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Stelmaszczyk P, Kwaczyński K, Rudnicki K, Skrzypek S, Wietecha-Posłuszny R, Poltorak L. Nitrazepam and 7-aminonitrazepam studied at the macroscopic and microscopic electrified liquid-liquid interface. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:182. [PMID: 37052720 PMCID: PMC10101902 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05739-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Two benzodiazepine type drugs, that is, nitrazepam and 7-aminonitrazepam, were studied at the electrified liquid-liquid interface (eLLI). Both drugs are illicit and act sedative in the human body and moreover are used as date rape drugs. Existence of the diazepine ring in the concerned chemicals structure and one additional amine group (for 7-aminonitrazepam) allows for the molecular charging below their pKa values, and hence, both drugs can cross the eLLI interface upon application of the appropriate value of the Galvani potential difference. Chosen molecules were studied at the macroscopic eLLI formed in the four electrode cell and microscopic eLLI formed within a microtip defined as the single pore having 25 μm in diameter. Microscopic eLLI was formed using only a few μL of the organic and the aqueous phase with the help of a 3D printed cell. Parameters such as limit of detection and voltammetric detection sensitivity are derived from the experimental data. Developed methodology was used to detect nitrazepam in pharmaceutical formulation and both drugs (nitrazepam and 7-aminonitrazepam) in spiked biological fluids (urine and blood).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Stelmaszczyk
- Laboratory for Forensic Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Karolina Kwaczyński
- Electrochemistry@Soft Interfaces Team, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Tamka 12, 91-403, Lodz, Poland
| | - Konrad Rudnicki
- Electrochemistry@Soft Interfaces Team, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Tamka 12, 91-403, Lodz, Poland
| | - Sławomira Skrzypek
- Electrochemistry@Soft Interfaces Team, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Tamka 12, 91-403, Lodz, Poland
| | - Renata Wietecha-Posłuszny
- Laboratory for Forensic Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Lukasz Poltorak
- Electrochemistry@Soft Interfaces Team, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Tamka 12, 91-403, Lodz, Poland.
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2
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Guo SX, Unwin PR, Whitworth AL, Zhang J. Microelectrochemical Techniques for Probing Kinetics at Liquid/Liquid Interfaces. PROGRESS IN REACTION KINETICS AND MECHANISM 2019. [DOI: 10.3184/0079674044037441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We provide an overview of recent advances in microelectrochemical approaches to investigate the kinetics of various physicochemical processes that occur at the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES). To place the advances in context, background material on the structure of the ITIES, derived from both experimental studies and computer simulation, is also provided. The main focus of the article is micro-ITIES techniques, single droplet measurements, microelectrochemical measurements at expanding droplets (MEMED) and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). Recent developments in a combined SECM-Langmuir trough technique for probing diffusion processes across Langmuir monolayers at the water/air (W/A) interface are also highlighted, by considering an organic monolayer at a water surface as a special case of a liquid/liquid interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Xuan Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Anna L. Whitworth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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3
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Billing BK, Mayank M, Agnihotri PK, Singh N. Development of pyrene-stacked carbon nanotube-based hybrid: measurement of NO3− ions using fluorescence spectroscopy. Analyst 2018; 143:3343-3352. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an00286j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
CNT@pyrene hybrid for fluorescent recognition of nitrate ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beant Kaur Billing
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Ropar
- Rupnagar
- India
| | - Mayank Mayank
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Ropar
- Rupnagar
- India
| | - Prabhat K. Agnihotri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Ropar
- Rupnagar
- India
| | - Narinder Singh
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Ropar
- Rupnagar
- India
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4
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Xie L, Huang X, Su B. Portable Sensor for the Detection of Choline and Its Derivatives Based on Silica Isoporous Membrane and Gellified Nanointerfaces. ACS Sens 2017; 2:803-809. [PMID: 28723110 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.7b00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A portable amperometric ion sensor was fabricated by integrating silica isoporous membrane (SIM) and organogel composed of polyvinyl chloride and 1,2-dichloroethane (PVC-DCE) on a 3D-printed polymer chip. The detection of ionic species in aqueous samples could be accomplished by adding a microliter of sample droplet to the sensor and by identifying the ion-transfer potential and current magnitude at the water/organogel interface array templated by SIM. Thanks to the ultrasmall channel size (2-3 nm in diameter), high channel density (4 × 108 μm-2), and ultrathin thickness (80 nm) of SIM, the ensemble of nanoscopic water/organogel (nano-W/Gel) interface array behaved like a microinterface with two back-to-back hemispherical mass diffusion zones. So, the heterogeneous ion-transfer across the nano-W/Gel interface array generated a steady-state sigmoidal current wave. The detection of choline (Ch) and its derivatives, including acetylcholine (ACh), benzoylcholine (BCh), and atropine (AP), in aqueous samples was examined with this portable sensor. Using differential pulse stripping voltammetry (DPSV), the quantification of these analytes was achieved with a limit of detection (LOD) down to 1 μM. Moreover, the portable ion sensor was insensitive to various potential interferents that might coexist in vivo, owing to size-/charge-based selectivity and antifouling capacity of SIM. With this priority, the portable ion sensor was able to quantitatively determine Ch and its derivatives in diluted urine and blood samples. The LODs for Ch, ACh, AP, and BCh in urine were 1.12, 1.30, 1.08, and 0.99 μM, and those for blood samples were 3.61, 3.38, 2.32, and 1.81 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisiqi Xie
