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van Breugel M, Bongers F, Norden N, Meave JA, Amissah L, Chanthorn W, Chazdon R, Craven D, Farrior C, Hall JS, Hérault B, Jakovac C, Lebrija-Trejos E, Martínez-Ramos M, Muñoz R, Poorter L, Rüger N, van der Sande M, Dent DH. Feedback loops drive ecological succession: towards a unified conceptual framework. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024; 99:928-949. [PMID: 38226776 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The core principle shared by most theories and models of succession is that, following a major disturbance, plant-environment feedback dynamics drive a directional change in the plant community. The most commonly studied feedback loops are those in which the regrowth of the plant community causes changes to the abiotic (e.g. soil nutrients) or biotic (e.g. dispersers) environment, which differentially affect species availability or performance. This, in turn, leads to shifts in the species composition of the plant community. However, there are many other PE feedback loops that potentially drive succession, each of which can be considered a model of succession. While plant-environment feedback loops in principle generate predictable successional trajectories, succession is generally observed to be highly variable. Factors contributing to this variability are the stochastic processes involved in feedback dynamics, such as individual mortality and seed dispersal, and extrinsic causes of succession, which are not affected by changes in the plant community but do affect species performance or availability. Both can lead to variation in the identity of dominant species within communities. This, in turn, leads to further contingencies if these species differ in their effect on their environment (priority effects). Predictability and variability are thus intrinsically linked features of ecological succession. We present a new conceptual framework of ecological succession that integrates the propositions discussed above. This framework defines seven general causes: landscape context, disturbance and land-use, biotic factors, abiotic factors, species availability, species performance, and the plant community. When involved in a feedback loop, these general causes drive succession and when not, they are extrinsic causes that create variability in successional trajectories and dynamics. The proposed framework provides a guide for linking these general causes into causal pathways that represent specific models of succession. Our framework represents a systematic approach to identifying the main feedback processes and causes of variation at different successional stages. It can be used for systematic comparisons among study sites and along environmental gradients, to conceptualise studies, and to guide the formulation of research questions and design of field studies. Mapping an extensive field study onto our conceptual framework revealed that the pathways representing the study's empirical outcomes and conceptual model had important differences, underlining the need to move beyond the conceptual models that currently dominate in specific fields and to find ways to examine the importance of and interactions among alternative causal pathways of succession. To further this aim, we argue for integrating long-term studies across environmental and anthropogenic gradients, combined with controlled experiments and dynamic modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel van Breugel
- Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Arts Link, #03-01 Block AS2, 117570, Singapore
- Yale-NUS College, 16 College Avenue West, Singapore, 138527, Singapore
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Roosevelt Ave. Tupper Building - 401, Panama City, 0843-03092, Panama
| | - Frans Bongers
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Natalia Norden
- Centro de Estudios Socioecológicos y Cambio Global, Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Avenida Circunvalar #16-20, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jorge A Meave
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, C.P. 04510, Mexico
| | - Lucy Amissah
- CSIR-Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, UPO Box 63, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Wirong Chanthorn
- Department of Environmental Technology and Management, Faculty of Environment, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan Road, Jatujak District, 10900, Thailand
| | - Robin Chazdon
- Forest Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Dr, Sippy Downs, Queensland, 4556, Australia
| | - Dylan Craven
- Center for Genomics, Ecology & Environment, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Piramide 5750, Huechuraba, Santiago, 8580745, Chile
| | - Caroline Farrior
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, 2415 Speedway, Stop C0930, Austin, Texas, 78705, USA
| | - Jefferson S Hall
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Roosevelt Ave. Tupper Building - 401, Panama City, 0843-03092, Panama
| | - Bruno Hérault
- CIRAD, UPR Forêts et Sociétés, F-34398 Montpellier, France & Forêts et Sociétés, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Catarina Jakovac
- Departamento de Fitotecnia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Rod. Admar Gonzaga, 1346, 88034-000, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Edwin Lebrija-Trejos
- Department of Biology and Environment, University of Haifa-Oranim, Tivon, 36006, Israel
| | - Miguel Martínez-Ramos
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Morelia, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro # 8701, Col. Ex-Hacienda de San José de la Huerta, CP 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo Muñoz
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lourens Poorter
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nadja Rüger
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Roosevelt Ave. Tupper Building - 401, Panama City, 0843-03092, Panama
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Economics, Institute of Empirical Economic Research, University of Leipzig, Grimmaische Str. 12, 04109, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Masha van der Sande
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Daisy H Dent
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Roosevelt Ave. Tupper Building - 401, Panama City, 0843-03092, Panama
- ETH Zürich, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute for Integrative Biology, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
- Max Planck Institute for Animal Behavior, Am Obstberg 1, 78315 Radolfzell, Germany
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Rosenberger KJ, Hoban S. Simulating pollen flow and field sampling constraints helps revise seed sampling recommendations for conserving genetic diversity. APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2024; 12:e11561. [PMID: 38912130 PMCID: PMC11192154 DOI: 10.1002/aps3.11561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Premise In this study, we use simulations to determine how pollen flow and sampling constraints can influence the genetic conservation found in seed collections. Methods We simulated genotypes of parental individuals and crossed the parentals based on three different ranges of pollen flow (panmictic, limited, and highly limited) to create new seed sets for sampling. We tested a variety of sampling scenarios modeled on those occurring in nature and calculated the proportion of alleles conserved in each scenario. Results We found that pollen flow greatly influences collection outcomes, with panmictic pollen flow resulting in seed sets containing 21.6% more alleles than limited pollen flow and 48.6% more alleles than highly limited pollen flow, although this impact diminishes when large numbers of maternal plants are sampled. Simulations of realistic seed sampling (sampling more seed from some plants and fewer from others) showed a relatively minor impact (<2.5%) on genetic diversity conserved compared to ideal sampling (uniform sampling across all maternal plants). Discussion We conclude that future work must consider limited pollen flow, but collectors can be flexible with their sampling in the field as long as many unique maternal plants are sampled. Simulations remain a fruitful method to advance ex situ sampling guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylee J. Rosenberger
- The Morton Arboretum4100 IL‐53LisleIllinois60532USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Colorado Boulder1900 Pleasant St.BoulderColorado80302USA
| | - Sean Hoban
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Colorado Boulder1900 Pleasant St.BoulderColorado80302USA
- Committee on Evolutionary BiologyThe University of Chicago1025 E. 57th St.ChicagoIllinois60637USA
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Alanís-Méndez JL, Soto V, Limón-Salvador F. Effects of Climate Change on the Distribution of Prosthechea mariae (Orchidaceae) and within Protected Areas in Mexico. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:839. [PMID: 38592902 PMCID: PMC10974806 DOI: 10.3390/plants13060839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The impact of climate change on the distribution of native species in the Neotropics remains uncertain for most species. Prosthechea mariae is an endemic epiphytic orchid in Mexico, categorized as threatened. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of climate change on the natural distribution of P. mariae and the capacity of protected areas (PAs) to safeguard optimal environmental conditions for the species in the future. Historical records were obtained from herbaria collections and through field surveys. We utilized climate variables from WorldClim for the baseline scenario and for the 2050 period, using the general circulation models CCSM4 and CNRM-CM5 (RCP 4.5). Three sets of climate data were created for the distribution models, and multiple models were evaluated using the kuenm package. We found that the species is restricted to the eastern region of the country. The projections of future scenarios predict not only a substantial reduction in habitat but also an increase in habitat fragmentation. Ten PAs were found within the current distribution area of the species; in the future, the species could lose between 36% and 48% of its available habitat within these PAs. The results allowed for the identification of locations where climate change will have the most severe effects, and proposals for long-term conservation are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Alanís-Méndez
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Veracruzana, Región Poza Rica-Tuxpan, Tuxpan 92870, Veracruz, Mexico;
| | - Víctor Soto
- Centro de Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa 91090, Veracruz, Mexico;
| | - Francisco Limón-Salvador
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Veracruzana, Región Poza Rica-Tuxpan, Tuxpan 92870, Veracruz, Mexico;
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Moracho E, Klein EK, Oddou-Muratorio S, Hampe A, Jordano P. Highly clustered mating networks in naturally fragmented riparian tree populations. Mol Ecol 2024; 33:e17285. [PMID: 38288563 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Understanding how spatial patterns of mating and gene flow respond to habitat loss and geographical isolation is a crucial aspect of forest fragmentation genetics. Naturally fragmented riparian tree populations exhibit unique characteristics that significantly influence these patterns. In this study, we investigate mating patterns, pollen-mediated gene flow, and genetic diversity in relict populations of Frangula alnus in southern Spain by testing specific hypotheses related to the riparian habitat. We employ a novel approach that combines paternity analysis, particularly suited for small and isolated populations, with complex network theory and Bayesian models to predict mating likelihood among tree pairs. Our findings reveal a prevalence of short-distance pollination, resulting in spatially driven local mating clusters with a distinct subset of trees being highly connected in the mating network. Additionally, we observe numerous pollination events over distances of hundreds of metres and considerable pollen immigration. Local neighbourhood density is the primary factor influencing within-population mating patterns and pollen dispersal; moreover, mating network properties reflect the population's size and spatial configuration. Conversely, among-population pollen dispersal is mainly determined by tree size, which influences floral display. Our results do not support a major role of directional pollen dispersal in longitudinal trends of genetic diversity. We provide evidence that long-term fragmented tree populations persist in unique environments that shape mating patterns and impose constraints to pollen-mediated gene flow. Nevertheless, even seemingly strongly isolated populations can maintain functional connectivity over extended periods, especially when animal-mediated mating networks promote genetic diversity, as in this riparian tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Moracho
