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Buendia A, Teng KTY, Camino E, Dominguez L, Cruz-Lopez F. Influence of multiple factors on hematologic reference intervals in horses residing in livery yards in Spain. Vet Clin Pathol 2021; 50:273-277. [PMID: 34053088 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The hemogram is a routine analysis for equine veterinary practitioners in the assessment of patient clinical status. Reference intervals (RIs) of hematologic constituents vary according to different horse populations and are often described for a particular breed or horse type. The aims of this study were to determine RIs for hematologic constituents in a mixed-breed horse population residing in livery yards in central Spain and evaluate the associations between estimated RIs and multiple phenotypic and management characteristics. A total of 122 healthy horses from different breeds in central Spain were included in the study. RIs were calculated following the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology guidelines. Significant associations between red blood cell (RBC) counts, packed cell volumes (PCVs), hemoglobin (HGB) concentrations, white blood cell (WBC) counts, and phenotypic and management features were evaluated using a novel multiple linear regression model analysis. Reference intervals were 5.8-10.0 × 1012 /L for RBCs, 97-164 g/L for HGB, 0.27-0.46 L/L for PCVs, 37.1-53.6 fL for MCVs, 3.8-10.8 × 109 /L for WBCs, and 76.1-377.9 × 109 /L for platelet counts. The season, discipline, and housing when and where the horses were sampled were factors significantly associated with WBC counts and/or red cell values (HGB, RBC, and PCV). Hematologic RIs for these horses were comparable to the RIs of warm-blooded horses and influenced by husbandry. These location-specific RIs should allow veterinary practitioners to make better-informed decisions for their patients residing in livery yards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aranzazu Buendia
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kendy Tzu-Yun Teng
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eliazar Camino
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.,Animal Health Department, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucas Dominguez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.,Animal Health Department, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fatima Cruz-Lopez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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2
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Lee HS, Kim JH. The dog as an exercise science animal model: a review of physiological and hematological effects of exercise conditions. Phys Act Nutr 2021; 24:1-6. [PMID: 33539688 PMCID: PMC7923746 DOI: 10.20463/pan.2020.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] Exercise is a fundamental way to maintain and improve health and physical fitness. Many human studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of exercise on various biological parameters. However, studies investigating the effects of exercise in dogs are limited. This review summarized the current data from studies that examined the effects of different exercise conditions (treadmill vs. non-treadmill and acute vs. chronic) on physiological and hematological parameters in dogs. [Methods] Papers addressing the effects of exercise in dogs published from January 2000 to October 2020 were retrieved from the online databases of Scopus, Google Scholar, and PubMed and were selected and reviewed. [Results] The exercise conditions differentially affected physiological and hematological responses and adaptation in dogs. Therefore, the development and comprehensive evaluation of scientific exercise programs for dogs are necessary. [Conclusion] The dog would be a valuable exercise science animal model, and studies aiming at the optimal health, well-being, and quality of life of dogs need to be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Sung Lee
- Department of Physical Education, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Sports & Exercise Science Convergence Center, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hee Kim
- Department of Physical Education, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Sports & Exercise Science Convergence Center, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Satué K, Hernández Á, Lorente C, Fazio E, Medica P. Age- and Sex-Related Modifications of Hematology in Spanish Purebred Horse. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 93:103219. [PMID: 32972677 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that age and sex significantly modulate the changes in hematological parameters of physiologically healthy Spanish Purebred horse, establishing the reference values. Blood samples were obtained on a total of 159 horses (n = 77 males and n = 82 females), classified in four age groups: group A (1-2 years; n = 39), group B (>2-3 years; n = 38), group C (>3-4 years; n = 41), and group D (>4-7 years; n = 41). By means ADVIA 2020i, red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin concentration (HB), packed cell volume, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, platelets (PLTs), as well as total and differential white blood cells (WBCs) were determined. Total plasma protein was determined by spectrophotometry. Results obtained showed that sex had a limited influence on these parameters, being the HB higher in males and WBC higher in females (P = .047). Age caused a reduction in RBC, with a compensatory increase of MCV and MCH, decrease in WBC, PLT, lymphocytes (LYMPs), as well as an increase of N/L ratio (P = .047). Interactions between age and sex showed higher RBC in males than in females of the group B, and higher HB and WBC in males than in females of the group D. According to hematological data, Spanish Purebred horse was classified as a warm- or cold-blooded horse. Decline of RBC, WBC, and PLT parameters is a natural condition of horse with the advance of age, indicating a decrease of the narrow bone response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katiuska Satué
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cardenal Herrera University, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Ángel Hernández
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cardenal Herrera University, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carmen Lorente
- Private Clinician, Diplomate Dermatology, Adervet Clinic, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esterina Fazio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Physiology Unit, Messina University, Messina, Italy
