1
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Yang L, Yue S, Tao Y, Qiao S, Li H, Dai Z, Song B, Chen Y, Du J, Li D, Gao P. Suppressed thermal transport in silicon nanoribbons by inhomogeneous strain. Nature 2024; 629:1021-1026. [PMID: 38750362 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07390-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Nanoscale structures can produce extreme strain that enables unprecedented material properties, such as tailored electronic bandgap1-5, elevated superconducting temperature6,7 and enhanced electrocatalytic activity8,9. While uniform strains are known to elicit limited effects on heat flow10-15, the impact of inhomogeneous strains has remained elusive owing to the coexistence of interfaces16-20 and defects21-23. Here we address this gap by introducing inhomogeneous strain through bending individual silicon nanoribbons on a custom-fabricated microdevice and measuring its effect on thermal transport while characterizing the strain-dependent vibrational spectra with sub-nanometre resolution. Our results show that a strain gradient of 0.112% per nanometre could lead to a drastic thermal conductivity reduction of 34 ± 5%, in clear contrast to the nearly constant values measured under uniform strains10,12,14,15. We further map the local lattice vibrational spectra using electron energy-loss spectroscopy, which reveals phonon peak shifts of several millielectron-volts along the strain gradient. This unique phonon spectra broadening effect intensifies phonon scattering and substantially impedes thermal transport, as evidenced by first-principles calculations. Our work uncovers a crucial piece of the long-standing puzzle of lattice dynamics under inhomogeneous strain, which is absent under uniform strain and eludes conventional understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- Department of Advanced Manufacturing and Robotics, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shengying Yue
- Laboratory for Multiscale Mechanics and Medical Science, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, School of Aerospace, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Tao
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuo Qiao
- Department of Advanced Manufacturing and Robotics, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Li
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaohe Dai
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bai Song
- Department of Advanced Manufacturing and Robotics, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Department of Energy and Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfei Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinlong Du
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Deyu Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Peng Gao
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Du JS, Cherqui C, Ueltschi TW, Wahl CB, Bourgeois M, Van Duyne RP, Schatz GC, Dravid VP, Mirkin CA. Discovering polyelemental nanostructures with redistributed plasmonic modes through combinatorial synthesis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadj6129. [PMID: 38134271 PMCID: PMC10745681 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj6129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Coupling plasmonic and functional materials provides a promising way to generate multifunctional structures. However, finding plasmonic nanomaterials and elucidating the roles of various geometric and dielectric configurations are tedious. This work describes a combinatorial approach to rapidly exploring and identifying plasmonic heteronanomaterials. Symmetry-broken noble/non-noble metal particle heterojunctions (~100 nanometers) were synthesized on multiwindow silicon chips with silicon nitride membranes. The metal types and the interface locations were controlled to establish a nanoparticle library, where the particle morphology and scattering color can be rapidly screened. By correlating structural data with near- and far-field single-particle spectroscopy data, we found that certain low-energy plasmonic modes could be supported across the heterointerface, while others are localized. Furthermore, we found a series of triangular heteronanoplates stabilized by epitaxial Moiré superlattices, which show strong plasmonic responses despite largely comprising a lossy metal (~70 atomic %). These architectures can become the basis for multifunctional and cost-effective plasmonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingshan S. Du
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Charles Cherqui
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Tyler W. Ueltschi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Carolin B. Wahl
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Marc Bourgeois
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Richard P. Van Duyne
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - George C. Schatz
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Vinayak P. Dravid
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- NUANCE Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Chad A. Mirkin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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3
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Rodríguez-Álvarez J, Labarta A, Idrobo JC, Dell'Anna R, Cian A, Giubertoni D, Borrisé X, Guerrero A, Perez-Murano F, Fraile Rodríguez A, Batlle X. Imaging of Antiferroelectric Dark Modes in an Inverted Plasmonic Lattice. ACS NANO 2023; 17:8123-8132. [PMID: 37089111 PMCID: PMC10173685 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c11016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic lattice nanostructures are of technological interest because of their capacity to manipulate light below the diffraction limit. Here, we present a detailed study of dark and bright modes in the visible and near-infrared energy regime of an inverted plasmonic honeycomb lattice by a combination of Au+ focused ion beam lithography with nanometric resolution, optical and electron spectroscopy, and finite-difference time-domain simulations. The lattice consists of slits carved in a gold thin film, exhibiting hotspots and a set of bright and dark modes. We proposed that some of the dark modes detected by electron energy-loss spectroscopy are caused by antiferroelectric arrangements of the slit polarizations with two times the size of the hexagonal unit cell. The plasmonic resonances take place within the 0.5-2 eV energy range, indicating that they could be suitable for a synergistic coupling with excitons in two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides materials or for designing nanoscale sensing platforms based on near-field enhancement over a metallic surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Rodríguez-Álvarez