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry,
Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiao Huang
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry,
Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Bin Su
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry,
Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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5
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Nsabimana J, Nestor U, Girma G, Pamphile N, Zhan D, Tian ZQ. Solvation Effect Facilitates Ion Transfer across Water/1,2-Dichloroethane Interface. ChemElectroChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Nsabimana
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; 422 Siming South Road Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Uwitonze Nestor
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; 422 Siming South Road Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Girum Girma
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; 422 Siming South Road Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Ndagijimana Pamphile
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; 422 Siming South Road Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Dongping Zhan
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; 422 Siming South Road Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Zhong-Qun Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; 422 Siming South Road Xiamen 361005 China
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6
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Lee HJ, Arrigan DWM, Karim MN, Kim H. Amperometric Ion Sensing Approaches at Liquid/Liquid Interfaces for Inorganic, Organic and Biological Ions. ELECTROCHEMICAL STRATEGIES IN DETECTION SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/9781782622529-00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry at the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) has become an invaluable tool for the selective and sensitive detection of cationic and anionic species, including charged drug molecules and proteins. In addition, neutral molecules can also be detected at the ITIES via enzymatic reactions. This chapter highlights recent developments towards creating a wide spectrum of sensing platforms involving ion transfer across the ITIES. As well as outlining the basic principles needed for performing these sensing applications, the development of ITIES-based detection strategies for inorganic, organic, and biological ions is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Kyungpook National University 80 Daehakro, Buk-gu Daegu-city 702-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Damien W. M. Arrigan
- Nanochemistry Research Institute, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University GPO Box U1987 Perth, Western Australia 6845 Australia
| | - Md. Nurul Karim
- Department of Chemistry and Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Kyungpook National University 80 Daehakro, Buk-gu Daegu-city 702-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyerim Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Kyungpook National University 80 Daehakro, Buk-gu Daegu-city 702-701 Republic of Korea
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7
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Ribeiro JA, Pereira CM, Silva F. Electrochemistry of the Interaction between Bioactive Drugs Daunorubicin and Dopamine and DNA at a Water/Oil Interface. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.08.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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8
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Jiang X, Gao K, Hu D, Wang H, Bian S, Chen Y. Ion-transfer voltammetric determination of folic acid at meso-liquid–liquid interface arrays. Analyst 2015; 140:2823-33. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an02011a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Voltammetric studies on the simple ion transfer (IT) behaviors of an important water-soluble B-vitamin, folic acid (FA), at the liquid–liquid (L–L) interface were firstly performed and applied as a novel detection method for FA under physiological conditions. This work provides a new and attractive strategy for the detection of FA− and other biological anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuheng Jiang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Shanghai Institute of Technology
- Shanghai 201418
- China
| | - Kui Gao
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Shanghai Institute of Technology
- Shanghai 201418
- China
| | - Daopan Hu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Shanghai Institute of Technology
- Shanghai 201418
- China
| | - Huanhuan Wang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Shanghai Institute of Technology
- Shanghai 201418
- China
| | - Shujuan Bian
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Shanghai Institute of Technology
- Shanghai 201418
- China
| | - Yong Chen
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Shanghai Institute of Technology
- Shanghai 201418
- China
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9
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Hu D, Wang H, Gao K, Jiang X, Wang M, Long Y, Chen Y. Anion transfer across “anion channels” at the liquid/liquid interface modified by anion-exchange membrane. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra09985k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel strategy is proposed to mimic anion channels and study anion transfer reactions at the water/1,2-dichloroethane (W/DCE) interface modified by a homogeneous anion-exchange membrane (AEM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daopan Hu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology
- Shanghai, China
| | - Huanhuan Wang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology
- Shanghai, China
| | - Kui Gao
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology
- Shanghai, China
| | - Xuheng Jiang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology
- Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Wang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology
- Shanghai, China
| | - Yafeng Long
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology
- Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Chen
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology
- Shanghai, China
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10
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Ribeiro JA, Silva F, Pereira CM. Electrochemical Sensing of Catecholamines at the Water/ 1,6-Dichlorohexane Interface. ELECTROANAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201300302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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11
