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Mao Y, Yang Q, Liu J, Fu Y, Zhou S, Liu J, Ying L, Li Y. Quercetin Increases Growth Performance and Decreases Incidence of Diarrhea and Mechanism of Action in Weaned Piglets. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2024; 2024:5632260. [PMID: 39139212 PMCID: PMC11321896 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5632260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of quercetin increasing growth performance and decreasing incidence of diarrhea in weaned piglets. Forty-eight Duroc × Landrace × Large White weaned piglets with similar body weight (7.48 ± 0.20 kg, 28 days of age) were randomly divided into four treatments (control, 250 mg/kg quercetin, 500 mg/kg quercetin, and 750 mg/kg quercetin treatments) and fed with basal diet or experimental diet supplemented with quercetin. Performance, diarrhea rate and index, and content of serum anti-inflammatory factors were determined and calculated in weaned piglets; colonic flora and signaling pathways related to anti-inflammation were measured using 16S rDNA sequencing and RNA-seq, respectively. The results showed that compared with control, feed-to-gain ratio and content of serum interferon gamma (IFN-γ) were significantly decreased in the 500 and 750 mg/kg quercetin treatments (P < 0.05); quercetin significantly decreased diarrhea rate and diarrhea index (P < 0.05) and significantly increased the content of serum transforming growth factor (TGF-β) in weaned piglets (P < 0.05); the content of serum NF-κB was significantly decreased in the 750 mg/kg quercetin treatment (P < 0.05); moreover, quercetin significantly increased diversity of colonic flora (P < 0.05), and at the phylum level, the relative abundance of Actinobacteria in the 500 and 750 mg/kg treatments was significantly increased (P < 0.05), and the relative abundance of Proteobacteria in the three quercetin treatments were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in the colon of weaned piglets; at the genus level, the relative abundance of Clostridium-sensu-stricto-1, Turicibacter, unclassified_f_Lachnospiraceae, Phascolarctobacterium, and Family_XIII _AD3011_group was significantly increased (P < 0.05); the relative abundance of Subdollgranulum and Blautia was significantly decreased in the 500 and 750 mg/kg treatments (P < 0.05); the relative abundance of Eschericha-Shigella, Terrisporobacter, and Eubacterium-coprostanoligenes was significantly increased (P < 0.05); the relative abundance of Streptocococcus, Sarcina, Staphylococcus, and Ruminococcaceae_UCG-008 was significantly decreased in the three quercetin treatments (P < 0.05); the relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae_UCG_014 was significantly increased in the 250 mg/kg quercetin treatment in the colon of weaned piglets (P < 0.05). The results of Gene Ontology (GO) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis showed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from the quercetin treatments were significantly enriched in nuclear transcription factor-κB (NF-κB) signal pathway (P < 0.05); mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1R1 (IL-1R1), conserved helix-loop-helix ubiquitous kinase (CHUK), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and IL-1β from quercetin treatments were significantly decreased in colonic mucosa of weaned piglets (P < 0.05). In summary, quercetin increased feed conversion ratio and decreased diarrhea through regulating NF-κB signaling pathway, controlling the balance between anti-inflammatory and proinflammatory factors, and modulating intestinal flora, thus promoting the absorption of nutrients in weaned piglets. These results provided the theoretical foundation for applying quercetin in preventing weaning piglets' diarrhea and animal husbandry practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Mao
- College of Animal Science and TechnologyNortheast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Qinglin Yang
- College of Animal Science and TechnologyNortheast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Junhong Liu
- College of Animal Science and TechnologyNortheast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yuxin Fu
- College of Animal Science and TechnologyNortheast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Shuaishuai Zhou
- College of Animal Science and TechnologyNortheast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jiayan Liu
- College of Animal Science and TechnologyNortheast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Linlin Ying
- College of Animal Science and TechnologyNortheast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yao Li
- College of Animal Science and TechnologyNortheast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
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Biswas S, Ahn JM, Kim IH. Assessing the potential of phytogenic feed additives: A comprehensive review on their effectiveness as a potent dietary enhancement for nonruminant in swine and poultry. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2024; 108:711-723. [PMID: 38264830 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Phytogenic feed additives (PFAs) often referred to as phytobiotics or botanical feed additives, are natural compounds derived from various plants, herbs, spices and other botanical sources. These feed additives are intended to serve a variety of purposes, including an immune system regulator, an antimicrobial, an antimutagenic, an antioxidant and a growth promoter. They are composed of bioactive compounds extracted from plants, including essential oils, polyphenols, terpenoids and flavonoids. They are mostly utilized as substitute antibiotic growth promoters in nonruminant (swine and poultry) livestock production, owing to the prohibition of antibiotic usage in the feed industry. It has been thoroughly examined to ascertain their impact on intestinal health and activity, correlation with animals' effective health and well-being, productivity, food security and environmental impact. The potential uses of these feed additives depend on the properties of herbs, the comprehension of their principal and secondary components, knowledge of their mechanisms of action, the safety of animals and the products they produce. They are gaining recognition as effective and sustainable tools for promoting animal health and performance while reducing the reliance on antibiotics in nonruminant nutrition. Their natural origins, multifaceted benefits and alignment with consumer preferences make them a valuable addition to modern animal farming process. However, because of their inconsistent effects and inadequate knowledge of the mechanisms of action, their usage as a feed additive has been limited. This review offers a comprehensive assessment of the applications of PFAs as an effective feed supplement in swine and poultry nutrition. In summary, this comprehensive review provides current knowledge, identifies gaps in research and emphasizes the potential of phytogenic additives to foster sustainable and healthier livestock production systems while addressing the global concerns associated with antibiotic use in livestock farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarbani Biswas
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
- Smart Animal Bio Institute, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Je M Ahn
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
- Smart Animal Bio Institute, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - In Ho Kim
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