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Amílcar Labarta
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Idrobo
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Rossana Dell'Anna
- Sensors & Devices Center, FBK - Bruno Kessler Foundation, via Sommarive, 18, Povo, TN 38123, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cian
- Sensors & Devices Center, FBK - Bruno Kessler Foundation, via Sommarive, 18, Povo, TN 38123, Italy
| | - Damiano Giubertoni
- Sensors & Devices Center, FBK - Bruno Kessler Foundation, via Sommarive, 18, Povo, TN 38123, Italy
| | - Xavier Borrisé
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Albert Guerrero
- Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM, CSIC), Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | | | - Arantxa Fraile Rodríguez
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Xavier Batlle
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
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4
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Genç A, Patarroyo J, Sancho-Parramon J, Arenal R, Bastús NG, Puntes V, Arbiol J. Asymmetrical Plasmon Distribution in Hybrid AuAg Hollow/Solid Coded Nanotubes. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:992. [PMID: 36985887 PMCID: PMC10051431 DOI: 10.3390/nano13060992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Morphological control at the nanoscale paves the way to fabricate nanostructures with desired plasmonic properties. In this study, we discuss the nanoengineering of plasmon resonances in 1D hollow nanostructures of two different AuAg nanotubes, including completely hollow nanotubes and hybrid nanotubes with solid Ag and hollow AuAg segments. Spatially resolved plasmon mapping by electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) revealed the presence of high order resonator-like modes and localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) modes in both nanotubes. The experimental findings accurately correlated with the boundary element method (BEM) simulations. Both experiments and simulations revealed that the plasmon resonances are intensely present inside the nanotubes due to plasmon hybridization. Based on the experimental and simulated results, we show that the novel hybrid AuAg nanotubes possess two significant coexisting features: (i) LSPRs are distinctively generated from the hollow and solid parts of the hybrid AuAg nanotube, which creates a way to control a broad range of plasmon resonances with one single nanostructure, and (ii) the periodicity of the high-order modes are disrupted due to the plasmon hybridization by the interaction of solid and hollow parts, resulting in an asymmetrical plasmon distribution in 1D nanostructures. The asymmetry could be modulated/engineered to control the coded plasmonic nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Genç
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Patarroyo
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Raul Arenal
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragon (INMA), CSIC-U de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Laboratorio de Microscopias Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- ARAID Foundation, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Neus G. Bastús
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victor Puntes
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Arbiol
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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5
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Mousavi M. SS, Pofelski A, Teimoori H, Botton GA. Alignment-invariant signal reality reconstruction in hyperspectral imaging using a deep convolutional neural network architecture. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17462. [PMID: 36261495 PMCID: PMC9581942 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22264-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The energy resolution in hyperspectral imaging techniques has always been an important matter in data interpretation. In many cases, spectral information is distorted by elements such as instruments' broad optical transfer function, and electronic high frequency noises. In the past decades, advances in artificial intelligence methods have provided robust tools to better study sophisticated system artifacts in spectral data and take steps towards removing these artifacts from the experimentally obtained data. This study evaluates the capability of a recently developed deep convolutional neural network script, EELSpecNet, in restoring the reality of a spectral data. The particular strength of the deep neural networks is to remove multiple instrumental artifacts such as random energy jitters of the source, signal convolution by the optical transfer function and high frequency noise at once using a single training data set. Here, EELSpecNet performance in reducing noise, and restoring the original reality of the spectra is evaluated for near zero-loss electron energy loss spectroscopy signals in Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy. EELSpecNet demonstrates to be more efficient and more robust than the currently widely used Bayesian statistical method, even in harsh conditions (e.g. high signal broadening, intense high frequency noise).
