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Zanchetta MS, Metersky K, Nazzal A, Dumitriu ME, Pais S, Mok YW, Lam-Kin-Teng MR, Yu C. Awakening Undergraduate Nursing Students' Critical Awareness About Men's Health, Health Literacy and Nursing Practice. Can J Nurs Res 2023; 55:388-403. [PMID: 36523144 PMCID: PMC10422859 DOI: 10.1177/08445621221144131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This article reports an evaluative replication study, including a workshop inspired by Paulo Freire's critical pedagogy. Purpose: Assess how the nursing students' participation in critiquing Canadian empirical evidence on men's health literacy provokes new perceptions; explore students' intentions of incorporating the aforementioned contents into their professional practice; and test students' skills to formulate a hypothetical short action plan about men's health literacy. METHODS A qualitative evaluation study inspired by the qualitative program evaluation approach. The setting was a university-based Canadian undergraduate nursing program located in a major metropolitan city. Seventeen undergraduate students (representing 3.65% of year 4 student population) composed the sample. The educational intervention was two workshops (6 h duration; February 2017) including a lecture about men's health literacy with video presentations, class discussions and group work using Freire's method of reflection and discussion for awareness awakening. Hypothetical health literacy promotion was the key outcome. All interactions were digitally audiorecorded, verbatim transcribed and submitted to thematic analysis having as themes: Perspectives of awareness and knowledge expansion, and New personal-professional assets. RESULTS Students were able to relate new knowledge with their own experiences in the classroom or in the practicum. Application of new knowledge was related to students' social circles and reported familiar health matters. Cultural and community life shaped knowledge expansion and references to men's behaviors. CONCLUSIONS Mobilization of personal knowledge awoke students' awareness about gaps in the nursing curriculum and the paucity of experiences in clinical placements relating to men's health literacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kateryna Metersky
- Daphne Cockwell School of Nursing, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Alessar Nazzal
- Daphne Cockwell School of Nursing, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Sasha Pais
- Daphne Cockwell School of Nursing, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yan Wei Mok
- Daphne Cockwell School of Nursing, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Celine Yu
- Daphne Cockwell School of Nursing, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Canada
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Schneider D. Ensuring Privacy and Confidentiality in Social Work Through Intentional Omissions of Information in Client Information Systems: a Qualitative Study of Available and Non-available Data. DIGITAL SOCIETY : ETHICS, SOCIO-LEGAL AND GOVERNANCE OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY 2022; 1:26. [PMID: 36438894 PMCID: PMC9676750 DOI: 10.1007/s44206-022-00029-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
There is intensive debate about the use of AI-based systems in social work, although the degree of digitalization is low in many jurisdictions. In this article, the findings of research about the process of case recording in client information systems for social work are presented. Between January and June 2020, 20 guideline-based interviews were conducted with experts working for funding agencies or service providers. A significant finding was that there are intentional omissions of information within digital client records, despite being relevant for further case processing. This finding and the reasons for omission are highly relevant to the current debate on AI, because it extends consideration beyond the ethics of design to include the ethics of usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Schneider
- CC Emerging Technologies, Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research ISI, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Caitano AR, Gusmão CMG, Dias-Trindade S, Barbalho IMP, Morais PSG, Caldeira-Silva GJP, Romão MH, Valentim JLRS, Dias AP, Alcoforado JLM, Oliveira CAP, Coutinho KD, Rêgo MCFD, Valentim RAM. Massive health education through technological mediation: Analyses and impacts on the syphilis epidemic in Brazil. Front Public Health 2022; 10:944213. [PMID: 36238258 PMCID: PMC9551019 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.944213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
With syphilis cases on the rise, Brazil declared an epidemic in 2016. To address the consequent public health crisis, the Ministry of Health laid out a rapid response plan, namely, the "Syphilis No!" Project (SNP), a national instrument to fight the disease which encompasses four dimensions: (a) management and governance, (b) surveillance, (c) comprehensive care, and (d) strengthening of educommunication. In the dimension of education, the SNP developed the learning pathway "Syphilis and other Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)" to strengthen and promote Health Education. This pathway features 54 Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs), delivered through the Virtual Learning Environment of the Brazilian Health System (AVASUS). This paper analyzes the impacts of the learning pathway "Syphilis and other STIs" on the response to the epidemic in Brazil, highlighting the educational process of the learning pathway and its social implications from the perspective of the United Nations' 2030 Agenda and its Sustainable Development Goals. Three distinct databases were used to organize the educational data: the learning pathway "Syphilis and other STIs" from AVASUS, the National Registry of HealthCare Facilities from the Brazilian Ministry of Health (MoH), and the Brazilian Occupation Classification, from the Ministry of Labor. The analysis provides a comprehensive description of the 54 courses of the learning pathway, which has 177,732 enrollments and 93,617 participants from all Brazilian regions, especially the Southeast, which accounts for the highest number of enrollees. Additionally, it is worth noting that students living abroad also enrolled in the courses. Data characterization provided a demographic study focused on the course participants' profession and level of care practiced, revealing that the majority (85%) worked in primary and secondary healthcare. These practitioners are the target audience of the learning pathway and, accordingly, are part of the personnel directly engaged in healthcare services that fight the syphilis epidemic in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre R. Caitano