- Integrative Ecology Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Etienne K Klein
- Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes, UR 629, INRA, Avignon, France
- Biostatistique et Processus Spatiaux, UR 546, INRA, Avignon, France
| | | | - Arndt Hampe
- INRA, UMR1202 BIOGECO, Cestas, France
- Univ. Bordeaux, UMR1202 BIOGECO, Talence, France
| | - Pedro Jordano
- Integrative Ecology Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
- Dept. Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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Nathan M, Gruner DS. Sustained mangrove reproduction despite major turnover in pollinator community composition at expanding range edge. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:107-120. [PMID: 37389585 PMCID: PMC10550273 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS How well plants reproduce near their geographic range edge can determine whether distributions will shift in response to changing climate. Reproduction at the range edge can be limiting if pollinator scarcity leads to pollen limitation, or if abiotic stressors affect allocation to reproduction. For many animal-pollinated plants with expanding ranges, the mechanisms by which they have overcome these barriers are poorly understood. METHODS In this study, we examined plant-pollinator interactions hypothesized to impact reproduction of the black mangrove, Avicennia germinans, which is expanding northward in coastal Florida, USA. We monitored insects visiting A. germinans populations varying in proximity to the geographic range edge, measured the pollen loads of the most common insect taxa and pollen receipt by A. germinans stigmas, and quantified flower and propagule production. KEY RESULTS We found that despite an 84 % decline in median floral visits by insects at northernmost versus southernmost sites, range-edge pollen receipt remained high. Notably, local floral visitor assemblages exhibited substantial turnover along the study's latitudinal gradient, with large-bodied bees and hover flies increasingly common at northern sites. We also observed elevated flower production in northern populations and higher per capita reproductive output at the range edge. Furthermore, mean propagule mass in northern populations was 18 % larger than that from the southernmost populations. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal no erosion of fecundity in A. germinans populations at range limits, allowing rapid expansion of mangrove cover in the region. These results also illustrate that substantial turnover in the assemblage of flower-visiting insects can occur at an expanding range edge without altering pollen receipt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayda Nathan
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Daniel S Gruner
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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6
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Ye ZM, Jin XF, He YD, Cao Y, Zou Y, Wang QF, Traveset A, Bergamo PJ, Yang CF. The interplay between scale, pollination niche and floral attractiveness on density-dependent plant-pollinator interactions. Oecologia 2023; 203:193-204. [PMID: 37823959 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-023-05461-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Pollinators mediate interspecific and intraspecific plant-plant indirect interactions (competition vs. facilitation) via density-dependent processes, potentially shaping the dynamics of plant communities. However, it is still unclear which ecological drivers regulate density-dependent patterns, including scale, pollination niches (i.e., the main pollinator functional group) and floral attractiveness to pollinators. In this study, we conducted three-year field observations in Hengduan Mountains of southwest China. By gathering data for more than 100 animal-pollinated plant species, we quantified the effect (positive vs. negative) of conspecific and heterospecific flower density on pollination at two scales: plot-level (4 m2) and site-level (100-5000 m2). Then, we investigated how pollination niches and floral attractiveness to pollinators (estimated here as average per-flower visitation rates) modulated density-dependent pollination interactions. Pollinator visitation depended on conspecific and heterospecific flower density, with rare plants subjected to interspecific competition at the plot-level and interspecific facilitation at the site-level. Such interspecific competition at the plot-level was stronger for plants pollinated by diverse insects, while interspecific facilitation at the site-level was stronger for bee-pollinated plants. Moreover, we also found stronger positive conspecific density-dependence for plants with lower floral attractiveness at the site-level, meaning that they become more frequently visited when abundant. Our study indicates that the role of pollination in maintaining rare plants and plant diversity depends on the balance of density-dependent processes in species-rich communities. We show here that such balance is modulated by scale, pollination niches and floral attractiveness to pollinators, indicating the context-dependency of diversity maintenance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Ming Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xiao-Fang Jin
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yong-Deng He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yi Zou
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Qing-Feng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Anna Traveset
- Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies, CSIC-UIB, Miquel Marqués 21, 07190, Esporles, Mallorca, Spain
| | - Pedro J Bergamo
- Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio De Janeiro, 22460-030, Brazil.
| | - Chun-Feng Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
- Center of Conservation Biology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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Lewis EM, Fant JB, Moore MJ, Skogen KA. Hawkmoth and bee pollinators impact pollen dispersal at the landscape but not local scales in two species of Oenothera. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2023:e16156. [PMID: 36934437 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Animal pollinators play an important role in pollen dispersal. Here, we assessed differences in pollen and seed dispersal and the role of pollinator functional groups with different foraging behaviors in generating patterns of genetic diversity over similar geographic ranges for two closely related taxa. We focused on two members of Oenothera section Calylophus (Onagraceae) that co-occur on gypsum outcrops throughout the northern Chihuahuan Desert but differ in floral phenotype and primary pollinator: Oenothera gayleana (bee) and O. hartwegii subsp. filifolia (hawkmoth). METHODS We measured breeding system and floral traits and studied gene flow and population differentiation at the local (<13 km; four populations) and landscape (60-440 km; five populations) scales using 10-11 nuclear (pollen dispersal) and three plastid (seed dispersal) microsatellite markers. RESULTS Both taxa were self-incompatible and floral traits were consistent with expectations for different pollinators. Seed and pollen dispersal patterns were distinctly different for both species. We found no evidence of genetic structure at the local scale but did at the landscape scale; O. gayleana showed greater differentiation and significant isolation by distance than in O. hartwegii subsp. filifolia. The plastid data were consistent with gravity dispersal of seeds and suggest that pollen dispersal is the principal driver of genetic structure in both species. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that pollinator functional groups can impact genetic differentiation in different and predictable ways. Hawkmoths, with larger foraging distances, can maintain gene flow across greater spatial scales than bees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Lewis
- Northwestern University, Program in Plant Biology and Conservation, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA
| | - Jeremie B Fant
- Northwestern University, Program in Plant Biology and Conservation, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL, 60022, USA
| | - Michael J Moore
- Biology Department, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH, 44074, USA
| | - Krissa A Skogen
- Northwestern University, Program in Plant Biology and Conservation, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL, 60022, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
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McNichol BH, Russo SE. Plant Species' Capacity for Range Shifts at the Habitat and Geographic Scales: A Trade-Off-Based Framework. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1248. [PMID: 36986935 PMCID: PMC10056461 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is causing rapid shifts in the abiotic and biotic environmental conditions experienced by plant populations, but we lack generalizable frameworks for predicting the consequences for species. These changes may cause individuals to become poorly matched to their environments, potentially inducing shifts in the distributions of populations and altering species' habitat and geographic ranges. We present a trade-off-based framework for understanding and predicting whether plant species may undergo range shifts, based on ecological strategies defined by functional trait variation. We define a species' capacity for undergoing range shifts as the product of its colonization ability and the ability to express a phenotype well-suited to the environment across life stages (phenotype-environment matching), which are both strongly influenced by a species' ecological strategy and unavoidable trade-offs in function. While numerous strategies may be successful in an environment, severe phenotype-environment mismatches result in habitat filtering: propagules reach a site but cannot establish there. Operating within individuals and populations, these processes will affect species' habitat ranges at small scales, and aggregated across populations, will determine whether species track climatic changes and undergo geographic range shifts. This trade-off-based framework can provide a conceptual basis for species distribution models that are generalizable across plant species, aiding in the prediction of shifts in plant species' ranges in response to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey H. McNichol
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, 1101 T Street, 402 Manter Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588-0118, USA;
| | - Sabrina E. Russo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, 1101 T Street, 402 Manter Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588-0118, USA;
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, 1901 Vine Street, N300 Beadle Center, Lincoln, NE 68588-0118, USA
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Diaz-Martin Z, Browne L, Cabrera D, Olivo J, Karubian J. Impacts of Flowering Density on Pollen Dispersal and Gametic Diversity Are Scale Dependent. Am Nat 2023; 201:52-64. [PMID: 36524929 DOI: 10.1086/721918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPollen dispersal is a key evolutionary and ecological process, but the degree to which variation in the density of concurrently flowering conspecific plants (i.e., coflowering density) shapes pollination patterns remains understudied. We monitored coflowering density and corresponding pollination patterns of the insect-pollinated palm Oenocarpus bataua in northwestern Ecuador and found that the influence of coflowering density on these patterns was scale dependent: high neighborhood densities were associated with reductions in pollen dispersal distance and gametic diversity of progeny arrays, whereas we observed the opposite pattern at the landscape scale. In addition, neighborhood coflowering density also impacted forward pollen dispersal kernel parameters, suggesting that low neighborhood densities encourage pollen movement and may promote gene flow and genetic diversity. Our work reveals how coflowering density at different spatial scales influences pollen movement, which in turn informs our broader understanding of the mechanisms underlying patterns of genetic diversity and gene flow within populations of plants.
