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Marsico TV, Silva MV, Valente RS, Annes K, Rissi VB, Glanzner WG, Sudano MJ. Unraveling the Consequences of Oxygen Imbalance on Early Embryo Development: Exploring Mitigation Strategies. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2171. [PMID: 37443969 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Although well-established and adopted by commercial laboratories, the in vitro embryo production system still requires refinements to achieve its highest efficiency. Early embryonic development is a dynamic event, demanding suitable conditions to provide a high number of embryos with quality and competence. The first step to obtaining an optimized in vitro environment is to know the embryonic metabolism and energy request throughout the different stages of development. Oxygen plays a crucial role in several key biological processes necessary to sustain and complete embryonic development. Nonetheless, there is still controversy regarding the optimal in vitro atmospheric concentrations during culture. Herein, we discuss the impact of oxygen tension on the viability of in vitro-produced embryos during early development. The importance of oxygen tension is addressed as its roles regarding essential embryonic traits, including embryo production rates, embryonic cell viability, gene expression profile, epigenetic regulation, and post-cryopreservation survival. Finally, we highlight the damage caused by in vitro unbalanced oxygen tensions and strategies to mitigate the harmful effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thamiris Vieira Marsico
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André 09210-580, SP, Brazil
| | - Mara Viana Silva
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André 09210-580, SP, Brazil
| | - Roniele Santana Valente
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André 09210-580, SP, Brazil
| | - Kelly Annes
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil
| | - Vitor Braga Rissi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Catarina, UFSC, Curitibanos 89520-000, SC, Brazil
| | - Werner Giehl Glanzner
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Mateus José Sudano
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André 09210-580, SP, Brazil
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil
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Schisanhenol improves early porcine embryo development by regulating the phosphorylation level of MAPK. Theriogenology 2021; 175:34-43. [PMID: 34481228 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Schisanhenol (SAL), a biphenyl cyclooctene-type lignin compound which can be extracted and isolated from many plants of the Schisandra family, exhibits a variety of biological activities including anti chronic cough, night sweating, thirst, diabetes, and obesity. However, its effects on the female reproductive system are unclear. Previous studies showed that SAL had potential antioxidant activity in heart, liver, and brain. Therefore, we hypothesized that SAL could improve porcine early development by reducing oxidative stress. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of SAL on preimplantation porcine embryos and the potential mechanisms. In this study, we analyzed the effects of SAL on embryo quality, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, mitochondrial function, cell proliferation and apoptosis, and the activation of MAPK pathway. The results showed that 10 μM SAL significantly increased the blastocyst formation rate, proliferation ability, and mitochondrial activity while reducing ROS accumulation and apoptosis level. During this process, the phosphorylation levels of ERK1/2, JNK1/2/3, and p38 were decreased. In summary, 10 μM SAL improves porcine preimplantation embryo development by reducing ROS accumulation.
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Luo D, Zhang JB, Liu W, Yao XR, Guo H, Jin ZL, Zhang MJ, Yuan B, Jiang H, Kim NH. Leonurine improves in vitro porcine embryo development competence by reducing reactive oxygen species production and protecting mitochondrial function. Theriogenology 2020; 156:116-123. [PMID: 32698037 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Leonurine (LEO) is pseudoalkaloid that has been isolated from motherwort. It has been found to have various biological activities, including an antioxidant capacity. This study aimed to confirm whether LEO could be used in porcine in vitro culture (IVC) medium for its antioxidant effect and related molecular mechanisms. The results showed that embryos in IVC medium supplemented with 40 μM LEO had an increased blastocyst formation rate, total cell number, and proliferation capacity and a low apoptosis rate. LEO supplementation decreased reactive oxygen species levels and increased glutathione levels. Moreover, LEO-treated embryos exhibited improved intracellular mitochondrial membrane potential and reduced autophagy. In addition, pluripotency related gene was up-regulated while apoptosis and autophagy related genes were down-regulated with LEO supplementation. These results suggest that LEO has a beneficial effect on pre-implantation embryo development by reducing oxidative stress and enhancing mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Luo
- Department of Laboratory Animals, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China; Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jia-Bao Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Animals, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Wen Liu
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-763, Republic of Korea; Department of Laboratory Animals, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xue-Rui Yao
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hao Guo
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhe-Long Jin
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Ming-Jun Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Animals, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Bao Yuan
- Department of Laboratory Animals, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- Department of Laboratory Animals, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China; Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-763, Republic of Korea.