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Shayan Mousavi M.
- grid.25073.330000 0004 1936 8227McMaster University, Materials Science and Engineering, Hamilton, L8S 4L8 Canada
| | - Alexandre Pofelski
- grid.202665.50000 0001 2188 4229Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973 USA
| | - Hassan Teimoori
- grid.25073.330000 0004 1936 8227McMaster University, Walter G. Booth School of Engineering Practice and Technology, Hamilton, L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - Gianluigi A. Botton
- grid.25073.330000 0004 1936 8227McMaster University, Materials Science and Engineering, Hamilton, L8S 4L8 Canada ,grid.423571.60000 0004 0443 7584Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, S7N 2V3 Canada
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6
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Bellido EP, Bicket IC, Botton GA. The effects of bending on plasmonic modes in nanowires and planar structures. NANOPHOTONICS 2022; 11:305-314. [PMID: 36533260 PMCID: PMC9728462 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2021-0449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we investigate the effects of bends on the surface plasmon resonances in nanowires (NWs) and isolated edges of planar structures using electron energy loss spectroscopy experiments and theoretical calculations. Previous work showed that the sharp bends in NWs do not affect their resonant modes. Here, we study previously overlooked effects and analyze systematically the evolution of resonant modes for several bending angles from 30° to 180°, showing that bending can have a significant effect on the plasmonic response of a nanostructure. In NWs, the modes can experience significant energy shifts that depend on the aspect ratio of the NW and can cause mode intersection and antinode bunching. We establish the relation between NW modes and edge modes and show that bending can even induce antinode splitting in edge modes. This work demonstrates that bends in plasmonic planar nanostructures can have a profound effect on their optical response and this must be accounted for in the design of optical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edson P. Bellido
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Isobel C. Bicket
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Electron Microscopy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Gianluigi A. Botton
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, Canada
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7
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Song JH, Raza S, van de Groep J, Kang JH, Li Q, Kik PG, Brongersma ML. Nanoelectromechanical modulation of a strongly-coupled plasmonic dimer. Nat Commun 2021; 12:48. [PMID: 33397929 PMCID: PMC7782521 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20273-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of two nearly-touching plasmonic nanoparticles to squeeze light into a nanometer gap has provided a myriad of fundamental insights into light-matter interaction. In this work, we construct a nanoelectromechanical system (NEMS) that capitalizes on the unique, singular behavior that arises at sub-nanometer particle-spacings to create an electro-optical modulator. Using in situ electron energy loss spectroscopy in a transmission electron microscope, we map the spectral and spatial changes in the plasmonic modes as they hybridize and evolve from a weak to a strong coupling regime. In the strongly-coupled regime, we observe a very large mechanical tunability (~250 meV/nm) of the bonding-dipole plasmon resonance of the dimer at ~1 nm gap spacing, right before detrimental quantum effects set in. We leverage our findings to realize a prototype NEMS light-intensity modulator operating at ~10 MHz and with a power consumption of only 4 fJ/bit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hwan Song
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Søren Raza
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Jorik van de Groep
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute for Experimental Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ju-Hyung Kang
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Qitong Li
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Pieter G Kik
- CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Mark L Brongersma
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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Fiedler S, Raza S, Ai R, Wang J, Busch K, Stenger N, Mortensen NA, Wolff C. Importance of substrates for the visibility of "dark" plasmonic modes. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:13938-13948. [PMID: 32403859 DOI: 10.1364/oe.393056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Dark plasmonic modes have interesting properties, including longer lifetimes and narrower linewidths than their radiative counterpart, and little to no radiative losses. However, they have not been extensively studied yet due to their optical inaccessibility. In this work, we systematically investigated the dark radial breathing modes (RBMs) in monocrystalline gold nanodisks, specifically their outcoupling behavior into the far-field by cathodoluminescence spectroscopy. Increasing the substrate thickness resulted in an up to 4-fold enhanced visibility. This is attributed to breaking the mirror symmetry by the high-index substrate, creating an effective dipole moment. Furthermore, the resonance energy of the dark RMBs can be easily tuned by varying the nanodisk diameter, making them promising candidates for nanophotonic applications.