- Smart Animal Bio Institute, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
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Nhara RB, Marume U, Nantapo CWT. Potential of Organic Acids, Essential Oils and Their Blends in Pig Diets as Alternatives to Antibiotic Growth Promoters. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:762. [PMID: 38473146 DOI: 10.3390/ani14050762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the years, the use of management and feeding strategies to enhance pig productivity while minimizing the use of antibiotic growth promoters has grown. Antibiotic growth promoters have been widely used as feed additives to reduce diet-related stress and improve pig performance. However, increasing concern about the consequences of long-term and increased use of antibiotic growth promoters in animal production has led to a paradigm shift towards the use of natural organic alternatives such as plant essential oils and organic acids in pig nutrition to enhance growth. Antibiotic growth promoters endanger human health by allowing multidrug-resistant genes to be transferred horizontally from non-pathogenic to pathogenic bacteria, as well as directly between animals and humans. Scientific research shows that alternative growth promoters such as essential oils and organic acids appear to improve pigs' ability to prevent pathogenic bacteria from colonizing the intestinal system, stabilizing the gut microflora and promoting eubiosis, as well as improving immunity and antioxidant stability. The purpose of this review was to provide an in-depth review of organic acids and essential oils as growth promoters in pig production, as well as their effects on productivity and meat quality. Organic acids and essential oils in pig diets are a safe way to improve pig performance and welfare while producing antibiotic-free pork.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumbidzai Blessing Nhara
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Agriculture Science, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North-West University, P Bag X 2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
- Department of Livestock, Wildlife and Fisheries, Great Zimbabwe University, Masvingo P.O. Box 1235, Zimbabwe
- Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North-West University, P Bag X 2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - Upenyu Marume
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Agriculture Science, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North-West University, P Bag X 2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
- Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North-West University, P Bag X 2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - Carlos Wyson Tawanda Nantapo
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Agriculture Science, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North-West University, P Bag X 2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
- Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North-West University, P Bag X 2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
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Xiao C, Li K, Teng C, Wei Z, Li J, Zhang S, Liu L, Lv H, Zhong R. Dietary Qi-Weng-Huangbo powder enhances growth performance, diarrhoea and immune function of weaned piglets by modulating gut health and microbial profiles. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1342852. [PMID: 38187371 PMCID: PMC10770244 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1342852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The evolution of nutritional strategies to improve the gut health and microbiota profiles of early-weaned piglets is essential to reduce diarrhoea caused by weaning stress. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of dietary supplementation of Qi-Weng-Huangbo powder, a traditional herbal medicine consisting of a mixture of Pulsatilla chinensis, Chinese Schneid and Astragalus extracts (PCE), on the growth performance, diarrhoea rate, immune function and intestinal health of weaned piglets. Methods 162 piglets were randomly assigned to the CON group (no PCE added), the PCEL group (300 mg/kg PCE) and the PCEH group (500 mg/kg PCE) at the end of the third week post farrowing. There were 9 replicates of each group with 6 pigs per replicate. The experiment lasted for 28 days and sampling was performed on the final day. Results The results showed that the PCE diet increased the average daily gain (ADG) and final body weight (BW) compared to the CON group. Both supplemented doses of PCE reduced the faecal scores of piglets, and the diarrhoea rate in the PCEL group was significantly lower than that in the CON group. The application of PCE diets promoted the development of the spleen in piglets and up-regulated serum immunoglobulin concentrations to enhance immune function, which was also reflected in the down-regulated gene expression of the colonic TLR/MyD88/NF-κB pathway. Supplementation with PCE improved intestinal morphology, and all doses of PCE significantly increased villus height (VH) in the ileum, whereas colonic crypt depth (CD) was significantly lower in the PCEH group than in the CON group. The PCEH diet significantly increased the levels of valeric and isovaleric acid in the colon content. Dietary PCEH also improved the colonic microbial community profile, reflected by a significant increase in Shannon's index compared with CON group. The abundance of Veillonellaceae and Rhodospirillales was significantly increased in the PCEH group at the family level. Discussion In conclusion, dietary PCE reduced diarrhoea rates, improved growth performance and enhanced immune function in weaned piglets. These improvements were potentially supported by altered ileum and colonic morphology, elevated colonic VFA levels, and modulation of colonic microbial profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanpi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Precision Livestock and Nutrition Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Kai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunran Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zeou Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jiaheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Precision Livestock and Nutrition Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Shunfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huiyuan Lv
- Peking Centre Technology Co., LTD, Beijing, China