| | - Nam-Hyung Kim
- Department of Laboratory Animals, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China; Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-763, Republic of Korea; School of Biotechnology and Healthcare, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong, 529020, China.
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4
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Maside C, Martinez CA, Cambra JM, Lucas X, Martinez EA, Gil MA, Rodriguez-Martinez H, Parrilla I, Cuello C. Supplementation with exogenous coenzyme Q10 to media for in vitro maturation and embryo culture fails to promote the developmental competence of porcine embryos. Reprod Domest Anim 2020; 54 Suppl 4:72-77. [PMID: 31625244 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a potent antioxidant with critical protection role against cell oxidative stress, caused by the mitochondrial dysfunction. This study evaluated the effects of CoQ10 supplementation to in vitro maturation (IVM) or embryo culture media on the maturation, fertilization and subsequent embryonic development of pig oocytes and embryos. Maturation (Experiment 1) or embryo culture (Experiment 2) media were supplemented with 0 (control), 10, 25, 50 and 100 μM CoQ10. The addition of 10-50 μM CoQ10 to the IVM medium did not affect the percentage of MII oocytes nor the fertilization or the parameters of subsequent embryonic development. Exogenous CoQ10 in the culture medium neither did affect the development to the 2-4-cell stage nor rates of blastocyst formation. Moreover, the highest concentration of CoQ10 (100 μM) in the maturation medium negatively affected blastocyst rates. In conclusion, exogenous CoQ10 supplementation of maturation or embryo culture media failed to improve the outcomes of our in vitro embryo production system and its use as an exogenous antioxidant should not be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Maside
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,SaBio IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Albacete, Spain
| | - Cristina A Martinez
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine (IKE), BHK/Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Josep M Cambra
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Xiomara Lucas
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Emilio A Martinez
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Antonia Gil
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Heriberto Rodriguez-Martinez
- Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine (IKE), BHK/Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Inmaculada Parrilla
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Cristina Cuello
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Niu YJ, Zhou W, Nie ZW, Shin KT, Cui XS. Melatonin enhances mitochondrial biogenesis and protects against rotenone-induced mitochondrial deficiency in early porcine embryos. J Pineal Res 2020; 68:e12627. [PMID: 31773776 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin, a major hormone of the pineal gland, exerts many beneficial effects on mitochondria. Several studies have shown that melatonin can protect against toxin-induced oocyte quality impairment during maturation. However, there is little information regarding the beneficial effects of melatonin on toxin-exposed early embryos, and the mechanisms underlying such effects have not been determined. Rotenone, a chemical widely used in agriculture, induces mitochondrial toxicity, therefore, damaging the reproductive system, impairing oocyte maturation, ovulation, and fertilization. We investigated whether melatonin attenuated rotenone exposure-induced impairment of embryo development by its mitochondrial protection effect. Activated oocytes were randomly assigned to four groups: the control, melatonin treatment, rotenone-exposed, and "rotenone + melatonin" groups. Treatment with melatonin abrogated rotenone-induced impairment of embryo development, mitochondrial dysfunction, and ATP deficiency, and significantly decreased oxidative stress and apoptosis. Melatonin also increased SIRT1 and PGC-1α expression, which promoted mitochondrial biogenesis. SIRT1 knockdown or pharmacological inhibition abolished melatonin's ability to revert rotenone-induced impairment. Thus, melatonin rescued rotenone-induced impairment of embryo development by reducing ROS production and promoting mitochondrial biogenesis. This study shows that melatonin rescues toxin-induced impairment of early porcine embryo development by promoting mitochondrial biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jie Niu
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Wenjun Zhou
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Zheng-Wen Nie
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Tae Shin
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Xiang-Shun Cui
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