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Brodusch N, Zaghib K, Gauvin R. Improvement of the energy resolution of energy dispersive spectrometers (EDS) using Richardson-Lucy deconvolution. Ultramicroscopy 2019; 209:112886. [PMID: 31739189 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2019.112886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A serious limitation in the use of energy dispersive spectrometers (EDS) for materials characterization arises from the fact that these x-ray detectors provide a poor energy resolution compared to other x-ray techniques. This is mainly due to the broadening function generated by the electronics of the detector. However, new windowless detectors are now capable of resolving low energy peaks like Li Kα with modified electronics and show a system peak full width at half maximum (FWHM) of around 30 eV. In this paper, we investigated how the Richardson-Lucy algorithm can be used to remove, or at least attenuate, the contribution of the broadening function to experimental spectra. This method proved to be efficient in improving the energy resolution at any energy in the EDS spectrum. The resulting system peak FWHM was reduced to as low as 7-8 eV and the separation of low energy x-ray peaks were demonstrated in the low energy range of the spectra. The method was also efficient in reducing the peak broadening at higher energies (Cu Kα) and the broadening function of the detector could be experimentally determined to provide higher accuracy in predicting peak broadening. Although some critical artefacts were noted on the restored spectra, like energy shifts and intensity variations, the method explored in this work is worth to be considered for further quantification tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Brodusch
- Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, Wong Building, 3610 University Street, Montréal, Québec H3A 0C5, Canada.
| | - Karim Zaghib
- Hydro-Québec Center of Excellence in Transportation Electrification and Energy Storage, Varennes J3X 1S1, Canada
| | - Raynald Gauvin
- Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, Wong Building, 3610 University Street, Montréal, Québec H3A 0C5, Canada
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10
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Brodusch N, Demers H, Gellé A, Moores A, Gauvin R. Electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) with a cold-field emission scanning electron microscope at low accelerating voltage in transmission mode. Ultramicroscopy 2018; 203:21-36. [PMID: 30595397 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2018.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A commercial electron energy-loss spectrometer (EELS) attached to a high-resolution cold-field emission scanning electron microscope in transmission mode (STEM) is evaluated and its potential for characterizing materials science thin specimens at low accelerating voltage is reviewed. Despite the increased beam radiation damage at SEM voltages on sensitive compounds, we describe some potential applications which benefit from lowering the primary electrons voltage on less-sensitive specimens. We report bandgap measurements on several dielectrics which were facilitated by the lack of Cherenkov radiation losses at 30 kV. The possibility of volume plasmon imaging to probe local composition changes in complex materials was demonstrated using energy-filtered STEM, either via spectrum imaging or elemental mapping using the "three-windows" method. As plasmonic materials are increasing used for energy, electronics or biomedical applications, the ability of reliably evaluate their properties at low accelerating voltage in a SEM is very appealing and is demonstrated. The energy resolution of the spectrometer, taken as the full width at half maximum of the zero-loss peak, was routinely measured at around 0.55 eV and it is demonstrated that t/λ ratios up to 1.5 allowed practical EEL spectroscopy at 30 kV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Brodusch
- Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 0C5, Canada.
| | - Hendrix Demers
- Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Alexandra Gellé
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Audrey Moores
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Raynald Gauvin
- Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 0C5, Canada.