| | - Ruqing Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Balbinotti V, Menezes MGA, Silva AM, Ferreira FNA, Peripolli V, Pilati C, Bianchi I, Schwegler E, Moreira F. Effect of glycoelectrolytic supplement on post-weaning piglet performance and intestinal integrity. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:418. [PMID: 37996717 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03826-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of glycoelectrolytic supplements on the performance, blood parameters, and intestinal morphology of piglets during the post-weaning period. In the study, a total of 240 piglets weaned aged 17 22.60 + 1.10 days were used. The control group (n = 120) received only water, and the treatment group (n = 120) received an oral glycoelectrolytic supplement diluted in water (0.75%) during the first three days after weaning. Feed intake, daily weight gain, final weight, feed conversion ratio, and post-weaning mortality were evaluated. On the third day after weaning, the blood glucose levels of all piglets were analyzed. Blood was collected from 12 piglets from each treatment group on day 3 after weaning for blood count analysis, and intestinal fragments were collected for anatomopathological and morphometric evaluation. Better feed conversion ratio (1.29) and higher consumption of liquids (0.639 L/day) were observed in the piglet group supplemented with glycoelectrolytes on day 3 after weaning (P < 0.05). The supplemented group presented a higher glycemic index (80.78 mg/dL), average corpuscular volume (67.35 fL), and average corpuscular hemoglobin (20.46 pg) than the control group (P < 0.05). The evaluation of intestinal integrity and the probability of diarrhea occurrence were similar between the groups (P > 0.05). Oral glycoelectrolytic supplementation can be an option for piglets immediately after weaning as it improves feed conversion and consumption of liquids, in addition to increasing blood glucose without the occurrence of diarrhea, thus reducing dehydration and energy deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Balbinotti
- Pós-Graduação Em Produção E Sanidade Animal, Instituto Federal Catarinense, Campus Araquari, Araquari, SC, 89.245-000, Brazil
- Agroceres Multimix Nutrição Animal LTDA, Rio Claro, SP, 13.502-741, Brazil
| | - M G A Menezes
- Núcleo de Extensão, Ensino E Pesquisa Em Produção Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Instituto Federal Catarinense, Campus Araquari, Araquari, Brazil
| | - A M Silva
- Agroceres Multimix Nutrição Animal LTDA, Rio Claro, SP, 13.502-741, Brazil
| | - F N A Ferreira
- Agroceres Multimix Nutrição Animal LTDA, Rio Claro, SP, 13.502-741, Brazil
| | - V Peripolli
- Núcleo de Extensão, Ensino E Pesquisa Em Produção Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Instituto Federal Catarinense, Campus Araquari, Araquari, Brazil
| | - C Pilati
- Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias, Lages, SC, 88.520-000, Brazil
| | - I Bianchi
- Núcleo de Extensão, Ensino E Pesquisa Em Produção Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Instituto Federal Catarinense, Campus Araquari, Araquari, Brazil
| | - E Schwegler
- Núcleo de Extensão, Ensino E Pesquisa Em Produção Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Instituto Federal Catarinense, Campus Araquari, Araquari, Brazil
| | - F Moreira
- Núcleo de Extensão, Ensino E Pesquisa Em Produção Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Instituto Federal Catarinense, Campus Araquari, Araquari, Brazil.
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Xu Q, Cheng M, Jiang R, Zhao X, Zhu J, Liu M, Chao X, Zhang C, Zhou B. Effects of dietary supplement with a Chinese herbal mixture on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and gut microbiota in weaned pigs. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:971647. [PMID: 36072392 PMCID: PMC9442064 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.971647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Weaning stress decreases the growth performance of piglets and is one of the main concerns of pig industries. Traditional Chinese herbal medicines have been used to reduce the adverse effects of weaning stress as both nutritional supplements and antibiotic substitutes. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a Chinese herbal mixture (Kangtaile, which contained Paeonia lactiflora, licorice, dandelion, and tea polyphenols) on the growth performances, immune response, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal microbiota of weaned pigs. A total of 400 weaned pigs [Duroc × (Landrace × Yorkshire)] were randomly allocated into one of four treatments: the CON group, fed with basic diet; the HM1 group, fed with basal diet supplemented with 0.5 g herbal mixture/kg diet; the HM2 group, fed with basal diet supplemented with 1.0 g herbal mixture/kg diet; or the HM3 group, fed with basal diet supplemented with 1.5 g herbal mixture/kg diet. The results revealed that dietary supplementation with the herbal mixture for 28 days improved average daily gain and feed conversion ratio, while decreased the diarrhea rate of weaned pigs. Moreover, dietary supple-mentation with the herbal mixture improved the antioxidant capacity through increasing the activity of catalase (CAT) and the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) level, while decreasing the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the serum. Pigs supplemented with herbal mixture presented an increased serum immunoglobulin (Ig)M level on day 14 compared with control pigs. The herbal mixture altered the composition of intestinal microbiota by influencing the relative abundances of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes at the phylum level. The relative abundances of the Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were significantly related to the body weight gain of pigs. In conclusion, supplementation of herbal mixture to the diet improved growth performance, immunity, and antioxidant capacity and modified the composition of intestinal microbiota in weaning pigs. This study provided new insights into the nutritional regulation effects of the herbal mixtures on weaned pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglei Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rong Jiang
- Wuxi Sanzhi Bio-Tech Co., Ltd., Wuxi, China
| | - Xianle Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianjin Zhu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Mingzheng Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaohuan Chao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunlei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Bo Zhou
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In-Feed Supplementation of Resin Acid-Enriched Composition Modulates Gut Microbiota, Improves Growth Performance, and Reduces Post-Weaning Diarrhea and Gut Inflammation in Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092511. [PMID: 34573477 PMCID: PMC8472311 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The weaning process represents a delicate phase for piglets, and is often characterized by lower feed intake, lower weight gain, diarrhea, and ultimately increased mortality. We aimed to determine the effects of RAC supplementation in diets on improving piglet growth and vitality, reducing post-weaning diarrhea, and enhancing gut health. In a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment, we selected forty sows and their piglets. Piglets were followed until seven weeks of age. There were no significant differences found between RAC treated and control piglets until weaning (p = 0.26). However, three weeks after weaning, RAC treated piglets had higher body weight and average daily growth (ADG) than the control piglets (p = 0.003). In addition, the piglets that received RAC after weaning, irrespective of mother or prior creep feed treatment, had lower post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) and fecal myeloperoxidase (MPO) level than control piglets. Gut microbiota analysis in post-weaning piglets revealed that RAC supplementation significantly increased Lachnospiraceae_unclassified, Blautia, Butyricicoccus, Gemmiger and Holdemanella, and decreased Bacteroidales_unclassified. Overall, RAC supplementation to piglets modulated post-weaning gut microbiota, improved growth performance after weaning, reduced post-weaning diarrhea and reduced fecal myeloperoxidase levels. We therefore consider RAC to be a potential natural feed supplement to prevent enteric infections and improve growth performance in weaning piglets.