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Delkhosh A, Delashoub M, Tehrani AA, Bahrami AM, Niazi V, Shoorei H, Banimohammad M, Kalarestaghi H, Shokoohi M, Agabalazadeh A, Mohaqiq M. Upregulation of FSHR and PCNA by administration of coenzyme Q10 on cyclophosphamide-induced premature ovarian failure in a mouse model. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2019; 33:e22398. [PMID: 31557371 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cyclophosphamide (CTX) has been broadly used in the clinic for the treatment of autoimmune disorders and ovarian cancer. The process of chemotherapy has significant toxicity in the reproductive system as it has detrimental effects on folliculogenesis, which leads to an irreversible premature ovarian failure (POF). Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) has positive impacts on the reproductive system due to its antioxidant properties, protecting the cells from free-radical oxidative damage and apoptosis. However, little is known about the possible synergistic effect of CTX and CoQ10 on the expression of genes involved in folliculogenesis, such as proliferation cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR). A total of 32 NMRI mice were applied and divided into four groups, including healthy control, CTX, CTX + CoQ10, and CoQ10 groups. The effects of CoQ10 on CTX-induced ovarian injury and folliculogenesis were examined by histopathological and real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analyses. The rates of fertilization (in vitro fertilization), embryo development, as well as the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in metaphase II (MII) mouse oocytes after PMSG/HCC treatment were also assessed. Results showed that the treatment with CTX decreased the mRNA expression of PCNA and FSHR, IVF rate, and embryo development whereas the application of CoQ10 successfully reversed those factors. CoQ10 administration significantly enhanced histological morphology and decreased ROS levels and the number of atretic follicles in the ovary of CTX-treated mice. In conclusion, it seems that the protective effect of CoQ10 is exerted via the antioxidant and proliferative properties of this substance on CTX-induced ovarian damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aref Delkhosh
- Graduate of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Masoud Delashoub
- Department of Basic Sciences, Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Asghar Tehrani
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | | | - Vahid Niazi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Shoorei
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Majid Banimohammad
- Physiology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Kalarestaghi
- Research Laboratory for Embryology and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomical Sciences and Pathology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Majid Shokoohi
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amin Agabalazadeh
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Mohaqiq
- Anatomy Department, Medicine Faculty, Kateb University, Kabul, Afghanistan
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Heydarnejad A, Ostadhosseini S, Varnosfaderani SR, Jafarpour F, Moghimi A, Nasr-Esfahani MH. Supplementation of maturation medium with CoQ10 enhances developmental competence of ovine oocytes through improvement of mitochondrial function. Mol Reprod Dev 2019; 86:812-824. [PMID: 31066163 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In vitro maturation (IVM) can impair the balance between antioxidant capacity and oxidative stress, and jeopardize embryo development by increasing oxidative stress, reducing energy metabolism, and causing improper meiotic segregation. Balancing the energy production and reduction of oxidative stress can be achieved by supplementation with coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), an electron transporter in the mitochondrial inner membrane. To improve the in vitro production of ovine embryos, we studied the effect of CoQ10 supplementation during the maturation of sheep oocytes. A minimum of 100 cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were matured in the presence of 15, 30, or 50 μM CoQ10 in three to five replicates; next, in vitro fertilization and culture in a subset of oocytes were done. Our data revealed that compared to control oocytes or other concentrations of CoQ10, supplementation with 30 µM CoQ10 resulted in a significant increase in blastocyst formation and hatching rates, improved the distribution, relative mass and potential membrane of mitochondria, decreased the levels of reactive oxygen species and glutathione and lessened the percentage of oocytes with misaligned chromosomes after spindle assembly. The relative expression levels of apoptosis markers CASPASE3 and BAX were significantly reduced in CoQ10-treated oocytes and cumulus cells whereas the relative expression level of GDF9, an oocyte-specific growth factor, significantly increased. In conclusion, supplementation with CoQ10 improves the quality of COCs and the subsequent developmental competence of the embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Heydarnejad
- Department of Reproductive Biotechnology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Somayyeh Ostadhosseini