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Ion amperometry at the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions in view of realizing the amperometric ion-selective electrode. Talanta 2012; 63:21-32. [PMID: 18969401 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2003.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2003] [Revised: 11/07/2003] [Accepted: 11/18/2003] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the development in ion amperometry at the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) in view of realizing the amperometric ion-selective electrode (ISE). The concept of polarizability of ITIES in a multi-ion system is outlined. Principle aspects of ion amperometry at ITIES are discussed including the use of amperometry as a tool for the clarification of the ion sensing mechanism, and for determining the concentrations of ions in the solution. The reference is made to recent amperometric measurements at the supported liquid membrane (SLM) and polymer composite liquid membranes (PCLM), which, together with the micro-hole supported ITIES, appear to be particularly suitable for realization of the amperometric ISE.
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12
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Investigation of the electrochemical processes related to IT coupling with ET by hydrophilic droplet electrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2012.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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13
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Hossain MA, Kang SO, Kut JA, Day VW, Bowman-James K. Influence of Charge on Anion Receptivity in Amide-Based Macrocycles. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:4833-40. [DOI: 10.1021/ic300260g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Md. Alamgir Hossain
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Jackson State University,
1400 J. R. Lynch Street, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, United States
| | - Sung Ok Kang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United
States
| | - Jerry Alan Kut
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United
States
| | - Victor W. Day
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United
States
| | - Kristin Bowman-James
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United
States
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14
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Abstract
The main aspects related to the charge transfer reactions occurring at the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) are described. The particular topics to be discussed involve simple ion transfer. Focus is given on theoretical approaches, numerical simulations, and experimental methodologies. Concerning the theoretical procedures, different computational simulations related to simple ion transfer are reviewed. The main conclusions drawn from the most accepted models are described and analyzed in regard to their relevance for explaining different aspects of ion transfer. We describe numerical simulations implementing different approaches for solving the differential equations associated with the mass transport and charge transfer. These numerical simulations are correlated with selected experimental results; their usefulness in designing new experiments is summarized. Finally, many practical applications can be envisaged regarding the determination of physicochemical properties, electroanalysis, drug lipophilicity, and phase-transfer catalysis.
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15
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Breadmore MC. Capillary and microchip electrophoresis: Challenging the common conceptions. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1221:42-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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16
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From single to multiple microcoil flow probe NMR and related capillary techniques: a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 402:647-69. [PMID: 21969176 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5419-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 08/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is one of the most important and powerful instrumental analytical techniques for structural elucidation of unknown small and large (complex) isolated and synthesized compounds in organic and inorganic chemistry. X-ray crystallography, neutron scattering (neutron diffraction), and NMR spectroscopy are the only suitable methods for three-dimensional structure determination at atomic resolution. Moreover, these methods are complementary. However, by means of NMR spectroscopy, reaction dynamics and interaction processes can also be investigated. Unfortunately, this technique is very insensitive in comparison with other spectrometric (e.g., mass spectrometry) and spectroscopic (e.g., infrared spectroscopy) methods. Mainly through the development of stronger magnets and more sensitive solenoidal microcoil flow probes, this drawback has been successfully counteracted. Capillary NMR spectroscopy increases the mass-based sensitivity of the NMR spectroscopic analysis up to 100-fold compared with conventional 5-mm NMR probes, and thus can be coupled online and off-line with other microseparation and detection techniques. It offers not only higher sensitivity, but in many cases provides better quality spectra than traditional methods. Owing to the immense number of compounds (e.g., of natural product extracts and compound libraries) to be examined, single microcoil flow probe NMR spectroscopy will soon be far from being sufficiently effective as a screening method. For this reason, an inevitable trend towards coupled microseparation-multiple microcoil flow probe NMR techniques, which allow simultaneous online and off-line detection of several compounds, will occur. In this review we describe the current status and possible future developments of single and multiple microcoil capillary flow probe NMR spectroscopy and its application as a high-throughput tool for the analysis of a large number of mass-limited samples. The advantages and drawbacks of different coupled microseparation-capillary NMR spectroscopy techniques, such as capillary high-performance liquid chromatography-NMR spectroscopy, capillary electrophoresis-NMR spectroscopy, and capillary gas chromatography-NMR spectroscopy, are discussed and demonstrated by specific applications. Another subject of discussion is the progress in parallel NMR detection techniques. Furthermore, the applicability and mixing capability of tiny reactor systems, termed "microreactors" or "micromixers," implemented in NMR probes is demonstrated by carbamate- and imine-forming reactions.