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Spatial isolation impacts pollinator visitation and reproductive success of a threatened self-incompatible Mediterranean tree. ACTA OECOLOGICA 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2022.103866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Walisch TJ, Colling G, Hermant S, Matthies D. Molecular and quantitative genetic variation within and between populations of the declining grassland species Saxifraga granulata. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9462. [PMID: 36415877 PMCID: PMC9674452 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Formerly common plant species are expected to be particularly susceptible to recent habitat fragmentation. We studied the population genetics of 19 recently fragmented Saxifraga granulata populations (max. distance 61 km) in Luxembourg and neighboring Germany using RAPD markers and a common garden experiment. We assessed (1) the relationships between plant fitness, quantitative genetic variation, molecular genetic variation, and population size; and (2) the relative importance of genetic drift and selection in shaping genetic variation. Molecular genetic diversity was high but did not correlate with population size, habitat conditions, or plant performance. Genetic differentiation was low (F ST = 0.079 ± 0.135), and there was no isolation by distance. Longevity, clonality, and the long-lived seed bank of S. granulata may have prevented strong genetic erosion and genetic differentiation among populations. However, genetic distinctness increased with decreasing genetic diversity indicating that random genetic drift occurred in the studied populations. Quantitative and molecular genetic variations were correlated, and their differentiation (Q ST vs. F ST) among S. granulata populations was similar, suggesting that mainly random processes have shaped the quantitative genetic differentiation among populations. However, pairwise quantitative genetic distances increased with geographic and climatic distances, even when adjusted for molecular genetic distances, indicating diversifying selection. Our results indicate that long-lived clonal species may be buffered at least temporarily against the negative effects of fragmentation. The relationship between quantitative genetic and geographic distance may be a more sensitive indicator of selection than Q ST-F ST differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania J. Walisch
- Musée National d'Histoire NaturelleLuxembourg CityLuxembourg
- Department of BiologyPhilipps‐Universität MarburgMarburgGermany
| | - Guy Colling
- Musée National d'Histoire NaturelleLuxembourg CityLuxembourg
| | - Sylvie Hermant
- Musée National d'Histoire NaturelleLuxembourg CityLuxembourg
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12
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Cornet C, Noret N, Van Rossum F. Pollinator sharing between reproductively isolated genetic lineages of Silene nutans. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:927498. [PMID: 36340351 PMCID: PMC9634645 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.927498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
High reciprocal pollination specialization leading to pollinator isolation can prevent interspecific pollen transfer and competition for pollinators. Sharing pollinators may induce mating costs, but it may also increase pollination services and pollen dispersal and offer more resources to pollinators, which may be important in case of habitat fragmentation leading to pollination disruption. We estimated pollen dispersal and pollinator isolation or sharing between two reproductively isolated genetic lineages of Silene nutans (Caryophyllaceae), which are rare and occur in parapatry in southern Belgium, forming two edaphic ecotypes. As inter-ecotypic crosses may lead to pollen wastage and inviable progeny, pollinator isolation might have evolved between ecotypes. Silene nutans is mainly pollinated by nocturnal moths, including nursery pollinators, which pollinate and lay their eggs in flowers, and whose caterpillars feed on flowers and seeds. Pollinator assemblages of the two ecotypes are largely unknown and inter-ecotypic pollen flows have never been investigated. Fluorescent powdered dyes were used as pollen analogues to quantify intra- and inter-ecotypic pollen transfers and seeds were germinated to detect chlorotic seedlings resulting from inter-ecotypic pollination. Nocturnal pollinators were observed using infrared cameras on the field, and seed-eating caterpillars were collected and reared to identify nursery pollinator species. No pollinator isolation was found: we detected long-distance (up to 5 km) inter-ecotypic dye transfers and chlorotic seedlings, indicating inter-ecotypic fertilization events. The rare moth Hadena albimacula, a nursery pollinator specialized on S. nutans, was found on both ecotypes, as well as adults visiting flowers (cameras recordings) as seed-eating caterpillars. However, S. nutans populations harbor different abundance and diversity of seed predator communities, including other rare nursery pollinators, suggesting a need for distinct conservation strategies. Our findings demonstrate the efficiency of moths, especially of nursery pollinators, to disperse pollen over long distances in natural landscapes, so to ensure gene flow and population sustainability of the host plant. Seed-predator specificities between the two reproductively isolated genetic lineages of S. nutans, and pollinator sharing instead of pollinator isolation when plants occur in parapatry, suggest that conservation of the host plant is also essential for sustaining (rare) pollinator and seed predator communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Cornet
- Laboratoire d’Ecologie végétale et Biogéochimie, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nausicaa Noret
- Laboratoire d’Ecologie végétale et Biogéochimie, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fabienne Van Rossum
- Laboratoire d’Ecologie végétale et Biogéochimie, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Research Department, Meise Botanic Garden, Meise, Belgium
- Service général de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche scientifique, Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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13
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Pereira AG, da Silva Ferreira MF, da Silveira TC, Soler-Guilhen JH, Canal GB, Alves LB, de Almeida FAN, Gaiotto FA, Ferreira A. Patterns of genetic diversity and structure of a threatened palm species (Euterpe edulis Arecaceae) from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Heredity (Edinb) 2022; 129:161-168. [PMID: 35697755 PMCID: PMC9411632 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-022-00549-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The detection of distribution patterns of genetic diversity of plant and animal species has contributed to the understanding of biodiversity and evolutionary history of the Atlantic Forest. We used microsatellite markers to access the genetic diversity and structure of 26 populations and 527 adult individuals of Euterpe edulis, a native palm which is an important food resource for fauna and is intensively exploited due to economic reasons. We found high genetic diversity and inbreeding in all populations analyzed. We report highest rates of inbreeding for this species, which could reflect the anthropic impacts of selective cutting, fragmentation, and change in foraging behavior from pollinators and less availability and mobility of large dispersers. We detected by STRUCTURE, two genetic groups, Northern and Southern, which divide the Brazilian Atlantic Forest geographically. These groups have low genetic admixtures, but we found a region of lineage hybridization in the contact zone with low recent gene flow. Distribution pattern of this species corroborates results from previous studies reporting the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) have shaped the structuring of the species through movements of forests' expansion and contraction. The STRUCTURE analysis of each group revealed the presence of genetic subgroups with low rates of recurrent gene flow. Southern subgroups have higher rates of admixtures than the Northern subgroups, revealing greater historical connectivity of forests in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fernanda Amato Gaiotto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Adésio Ferreira
- Department of Agronomy, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Alegre, Brazil
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14
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Ballarin CS, Hachuy‐Filho L, Doria MJW, Giffu MM, Polizello DS, Oliveira PH, Lacerda‐Barbosa PA, Amorim FW. Intra‐seasonal and daily variations in nectar availability affect bee assemblage in a monodominant afforested Brazilian Cerrado. AUSTRAL ECOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.13218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caio S. Ballarin
- Laboratório de Ecologia da Polinização e Interações – LEPI Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP) Street Prof. Dr. Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin CEP 18618‐689 Botucatu São Paulo State Brazil
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” São Paulo São Paulo State Brazil
| | - Leandro Hachuy‐Filho
- Laboratório de Ecologia da Polinização e Interações – LEPI Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP) Street Prof. Dr. Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin CEP 18618‐689 Botucatu São Paulo State Brazil
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” São Paulo São Paulo State Brazil
| | - Maria Júlia W. Doria
- Laboratório de Ecologia da Polinização e Interações – LEPI Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP) Street Prof. Dr. Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin CEP 18618‐689 Botucatu São Paulo State Brazil
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” São Paulo São Paulo State Brazil
| | - Murilo M. Giffu
- Laboratório de Ecologia da Polinização e Interações – LEPI Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP) Street Prof. Dr. Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin CEP 18618‐689 Botucatu São Paulo State Brazil
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” São Paulo São Paulo State Brazil
| | - Diego S. Polizello
- Laboratório de Ecologia da Polinização e Interações – LEPI Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP) Street Prof. Dr. Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin CEP 18618‐689 Botucatu São Paulo State Brazil
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” São Paulo São Paulo State Brazil
| | - Pablo H. Oliveira
- Laboratório de Ecologia da Polinização e Interações – LEPI Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP) Street Prof. Dr. Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin CEP 18618‐689 Botucatu São Paulo State Brazil
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” São Paulo São Paulo State Brazil
| | - Pedro A. Lacerda‐Barbosa
- Laboratório de Ecologia da Polinização e Interações – LEPI Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP) Street Prof. Dr. Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin CEP 18618‐689 Botucatu São Paulo State Brazil
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” São Paulo São Paulo State Brazil
| | - Felipe W. Amorim
- Laboratório de Ecologia da Polinização e Interações – LEPI Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP) Street Prof. Dr. Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin CEP 18618‐689 Botucatu São Paulo State Brazil
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” São Paulo São Paulo State Brazil
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” São Paulo São Paulo State Brazil
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Millar MA, Binks RM, Tapper S, Macdonald BM, McArthur SL, Hankinson M, Coates DJ, van Leeuwen S, Byrne M. Limited phylogeographic and genetic connectivity in Acacia species of low stature in an arid landscape. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9052. [PMID: 35813908 PMCID: PMC9257521 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Widespread plant species are expected to maintain genetic diversity and gene flow via pollen and seed dispersal. Stature is a key life history trait that affects seed and potentially pollen dispersal, with limited stature associated with limited dispersal and greater genetic differentiation. We sampled Hill's tabletop wattle (Acacia hilliana) and curry wattle (Acacia spondylophylla), two co-distributed, widespread, Acacia shrubs of low stature, across the arid Pilbara region of north-western Australia. Using chloroplast sequence and nuclear microsatellite data we evaluated patterns of population genetic and phylogeographic diversity and structure, demographic signals, ratios of pollen to seed dispersal, evidence for historical refugia, and association between elevation and diversity. Results showed strong phylogeographic (chloroplast, G ST = 0.831 and 0.898 for A. hilliana and A. spondylophylla, respectively) and contemporary (nuclear, F ST = 0.260 and 0.349 for A. hilliana and A. spondylophylla, respectively) genetic structure in both species. This indicates limited genetic connectivity via seed and pollen dispersal associated with Acacia species of small stature compared to taller tree and shrub acacias across the Pilbara bioregion. This effect of stature on genetic structure is superimposed on moderate levels of genetic diversity that were expected based on widespread ranges (haplotype diversity h = 25 and 12; nuclear diversity He = 0.60 and 0.47 for A. hilliana and A. spondylophylla, respectively). Contemporary genetic structure was congruent at the greater landscape scale, especially in terms of strong genetic differentiation among geographically disjunct populations in less elevated areas. Measures of diversity and connectivity were associated with traits of greater geographic population proximity, population density, population size, and greater individual longevity, and some evidence for range expansion in A. hilliana. Results illustrate that low stature is associated with limited dispersal and greater patterns of genetic differentiation for congenerics in a common landscape and highlight the complex influence of taxon-specific life history and ecological traits to seed and pollen dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Millar
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and AttractionsBiodiversity and Conservation ScienceBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Rachel M. Binks
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and AttractionsBiodiversity and Conservation ScienceBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Sarah‐Louise Tapper
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and AttractionsBiodiversity and Conservation ScienceBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Bronwyn M. Macdonald
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and AttractionsBiodiversity and Conservation ScienceBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Shelley L. McArthur
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and AttractionsBiodiversity and Conservation ScienceBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Margaret Hankinson
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and AttractionsBiodiversity and Conservation ScienceBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - David J. Coates
