranular oxidation relevant to nuclear power systems.
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27
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Taheri ML, Stach EA, Arslan I, Crozier PA, Kabius BC, LaGrange T, Minor AM, Takeda S, Tanase M, Wagner JB, Sharma R. Current status and future directions for in situ transmission electron microscopy. Ultramicroscopy 2016; 170:86-95. [PMID: 27566048 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This review article discusses the current and future possibilities for the application of in situ transmission electron microscopy to reveal synthesis pathways and functional mechanisms in complex and nanoscale materials. The findings of a group of scientists, representing academia, government labs and private sector entities (predominantly commercial vendors) during a workshop, held at the Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology- National Institute of Science and Technology (CNST-NIST), are discussed. We provide a comprehensive review of the scientific needs and future instrument and technique developments required to meet them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra L Taheri
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, USA
| | - Eric A Stach
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, National Laboratory, Brookhaven, USA
| | - Ilke Arslan
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, 902 Battelle Blvd, Richland, WA, USA
| | - P A Crozier
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Bernd C Kabius
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Thomas LaGrange
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Physical and Life Science Directorate, Condensed Matter and Materials Division, 7000 East Avenue, P.O. 808 L-356, USA
| | - Andrew M Minor
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of California, Berkeley and National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, MS 72, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Seiji Takeda
- Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Mihaela Tanase
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-6203, USA
| | - Jakob B Wagner
- Center for Electron Nanoscopy, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Renu Sharma
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-6203, USA.
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28
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Chen X, Zhou L, Wang P, Cao H, Miao X, Wei F, Chen X. Effects Associated with Nanostructure Fabrication Using In Situ Liquid Cell TEM Technology. Nanomicro Lett 2015; 7:385-391. [PMID: 30464986 PMCID: PMC6223903 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-015-0054-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We studied silicon, carbon, and SiC x nanostructures fabricated using liquid-phase electron-beam-induced deposition technology in transmission electron microscopy systems. Nanodots obtained from fixed electron beam irradiation followed a universal size versus beam dose trend, with precursor concentrations from pure SiCl4 to 0 % SiCl4 in CH2Cl2, and electron beam intensity ranges of two orders of magnitude, showing good controllability of the deposition. Secondary electrons contributed to the determination of the lateral sizes of the nanostructures, while the primary beam appeared to have an effect in reducing the vertical growth rate. These results can be used to generate donut-shaped nanostructures. Using a scanning electron beam, line structures with both branched and unbranched morphologies were also obtained. The liquid-phase electron-beam-induced deposition technology is shown to be an effective tool for advanced nanostructured material generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, and Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237 People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatic, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 865 Changning Road, Shanghai, 200050 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lihui Zhou
- East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Biomedical Nanotechnology Center, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongliang Cao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, and Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Miao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, and Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237 People’s Republic of China
| | - Feifei Wei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, and Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xia Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, and Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237 People’s Republic of China
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29
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Abstract
A growth mode was revealed by an in situ TEM study of nucleation and growth of Au on Pt icosahedral nanoparticles. Quantitative analysis of growth kinetics was carried out based on real-time TEM data, which shows the process involves: (1) deposition of Au on corner sites of Pt icosahedral nanoparticles, (2) diffusion of Au from corners to terraces and edges, and (3) subsequent layer-by-layer growth of Au on Au surfaces to form Pt@Au core-shell nanoparticles. The in situ TEM results indicate diffusion of Au from corner islands to terraces and edges is a kinetically controlled growth, as evidenced by a measurement of diffusion coefficients for these growth processes. We demonstrated that in situ electron microscopy is a valuable tool for quantitative study of nucleation and growth kinetics and can provide new insight into the design and precise control of heterogeneous nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Wu
- †Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1304 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- §Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 104 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Wenpei Gao
- †Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1304 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- §Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 104 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jianguo Wen
- ∥Electron Microscopy Center - Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Dean J Miller
- ∥Electron Microscopy Center - Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Ping Lu
- ⊥Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Jian-Min Zuo
- †Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1304 West Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- §Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 104 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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30
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Gontard LC, Dunin-Borkowski RE. Transmission electron microscopy of thiol-capped Au clusters on C: Structure and electron irradiation effects. Micron 2015; 70:41-9. [PMID: 25554918 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
High-resolution transmission electron microscopy is used to study interactions between thiol-capped Au clusters and amorphous C support films. The morphologies of the clusters are found to depend both on their size and on the local structure of the underlying C. When the C is amorphous, larger Au clusters are crystalline, while smaller clusters are typically disordered. When the C is graphitic, the Au particles adopt either elongated shapes that maximize their contact with the edge of the C film or planar arrays when they contain few Au atoms. We demonstrate the influence of electron beam irradiation on the structure, shape and stability of the Au clusters, as well as on the formation of holes bounded by terraces of graphitic lamellae in the underlying C.
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31
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Abstract
In situ fluid cell TEM is a powerful new tool for understanding dynamic processes during liquid phase chemical reactions, including mineral formation. This technique, which operates in the high vacuum of a TEM chamber, provides information on crystal structure, phase, morphology, size, aggregation/segregation, and crystal growth mechanisms in real time. In situ TEM records both crystal structure and morphology at spatial resolutions down to the atomic level with high temporal resolution of up to 10(-6)s per image, giving it distinct advantages over other in situ techniques such as optical microscopy, AFM, or X-ray scattering or diffraction. This chapter addresses the design, fabrication, and assembly of TEM fluid cells and applications of fluid cell TEM to understanding mechanisms of mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Li
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA.
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