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17
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Selective sodium ion transfer across a water/1,2-dichloroethane micro-interface by a calix[4]arene derivative. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2011.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Işiklan M, Saeed MA, Pramanik A, Wong BM, Fronczek FR, Hossain A. A C Symmetric Nitrate Complex with a Thiophene-Based Tripodal Receptor. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2011; 11:959-963. [PMID: 21552352 PMCID: PMC3086375 DOI: 10.1021/cg2001859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A thiophene-based tripodal receptor has been synthesized and its complexes with nitrate and iodide have determined by single-crystal X-ray analysis. In the nitrate complex, one nitrate is encapsulated in a selective orientation forming a C(3) symmetric complex, which is bonded to three protonated secondary amines with six NH···O bonds. The anion is coordinated in a plane perpendicular to the principal rotation axis passing through the tertiary nitrogen of the receptor and the nitrogen of the encapsulated nitrate. High-level DFT calculations support the crystallographic results demonstrating that an adduct with trigonal binding of three oxygen atoms is more stable than that of one oxygen atom of the encapsulate nitrate. On the other hand, in the structure of the iodide complex, all three iodides lie outside the cavity. (1)H NMR titration studies indicate that the receptor forms a 1:1 complex with nitrate with a binding constant of K = 315 M(-1) in chloroform, showing a moderate selectivity over halides and perchlorate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammet Işiklan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi 39217
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19
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Zhang J, Harris AR, Cattrall RW, Bond AM. Voltammetric ion-selective electrodes for the selective determination of cations and anions. Anal Chem 2010; 82:1624-33. [PMID: 20121252 DOI: 10.1021/ac902296r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A general theory has been developed for voltammetric ion sensing of cations and anions based on the use of an electrode coated with a membrane containing an electroactive species, an ionophore, and a supporting electrolyte dissolved in a plasticizer. In experimental studies, a membrane coated electrode is fabricated by the drop coating method. In one configuration, a glassy carbon electrode is coated with a poly(vinyl chloride) based membrane, which contains the electroactive species, ionophore, plasticizer and supporting electrolyte. In the case of a cation sensor, ionophore facilitated transfer of the target cation from the aqueous solution to the membrane phase occurs during the course of the reduction of the electroactive species present in the membrane in order to maintain charge neutrality. The formal potential is calculated from the cyclic voltammogram as the average of the reduction and oxidation peak potentials and depends on the identity and concentration of the ion present in the aqueous solution phase. A plot of the formal potential versus the logarithm of the concentration exhibits a close to Nernstian slope of RT/F millivolts per decade change in concentration when the concentration of K(+) and Na(+) is varied over the concentration range of 0.1 mM to 1 M when K(+) or Na(+) ionophores are used in the membrane. The slope is close to RT/2F millivolts for a Ca(2+) voltammetric ion-selective electrode fabricated using a Ca(2+) ionophore. The sensor measurement time is only a few seconds. Voltammetric sensors for K(+), Na(+), and Ca(2+) constructed in this manner exhibit the sensitivity and selectivity required for determination of these ions in environmentally and biologically important matrixes. Analogous principles apply to the fabrication of anion voltammetric sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- School of Chemistry and ARC Centre for Green Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
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21
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Herzog G, Roger A, Sheehan D, Arrigan DWM. Ion-Transfer Voltammetric Behavior of Protein Digests at Liquid|Liquid Interfaces. Anal Chem 2009; 82:258-64. [DOI: 10.1021/ac901909j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire Herzog
- Tyndall National Institute, Lee Maltings, and Department of Biochemistry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Amandine Roger
- Tyndall National Institute, Lee Maltings, and Department of Biochemistry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - David Sheehan
- Tyndall National Institute, Lee Maltings, and Department of Biochemistry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Damien W. M. Arrigan