- Laboratory of Technological Innovation in Health (LAIS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Brazil
| | - Cristine M. G. Gusmão
- Laboratory of Technological Innovation in Health (LAIS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Brazil
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
- International Council for Open and Distance Education, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sara Dias-Trindade
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ingridy M. P. Barbalho
- Laboratory of Technological Innovation in Health (LAIS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Brazil
| | - Philippi Sedir G. Morais
- Laboratory of Technological Innovation in Health (LAIS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Brazil
| | - Gleyson J. P. Caldeira-Silva
- Laboratory of Technological Innovation in Health (LAIS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Brazil
| | - Manoel H. Romão
- Laboratory of Technological Innovation in Health (LAIS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Brazil
| | - Janaína L. R. S. Valentim
- Laboratory of Technological Innovation in Health (LAIS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Brazil
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Aline P. Dias
- Laboratory of Technological Innovation in Health (LAIS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos A. P. Oliveira
- Laboratory of Technological Innovation in Health (LAIS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Brazil
- International Council for Open and Distance Education, Oslo, Norway
- Multi-Professional Institute for Human Development with Technologies, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Karilany D. Coutinho
- Laboratory of Technological Innovation in Health (LAIS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Brazil
| | - Maria C. F. D. Rêgo
- Graduate Program in Education of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A. M. Valentim
- Laboratory of Technological Innovation in Health (LAIS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Brazil
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Pinto RM, Rahman R, Zanchetta MS, Galhego-Garcia W. Brazil's Community Health Workers Practicing Narrative Medicine: Patients' Perspectives. J Gen Intern Med 2021; 36:3743-3751. [PMID: 33826059 PMCID: PMC8642505 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-021-06730-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Narrative medicine (NM) encourages health care providers to draw on their personal experiences to establish therapeutic alliances with patients of prevention and care services. NM medicine practiced by nurses and physicians has been well documented, yet there is little understanding of how community health workers (CHWs) apply NM concepts in their day-to-day practices from patient perspectives. OBJECTIVE To document how CHWs apply specific NM concepts in Brazil's Family Health Strategy (FHS), the key component of Brazil's Unified Health System. DESIGN We used a semi-structured interview, grounded in Charon's (2001) framework, including four types of NM relationships: provider-patient, provider-colleague, provider-society, and provider-self. A hybrid approach of thematic analysis was used to analyze data from 27 patients. KEY RESULTS Sample: 18 females; 13 White, 12 "Pardo" (mixed races), 12 Black. We found: (1) provider-patient relationship-CHWs offered health education through compassion, empathy, trustworthiness, patience, attentiveness, jargon-free communication, and altruism; (2) provider-colleague relationship-CHWs lacked credibility as perceived by physicians, impacting their effectiveness negatively; (3) provider-society relationship-CHWs mobilized patients civically and politically to advocate for and address emerging health care and prevention needs; (4) provider-self relationship-patients identified possible low self-esteem among CHWs and a need to engage in self-care practices to abate exhaustion from intense labor and lack of resources. CONCLUSION This study adds to patient perspectives on how CHWs apply NM concepts to build and sustain four types of relationships. Findings suggest the need to improve provider-colleague relationships by ongoing training to foster cooperation among FHS team members. More generous organizational supports (wellness initiatives and supervision) may facilitate the provider-self relationship. Public education on CHWs' roles is needed to enhance the professional and societal credibility of their roles and responsibilities. Future research should investigate how CHWs' personality traits may influence their ability to apply NM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rahbel Rahman
- Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - W Galhego-Garcia
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry of Araçatuba, Estadual Paulista University, São Paulo, Brazil
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Studying Executive Directors and Supervisors Views of Organizational and Policy-Level Challenges Faced by Community Health Workers. J Ambul Care Manage 2021; 44:250-263. [PMID: 34120125 DOI: 10.1097/jac.0000000000000389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Within the United States, there is an absence of a national community health worker (CHW) program. There is substantial regional and state-based variability in the population served by CHWs, their disease focus, and availability of training, supervision, and other supports. This article seeks to respond to the call in the literature to work collaboratively with CHW professional associations to identify, reflect, and respond to CHW workforce development and sustainability issues. We partnered with 8 member organizations of the Association of Perinatal Networks of New York and conducted 2 focus groups with 7 executive directors and 6 supervisors. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Policy barriers included funding, accessibility of evidence-based practices, and credentialing. Organizational barriers included recruitment and high turnover and interorganizational referral processes and management. This study offers recommendations for supports needed to sustain CHWs, with an emphasis on greater investment in recruitment and training, higher compensation, and interorganizational collaboration.