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and AttractionsBiodiversity and Conservation ScienceBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Stephen van Leeuwen
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and AttractionsBiodiversity and Conservation ScienceBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
- School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin UniversityPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Margaret Byrne
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and AttractionsBiodiversity and Conservation ScienceBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
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16
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Zhang Q, Zhang X, Yang Y, Xu L, Feng J, Wang J, Tang Y, Pei X, Zhao X. Genetic Diversity of Juglans mandshurica Populations in Northeast China Based on SSR Markers. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:931578. [PMID: 35845684 PMCID: PMC9280368 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.931578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Juglans mandshurica is a native tree species in Northeast China. Due to habitat destruction and human disturbance, its population size has sharply decreased. Currently, information on molecular markers of J. mandshurica is limited and cannot meet the needs of germplasm resource evaluation and molecular marker-assisted breeding of J. mandshurica. Based on transcriptomic data from three tissues (leaves, bark, and fruit pericarp), we developed expressed sequence tag-simple sequence repeats (EST-SSRs) for J. mandshurica, and 15 polymorphic EST-SSR primers were initially selected. The average number of alleles (Na), expected heterozygosity (He), and the polymorphic information content (PIC) at different loci were 18.27, 0.670, and 0.797, respectively. Population genetic diversity analysis revealed that the average Na, He, and Shannon information indices (I) for 15 J. mandshurica populations were 6.993, 0.670, and 1.455, respectively. Among them, population Hunchun exhibited the highest genetic diversity (Na = 7.933, He = 0.723, and I = 1.617), while population Heihe exhibited the lowest genetic diversity (Na = 4.200, He = 0.605, and I = 1.158). STRUCTURE analysis, neighbor-joining method cluster analysis, and principal coordinate analysis showed that the 343 individuals of J. mandshurica from 15 populations were clustered into three categories. Category 1 (green) had 147 individuals from eight populations in Qingyuan, Caohekou, Jian, Ningan, Yongji, Baishishan, Helong, and Maoershan; category 2 (blue) had 81 individuals from three populations in Hulin, Boli, and Sanchazi; and category 3 (red) had 115 individuals from four populations in Heihe, Hunchun, Fangzheng, and Liangshui. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that genetic variations among and within individuals accounted for 16.22% and 21.10% of the total genetic variation, respectively, indicating that genetic variations within populations were greater than genetic variations among populations. The average genetic differentiation coefficient (Fst) and gene flow (Nm) between different populations were 0.109 and 4.063, respectively, implying moderate levels of genetic differentiation and gene flow. Based on the genetic diversity characteristics of different populations, we proposed various genetic conservation strategies for J. mandshurica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinhui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- College of Forestry and Grassland, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- College of Forestry and Grassland, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuchun Yang
- Jilin Provincial Academy of Forestry Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Lianfeng Xu
- Qiqihar Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Forestry, Qiqihar, China
| | - Jian Feng
- Liaoning Academy of Forest Science, Shenyang, China
| | - Jingyuan Wang
- Linjiang Forestry Bureau of Jilin Province, Lijiang, China
| | - Yongsheng Tang
- Linjiang Forestry Bureau of Jilin Province, Lijiang, China
| | - Xiaona Pei
- College of Forestry and Grassland, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiyang Zhao
- College of Forestry and Grassland, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
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17
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Gonzales D, Hempel de Ibarra N, Anderson K. Remote Sensing of Floral Resources for Pollinators – New Horizons From Satellites to Drones. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.869751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect pollinators are affected by the spatio-temporal distribution of floral resources, which are dynamic across time and space, and also influenced heavily by anthropogenic activities. There is a need for spatial data describing the time-varying spatial distribution of flowers, which can be used within behavioral and ecological studies. However, this information is challenging to obtain. Traditional field techniques for mapping flowers are often laborious and limited to relatively small areas, making it difficult to assess how floral resources are perceived by pollinators to guide their behaviors. Conversely, remote sensing of plant traits is a relatively mature technique now, and such technologies have delivered valuable data for identifying and measuring non-floral dynamics in plant systems, particularly leaves, stems and woody biomass in a wide range of ecosystems from local to global scales. However, monitoring the spatial and temporal dynamics of plant floral resources has been notably scarce in remote sensing studies. Recently, lightweight drone technology has been adopted by the ecological community, offering a capability for flexible deployment in the field, and delivery of centimetric resolution data, providing a clear opportunity for capturing fine-grained information on floral resources at key times of the flowering season. In this review, we answer three key questions of relevance to pollination science – can remote sensing deliver information on (a) how isolated are floral resources? (b) What resources are available within a flower patch? And (c) how do floral patches change over time? We explain how such information has potential to deepen ecological understanding of the distribution of floral resources that feed pollinators and the parameters that determine their navigational and foraging choices based on the sensory information they extract at different spatial scales. We provide examples of how such data can be used to generate new insights into pollinator behaviors in distinct landscape types and their resilience to environmental change.
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18
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Van Rossum F. Sibship and parentage reconstruction as a genetic tool for designing and monitoring plant translocations. Restor Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Van Rossum
- Meise Botanic Garden Nieuwelaan 38, 1860 Meise Belgium
- Service général de l'Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche scientifique, Fédération Wallonie‐Bruxelles rue A. Lavallée 1, 1080 Brussels Belgium
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19
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Razafimahefa AL, Nowak MM, Bogawski P, Leong Pock Tsy JM, Faramalala MH, Rabakonandrianina E, Roger E, Razanamaro OH. Effect of habitat fragmentation on the generative growth of Adansonia rubrostipa in dry deciduous forest in western Madagascar. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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20
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Rombaut LMK, Capp EJR, Hughes EC, Varley ZK, Beckerman AP, Cooper N, Thomas GH. The evolution of the traplining pollinator role in hummingbirds: specialization is not an evolutionary dead end. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20212484. [PMID: 35042413 PMCID: PMC8767203 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.2484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Trapliners are pollinators that visit widely dispersed flowers along circuitous foraging routes. The evolution of traplining in hummingbirds is thought to entail morphological specialization through the reciprocal coevolution of longer bills with the long-tubed flowers of widely dispersed plant species. Specialization, such as that exhibited by traplining hummingbirds, is often viewed as both irreversible and an evolutionary dead end. We tested these predictions in a macroevolutionary framework. Specifically, we assessed the relationship between beak morphology and foraging and tested whether transitions to traplining are irreversible and lead to lower rates of diversification as predicted by the hypothesis that specialization is an evolutionary dead end. We find that there have been multiple independent transitions to traplining across the hummingbird phylogeny, but reversals have been rare or incomplete at best. Multiple independent lineages of trapliners have become morphologically specialized, convergently evolving relatively large bills for their body size. Traplining is not an evolutionary dead end however, since trapliners continue to give rise to new traplining species at a rate comparable to non-trapliners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louie M. K. Rombaut
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum London, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Elliot J. R. Capp
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Emma C. Hughes
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Zoë K. Varley
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum London, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
- Bird Group, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum Tring, Akeman Street, Tring, Hertfordshire HP23 6AP, UK
| | - Andrew P. Beckerman
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Natalie Cooper
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum London, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Gavin H. Thomas
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- Bird Group, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum Tring, Akeman Street, Tring, Hertfordshire HP23 6AP, UK
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21
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Leimberger KG, Dalsgaard B, Tobias JA, Wolf C, Betts MG. The evolution, ecology, and conservation of hummingbirds and their interactions with flowering plants. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2022; 97:923-959. [PMID: 35029017 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The ecological co-dependency between plants and hummingbirds is a classic example of a mutualistic interaction: hummingbirds rely on floral nectar to fuel their rapid metabolisms, and more than 7000 plant species rely on hummingbirds for pollination. However, threats to hummingbirds are mounting, with 10% of 366 species considered globally threatened and 60% in decline. Despite the important ecological implications of these population declines, no recent review has examined plant-hummingbird interactions in the wider context of their evolution, ecology, and conservation. To provide this overview, we (i) assess the extent to which plants and hummingbirds have coevolved over millions of years, (ii) examine the mechanisms underlying plant-hummingbird interaction frequencies and hummingbird specialization, (iii) explore the factors driving the decline of hummingbird populations, and (iv) map out directions for future research and conservation. We find that, despite close associations between plants and hummingbirds, acquiring evidence for coevolution (versus one-sided adaptation) is difficult because data on fitness outcomes for both partners are required. Thus, linking plant-hummingbird interactions to plant reproduction is not only a major avenue for future coevolutionary work, but also for studies of interaction networks, which rarely incorporate pollinator effectiveness. Nevertheless, over the past decade, a growing body of literature on plant-hummingbird networks suggests that hummingbirds form relationships with plants primarily based on overlapping phenologies and trait-matching between bill length and flower length. On the other hand, species-level specialization appears to depend primarily on local community context, such as hummingbird abundance and nectar availability. Finally, although hummingbirds are commonly viewed as resilient opportunists that thrive in brushy habitats, we find that range size and forest dependency are key predictors of hummingbird extinction risk. A critical direction for future research is to examine how potential stressors - such as habitat loss and fragmentation, climate change, and introduction of non-native plants - may interact to affect hummingbirds and the plants they pollinate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara G Leimberger
- Forest Biodiversity Research Network, Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, 3100 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR, 97331, U.S.A
| | - Bo Dalsgaard
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen Ø, 2100, Denmark
| | - Joseph A Tobias
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, U.K
| | - Christopher Wolf
- Forest Biodiversity Research Network, Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, 3100 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR, 97331, U.S.A
| | - Matthew G Betts
- Forest Biodiversity Research Network, Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, 3100 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR, 97331, U.S.A
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22
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Ryniewicz J, Roguz K, Mirski P, Brzosko E, Skłodowski M, Wróblewska A, Ostrowiecka B, Tałałaj I, Jermakowicz E, Zych M. Spatiotemporal Variations in Seed Set and Pollen Limitation in Populations of the Rare Generalist Species Polemonium caeruleum in Poland. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:755830. [PMID: 35046972 PMCID: PMC8761629 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.755830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A vast majority of angiosperms are pollinated by animals, and a decline in the number and diversity of insects often affects plant reproduction through pollen limitation. This phenomenon may be particularly severe in rare plant species, whose populations are shrinking. Here, we examined the variability in factors shaping reproductive success and pollen limitation in red-listed Polemonium caeruleum L. During a 5-year study in several populations of P. caeruleum (7-15, depending on year), we assessed the degree of pollen limitation based on differences in seed set between open-pollinated (control) and hand-pollinated flowers. We analysed the effects of flower visitors, population size, and meteorological data on plant reproductive success and pollen limitation. Our study showed that pollen limitation rarely affected P. caeruleum populations, and was present mainly in small populations. Pollen limitation index was negatively affected by the size of population, visitation frequency of all insects, and when considering the visitation frequency of individual groups, also by honeybee visits. Seed production in control treatment was positively influenced by the population size, average monthly precipitation in June and visits of hoverflies, while visits of honeybees, average monthly temperature in September, and average monthly precipitation in August influenced seed production negatively. As generalist plant P. caeruleum can be pollinated by diverse insect groups, however, in small populations their main visitors, the honeybees and bumblebees, may be less attracted, eventually leading to the disappearance of these populations. In pollination of P. caeruleum managed honeybees may play a dual role: while they are the most frequent and efficient flower visitors, their presence decreases seed set in open-pollinated flowers, which is most probably related to efficient pollen collection by these insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Ryniewicz
- Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Roguz
- Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Mirski
- Faculty of Biology, University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Emilia Brzosko
- Faculty of Biology, University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Mateusz Skłodowski
- Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ada Wróblewska
- Faculty of Biology, University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | | | - Izabela Tałałaj
- Faculty of Biology, University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | | | - Marcin Zych
- Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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23
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Stanley A, Martel C, Arceo-Gómez G. Spatial variation in bidirectional pollinator-mediated interactions between two co-flowering species in serpentine plant communities. AOB PLANTS 2021; 13:plab069. [PMID: 34804469 PMCID: PMC8598379 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plab069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pollinator-mediated competition and facilitation are two important mechanisms mediating co-flowering community assembly. Experimental studies, however, have mostly focused on evaluating outcomes for a single interacting partner at a single location. Studies that evaluate spatial variation in the bidirectional effects between co-flowering species are necessary if we aim to advance our understanding of the processes that mediate species coexistence in diverse co-flowering communities. Here, we examine geographic variation (i.e. at landscape level) in bidirectional pollinator-mediated effects between co-flowering Mimulus guttatus and Delphinium uliginosum. We evaluated effects on pollen transfer dynamics (conspecific and heterospecific pollen deposition) and plant reproductive success. We found evidence of asymmetrical effects (one species is disrupted and the other one is facilitated) but the effects were highly dependent on geographical location. Furthermore, effects on pollen transfer dynamics did not always translate to effects on overall plant reproductive success (i.e. pollen tube growth) highlighting the importance of evaluating effects at multiple stages of the pollination process. Overall, our results provide evidence of a spatial mosaic of pollinator-mediated interactions between co-flowering species and suggest that community assembly processes could result from competition and facilitation acting simultaneously. Our study highlights the importance of experimental studies that evaluate the prevalence of competitive and facilitative interactions in the field, and that expand across a wide geographical context, in order to more fully understand the mechanisms that shape plant communities in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Stanley
- Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Carlos Martel
- Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Instituto de Ciencias Ómicas y Biotecnología Aplicada, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, San Miguel 15088, Lima, Peru
| | - Gerardo Arceo-Gómez
- Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
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24
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Mendes SB, Timóteo S, Loureiro J, Castro S. The impact of habitat loss on pollination services for a threatened dune endemic plant. Oecologia 2021; 198:279-293. [PMID: 34775515 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-05070-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Habitat loss is currently a major threat to biodiversity, affecting species interactions, such as plant-pollinator interactions. This is particularly important in self-incompatible plants relying on pollinators to reproduce and sustain their populations. Here, we evaluated how habitat loss affects the pollination system, plant individual-pollinator species interaction network, and plant reproductive fitness of the self-incompatible Jasione maritima var. sabularia, a threatened taxon from dune systems. This plant is a pollinator generalist, visited by 108 species from distinct taxonomic groups. Results suggest that increasing habitat loss led to a significant decline in pollinator richness, increased pollen limitation, and a decrease in reproductive fitness of J. maritima var. sabularia. Visitation rate per individual did not significantly change with available area, indicating that the quality of pollen differed across populations. The topology of the network between J. maritima var. sabularia individuals and its pollinator species did not change, which may be attributed to the stability in the core of pollinator species. This suggests that the lower fitness of plants with increasing habitat degradation may be explained not only by the lower richness of peripheral pollinators but also by the genetic structure of the plant populations, as there is a possible higher transference of less quality pollen by pollinators, ultimately compromising the persistence of plant populations. Our study highlights the need of future studies to integrate the fine details provided by individual-level networks, which will increase our understanding of the pattern of species interactions and its consequences for the fitness of threatened plant populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Beatriz Mendes
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sérgio Timóteo
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - João Loureiro
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Castro
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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25
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Smith GX, Swartz MT, Spigler RB. Causes and consequences of variation in heterospecific pollen receipt in Oenothera fruticosa. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:1612-1624. [PMID: 34460097 PMCID: PMC9291898 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Heterospecific pollen transfer, the transfer of pollen between species, is common among co-flowering plants, yet the amount of pollen received is extremely variable among species. Intraspecific variation in heterospecific pollen receipt can be even greater, but we lack an understanding of its causes and fitness consequences in wild populations. METHODS We examined potential drivers of variation in heterospecific pollen receipt in Oenothera fruticosa. We evaluated the relationship between heterospecific and conspecific pollen receipt and considered how visitation by different pollinator groups, local floral neighborhood composition, and flowering phenology affect the total amount and proportion of heterospecific pollen received. Finally, we tested whether variation in heterospecific pollen receipt translated into lower seed production. RESULTS Heterospecific pollen was ubiquitous on O. fruticosa stigmas, but the amount received was highly variable and unrelated to conspecific pollen receipt. Heterospecific pollen receipt depended on pollinator type, the proportion of nearby conspecific flowers, and flowering date. Significant interactions revealed that the effects of pollinator type and neighborhood were not independent, further contributing to variation in heterospecific pollen. Naturally occurring levels of heterospecific pollen were sufficient to negatively impact seed set, but large amounts of conspecific pollen counteracted this detrimental effect. CONCLUSIONS Although selection could act on floral traits that attract quality pollinators and promote synchronous flowering in O. fruticosa, the risk of heterospecific pollen is equally dependent on local floral context. This work highlights how extrinsic and intrinsic factors contribute to intraspecific variation in heterospecific pollen receipt in wild plants, with significant fitness consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard X. Smith
- Department of BiologyTemple University1900 N. 12 StreetPhiladelphiaPA19122USA
| | - Mark T. Swartz
- The Pennsylvania Department of Military and Veterans AffairsFort Indiantown Gap National Guard Training CenterAnnvillePA17003USA
| | - Rachel B. Spigler
- Department of BiologyTemple University1900 N. 12 StreetPhiladelphiaPA19122USA
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26
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Elliott CP, Commander LE, Williams MR, Golos PJ. Seed movement in small‐scale vegetation restoration. ECOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT & RESTORATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/emr.12516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Manoel RO, Rossini BC, Cornacini MR, Moraes MLT, Cambuim J, Alcântara MAM, Silva AM, Sebbenn AM, Marino CL. Landscape barriers to pollen and seed flow in the dioecious tropical tree Astronium fraxinifolium in Brazilian savannah. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255275. [PMID: 34339479 PMCID: PMC8336915 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene flow studies provide information on gene exchange between populations, which is essential for developing genetic conservation strategies. Such analyses enable a better understanding of the life history and seed and pollen dispersal mechanisms of plant species. In this study, we investigate pollen and seed flow in a regenerant population of the pioneer species Astronium fraxinifolium in an area degraded during the construction of a hydroelectric dam. We mapped, sampled, sexed, and genotyped 386 individuals in the regenerant population (RP), as well as 128 adult trees located along two highways adjacent to the degraded area; one in Mato Grosso do Sul State (MS) and other in São Paulo State (SP). Parentage analyses was carried out for 370 individuals of the RP population, using as putative parents 348 individuals from RP and all 128 individuals sampled in MS and SP. Based on parentage analysis and eight microsatellite loci, our analyses revealed that for individuals of the RP with an identified father (pollen donor), 1.1% of the pollen was dispersed up to 532 m, while for those with an identified mother (seed donor), 0.5% of seeds were dispersed up to 4,782 m. However, a large proportion of pollen (76.5%) and seeds (57%) immigrated from trees outside the sampled populations. Pollen and seeds were dispersed through a pattern of isolation by distance. Genetic diversity was significantly similar between adults of both highway populations and individuals from RP, with significant levels of inbreeding detected only in RP. Our results demonstrate that the nearest trees contributed pollen and seeds for the recovery of the degraded area, indicating reproductive spatial isolation among the sampled populations due to the damming of the river. Such results help to understand the process of regeneration for A. fraxinifolium in regenerant populations to inform strategies for conservation and environmental recovery with this species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mário L. T. Moraes
- Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira/UNESP, Ilha Solteira, São Paulo,
Brazil
| | - José Cambuim
- Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira/UNESP, Ilha Solteira, São Paulo,
Brazil
| | | | - Alexandre M. Silva
- Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira/UNESP, Ilha Solteira, São Paulo,
Brazil
| | - Alexandre M. Sebbenn
- Departamento de Melhoramento e Conservação Genética, Instituto Florestal
de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Celso L. Marino
- Instituto de Biotecnologia/ UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo,
Brazil
- Instituto de Biociências/ UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo,
Brazil
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28
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Fu Q, Deng J, Chen M, Zhong Y, Lu GH, Wang YQ. Population genetic structure and connectivity of a riparian selfing herb Caulokaempferia coenobialis at a fine-scale geographic level in subtropical monsoon forest. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:329. [PMID: 34238223 PMCID: PMC8265151 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03101-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rivers and streams facilitate movement of individuals and their genes across the landscape and are generally recognized as dispersal corridors for riparian plants. Nevertheless, some authors have reported directly contrasting results, which may be attributed to a complex mixture of factors, such as the mating system and dispersal mechanisms of propagules (seed and pollen), that make it difficult to predict the genetic diversity and population structure of riparian species. Here, we investigated a riparian self-fertilizing herb Caulokaempferia coenobialis, which does not use anemochory or zoochory for seed dispersal; such studies could contribute to an improved understanding of the effect of rivers or streams on population genetic diversity and structure in riparian plants. Using polymorphic ISSR and cpDNA loci, we studied the effect at a microgeographic scale of different stream systems (a linear stream, a dendritic stream, and complex transverse hydrological system) in subtropical monsoon forest on the genetic structure and connectivity of C. coenobialis populations across Dinghu Mountain (DH) and Nankun Mountain (NK). RESULTS The results indicate that the most recent haplotypes (DH: H7, H8; NK: h6, h7, h11, h12) are not shared among local populations of C. coenobialis within each stream system. Furthermore, downstream local populations do not accumulate genetic diversity, whether in the linear streamside local populations across DH (H: 0.091 vs 0.136) or the dendritic streamside local populations across NK (H: 0.079 vs 0.112, 0.110). Our results show that the connectivity of local C. coenobialis populations across DH and NK can be attributed to historical gene flows, resulting in a lack of spatial genetic structure, despite self-fertilization. Selfing C. coenobialis can maintain high genetic diversity (H = 0.251; I = 0.382) through genetic differentiation (GST = 0.5915; FST = 0.663), which is intensified by local adaptation and neutral mutation and/or genetic drift in local populations at a microgeographic scale. CONCLUSION We suggest that streams are not acting as corridors for dispersal of C. coenobialis, and conservation strategies for maintaining genetic diversity of selfing species should be focused on the protection of all habitat types, especially isolated fragments in ecosystem processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Fu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guo-Hui Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying-Qiang Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.