- Tyndall National Institute, Lee Maltings, and Department of Biochemistry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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22
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Collins CJ, Arrigan DWM. Ion-Transfer Voltammetric Determination of the β-Blocker Propranolol in a Physiological Matrix at Silicon Membrane-Based Liquid|Liquid Microinterface Arrays. Anal Chem 2009; 81:2344-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac802644g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Study of electrochemical phosphate sensing systems: Spectrometric, potentiometric and voltammetric evaluation. Electrochim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2008.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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24
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25
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Cui R, Li Q, Gross DE, Meng X, Li B, Marquez M, Yang R, Sessler JL, Shao Y. Anion transfer at a micro-water/1,2-dichloroethane interface facilitated by beta-octafluoro-meso-octamethylcalix[4]pyrrole. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:14364-5. [PMID: 18839955 DOI: 10.1021/ja804631p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The facilitated transfer of four hydrophilic anions, i.e., Cl-, Br-, NO2-, and CH3CO2-, at the micro-water/1,2-dichloroethane interface supported at the tip of a micropipet has been observed successfully using beta-octafluoro-meso-octamethylcalix[4]pyrrole 2 as the receptor. We have also shown for the first time that the dynamics of this process can be studied by micropipet voltammetry. The standard kinetic rate constants (kdegrees) for facilitated anion transfer at such an interface were determined to be (2.11 +/- 0.90) x 10(-2) and (0.75 +/- 0.50) x 10(-2) cm/s in the case of Cl- and CH3CO2-, respectively. These values are much smaller than those associated with the facilitated transfer of analogous alkali metal ions. This difference is thought to reflect a number of underlying factors, including the higher hydration of anions as compared to similar sized cations. Studies such as these are expected to be useful in understanding the mechanism of anion transport at soft interfaces and for the design of yet-improved anion receptors and carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renfa Cui
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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26
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Gross D, Schmidtchen F, Antonius W, Gale P, Lynch V, Sessler J. Cooperative Binding of Calix[4]pyrrole-Anion Complexes and Alkylammonium Cations in Halogenated Solvents. Chemistry 2008; 14:7822-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200800899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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27
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Kivlehan F, Lanyon YH, Arrigan DWM. Electrochemical study of insulin at the polarized liquid-liquid interface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:9876-82. [PMID: 18666786 DOI: 10.1021/la800842f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports on the electrochemical behavior of bovine insulin at the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES). The voltammetric ion-transfer response obtained in the presence of insulin was dependent on the aqueous phase pH conditions and on the nature of the organic phase electrolyte employed in experiments. Optimal detection was obtained at acidic pH below the isoelectric point of insulin where it was positively charged. A shift in transfer potentials to lower potential values was observed with decreasing hydrophobicity of the anion of the organic phase electrolyte. No ion-transfer response was observed at pH values of the aqueous phase above the isoelectric point, where insulin was negatively charged. These results suggest that the voltammetric response is due to ion-pairing interactions at the ITIES between positively charged insulin and the hydrophobic anion of the organic phase electrolyte, together with adsorption of the ion-pair at the interface. The voltammetric response was obtained for insulin at concentrations down to 1 muM. These results show that electrochemistry is useful in studying the behavior of this important protein molecule at the polarized water-1,2-DCE interface and provides an alternative detection mode for bioanalytical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine Kivlehan
- Tyndall National Institute, Lee Maltings, University College, Cork, Ireland
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28