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Upadhaya SD, Kim IH. The Impact of Weaning Stress on Gut Health and the Mechanistic Aspects of Several Feed Additives Contributing to Improved Gut Health Function in Weanling Piglets-A Review. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082418. [PMID: 34438875 PMCID: PMC8388735 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The current review aimed to provide an overview on the problems associated with weaning with a special focus on gut health, and also highlighted the nutritional approach using different kinds of feed additives and their mechanistic aspects in mitigating production inefficiencies and gut health dysfunction in weanling pigs. Abstract Newly weaned pig encounters psychosocial, physical, and nutritional stressors simultaneously when their immune system is not fully developed. These stressors have a cumulative effect on the immune response that contributes to the post-weaning growth lag which is characterized by depression in feed intake, reduced or negative growth rates, and increased susceptibility to pathogens in the first 24 to 48 h post-weaning. Consequently, the intestinal integrity, and digestive and absorptive capacity are impaired, and there is an increase in intestinal oxidative stress. It also causes the shifts in the taxonomic and functional properties of intestinal microbiome abruptly, thereby adversely affecting the health and performance of animals. It has been suggested that the effects of weaning stress on immune functions, intestinal barrier functions, and nervous system function in early weaned pigs extends into adulthood. The inclusion of different types of feed additives into the diet have been reported to alleviate the negative effects of weaning stress. The objective of this paper was to provide an overview on how the weaning stress affects gut health and the impact it has on production efficiencies, as well as the mechanistic aspects of several feed additives applied in reducing the weaning associated gut health problems and performance inefficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - In-Ho Kim
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-41-550-3652; Fax: +82-41-565-2949
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Investigating the Effects of a Phytobiotics-Based Product on the Fecal Bacterial Microbiome of Weaned Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11071950. [PMID: 34208843 PMCID: PMC8300416 DOI: 10.3390/ani11071950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The transition to a solid diet, as well as environmental and social stress, have a direct impact on swine gut physiology during weaning, affecting host gastrointestinal functions, as well as resident symbiotic microbial communities. While plant-derived bioactive products, such as phytobiotics, have shown great potential to mitigate these challenges, providing benefits such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities, their mechanisms of action remain largely unexplored. To gain more insight, a 21 day trial is conducted to investigate the effects of LiveXtract, a commercial plant-based product, using fecal samples as a proxy for gut bacteria in weaned pigs. High-throughput sequencing of amplicons targeting the V1-V3 region of the 16S rRNA gene is used to determine bacterial composition at days 1 (pre-treatment), 4, 10, and 21 postweaning. Our results show that Lactobacillaceae and Peptostreptococcaceae are both higher in the supplemented group at D4 (p < 0.05), while Streptococcaceae are significantly lower in the treated group at D10 and D21. At D10, Erysipelotrichaceae are lower, and Veillonellaceae are higher in the treated samples than the control group (p < 0.05). Of the thirteen abundant Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) that have different representation between treated and control pigs (p < 0.05), six are predicted to be lactate producers (affiliation to Lactobacillus or Streptococcus), and one is predicted to be a lactate utilizer, based on its high identity to Megasphaera elsdenii. Together, these data suggest that phytobiotics may provide a favorable metabolic equilibrium between lactate production and utilization. Lactate is considered a critical microbial end product in gut environments, as it can inhibit pathogens or be metabolized to propionate for utilization by host cells.