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11
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Lagos MJ, Batson PE. Thermometry with Subnanometer Resolution in the Electron Microscope Using the Principle of Detailed Balancing. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:4556-4563. [PMID: 29874456 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b01791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We measure phonon energy gain and loss down to 20 meV in a single nanostructure using an atom-wide monochromatic electron beam. We show that the bulk and surface, energy loss and energy gain processes obey the principle of detailed balancing in nanostructured systems at thermal equilibrium. By plotting the logarithm of the ratio of the loss and gain bulk/surface scattering as a function of the excitation energy, we find a linear behavior, expected from detailed balance arguments. Since that universal linearity scales with the inverse of the nanosystem temperature only, we can measure the temperature of the probed object with precision down to about 1 K without reference to the nanomaterial. We also show that subnanometer spatial resolution (down to ∼2 Å) can be obtained using highly localized acoustic phonon scattering. The surface phonon polariton signal can also be used to measure the temperature near the nanostructure surfaces, but with unavoidable averaging over several nanometers. Comparison between transmission and aloof probe configurations suggests that our method exhibits noninvasive characteristics. Our work demonstrates the validity of the principle of detailed balancing within nanoscale materials at thermal equilibrium, and it describes a transparent method to measure nanoscale temperature, thus representing an advance in the development of a noninvasive method for measurements with angstrom resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen J Lagos
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Rutgers University , Piscataway , New Jersey 08854 , United States
| | - Philip E Batson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Rutgers University , Piscataway , New Jersey 08854 , United States
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12
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Wu Y, Li G, Camden JP. Probing Nanoparticle Plasmons with Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy. Chem Rev 2017; 118:2994-3031. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yueying Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Guoliang Li
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for New Energy Materials and Low-Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Jon P. Camden
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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13
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Bellido EP, Bernasconi GD, Rossouw D, Butet J, Martin OJF, Botton GA. Self-Similarity of Plasmon Edge Modes on Koch Fractal Antennas. ACS NANO 2017; 11:11240-11249. [PMID: 29083865 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b05554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the plasmonic behavior of Koch snowflake fractal geometries and their possible application as broadband optical antennas. Lithographically defined planar silver Koch fractal antennas were fabricated and characterized with high spatial and spectral resolution using electron energy loss spectroscopy. The experimental data are supported by numerical calculations carried out with a surface integral equation method. Multiple surface plasmon edge modes supported by the fractal structures have been imaged and analyzed. Furthermore, by isolating and reproducing self-similar features in long silver strip antennas, the edge modes present in the Koch snowflake fractals are identified. We demonstrate that the fractal response can be obtained by the sum of basic self-similar segments called characteristic edge units. Interestingly, the plasmon edge modes follow a fractal-scaling rule that depends on these self-similar segments formed in the structure after a fractal iteration. As the size of a fractal structure is reduced, coupling of the modes in the characteristic edge units becomes relevant, and the symmetry of the fractal affects the formation of hybrid modes. This analysis can be utilized not only to understand the edge modes in other planar structures but also in the design and fabrication of fractal structures for nanophotonic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edson P Bellido
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University , 1280 Main Street W., Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Gabriel D Bernasconi
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédéralede Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David Rossouw
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University , 1280 Main Street W., Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Jérémy Butet
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédéralede Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier J F Martin
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, École Polytechnique Fédéralede Lausanne , 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gianluigi A Botton
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University , 1280 Main Street W., Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
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14
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Kociak M, Gloter A, Stéphan O. A spectromicroscope for nanophysics. Ultramicroscopy 2017; 180:81-92. [PMID: 28377215 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The new generation of spectromicroscopes opens up new fields of nanophysics. Beyond the impressive spatial and spectral resolutions delivered by these new instruments - an obvious example being the Hermes machine conceived, designed and built by O. L. Krivanek, who is honoured in this journal issue - here we wish to address the motivations and conditions required to get the best out of them. We first coarsely sketch the panorama of physical excitations worth motivating the use of ultra-high resolution spectroscopy techniques in STEMs. We then give general considerations on the use of combined spectroscopy techniques, reciprocal space measurements and additional time-resolved experiments to complement the wealth of the physical insights provided by the new-generation spectromicroscopes. We then comment on the newly enhanced mechanical and high voltage stabilities and their effects on the accuracy of spectroscopic measurements. The use of temperature-dependent experiments, to bring electron spectroscopy techniques to the standard of other condensed matter physics techniques such as optical and X-ray spectroscopy, is also described. We finish by evaluating the impact of other breakthrough developments, such as energy gain electron spectroscopy or electron-phase manipulation, on the use of ultra-high resolution spectromicroscopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kociak
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS-UMR 8502, Orsay 91405, France.