| | - Pietro Medica
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Physiology Unit, Messina University, Messina, Italy
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Stucchi L, Valli C, Stancari G, Zucca E, Ferrucci F. Creatine-kinase reference intervals at rest and after maximal exercise in Standardbred racehorses. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.3920/cep190020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Due to the high variability of data drawn from the literature, aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of exercise on creatine-kinase (CK) serum activity and to determine CK reference intervals (RIs) at rest and post-exercise in healthy Standardbred racehorses. Data concerning history, physical examination, laboratory evaluation and ECG were collected retrospectively from a population of 258 Standardbred racehorses in training that underwent an incremental-maximal treadmill exercise. Those subjects with alterations potentially influencing CK serum activity were excluded. Finally, a reference sample of 194 horses was selected. Blood samples were collected 1 hour before exercise and 6 hour post-exercise and analysed with a spectrophotometric method. Values were compared by Wilcoxon test for paired samples. The effect of age and sex was evaluated by Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn post-test. Statistical significance was set at P<0.05. RIs were determined following Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute guidelines (CLSI), approved by the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology. Using a macroinstruction set for Microsoft Excel (RefValAdv), RIs were determined with a non-parametric method. A significant increase (P<0.0001) in CK activity post-exercise was observed. Partition by sex and age did not show any statistical difference, either at rest or post-exercise. In RIs determination no outliers were identified. RIs ranged from 25 to 394 U/l at rest and from 44 to 735 U/l post-exercise. To our knowledge, this is the first study considering CK post-exercise RIs in racehorses using CLSI’s guidelines and specific CK-related exclusion criteria. These RIs could be useful to discriminate between physiological and pathological CK post-exercise increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Stucchi
- Equine Sports Medicine Lab (ESM-Lab), Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety (VESPA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - C. Valli
- Equine practitioner, Cassago Brianza (LC), Italy
| | - G. Stancari
- Equine Sports Medicine Lab (ESM-Lab), Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety (VESPA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - E. Zucca
- Equine Sports Medicine Lab (ESM-Lab), Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety (VESPA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - F. Ferrucci
- Equine Sports Medicine Lab (ESM-Lab), Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety (VESPA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Kędzierski W, Cywińska A, Wawak T, Janczarek I, Wilk I, Kowalik S. Plasma Apelin Concentration in Exercised Horses: Preliminary Study. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 80:16-19. [PMID: 31443827 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Physical effort is one of the key aspects of keeping horses in good condition. The condition of the animal is reflected by multiple blood parameters. The newly discovered cytokine-apelin can pose one of them, however, so far, has not been studied in the horse population. Apelin is produced by adipocytes and myocytes and plays an important role in the energy metabolism of the body through the influence, for example, on the process of adipogenesis and lipolysis. The aim of this study was to investigate if physical effort of various intensity affects the plasma concentration of apelin in horses. The study involved 20 purebred Arabian horses divided into two groups. The first group included 10 race horses, aged 3 years, and second group included 10 horses aged from 6 to 12 years, used in endurance rides. Blood samples were collected from each horse at rest and after exercise. The concentrations of apelin, lactic acid, cortisol, uric acid (UA), triacylglycerols, total plasma protein, and glucose were determined in plasma samples. Race training sessions induced significant decreases in plasma apelin concentrations (P < .05). In endurance horses, significant correlations were found only between exercise-induced changes of apelin and cortisol (r = 0.55) and apelin and UA (r = 0.67) concentrations. In conclusion, the concentration of apelin in equine plasma decreases in response to short-time exercise unlike endurance exercise. Blood plasma apelin concentration determined at rest is lower in long-time regularly trained horses than in the ones at the beginning of their training process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witold Kędzierski
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Cywińska
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Tatiana Wawak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Iwona Janczarek
- Department of Horse Breeding and Use, Faculty of Biology, Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Izabela Wilk
- Department of Horse Breeding and Use, Faculty of Biology, Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Sylwester Kowalik
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland.
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Individual variation in an acute stress response reflects divergent coping strategies in a large herbivore. Behav Processes 2016; 132:22-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Sample SH, Fox KM, Wunn D, Roth E, Friedrichs KR. Hematologic and biochemical reference intervals for adult Friesian horses from North America. Vet Clin Pathol 2015; 44:194-9. [DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saundra H. Sample
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI USA
| | | | - Denise Wunn
- IDEXX Laboratories Inc.; North Grafton MA USA
| | | | - Kristen R. Friedrichs
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI USA
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Changes in plasma leptin concentration during different types of exercises performed by horses. Animal 2014; 8:1456-61. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731114001220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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