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Wang C, Zhang B, Zhang H, Yang W, Meng Q, Shi B, Shan A. Effect of dietary pyrroloquinoline quinone disodium in sows on intestinal health of the offspring. Food Funct 2021; 11:7804-7816. [PMID: 32808626 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01403f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary pyrroloquinoline quinone disodium (PQQ·Na2) supplementation in sows during gestation and lactation on intestinal health in offspring. A total of 40 cross-bred (landrace × large white crossed with Duroc boar) multiparity gestation sows with an average parity of 4.3 were used in this study. Forty sows were allotted to 2 dietary treatments after breeding. One group was the control sows, which were fed a corn-soybean meal control diet (Con treatment, n = 20), and the other group was the treatment sows fed a control diet with 20 mg kg-1 PQQ·Na2 after breeding and through gestation and lactation (PQQ treatment, n = 20). The activities of SOD and GSH-Px were significantly (P < 0.05) increased by PQQ·Na2 supplementation, and MDA activity was decreased (P < 0.05) in the plasma of piglets. CAT, SOD and GSH-Px activities were significantly (P < 0.05) increased, and MDA activity was decreased (P < 0.05) in the small intestine of piglets. The mRNA expression levels of SOD1, CAT and MGST1 in the jejunum were increased in newborn piglets (P < 0.05), and the mRNA expression levels of HO1, SOD1, CAT, SOD2, GPX4, GPX1 and GCLC in the jejunum were increased in weaned piglets (P < 0.05). The mRNA expression of ZO-1 was increased (P < 0.05) in the jejunum of newborn piglets, and the mRNA expression of Occludin and ZO-1 was increased (P < 0.05) in the jejunum of weaned piglets. The villous height of the duodenum and jejunum of weaned piglets was increased (P < 0.05) by dietary PQQ·Na2. In weaned piglets, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes were the most prevalent phyla in both the Con and PQQ·Na2 treatment groups, and the most prevalent genera were Alloprevotella and Bacteroides. At the phylum level, the abundance of Firmicutes was significantly increased (P < 0.05), and the abundance of Proteobacteria was significantly decreased (P < 0.05). At the genus level, the abundance of Alloprevotella was significantly increased (P < 0.05), and the abundance of Actinobacillus and Escherichia was decreased (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation with PQQ·Na2 in sows during gestation and lactation had positive effects on intestinal health in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Boru Zhang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongyun Zhang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Yang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qingwei Meng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Baoming Shi
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Anshan Shan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Dietary Mannan Oligosaccharides Modulate Gut Inflammatory Response and Improve Duodenal Villi Height in Post-Weaning Piglets Improving Feed Efficiency. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10081283. [PMID: 32731342 PMCID: PMC7459834 DOI: 10.3390/ani10081283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Postweaning is a stressful period for piglets, accompanied by several modifications of the gastrointestinal tract, which can impair both animal health and performance. Nowadays, some classes of feed additives are under evaluation to benefit health status and promote growth in farm animals, modulating the development of the gastrointestinal tract and the residing microflora, and ameliorating the immune response during stressful situations. In the present study, we investigated the efficacy of mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) to support gut health and improve growth performance. Our results suggest that MOS can exert beneficial effects on gut health, improving duodenal morphology and modulating the expression of inflammation-related genes, which are accompanied by improved feed efficiency. Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) on gut health and performance in post-weaning piglets. In total, 40 piglets were divided into two experimental groups and fed a basal diet with (TRT) or without (CON) 0.2% mannan oligosaccharides for 35 days. Growth performance was determined weekly and faecal microbial composition on days 0, 14 and 35. On day 36, histometrical evaluations were performed on duodenal, jejunal, ileal, and colon samples. mRNA gene expression of inflammation-related genes was evaluated in samples of ileal Peyer’s patches (IPP). MOS administration improved feed efficiency in the last two weeks of the trial (p < 0.05), and a decreased clostridia content was found in faeces at day 14 (p = 0.05). TRT piglets showed increased duodenal villi height (p < 0.05), and reduced mRNA levels of Tumour Necrosis Factor α (p < 0.05) and Toll-Like Receptor 4 (p < 0.01) in IPP. Our results suggest beneficial effects of MOS supplementation on gut morphology and the expression of inflammation-related genes in post-weaning piglets, accompanied by increased feed efficiency.
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12
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Green Tea and Pomegranate Extract Administered During Critical Moments of the Production Cycle Improves Blood Antiradical Activity and Alters Cecal Microbial Ecology of Broiler Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10050785. [PMID: 32366030 PMCID: PMC7277556 DOI: 10.3390/ani10050785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Since the European Union’s (EU) antibiotic ban in 2006, interest in natural feed additives has largely increased. Natural feed additives are used to prevent diseases and promote growth in chickens, supporting animal health and modulating the development of the gut microflora during stressful situations. In the present study, a bioactive compound from plants belonging to the class of phytobiotics was assessed for its effects on production performance, antiradical activity and gut microflora in broiler chickens. The obtained results show how the tested compound is able to exert beneficial effects on the antiradical activity and gut microbial ecology of birds, even though the chickens’ performance was unaffected. Abstract Phytobiotics are usually tested in feed and throughout the production cycle. However, it could be beneficial to evaluate their effects when administered only during critical moments, such as changes in feeding phases. The aim of the trial was to investigate the effect of a commercial plant extract (PE; IQV-10-P01, InQpharm Animal Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia) on growth performance, blood antiradical activity and cecal microbiome when administered in drinking water to broiler chickens during the post-hatching phase and at each change of diet. In the experiment, 480 1-day-old male broiler chicks were assigned to two groups in a 50-day trial. Broilers received drinking water (C) or drinking water plus PE (T) at a rate of 2 mL/L on days 0 to 4, 10–11 and 20–21. PE did not affect performance and water intake, while total antiradical activity was improved (p < 0.05). A greater abundance of lactic acid bacteria (false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.05) was found in the T group and the result was confirmed at a lower taxonomic level with higher Lactobacillaceae abundance (FDR < 0.05). Our findings suggest that PE administration during critical moments of the production cycle of broiler chickens may exert beneficial effects at a systemic level and on gut microbial ecology.