- Department of Reproductive Biotechnology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shiva Rouhollahi Varnosfaderani
- Department of Reproductive Biotechnology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Farnoosh Jafarpour
- Department of Reproductive Biotechnology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Moghimi
- Department of Reproductive Biotechnology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Nasr-Esfahani
- Department of Reproductive Biotechnology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
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Jiang H, Liang S, Yao XR, Jin YX, Shen XH, Yuan B, Zhang JB, Kim NH. Laminarin improves developmental competence of porcine early stage embryos by inhibiting oxidative stress. Theriogenology 2018; 115:38-44. [PMID: 29705658 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Laminarin (LMA), a β-glucan mixture with good biocompatibility, improves the growth performance and immune response when used as food additives and nutraceuticals. The aim of the present research was to explore the effects of LMA on porcine early stage embryo development, as well as the underlying mechanisms. The results showed that the developmental competence of porcine early stage embryos was dramatically improved after LMA supplementation during the in vitro culture period. The presence of 20 μg/mL LMA during the in vitro culture period significantly improved cleavage rate, blastocyst formation rates, hatching rate, and total cell number in the blastocyst compared to that in the control group. Notably, LMA attenuated the intracellular reactive oxygen species generation induced by H2O2. Furthermore, LMA not only increased intracellular glutathione levels, but also ameliorated mitochondrial membrane potential. In addition, the expression of a zygotic genome activation related gene (YAP1), pluripotency-related genes (OCT4, NANOG, and SOX2), and hatching-related genes (COX2, GATA4, and ITGA5) were up-regulated following LMA supplementation during porcine early stage embryo development. These results demonstrate that LMA has beneficial effects on the development of porcine early stage embryos via regulation of oxidative stress. This evidence provides a novel method for embryo development improvement associated with exposure to LMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jiang
- Department of Laboratory Animals, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, China; Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Shuang Liang
- Department of Laboratory Animals, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, China
| | - Xue-Rui Yao
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-763, Republic of Korea; Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, 133000, China
| | - Yong-Xun Jin
- Department of Laboratory Animals, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, China
| | - Xing-Hui Shen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Bao Yuan
- Department of Laboratory Animals, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, China
| | - Jia-Bao Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Animals, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, China.
| | - Nam-Hyung Kim
- Department of Laboratory Animals, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, China; Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-763, Republic of Korea.
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C-Phycocyanin protects against mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in parthenogenetic porcine embryos. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16992. [PMID: 29208995 PMCID: PMC5717099 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17287-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
C-Phycocyanin (CP) is a biliprotein enriched in blue-green algae that is known to possess antioxidant, anti-apoptosis, anti-inflammatory, and radical-scavenging properties in somatic cells. However, the protective effect of CP on porcine embryo developmental competence in vitro remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the effect of CP on the development of early porcine embryos as well as its underlying mechanisms. Different concentrations of CP (2, 5, 8, 10 μg/mL) were added to porcine zygote medium 5 during in vitro culture. The results showed that 5 μg/mL CP significantly increased blastocyst formation and hatching rate. Blastocyst formation and quality were significantly increased in the 50 μM H2O2 treatment group following 5 μg/mL CP addition. CP prevented the H2O2-induced compromise of mitochondrial membrane potential, release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria, and reactive oxygen species generation. Furthermore, apoptosis, DNA damage level, and autophagy in the blastocysts were attenuated by supplementation of CP in the H2O2-induced oxidative injury group compared to in controls. These results suggest that CP has beneficial effects on the development of porcine parthenotes by attenuating mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress.
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