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29
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Horiuchi Y, Kamijo T, Tanaka N. Floral and pollination characteristics of Eriocaulon heleocharioides, an extinct species in the wild, for evidence-based conservation management. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2021; 23:546-555. [PMID: 33471398 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Generally, floral characteristics and pollination are important factors enhancing the quality and quantity of reproductive output for regeneration in plant conservation. However, lack of evidence-based management could decrease fitness under ex-situ conservation. We investigated the capitulum and pollination characteristics of Eriocaulon heleocharioides Satake (Eriocaulaceae), which is extinct in the wild, to develop an evidence-based conservation management plan incorporating previously ignored reproductive characteristics. To evaluate the functional characteristics of capitula, pollen-ovule ratio, and reproductive status (maximum pollination success/florivory damage) were investigated along six flowering sequences of capitulum. To evaluate the effect of plant density on pollen transfer, high- and low-density plots were established. Total deposited pollen on stigma, insect visitation, and visit duration per capitulum were observed. A significantly lower pollen-ovule ratio was observed in the first of six capitula, reflecting higher female functionality. The highest pollination success was found in the second-fourth capitula, whereas florivory increased along the terminal capitula position. High plant density affected the pollen deposited on stigmas via insect visitation and low pollinator visit duration. Different capitula in E. heleocharioides could have different effects: different sexual functionality, enhancement of reproductive output both in quality and quantity through active pollen transfer, and escaping from florivores. High plant density could facilitate outcross-pollen transfer in E. heleocharioides. Multiple perspectives are important for determining potential reproductive success in ex-situ conservation. Thus, density management reflecting capitulum characteristics could improve the efficiency of conservation efforts for E. heleocharioides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Horiuchi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - T Kamijo
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - N Tanaka
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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30
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González-Robles A, García C, Salido T, Manzaneda AJ, Rey PJ. Extensive pollen-mediated gene flow across intensively managed landscapes in an insect-pollinated shrub native to semiarid habitats. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:3408-3421. [PMID: 33966307 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Our knowledge of the impact of landscape fragmentation on gene flow patterns is mainly drawn from tropical and temperate ecosystems, where landscape features, such as the distance of a tree to the forest edge, drive connectivity and mating patterns. Yet, the structure of arid and semiarid plant communities - with open canopies and a scattered distribution of trees - differs greatly from those that are well-characterized in the literature. As a result, we ignore whether the documented consequences of landscape fragmentation on plant mating and gene flow patterns also hold for native plant communities in arid and semiarid regions. We investigated the relative contribution of plant traits, pollinator activity, and individual neighbourhood in explaining variation in mating and gene flow patterns of an insect-pollinated semiarid arborescent shrub, Ziziphus lotus, at three sites embedded in highly altered agriculture landscapes. We used 14 SSRs, seed paternity analyses, and individual mixed effect mating models (MEMMi) to estimate the individual mating variables and the pollen dispersal kernel at each site. Individual spatial location, flower density, and floral visitation rate explained most of the variation of mating variables. Unexpectedly, individual correlated paternity was very low and shrubs surrounded by the most degraded matrix exhibited an increased fraction of pollen immigration and a high effective number of pollen donors per mother shrub. Overall, our results reveal that an active pollinator assemblage ensures highly efficient mating, and maintains pollen-mediated gene flow and notable connectivity levels, even in highly altered landscapes, potentially halting genetic isolation within and between distant sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana González-Robles
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Cristina García
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Behaviour, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Plant Biology, CIBIO/InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Teresa Salido
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain.,Instituto Interuniversitario del Sistema Tierra en Andalucía (IISTA-UJA), Jaén, Spain
| | - Antonio J Manzaneda
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain.,Instituto Interuniversitario del Sistema Tierra en Andalucía (IISTA-UJA), Jaén, Spain
| | - Pedro J Rey
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain.,Instituto Interuniversitario del Sistema Tierra en Andalucía (IISTA-UJA), Jaén, Spain
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31
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Dent DH, Estrada-Villegas S. Uniting niche differentiation and dispersal limitation predicts tropical forest succession. Trends Ecol Evol 2021; 36:700-708. [PMID: 33966918 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tropical secondary forests are increasingly important for carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation worldwide; yet, we still cannot accurately predict community turnover during secondary succession. We propose that integrating niche differentiation and dispersal limitation will generate an improved theoretical explanation of tropical forest succession. The interaction between seed sources and dispersers regulates seed movement throughout succession, and recent technological advances in animal tracking and molecular analyses enable us to accurately monitor seed movement as never before. We propose a framework to bridge the gap between niche differentiation and dispersal limitation. The Source-Disperser Limitation Framework (SDLF) provides a way to better predict secondary tropical forest succession across gradients of landscape disturbance by integrating seed sources and frugivore behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy H Dent
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama; Max Planck Institute for Animal Behavior, Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Sergio Estrada-Villegas
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama; Yale School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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32
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Genetic Diversity of Campomanesia adamantium and Its Correlation with Land Use and Land Cover. DIVERSITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/d13040160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: Campomanesia adamantium is an endemic species of the Cerrado and this biome has been under threat by its constant degradation. The genetic diversity of C. adamantium was characterized using species-specific microsatellites in two different time periods and correlations of these parameters of genetic diversity with the land use and land cover data. (2) Methods: We used 10 microsatellite loci to analyze C. adamantium from five populations, collected in 2011 and 2017. Maps of land use and land cover of the collection sites in both years were generated and subsequently correlated with genetic diversity. (3) Results: No significant loss of genetic diversity was observed in the analyzed period and a positive inbreeding coefficient was observed in all populations. AMOVA and STRUCTURE showed that there is no population structure between years and populations. Significant Pearson correlations were observed in 2017 between parameters of genetic diversity and land use and land cover, with a positive correlation between expected heterozygosity and secondary vegetation, and a negative correlation between inbreeding coefficient and exposed soil. (4) Conclusions: There was no decline in genetic diversity from 2011 to 2017. The high rates of the inbreeding coefficient could lead, for the species, in the long run, to an inbreeding depression as the Cerrado fragmentation might cause a population bottleneck.
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Nazareno AG, Knowles LL, Dick CW, Lohmann LG. By Animal, Water, or Wind: Can Dispersal Mode Predict Genetic Connectivity in Riverine Plant Species? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:626405. [PMID: 33643353 PMCID: PMC7907645 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.626405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Seed dispersal is crucial to gene flow among plant populations. Although the effects of geographic distance and barriers to gene flow are well studied in many systems, it is unclear how seed dispersal mediates gene flow in conjunction with interacting effects of geographic distance and barriers. To test whether distinct seed dispersal modes (i.e., hydrochory, anemochory, and zoochory) have a consistent effect on the level of genetic connectivity (i.e., gene flow) among populations of riverine plant species, we used unlinked single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for eight co-distributed plant species sampled across the Rio Branco, a putative biogeographic barrier in the Amazon basin. We found that animal-dispersed plant species exhibited higher levels of genetic diversity and lack of inbreeding as a result of the stronger genetic connectivity than plant species whose seeds are dispersed by water or wind. Interestingly, our results also indicated that the Rio Branco facilitates gene dispersal for all plant species analyzed, irrespective of their mode of dispersal. Even at a small spatial scale, our findings suggest that ecology rather than geography play a key role in shaping the evolutionary history of plants in the Amazon basin. These results may help improve conservation and management policies in Amazonian riparian forests, where degradation and deforestation rates are high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison G. Nazareno
- Departamentos de Botânica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Alison G. Nazareno,
| | - L. Lacey Knowles
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Christopher W. Dick
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | - Lúcia G. Lohmann
- Departamentos de Botânica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Lúcia G. Lohmann,
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Borràs J, Cursach J. Female and male fitness of a sexually deceptive orchid with a narrow distribution area: from phenotypic traits to spatial distribution patterns. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2021; 23:130-139. [PMID: 32959484 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Orchidaceae family presents one of the most extravagant pollination mechanisms: deception. While many studies on reproductive success have been performed on food-deception orchids, less have been performed on sexually deceptive orchids. Here, we focused on Ophrys balearica P. Delforge, an endemic orchid of the Balearic Islands, to study its reproductive ecology, the spatio-temporal variation of its reproductive success and the individual (floral display and geospatial position) and population parameters (patch size, shape and density) that affect its reproductive success. We performed hand-pollination experiments, along with the recording of floral display parameters and GPS position of over 1,100 individuals from seven populations in two consecutive years. We applied, for the first time, GIS tools to analyse the effects of individual's position within the population on the reproductive success. Reproductive success was measured both in male (removed pollinia) and female (fruit set) fitness. The results confirm that this species is pollinator-dependent and mostly allogamous, but also self-compatible. This species showed high values for the cumulative inbreeding depression index and high pollen limitation. Male fitness was almost equal to female fitness between years and populations, and reproductive success exhibited huge spatio-temporal variation. Although we did not find strong correlations between floral display and reproductive success, patches with low-plant density and individuals in the external portion of the population showed significantly higher plant fitness. These findings must be considered in conservation actions for endangered orchid species, especially considering that most orchids are strongly dependent on pollinators for their species' fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Borràs
- Laboratory of Botany, Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Department of Biology, University of Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
| | - J Cursach
- Laboratory of Botany, Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Department of Biology, University of Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
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35
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Almeida-Rocha JM, Soares LASS, Andrade ER, Gaiotto FA, Cazetta E. The impact of anthropogenic disturbances on the genetic diversity of terrestrial species: A global meta-analysis. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:4812-4822. [PMID: 33058295 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Human activities are primarily responsible for habitat loss and changes in natural environments around the world. It has been suggested that populations inhabiting human-modified landscapes experience reduced gene flow, inbreeding depression, and loss of alleles due to genetic drift. However, empirical evidence shows the contrasting effects of anthropogenic disturbances on the genetic diversity of species. We performed a meta-analysis of 61 studies that compared the genetic diversity of plant and/or animal populations in disturbed and more preserved areas (316 paired comparisons) to investigate the genetic responses to different disturbance types. There is a negative effect (effect size: -0.45; 95% confidence interval: -0.61, -0.29) of disturbances on genetic diversity, in which the most detrimental effects are caused by the loss of connectivity and forest cover. The methodological approach can explain part of the heterogeneity among the genetic responses detected by primary studies: (a) studies using the number of effective alleles did not detect genetic erosion, while all other indices revealed negative responses to disturbances; and (b) only studies performed with transferred or a combination of transferred and specific microsatellites detected negative responses. The effects on animal populations are more detrimental than in plant populations. Only plant species with a shrub life form, self-incompatible reproductive systems, and biotic pollination and seed dispersal showed negative responses to disturbances. Despite heterogeneity among studies, there is an overall negative effect of disturbances on genetic diversity, which indicates that remaining populations inhabiting human-modified landscapes have reduced evolutionary potential and are prone to local extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leiza A S S Soares