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13
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Yang H, Paruch L, Chen X, van Eerde A, Skomedal H, Wang Y, Liu D, Liu Clarke J. Antibiotic Application and Resistance in Swine Production in China: Current Situation and Future Perspectives. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:136. [PMID: 31157244 PMCID: PMC6533531 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To meet increasing demand for animal protein, swine have been raised in large Chinese farms widely, using antibiotics as growth promoter. However, improper use of antibiotics has caused serious environmental and health risks, in particular Antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This paper reviews the consumption of antibiotics in swine production as well as AMR and the development of novel antibiotics or alternatives in China. The estimated application of antibiotics in animal production in China accounted for about 84240 tons in 2013. Overuse and abuse of antibiotics pose a great health risk to people through food-borne antibiotic residues and selection for antibiotic resistance. China unveiled a national plan to tackle antibiotic resistance in August 2016, but more support is needed for the development of new antibiotics or alternatives like plant extracts. Antibiotic resistance has been a major global challenge, so international collaboration between China and Europe is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yang
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway.,Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Paruch
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Xunji Chen
- Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | | | | | - Yanliang Wang
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Di Liu
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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14
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Ayrle H, Nathues H, Bieber A, Durrer M, Quander N, Mevissen M, Walkenhorst M. Placebo-controlled study on the effects of oral administration of Allium sativum L in postweaning piglets. Vet Rec 2019; 184:316. [PMID: 30777882 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Postweaning diarrhoea (PWD) due to Escherichia coli is an economically important disease in pig production. In this placebo-controlled study performed in Switzerland, the effects of oral supplementation of Allium sativum L. (garlic, AS) on performance (bodyweight (BW) and daily weight gain (DWG)) and health (body condition and clinical score) were investigated in postweaning piglets. Piglets (n=600) were randomly assigned to the treatment groups (placebo, AS or colistin) and observed from birth until three weeks postweaning. The treatments were administered for the first two weeks postweaning. Faecal dry matter (FDM) and coliform bacteria on pen level were measured weekly. Data were analysed using generalised mixed-effect models in R. BW and DWG of the AS group were significantly higher compared with placebo in the third week postweaning. No differences in body condition and FDM were observed. The clinical score of AS-treated animals was significantly better compared with the colistin group. About 33 per cent of the piglets of the AS and the placebo group had to be treated with antibiotics due to the occurrence of severe PWD. The major finding of this study showed that AS supplementation increased growth performance and improved clinical health, but did not reduce the incidence and severity of PWD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Ayrle
- Department of Livestock Sciences, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FIBL), Frick, Switzerland.,Division of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Heiko Nathues
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Clinic for Swine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anna Bieber
- Department of Livestock Sciences, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FIBL), Frick, Switzerland
| | - Manuela Durrer
- Department of Livestock Sciences, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FIBL), Frick, Switzerland
| | - Nele Quander
- Department of Livestock Sciences, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FIBL), Frick, Switzerland
| | - Meike Mevissen
- Division of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael Walkenhorst
- Department of Livestock Sciences, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FIBL), Frick, Switzerland
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15
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Pu J, Chen D, Tian G, He J, Zheng P, Mao X, Yu J, Huang Z, Zhu L, Luo J, Luo Y, Yu B. Protective Effects of Benzoic Acid, Bacillus Coagulans, and Oregano Oil on Intestinal Injury Caused by Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in Weaned Piglets. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:1829632. [PMID: 30225247 PMCID: PMC6129782 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1829632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The use of antibiotics as growth promoters in feed has been fully or partially banned in several countries. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of benzoic acid (A), bacillus coagulans (B) and oregano oil (O) combined supplementation on growth performance and intestinal barrier in piglets challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). Thirty piglets were randomly assigned to 6 treatments: (1) nonchallenged control (CON); (2) ETEC-challenged control (ETEC); (3) antibiotics + ETEC (AT); (4) A + B + ETEC (AB); (5) A + O + ETEC (AO); (6) A + B + O + ETEC (ABO). On day 22, piglets were orally challenged with ETEC or saline. The trial lasted 26 days. Dietary AO and ABO inhibited the reduction of growth performance and the elevation of diarrhoea incidence in piglets induced by ETEC (P<0.05). AB, AO, and ABO prevented the elevation of serum TNF-α and LPS concentrations in piglets induced by ETEC (P<0.05). ABO alleviated the elevation of TNF-α and IL-1β concentrations and the reduction of sIgA level in jejunal mucosa induced by ETEC (P<0.05). Furthermore, ABO upregulated mRNA expressions of Claudin-1 and Mucin2 (P<0.05), downregulated mRNA abundances of TLR4 and NOD2 signaling pathways related genes in jejunal mucosa (P<0.05), and improved the microbiota in jejunal and cecal digesta (P<0.05) compared with ETEC group. These results indicated that benzoic acid, bacillus coagulans, and oregano oil combined supplementation could improve growth performance and alleviate diarrhoea of piglets challenged with ETEC via improving intestinal mucosal barrier integrity, which was possibly associated with the improvement of intestinal microbiota and immune status. The combination of 3000 g/t benzoic acid + 400 g/t bacillus coagulans + 400 g/t oregano oil showed better effects than other treatments in improving growth performance and intestinal health of piglets, which could be used as a viable substitute for antibiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junning Pu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 46# Xinkang Road, Yucheng District, Yaan, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 46# Xinkang Road, Yucheng District, Yaan, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - Gang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 46# Xinkang Road, Yucheng District, Yaan, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - Jun He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 46# Xinkang Road, Yucheng District, Yaan, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 46# Xinkang Road, Yucheng District, Yaan, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - Xiangbing Mao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 46# Xinkang Road, Yucheng District, Yaan, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 46# Xinkang Road, Yucheng District, Yaan, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - Zhiqing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 46# Xinkang Road, Yucheng District, Yaan, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology Center of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611134, China