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Scanlon MD, Herzog G, Arrigan DWM. Electrochemical Detection of Oligopeptides at Silicon-Fabricated Micro-Liquid∣Liquid Interfaces. Anal Chem 2008; 80:5743-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac800089p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Micheál D. Scanlon
- Tyndall National Institute, Lee Maltings, University College, Cork, Ireland
| | - Grégoire Herzog
- Tyndall National Institute, Lee Maltings, University College, Cork, Ireland
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29
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Gemene KL, Bakker E. Direct sensing of total acidity by chronopotentiometric flash titrations at polymer membrane ion-selective electrodes. Anal Chem 2008; 80:3743-50. [PMID: 18370399 PMCID: PMC2574779 DOI: 10.1021/ac701983x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Polymer membrane ion-selective electrodes containing lipophilic ionophores are traditionally interrogated by zero current potentiometry, which, ideally, gives information on the sample activity of ionic species. It is shown here that a discrete cathodic current pulse across an H (+)-selective polymeric membrane doped with the ionophore ETH 5294 may be used for the chronopotentiometric detection of pH in well-buffered samples. However, a reduction in the buffer capacity leads to large deviations from the expected Nernstian response slope. This is explained by the local depletion of hydrogen ions at the sample-membrane interface as a result of the galvanostatically imposed ion flux in direction of the membrane. This depletion is found to be a function of the total acidity of the sample and can be directly monitored chronopotentiometrically in a flash titration experiment. The subsequent application of a baseline potential pulse reverses the extraction process of the current pulse, allowing one to interrogate the sample with minimal perturbation. In one protocol, total acidity is found to be proportional to the magnitude of applied current at the flash titration end point. More conveniently, the square root of the flash titration end point time observed at a fixed applied current is a linear function of the total acid concentration. This suggests that it is possible to perform rapid localized pH titrations at ion-selective electrodes without the need for volumetric titrimetry. The technique is explored here for acetic acid, MES and citric acid with promising results. Polymeric membrane electrodes based on poly(vinyl chloride) plasticized with o-nitrophenyl octyl ether in a 1:2 mass ratio may be used for the detection of acids of up to ca. 1 mM concentration, with flash titration times on the order of a few seconds. Possible limitations of the technique are discussed, including variations of the acid diffusion coefficients and influence of electrical migration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Bakker
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed.
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30
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Electrochemical detection of dopamine using arrays of liquid–liquid micro-interfaces created within micromachined silicon membranes. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 611:156-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.01.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2007] [Revised: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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31
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Ortuño JA, Serna C, Molina A, Gil A. Differential pulse voltammetry and additive differential pulse voltammetry with solvent polymeric membrane ion sensors. Anal Chem 2007; 78:8129-33. [PMID: 17134149 DOI: 10.1021/ac061224o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The ion transfer across the water-solvent polymeric membrane interface is investigated by using a new device based on a modification of a commercial ion-selective electrode body that permits the accommodation of a platinum counter electrode inside the inner filling solution compartment and, therefore, use of a four-electrode potentiostat with ohmic drop compensation. This device is used here to apply two different double potential pulse techniques--differential pulse voltammetry and additive differential pulse voltammetry--which are more advantageous than other voltammetric techniques, such as normal pulse voltammetry or cyclic voltammetry, for the determination of the characteristic electrochemical parameters of the system. This is due to the concurrence of two factors in these double potential pulse techniques, the peak-shaped response together with a considerable reduction of undesirable current contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Ortuño
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Murcia, 30071-Murcia, Spain.