- Applied Ecology and Conservation Lab, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Edyla R Andrade
- Applied Ecology and Conservation Lab, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Fernanda A Gaiotto
- Applied Ecology and Conservation Lab, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil.,Laboratório de Marcadores Moleculares, Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Eliana Cazetta
- Applied Ecology and Conservation Lab, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
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Penagos Zuluaga JC, Queenborough SA, Comita LS. Flowering sex ratios and costs of reproduction in gynodioecious Ocotea oblonga (Lauraceae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In gynodioecious plant species, both female and hermaphrodite individuals produce fruit, but only hermaphrodites produce pollen. Such sex-specific differences in reproductive investment may contribute to dimorphism, but the magnitude and ecological effects are still unclear, especially for gynodioecious tropical trees where collecting flowers and determining the sex is complex. We documented flowering and fruiting over three years in a natural population of Ocotea oblonga (Lauraceae) trees in a tropical moist forest, Panama. We determined sex from freshly collected flowers, counted and measured fruit, and used long-term growth data for each individual. We confirmed that O. oblonga is gynodioecious. No tree switched sex or had flowers of both sexes. The population was hermaphrodite-biased. We found no ecological differences in reproductive investment (seed, fruit, or tree size, or growth rate) between the sexes, indicating that the sex differential in the cost of reproduction is much smaller in woody gynodioecious taxa than in dioecious taxa. Females produced more fruit than hermaphrodites, which may contribute to their persistence in the population. Accordingly, and contrary to most studies of temperate gynodioecious populations, our study of a tropical tree shows no differential cost of reproduction in a hermaphrodite-biased population. Consequently, other factors such as seed fertility or herbivory could drive the biased sex ratio in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon A Queenborough
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Liza S Comita
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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37
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Horiuchi Y, Kamijo T, Tanaka N. Biological and ecological constraints to the reintroduction of Eriocaulon heleocharioides (Eriocaulaceae): A species extinct in the wild. J Nat Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2020.125866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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38
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Phillips RD, Peakall R, van der Niet T, Johnson SD. Niche Perspectives on Plant-Pollinator Interactions. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:779-793. [PMID: 32386827 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ecological niches are crucial for species coexistence and diversification, but the niche concept has been underutilized in studying the roles of pollinators in plant evolution and reproduction. Pollination niches can be objectively characterized using pollinator traits, abundance, and distributions, as well as network topology. We review evidence that floral traits represent adaptations to pollination niches, where tradeoffs in trait deployment reinforce niche specialization. In turn, specialized pollination niches potentially increase speciation rates, foster species coexistence, and constrain species range limits. By linking studies of adaptation with those on speciation and coexistence, the pollination niche provides an organizing principle for research on plant reproduction, and conceptually unites these studies with fields of biology where the niche perspective is already firmly established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Phillips
- Department of Ecology, Environment, and Evolution, La Trobe University, VIC 3086, Australia; Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation, and Attractions, WA 6005, Australia; Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia.
| | - Rod Peakall
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Timotheüs van der Niet
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
| | - Steven D Johnson
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Toon
- School of Biological Sciences; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - L. Irene Terry
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Utah; Salt Lake City Utah USA
| | | | - Gimme H. Walter
- School of Biological Sciences; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Lyn G. Cook
- School of Biological Sciences; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
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40
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Geerts S, Coetzee A, Rebelo AG, Pauw A. Pollination structures plant and nectar‐feeding bird communities in Cape fynbos, South Africa: Implications for the conservation of plant–bird mutualisms. Ecol Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1703.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sjirk Geerts
- Department Conservation and Marine Sciences Cape Peninsula University of Technology Cape Town South Africa
| | - Anina Coetzee
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence at the FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa
| | - Anthony G. Rebelo
- South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch Research Centre Claremont South Africa
| | - Anton Pauw
- Department of Botany and Zoology Stellenbosch University Matieland South Africa
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41
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Cuartas‐Hernández SE, Moreno‐Betancur DJ. Contrasting population genetic structure of two sympatric species of Anthurium(Araceae) along elevation in an Andean mountain forest. Biotropica 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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42
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Eisen KE, Wruck AC, Geber MA. Floral density and co‐occurring congeners alter patterns of selection in annual plant communities*. Evolution 2020; 74:1682-1698. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E. Eisen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell University Ithaca New York 14853
| | - Amy C. Wruck
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell University Ithaca New York 14853
| | - Monica A. Geber
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell University Ithaca New York 14853
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43
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Timerman D, Barrett SCH. Influence of local density and sex ratio on pollination in an ambophilous flowering plant. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2020; 107:587-598. [PMID: 32227341 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Variation in local density and sex ratio in dioecious plants can affect mating success through the actions of pollen vectors, principally generalist insects or wind. Increased density and male-biased sex ratios should promote pollen transfer and seed production, but their combined effects have not been investigated for ambophilous species, which exhibit both insect and wind pollination. METHODS We manipulated density (low vs. high) and sex ratio (1:1 vs. 3:1 male-biased) in arrays of dioecious ambophilous Thalictrum pubescens. We quantified visitation rates and foraging times to examine whether pollinators exhibited sex-specific preferences and determined the seed set of arrays. RESULTS Pollinators visited more plants per foraging bout at high than low density. Visitation rates and foraging times of visitors were greater for male than for female plants but did not depend on the density or sex ratio of arrays. However, whereas solitary bees displayed a strong preference for males, hover flies were indifferent to plant sex phenotype. Solitary bees also visited significantly more plants per foraging bout than hover flies. There was a significant interaction between density and sex ratio on seed set. At low density, seed set was greater for 3:1 than for 1:1 arrays, but at high density the opposite pattern occurred. CONCLUSIONS The demographic factors we investigated had complex influences on pollinator foraging behavior and patterns of seed set. Several factors may explain our results, including the influence of density and sex ratio on pollen export from arrays, grooming by pollinators, and the contribution of wind pollination.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Timerman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Spencer C H Barrett
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, M5S 3B2, Canada
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44
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Naciri Y, Linder HP. The genetics of evolutionary radiations. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:1055-1072. [PMID: 32233014 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
With the realization that much of the biological diversity on Earth has been generated by discrete evolutionary radiations, there has been a rapid increase in research into the biotic (key innovations) and abiotic (key environments) circumstances in which such radiations took place. Here we focus on the potential importance of population genetic structure and trait genetic architecture in explaining radiations. We propose a verbal model describing the stages of an evolutionary radiation: first invading a suitable adaptive zone and expanding both spatially and ecologically through this zone; secondly, diverging genetically into numerous distinct populations; and, finally, speciating. There are numerous examples of the first stage; the difficulty, however, is explaining how genetic diversification can take place from the establishment of a, presumably, genetically depauperate population in a new adaptive zone. We explore the potential roles of epigenetics and transposable elements (TEs), of neutral process such as genetic drift in combination with trait genetic architecture, of gene flow limitation through isolation by distance (IBD), isolation by ecology and isolation by colonization, the possible role of intra-specific competition, and that of admixture and hybridization in increasing the genetic diversity of the founding populations. We show that many of the predictions of this model are corroborated. Most radiations occur in complex adaptive zones, which facilitate the establishment of many small populations exposed to genetic drift and divergent selection. We also show that many radiations (especially those resulting from long-distance dispersal) were established by polyploid lineages, and that many radiating lineages have small genome sizes. However, there are several other predictions which are not (yet) possible to test: that epigenetics has played a role in radiations, that radiations occur more frequently in clades with small gene flow distances, or that the ancestors of radiations had large fundamental niches. At least some of these may be testable in the future as more genome and epigenome data become available. The implication of this model is that many radiations may be hard polytomies because the genetic divergence leading to speciation happens within a very short time, and that the divergence history may be further obscured by hybridization. Furthermore, it suggests that only lineages with the appropriate genetic architecture will be able to radiate, and that such a radiation will happen in a meta-population environment. Understanding the genetic architecture of a lineage may be an essential part of accounting for why some lineages radiate, and some do not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamama Naciri
- Plant Systematics and Biodiversity Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant biology of the University of Geneva, 1 Chemin de l'Impératrice, CH-1292, Chambésy, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - H Peter Linder
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008, Zurich, Switzerland
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Cristóbal-Pérez EJ, Fuchs EJ, Olivares-Pinto U, Quesada M. Janzen-Connell effects shape gene flow patterns and realized fitness in the tropical dioecious tree Spondias purpurea (ANACARDIACEAE). Sci Rep 2020; 10:4584. [PMID: 32165645 PMCID: PMC7067871 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61394-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Pollination and seed dispersal patterns determine gene flow within plant populations. In tropical forests, a high proportion of trees are dioecious, insect pollinated and dispersed by vertebrates. Dispersal vectors and density dependent factors may modulate realized gene flow and influence the magnitude of Fine Scale Genetic Structure (FSGS), affecting individual fitness. Spondias purpurea is a vertebrate-dispersed, insect-pollinated dioecious tropical tree. We assessed the influence of sex ratio, effective and realized gene flow on genetic diversity, FSGS and individual fitness within a 30 ha plot in the tropical dry forest reserve of Chamela-Cuixmala, Mexico. All individuals within the plot were tagged, geo-referenced and sampled for genetic analysis. We measured dbh and monitored sex expression during two reproductive seasons for all individuals. We collected seeds directly from maternal trees for effective pollen dispersal analysis, and analyzed established seedlings to assess realized pollen and seed dispersal. Nine microsatellite loci were used to describe genetic diversity parameters, FSGS and gene flow patterns among different size classes. A total of 354 individuals were located and classified into three size classes based on their dbh (<10, 10–20, and >20 cm). Population sex ratios were male biased and diametric size distributions differed among sexes, these differences may be the result of precocious male reproduction at early stages. Autocorrelation analyses indicate low FSGS (Fj <0.07) across all size classes. Long realized pollen and seed dispersal and differences among effective and realized gene flow were detected. In our study site low FSGS is associated with high gene flow levels. Effective and realized gene flow indicate a population recruitment curve indicating Janzen-Connell effects and suggesting fitness advantages for long-distance pollen and seed dispersal events.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Jacob Cristóbal-Pérez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, México.,Laboratorio Nacional de Análisis y Síntesis Ecológica, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Eric J Fuchs
- Laboratorio Nacional de Análisis y Síntesis Ecológica, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, México.,Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501-2060, Costa Rica
| | - Ulises Olivares-Pinto
- Laboratorio Nacional de Análisis y Síntesis Ecológica, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, México.,Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Santiago de Querétaro, Querétaro, México
| | - Mauricio Quesada
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, México. .,Laboratorio Nacional de Análisis y Síntesis Ecológica, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, México.