| | - Junqiu Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 46# Xinkang Road, Yucheng District, Yaan, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - Yuheng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 46# Xinkang Road, Yucheng District, Yaan, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 46# Xinkang Road, Yucheng District, Yaan, Sichuan 625014, China
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16
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The effects of superoxide dismutase-rich melon pulp concentrate on inflammation, antioxidant status and growth performance of challenged post-weaning piglets. Animal 2018; 13:136-143. [PMID: 29909802 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731118001234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Piglets can often suffer impaired antioxidant status and poor immune response during post-weaning, especially when chronic inflammation takes place, leading to lower growth rates than expected. Oral administration of dietary antioxidant compounds during this period could be a feasible way to balance oxidation processes and increase health and growth performance. The aim of the trial was to study the effects of an antioxidant feed supplement (melon pulp concentrate) that contains high concentration of the antioxidant superoxide dismutase (SOD) on inflammation, antioxidant status and growth performance of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenged weaned piglets. In total, 48 weaned piglets were individually allocated to four experimental groups in a 2×2 factorial design for 29 days. Two different dietary treatments were adopted: (a) control (CTR), fed a basal diet, (b) treatment (MPC), fed the basal diet plus 30 g/ton of melon pulp concentrate. On days 19, 21, 23 and 25 half of the animals within CTR and MPC groups were subjected to a challenge with intramuscular injections of an increasing dosage of LPS from Escherichia coli (serotype 0.55:B5) (+) or were injected with an equal amount of PBS solution (-). Blood samples were collected at the beginning of the trial and under the challenge period for interleukin 1β, interleukin 6, tumour necrosis factor α, haptoglobin, plasma SOD activity, total antioxidant capacity, reactive oxygen species, red blood cells and plasma resistance to haemolysis, and 8-oxo-7, 8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine. Growth performance was evaluated weekly. A positive effect of melon pulp concentrate was evidenced on total antioxidant capacity, half-haemolysis time of red blood cells, average daily gain (ADG) and feed intake, while LPS challenge increased pro-inflammatory cytokines and haptoglobin serum concentrations, with a reduced feed intake and gain : feed (G : F). The obtained results show that oral SOD supplementation with melon pulp concentrate ameliorates the total antioxidant capacity and the half-haemolysis time in red blood cell of post-weaning piglets, with positive results on growing performance.
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17
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Jiang X, Li X, Awati A, Bento H, Zhang H, Bontempo V. Effect of an essential oils blend on growth performance, and selected parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant defence of Escherichia coli challenged piglets. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL AND FEED SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.22358/jafs/69254/2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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18
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Rhouma M, Beaudry F, Thériault W, Bergeron N, Beauchamp G, Laurent-Lewandowski S, Fairbrother JM, Letellier A. In vivo therapeutic efficacy and pharmacokinetics of colistin sulfate in an experimental model of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection in weaned pigs. Vet Res 2016; 47:58. [PMID: 27234971 PMCID: PMC4884413 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0344-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC: F4) associated with post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) in pigs has developed resistance against several antimicrobial families, leading to increased use of colistin sulfate (CS) for the treatment of this disease. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of oral CS treatment in experimental PWD due to ETEC: F4 challenge and determine the effect of this challenge on CS intestinal absorption. In this study, 96 pigs were divided into two trials based on CS dose (100 000 or 50 000 IU/kg). Fecal shedding of ETEC: F4, total E. coli, and CS-resistant E. coli, diarrhea scores, and weight changes were evaluated. Colistin sulfate plasma concentrations were determined by HPLC–MS/MS. Regardless of the dose, CS treatment resulted in a reduction of fecal ETEC: F4 and total E. coli shedding, and in diarrhea scores but only during the treatment period. However, CS treatment resulted in a slight increase in fecal shedding of CS resistant E. coli and did not prevent weight loss in challenged pigs. In addition, challenge with ETEC: F4 resulted in an increase of CS intestinal absorption. Our study is among the first to demonstrate that under controlled conditions, CS was effective in reducing fecal shedding of ETEC: F4 and total E. coli in experimental PWD. However, CS treatment was associated with a slight selection pressure on E. coli and did not prevent pig weight loss. Further studies are needed in field conditions, to better characterize CS therapeutic regimen efficacy and bacterial resistance dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Rhouma
- Chaire de recherche en salubrité des viandes (CRSV), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada.,Groupe de recherche et d'enseignement en salubrité alimentaire (GRESA), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada.,Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole (CRIPA), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada
| | - Francis Beaudry
- Groupe de recherche en pharmacologie animale du Québec (GREPAQ), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada
| | - William Thériault
- Chaire de recherche en salubrité des viandes (CRSV), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada.,Groupe de recherche et d'enseignement en salubrité alimentaire (GRESA), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada.,Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole (CRIPA), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada
| | - Nadia Bergeron
- Chaire de recherche en salubrité des viandes (CRSV), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada.,Groupe de recherche et d'enseignement en salubrité alimentaire (GRESA), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada.,Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole (CRIPA), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada
| | - Guy Beauchamp
- Groupe de recherche en épidémiologie des zoonoses et santé publique, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada
| | - Sylvette Laurent-Lewandowski
- Chaire de recherche en salubrité des viandes (CRSV), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada.,Groupe de recherche et d'enseignement en salubrité alimentaire (GRESA), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada.,Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole (CRIPA), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada
| | - John Morris Fairbrother
- Groupe de recherche et d'enseignement en salubrité alimentaire (GRESA), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada.,Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole (CRIPA), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada.,OIE Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada
| | - Ann Letellier
- Chaire de recherche en salubrité des viandes (CRSV), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada. .,Groupe de recherche et d'enseignement en salubrité alimentaire (GRESA), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada. .,Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole (CRIPA), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada. .,Groupe de recherche en pharmacologie animale du Québec (GREPAQ), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada.