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32
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Schroeder FC, Gronquist M. Extending the scope of NMR spectroscopy with microcoil probes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 45:7122-31. [PMID: 16991159 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200601789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Capillary NMR (CapNMR) spectroscopy has emerged as a major breakthrough for increasing the mass-sensitivity of NMR spectroscopic analysis and enabling the combination of NMR spectroscopy with other analytical techniques. Not only is the acquisition of high-sensitivity spectra getting easier but the quality of CapNMR spectra obtained in many small-molecule applications exceeds what can be accomplished with conventional designs. This Minireview discusses current CapNMR technology and its applications for the characterization of mass-limited, small-molecule and protein samples, the rapid screening of small-molecule or protein libraries, as well as hyphenated techniques that combine CapNMR with other analytical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank C Schroeder
- Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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33
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Ye G, Chai Y, Ruo Y, Zhou L, Li Y, Zhang L. Salicylate Ion-Selective Electrode Based on New Tetranuclear Copper Complexes of O-Vannlin-methionine as Neutral Carriers. ANAL SCI 2007; 23:171-6. [PMID: 17297228 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.23.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A new salicylate-selective PVC membrane electrode based on a new Schiff base tetranuclear copper complex of O-vannlin-methionine (Cu(II)(4)-TVM) as a neutral carrier is described. This electrode displays a preferential potentiometric response to salicylate and an anti-Hofmeister selectivity sequence in the following order: Sal(-) > ClO(4)(-) > SCN(-) > I(-) > NO(2)(-) > NO(3)(-) > Br(-) > Cl(-) > SO(3)(2-) > SO(4)(2-) > H(2)PO(4)(-). The electrode exhibits near-Nernstian potential linear range of 1.5 x 10(-6)-1.0 x 10(-1) M with a detection limit of 8.0 x 10(-7) M and a slope of -56.3 mV/decade in pH 3.0-8.0 of phosphorate buffer solution at 20 degrees C. Thanks to the tetranuclear copper(II) in the carrier, the electrode has the advantages of simplicity, fast response, fair stability and reproducibility and low detection limit. The response mechanism to the electrodes is discussed by the a.c. impedance technique and the UV spectroscopy technique. The electrode can be applied to analyses of medicine and the results obtained are in fair agreement with the results given by a standard method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangrong Ye
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongquing, PR China
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34
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Schroeder FC, Gronquist M. Größere Möglichkeiten für die NMR-Spektroskopie durch Mikrospulenprobenköpfe. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200601789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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35
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Aguilar JA, Clifford T, Danby A, Llinares JM, Mason S, García-Españ E, Bowman-james K. Fluoride Ion Receptors: A Comparison of a Polyammonium Monocycle Versus its Bicyclic Corollary. Supramol Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10610270108029457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan A. Aguilar
- a Departamento de of Química Inorgánica , Falcultad de Química, Universidad de Valencia , C/Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100, Burjassot (Valencia), Spain
| | - Thomas Clifford
- b Department of Chemistry , University of Kansas , Lawrence, Kansas, 66045
| | - Andrew Danby
- b Department of Chemistry , University of Kansas , Lawrence, Kansas, 66045
| | - José M. Llinares
- b Department of Chemistry , University of Kansas , Lawrence, Kansas, 66045
| | - Susan Mason
- b Department of Chemistry , University of Kansas , Lawrence, Kansas, 66045
| | - Enrique García-Españ
- a Departamento de of Química Inorgánica , Falcultad de Química, Universidad de Valencia , C/Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100, Burjassot (Valencia), Spain
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36
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Yuan Y, Wang L, Amemiya S. Chronoamperometry at micropipet electrodes for determination of diffusion coefficients and transferred charges at liquid/liquid interfaces. Anal Chem 2006; 76:5570-8. [PMID: 15362923 DOI: 10.1021/ac0493774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chronoamperometry was carried out at liquid/liquid interfaces supported at the tip of micropipet electrodes for direct determination of the diffusion coefficient of a species in the outer solution. The diffusion coefficient was used for subsequent determination of the transferred charges per species from the diffusion-limited steady-state current. A large tip resistance of the micropipets causes prolonged charging current so that the faradic current can be measured accurately only at a long-time regime (typically t > 5 ms). At the same time, the long-time current response at the interfaces surrounded by a thin glass wall of the pipets is enhanced by diffusion of the species from behind the pipet tip. Therefore, numerical simulations of the long-time chronoamperometric response were carried out using the finite element method for accurate determination of diffusion coefficients. Validity of the simulation results was confirmed by studying simple transfer of tetraethylammonium ion. The technique was applied for transfer/adsorption reactions of the natural polypeptide protamine and also for Ca2+ and Mg2+ transfers facilitated by ionophore ETH 129. With the diffusion coefficient of protamine determined to be (1.2 +/- 0.1) x 10(-6) cm(2)/s, the ionic charge transferred by each protamine molecule was obtained as +20 +/- 1, which is close to the excess positive charge of protamine. Also, the diffusion coefficient of ETH 129 was determined to demonstrate that each ionophore molecule transfers +0.67 and +1 charge per Ca2+ and Mg2+ transfer, respectively, which corresponds to formation of 1:3 and 1:2 complexes with the respective ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
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37