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Rahman R, Ross A, Pinto R. The critical importance of community health workers as first responders to COVID-19 in USA. Health Promot Int 2021; 36:1498-1507. [PMID: 33569593 PMCID: PMC7928891 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/daab008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 has served to exacerbate existing health disparities and inequities, most—if not all—of which can be traced to the social determinants of health (SDOH) that affect specific populations and communities. Essential to health and health systems long before, community health workers are experts in addressing SDOH in community-based settings; however, they have yet to be mobilized as part of the COVID-19 response both in the US and internationally. We use data from our mixed-methods study with supervisors (n=6), Executive Directors (EDs) (n=7), and CHWs (n=90) to describe the critical role that CHWs can play to assist in response to COVID-19 using New York State's (NYS) as a case example. Building on these findings, we raise specific CHW workforce issues and propose recommendations for how to mobilize this workforce in national pandemic response efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahbel Rahman
- Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York, NY 10023, USA
| | - Abigail Ross
- Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York, NY 10023, USA
| | - Rogério Pinto
- University of Michigan School of Social Work, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Rahman R, Pinto RM, Zanchetta MS, Lu J, Bailey R. Community health agents, nurses and physicians conducting research in Brazil's family health program. Health Promot Int 2019; 34:i92-i102. [PMID: 30900732 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/daz015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While the integration of community-based providers within interprofessional health teams has been recommended by policymakers worldwide, there is limited research on how medical and community-based providers inform and participate in health research. Our study uses cross-sectional data from 169 Community Health Workers (CHWs), 62 nurses, and 31 physicians within Brazil's Family Health Strategy Program. Using an integrated framework of social cognitive theories and Theory for Planned Behavior, a reliable and valid instrument was developed to examine differences in past research involvement, and opinions about health and public health research (research efficacy and perceptions of research process). Descriptive frequencies and ANOVA F-tests were performed. Results indicated that CHWs has greater mistrust in the research process, and were not involved in substantive aspects of research (specification of aims, data collection, analysis, dissemination). Nurses compared to CHWs recruited participants to research studies, and had greater willingness to learn, participate and implement research initiatives. Physicians compared to CHWs and nurses developed survey instruments and disseminated research. For community-based and medical providers to be involved in all aspects of research, researchers ought to set up structured infrastructures of community collaborative boards. Furthermore, researchers can test our scale with other providers working within health teams globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahbel Rahman
- Fordham University, Graduate School of Social Service, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Joanna Lu
- Ryerson University, Daphne Cockwell School of Nursing, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Renee Bailey
- Ryerson University, Daphne Cockwell School of Nursing, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Rahman R, Pinto RM, Zanchetta MS, Wall MM. Delivery of Community-Based Care Through Inter-professional Teams in Brazil's Unified Health System (UHS): Comparing Perceptions Across Community Health Agents (CHAs), Nurses and Physicians. J Community Health 2018; 42:1187-1196. [PMID: 28551862 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-017-0369-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Given the shortage of medical providers and the need for medical decisions to be responsive to community needs, including lay health providers in health teams has been recommended as essential for the successful management of global health care systems. Brazil's Unified Health System (UHS) is a model for delivering community-based care through Family Health Strategy (FHS) interdisciplinary teams comprised of medical and lay health providers-Community Health Agents (CHAs), nurses, and physicians. This study aims to understand how medical and lay health providers' perceptions and attitudes could impact the delivery of community-based care. The study compares perceptions and attitudes of 168 CHAs, 62 nurses, and 32 physicians across their job context, professional capacities, professional skills, and work environment. Descriptive and bivariate analysis were performed. CHAs reported being the most efficacious amongst the providers. Physicians reported incorporating consumer-input to a lesser degree than nurses and CHAs. CHAs reported using a lesser variety of skills than physicians. A significant proportion of physicians compared to CHAs and nurses reported that they had decision-making autonomy. Providers did not report differences that lack of resources and poor work conditions interfered with their ability to meet consumer needs. This study offers technocratic perspectives of medical and lay health providers who as an inter-professional team provide community-based primary health care. Implications of the study include proposing training priorities and identifying strategies to integrate lay health providers into medical teams for Brazil's Unified Health System and other health systems that aim to deliver community-based care through inter-professional health teams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahbel Rahman
- Department of Social Work, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA.