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19
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Stensland I, Kim JC, Bowring B, Collins AM, Mansfield JP, Pluske JR. A Comparison of Diets Supplemented with a Feed Additive Containing Organic Acids, Cinnamaldehyde and a Permeabilizing Complex, or Zinc Oxide, on Post-Weaning Diarrhoea, Selected Bacterial Populations, Blood Measures and Performance in Weaned Pigs Experimentally Infected with Enterotoxigenic E. coli. Animals (Basel) 2015; 5:1147-68. [PMID: 26610577 PMCID: PMC4693207 DOI: 10.3390/ani5040403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of feeding a diet supplemented with zinc oxide (ZnO) or a blend of organic acids, cinnamaldehyde and a permeabilizing complex (OACP) on post-weaning diarrhoea (PWD) and performance in pigs infected with enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) were examined. Additionally, changes in selected bacterial populations and blood measures were assessed. A total of 72 pigs weaned at 22 d of age and weighing 7.2 ± 1.02 kg (mean ± SEM) was used. Treatments were: base diet (no antimicrobial compounds); base diet + 3 g ZnO/kg; base diet + 1.5 g OACP/kg. Dietary treatments started on the day of weaning and were fed ad libitum for 3 weeks. All pigs were infected with an F4 ETEC on d 4, 5 and 6 after weaning. The incidence of PWD was lower in pigs fed ZnO ( p = 0.026). Overall, pigs fed ZnO grew faster ( p = 0.013) and ate more ( p = 0.004) than the base diet-fed pigs, with OACP-fed pigs performing the same ( p > 0.05) as both the ZnO- and base diet-fed pigs. Feed conversion ratio was similar for all diets ( p > 0.05). The percentage of E. coli with F4 fimbriae was affected a day by treatment interaction ( p = 0.037), with more E. coli with F4 fimbriae found in pigs fed ZnO on d 11 ( p = 0.011) compared to base diet-fed pigs. Only significant time effects ( p < 0.05) occurred for blood measures. Under the conditions of this study, inclusion of OACP gave statistically similar production responses to pigs fed ZnO, however pigs fed ZnO had less PWD compared to OACP- and the base diet-fed pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingunn Stensland
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia.
| | - Jae Cheol Kim
- Pork Innovation, Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, South Perth, WA 6150, Australia.
| | - Bethany Bowring
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, PMB 4008, Narellan 2567, Australia.
| | - Alison M Collins
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, PMB 4008, Narellan 2567, Australia.
| | - Josephine P Mansfield
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia.
| | - John R Pluske
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia.
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Influence of a blend of essential oils and an enzyme combination on growth performance, microbial counts, ileum microscopic anatomy and the expression of inflammatory mediators in weaned piglets following an Escherichia coli infection. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Safety of a Bioactive Polyphenol Dietary Supplement in Pediatric Subjects with Acute Diarrhoea. Int J Pediatr 2015; 2015:387159. [PMID: 26435718 PMCID: PMC4576009 DOI: 10.1155/2015/387159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The hematological and clinical chemistry profile for children aged 6 months to 5 years with acute diarrhoea was measured in a double blind clinical trial. Subjects were randomized to the study group (N = 44) given a bioactive polyphenol dietary supplement in oral rehydration solution (ORS) or to the control group (N = 41) given distilled water as a placebo in ORS twice daily for up to 4 days. All subjects received 10 mg zinc daily for the 4 days in the study. Venous blood was collected for complete blood count, electrolytes, liver function, and creatinine upon enrollment (baseline) and at the end of 4 days (end of study); mean values were compared by 95% confidence intervals. Overall, blood factors measured either remained the same over the 4 days or increased or decreased at the same levels between the two groups during the study period. All values were within accepted ranges for paediatric subjects except serum AST (SGOT), where the mean value of the study group approached the upper bound of the range on day 4 but was comparable to the value of the control group. Consumption of this supplement twice daily for 4 days is safe for children and infants.
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Heim G, Sweeney T, O'Shea C, Doyle D, O’Doherty J. Effect of maternal dietary supplementation of laminarin and fucoidan, independently or in combination, on pig growth performance and aspects of intestinal health. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Effects of a blend of essential oils and an enzyme combination on nutrient digestibility, ileum histology and expression of inflammatory mediators in weaned piglets. Animal 2015; 9:417-26. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731114002444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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