| | - A Gloter
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS-UMR 8502, Orsay 91405, France
| | - O Stéphan
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS-UMR 8502, Orsay 91405, France
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15
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Cherqui C, Thakkar N, Li G, Camden JP, Masiello DJ. Characterizing Localized Surface Plasmons Using Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2016; 67:331-57. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-040214-121612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles Cherqui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195;
| | - Niket Thakkar
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Guoliang Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556;
| | - Jon P. Camden
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556;
| | - David J. Masiello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195;
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
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16
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Vasconcelos TL, Archanjo BS, Fragneaud B, Oliveira BS, Riikonen J, Li C, Ribeiro DS, Rabelo C, Rodrigues WN, Jorio A, Achete CA, Cançado LG. Tuning Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance in Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy Probes. ACS NANO 2015; 9:6297-6304. [PMID: 26027751 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b01794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A reproducible route for tuning localized surface plasmon resonance in scattering type near-field optical microscopy probes is presented. The method is based on the production of a focused-ion-beam milled single groove near the apex of electrochemically etched gold tips. Electron energy-loss spectroscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy are employed to obtain highly spatially and spectroscopically resolved maps of the milled probes, revealing localized surface plasmon resonance at visible and near-infrared wavelengths. By changing the distance L between the groove and the probe apex, the localized surface plasmon resonance energy can be fine-tuned at a desired absorption channel. Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy is applied as a test platform, and the results prove the reliability of the method to produce efficient scattering type near-field optical microscopy probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago L Vasconcelos
- †Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 30123-970, Brazil
- ‡Divisão de Metrologia de Materiais, Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia (INMETRO), Duque de Caxias, RJ 25250-020, Brazil
| | - Bráulio S Archanjo
- ‡Divisão de Metrologia de Materiais, Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia (INMETRO), Duque de Caxias, RJ 25250-020, Brazil
| | - Benjamin Fragneaud
- §Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Bruno S Oliveira
- ‡Divisão de Metrologia de Materiais, Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia (INMETRO), Duque de Caxias, RJ 25250-020, Brazil
| | - Juha Riikonen
- ⊥Department of Micro- and Nanosciences, Aalto University, Tietotie 3, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Changfeng Li
- ⊥Department of Micro- and Nanosciences, Aalto University, Tietotie 3, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Douglas S Ribeiro
- †Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 30123-970, Brazil
| | - Cassiano Rabelo
- †Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 30123-970, Brazil
| | - Wagner N Rodrigues
- †Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 30123-970, Brazil
| | - Ado Jorio
- †Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 30123-970, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Achete
- ‡Divisão de Metrologia de Materiais, Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia (INMETRO), Duque de Caxias, RJ 25250-020, Brazil
- ∥Departamento de Engenharia Metalúrgica e de Materiais, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-972, Brazil
| | - Luiz Gustavo Cançado
- †Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 30123-970, Brazil
- ‡Divisão de Metrologia de Materiais, Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia (INMETRO), Duque de Caxias, RJ 25250-020, Brazil
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17
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Price RL. Editorial: data repositories, meeting proceedings, open access/online publications, and first reporting issues. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2014; 20:996-998. [PMID: 25410600 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927614012926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Price
- Editor-in-Chief,Microscopy and Microanalysis,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy School of Medicine,University of South Carolina
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