| | | | | | - Melanie M Wall
- Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University, 722 West 168th St., New York, NY, 10032, USA
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Assis ASD, Castro-Silva CRD. Agente comunitário de saúde e o idoso: visita domiciliar e práticas de cuidado. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/s0103-73312018280308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Resumo O crescimento da população idosa no Brasil vem ocorrendo de forma acelerada, configurando um grande desafio para os serviços públicos de saúde. A Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) indica uma mudança no modelo tradicional de atenção à saúde, pautado no viés do cuidado integral. Uma das principais atribuições do agente comunitário de saúde (ACS) é a visita domiciliar, por meio da qual pode estabelecer um vínculo com as famílias atendidas e conhecer suas necessidades. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar o potencial da visita domiciliar como instrumento de prática de cuidado e fortalecimento de vínculo junto à população idosa em território de alta vulnerabilidade. Foram realizadas observações participantes sistematizadas em diários de campo, além de entrevistas semiestruturadas com três agentes comunitários de saúde de uma Unidade de Saúde da Família. A construção de sentidos do material sistematizado em tabelas foi organizada a partir do referencial da análise do discurso, que abrange os sentidos intersubjetivos em uma interlocução com o contexto social. Observou-se que a visita domiciliar envolveu dinâmicas de acolhimento e vínculo afetivo construídas cotidianamente, o que fortaleceu as práticas de atenção aos idosos no território, produzindo construções criativas e singulares de cuidado. O ACS ocupava um lugar afetivo-técnico importante na ESF, potencializando ações de promoção à saúde de idosos na comunidade, ainda contribuindo para o incremento de políticas públicas voltadas para essa população.
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Signorelli MC, Taft A, Pereira PPG. Domestic violence against women, public policies and community health workers in Brazilian Primary Health Care. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2018; 23:93-102. [PMID: 29267815 DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232018231.16562015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Domestic violence creates multiple harms for women's health and is a 'wicked problem' for health professionals and public health systems. Brazil recently approved public policies to manage and care for women victims of domestic violence. Facing these policies, this study aimed to explore how domestic violence against women is usually managed in Brazilian primary health care, by investigating a basic health unit and its family health strategy. We adopted qualitative ethnographic research methods with thematic analysis of emergent categories, interrogating data with gender theory and emergent Brazilian collective health theory. Field research was conducted in a local basic health unit and the territory for which it is responsible, in Southern Brazil. The study revealed: 1) a yawning gap between public health policies for domestic violence against women at the federal level and its practical application at local/decentralized levels, which can leave both professionals and women unsafe; 2) the key role of local community health workers, paraprofessional health promotion agents, who aim to promote dialogue between women experiencing violence, health care professionals and the health care system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Claudio Signorelli
- Universidade Federal do Paraná. R. Jaguariaíva 512, Balneário de Caiobá. 83260-000 Matinhos PR Brasil.
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Rahman R, Pinto RM, Wall MM. HIV Education and Welfare Services in Primary Care: An Empirical Model of Integration in Brazil's Unified Health System. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14030294. [PMID: 28335444 PMCID: PMC5369130 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14030294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Integration of health education and welfare services in primary care systems is a key strategy to solve the multiple determinants of chronic diseases, such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS). However, there is a scarcity of conceptual models from which to build integration strategies. We provide a model based on cross-sectional data from 168 Community Health Agents, 62 nurses, and 32 physicians in two municipalities in Brazil’s Unified Health System (UHS). The outcome, service integration, comprised HIV education, community activities (e.g., health walks and workshops), and documentation services (e.g., obtainment of working papers and birth certificates). Predictors included individual factors (provider confidence, knowledge/skills, perseverance, efficacy); job characteristics (interprofessional collaboration, work-autonomy, decision-making autonomy, skill variety); and organizational factors (work conditions and work resources). Structural equation modeling was used to identify factors associated with service integration. Knowledge and skills, skill variety, confidence, and perseverance predicted greater integration of HIV education alongside community activities and documentation services. Job characteristics and organizational factors did not predict integration. Our study offers an explanatory model that can be adapted to examine other variables that may influence integration of different services in global primary healthcare systems. Findings suggest that practitioner trainings to improve integration should focus on cognitive constructs—confidence, perseverance, knowledge, and skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahbel Rahman
- Department of Social Work, Community of College and Public Affairs, Binghamton University, 67 Washington St, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA.
| | - Rogério M Pinto
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, 1080 S University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Melanie M Wall
- Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University, 722 West 168th St. New York, NY 10032, USA.
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