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46
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Ismail SA, Kokko H. An analysis of mating biases in trees. Mol Ecol 2019; 29:184-198. [PMID: 31755136 PMCID: PMC7003921 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Assortative mating is a deviation from random mating based on phenotypic similarity. As it is much better studied in animals than in plants, we investigate for trees whether kinship of realized mating pairs deviates from what is expected from the set of potential mates and use this information to infer mating biases that may result from kin recognition and/or assortative mating. Our analysis covers 20 species of trees for which microsatellite data is available for adult populations (potential mates) as well as seed arrays. We test whether mean relatedness of observed mating pairs deviates from null expectations that only take pollen dispersal distances into account (estimated from the same data set). This allows the identification of elevated as well as reduced kinship among realized mating pairs, indicative of positive and negative assortative mating, respectively. The test is also able to distinguish elevated biparental inbreeding that occurs solely as a result of related pairs growing closer to each other from further assortativeness. Assortative mating in trees appears potentially common but not ubiquitous: nine data sets show mating bias with elevated inbreeding, nine do not deviate significantly from the null expectation, and two show mating bias with reduced inbreeding. While our data sets lack direct information on phenology, our investigation of the phenological literature for each species identifies flowering phenology as a potential driver of positive assortative mating (leading to elevated inbreeding) in trees. Since active kin recognition provides an alternative hypothesis for these patterns, we encourage further investigations on the processes and traits that influence mating patterns in trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha A Ismail
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hanna Kokko
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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47
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Torres-Vanegas F, Hadley AS, Kormann UG, Jones FA, Betts MG, Wagner HH. The Landscape Genetic Signature of Pollination by Trapliners: Evidence From the Tropical Herb, Heliconia tortuosa. Front Genet 2019; 10:1206. [PMID: 31867039 PMCID: PMC6906188 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal-mediated pollination is essential for the maintenance of plant reproduction, especially in tropical ecosystems, where pollination networks have been thought to have highly generalized structures. However, accumulating evidence suggests that not all floral visitors provide equally effective pollination services, potentially reducing the number of realized pollinators and increasing the cryptic specialization of pollination networks. Thus, there is a need to understand how different functional groups of pollinators influence pollination success. Here, we examined whether patterns of contemporary pollen-mediated gene flow in Heliconia tortuosa are consistent with the foraging strategy of its territorial or traplining hummingbird pollinators. Territorial hummingbirds defend clumps of flowers and are expected to transfer pollen locally. In contrast, traplining hummingbirds forage across longer distances, thereby increasing pollen flow among forest fragments, and are thought to repeatedly visit particular plants. If trapliners indeed visit the same plants repeatedly along their regular routes, this could lead to a situation where neighboring plants sample genetically distinct pollen pools. To test this hypothesis, we genotyped 720 seeds and 71 mother plants from 18 forest fragments at 11 microsatellite loci. We performed TwoGener analysis to test pollen pool differentiation within sites (among neighboring plants within the same forest fragment: ΦSC) and between sites (among forest fragments: ΦCT). We found strong, statistically significant pollen pool differentiation among neighboring mother plants (ΦSC = 0.0506), and weaker, statistically significant differentiation among sites (ΦCT = 0.0285). We interpret this pattern of hierarchical pollen pool differentiation as the landscape genetic signature of the foraging strategy of traplining hummingbirds, where repeatable, long-distance, and high-fidelity routes transfer pollen among particular plants. Although H. tortuosa is also visited by territorial hummingbirds, our results suggest that these pollinators do not contribute substantially to successful pollination, highlighting differences in realized pollination efficiency. This cryptic reduction in the number of realized pollinators potentially increases the vulnerability of pollination success to the decline of populations of traplining hummingbirds, which have been shown to be sensitive to forest fragmentation. We conclude that maintaining habitat connectivity to sustain the foraging routes of trapliners may be essential for the maintenance of pollen-mediated gene flow in human-modified landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Torres-Vanegas
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Adam S Hadley
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Mississauga, ON, Canada.,Forest Biodiversity Research Network, Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Urs G Kormann
- Swiss Ornithological Institute, Sempach, Switzerland
| | - Frank Andrew Jones
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama, Panama
| | - Matthew G Betts
- Forest Biodiversity Research Network, Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Helene H Wagner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Mississauga, ON, Canada
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48
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Pornon A, Baksay S, Escaravage N, Burrus M, Andalo C. Pollinator specialization increases with a decrease in a mass-flowering plant in networks inferred from DNA metabarcoding. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:13650-13662. [PMID: 31938472 PMCID: PMC6953672 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
How native mass-flowering plants affect the specialization of insects at individual and species levels and the consequences for pollination networks have received much less attention than for mass-flowering crops or alien species and basically remain unexplored.Using existing DNA metabarcoding data on the pollen loads of 402 flower-visiting insects, we assessed the effects of a native mass-flowering plant of high reward quality, the shrub Rhododendron ferrugineum, on pollination networks by investigating: (a) the food niches of individual pollinators and pollinator species and (b) the structure of individual and species networks in subalpine heathland patches with extremely contrasted densities of R. ferrugineum.Relative to its high abundance in high-density patches, the shrub was greatly underrepresented and did not dominate individual's or species' generalized networks, rather individual and species specialization increased with a decrease in R. ferrugineum density. Furthermore, individuals of the more generalist dipteran Empididae species tended to extend exclusive interactions with rare plant species in low-density networks. The same trend was observed in the more specialist Apidea but toward rare species in high-density networks. Our results reveal a quite paradoxical view of pollination and a functional complementarity within networks. Niche and network indices mostly based on the occurrence of links showed that individual pollinators and pollinator species and networks were highly generalized, whereas indices of link strength revealed that species and above all individuals behave as quite strict specialists. Synthesis. Our study provides insights into the status of a native mass-flowering plant in individual's and insect species' food niches and pollination networks. It revealed that a generalist pollinator species can be highly specialized at the individual level and how rare plant species coexisting with mass-flowering plants may nevertheless be visited.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Pornon
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité BiologiqueUMR 5174CNRSIRDUniversité Toulouse III Paul SabatierToulouseFrance
| | - Sandra Baksay
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité BiologiqueUMR 5174CNRSIRDUniversité Toulouse III Paul SabatierToulouseFrance
| | - Nathalie Escaravage
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité BiologiqueUMR 5174CNRSIRDUniversité Toulouse III Paul SabatierToulouseFrance
| | - Monique Burrus
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité BiologiqueUMR 5174CNRSIRDUniversité Toulouse III Paul SabatierToulouseFrance
| | - Christophe Andalo
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité BiologiqueUMR 5174CNRSIRDUniversité Toulouse III Paul SabatierToulouseFrance
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49
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Cutter AD. Reproductive transitions in plants and animals: selfing syndrome, sexual selection and speciation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:1080-1094. [PMID: 31336389 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of predominant self-fertilisation frequently coincides with the evolution of a collection of phenotypes that comprise the 'selfing syndrome', in both plants and animals. Genomic features also display a selfing syndrome. Selfing syndrome traits often involve changes to male and female reproductive characters that were subject to sexual selection and sexual conflict in the obligatorily outcrossing ancestor, including the gametic phase for both plants and animals. Rapid evolution of reproductive traits, due to both relaxed selection and directional selection under the new status of predominant selfing, lays the genetic groundwork for reproductive isolation. Consequently, shifts in sexual selection pressures coupled to transitions to selfing provide a powerful paradigm for investigating the speciation process. Plant and animal studies, however, emphasise distinct selective forces influencing reproductive-mode transitions: genetic transmission advantage to selfing or reproductive assurance outweighing the costs of inbreeding depression vs the costs of males and meiosis. Here, I synthesise links between sexual selection, evolution of selfing and speciation, with particular focus on identifying commonalities and differences between plant and animal systems and pointing to areas warranting further synergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asher D Cutter
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
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50
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Bergamo PJ, Susin Streher N, Traveset A, Wolowski M, Sazima M. Pollination outcomes reveal negative density-dependence coupled with interspecific facilitation among plants. Ecol Lett 2019; 23:129-139. [PMID: 31650660 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Pollination is thought to be under positive density-dependence, destabilising plant coexistence by conferring fitness disadvantages to rare species. Such disadvantage is exacerbated by interspecific competition but can be mitigated by facilitation and intraspecific competition. However, pollinator scarcity should enhance intraspecific plant competition and impose disadvantage on common over rare species (negative density-dependence, NDD). We assessed pollination proxies (visitation rate, pollen receipt, pollen tubes) in a generalised plant community and related them to conspecific and heterospecific density, expecting NDD and interspecific facilitation due to the natural pollinator scarcity. Contrary to usual expectations, all proxies indicated strong intraspecific competition for common plants. Moreover interspecific facilitation prevailed and was stronger for rare than for common plants. Both NDD and interspecific facilitation were modulated by specialisation, floral display and pollinator group. The combination of intraspecific competition and interspecific facilitation fosters plant coexistence, suggesting that pollination can be a niche axis maintaining plant diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J Bergamo
- Graduate Program in Ecology, University of Campinas, Monteiro Lobato St., 255, Campinas, PO Box 13083-862, Brazil.,Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies, CSIC-UIB, Miquel Marqués St., 21, Esporles, Mallorca, PO Box 07190, Spain
| | - Nathália Susin Streher
- Graduate Program in Plant Biology, University of Campinas, Monteiro Lobato St., 255, Campinas, PO Box 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Anna Traveset
- Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies, CSIC-UIB, Miquel Marqués St., 21, Esporles, Mallorca, PO Box 07190, Spain
| | - Marina Wolowski
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Gabriel Monteiro da Silva St., 700, Alfenas, PO Box 37130-000, Brazil
| | - Marlies Sazima
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Monteiro Lobato St., 255, Campinas, PO Box 13083-862, Brazil
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