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Amendola V, Esteban-Gómez D, Fabbrizzi L, Licchelli M, Monzani E, Sancenón F. Metal-Enhanced H-Bond Donor Tendencies of Urea and Thiourea toward Anions: Ditopic Receptors for Silver(I) Salts. Inorg Chem 2005; 44:8690-8. [PMID: 16296822 DOI: 10.1021/ic050871f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The heteroditopic receptors 1 and 2 firmly include an Ag(I) ion into the NS2O2 crown and establish selective H-bond interactions with anions at the covalently linked urea/thiourea (U/T) subunit. Studies in MeCN solution showed that the metal center induces a 10(3)-10(6)-fold enhancement of the anion association constant, due to a coordinative interaction with the O/S atom of the U/T moiety. In the presence of F-, the Ag-O interaction promotes the release of a proton from one of the urea N-H fragments. Ag(I) coordination to the S atom of the thiourea derivative 2 promotes the formation of unusually stable H-bond complexes with Cl- and Br-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Amendola
- Dipartimento di Chimica Generale, Università di Pavia, via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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38
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Kang SO, Powell D, Bowman-James K. Anion Binding Motifs: Topicity and Charge in Amidocryptands. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:13478-9. [PMID: 16190694 DOI: 10.1021/ja054332l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An expanded amidocryptand with propyl linkages provides multitopic sites for binding anions and water molecules. Upon quaternization of the two bridgehead amines, the molecular shape changes from an inverted Y to that of a bowl, which is filled with water and topped by the anion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ok Kang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
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39
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Beni V, Ghita M, Arrigan DWM. Cyclic and pulse voltammetric study of dopamine at the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions. Biosens Bioelectron 2005; 20:2097-103. [PMID: 15741080 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2004.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2004] [Revised: 07/29/2004] [Accepted: 08/06/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The detection of dopamine by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV) at the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) has been studied. Voltammetry at the liquid/liquid (water/1,2-dichloroethane) interface provides a simple method for overcoming the major problem associated with dopamine detection by voltammetry at solid electrodes: the co-existence of ascorbate at higher concentrations. Selectivity for dopamine was achieved by the use of dibenzo-18-crown-6 as an ionophore for the facilitated transfer voltammetry of protonated dopamine across the ITIES. Under these conditions, ascorbate is not transferred and hence does not interfere in the ion transfer current for dopamine. By use of DPV and SWV, the lowest concentration detectable can be lowered from ca. 0.1 mM (obtained with cyclic voltammetry) to 2 microM. Evaluation of the effect of some other physiologically important species (acetylcholine, sodium, potassium and ammonium ions) on the dopamine transfer voltammetry has been studied, indicating the need for improved ionophore designs in order to achieve practically useful selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Beni
- NMRC, University College, Lee Maltings, Prospect Row, Cork, Ireland
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40
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41
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Kovbasyuk L, Pritzkow H, Krämer R. Coordination Chemistry of the Ditopic Ligand 4-[6-(2-Pyridyl)-2-pyridyl]-6-(2-pyridyl)pyrimidine: Encapsulation of Nitrate by [2 × 2]Grid Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200400673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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42
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Laaksonen T, Ahonen P, Kontturi K, Murtomäki L. Charge transfer at an electrified liquid|liquid interface immobilised in fibre. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2004.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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43
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Ortuño JA, Expósito R, Sánchez-Pedreño C, Albero MI, Espinosa A. A nitrate-selective electrode based on a tris(2-aminoethyl)amine triamide derivative receptor. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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44
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Li F, Chen Y, Sun P, Zhang M, Gao Z, Zhan D, Shao Y. Investigation of Facilitated Ion-Transfer Reactions at High Driving Force by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp037498m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China, and College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China, and College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Peng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China, and College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Meiqin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China, and College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China, and College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Dongping Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China, and College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuanhua Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China, and College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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45
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Zhang M, Sun P, Chen Y, Li F, Gao Z, Shao Y. Studies of Effect of Phase Volume Ratio on Transfer of Ionizable Species across the Water/1,2-Dichloroethane Interface by a Three-Electrode Setup. Anal Chem 2003; 75:4341-5. [PMID: 14632156 DOI: 10.1021/ac0263824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The electrochemical behavior of pyridine distribution at the water/1,2-dichloroethane interface with variable phase volume ratios (r = Vo/Vw) was investigated by cyclic voltammetry. The system was composed of an aqueous droplet supported on a Ag/AgCl disk electrode covered with an organic solution or an organic droplet supported on a Ag/AgTPBCl disk electrode covered with an aqueous solution. In this way, a conventional three-electrode potentiostat can be used to study an ionizable compound transfer process at a liquid/liquid interface with a wide range of phase volume ratios (from 0.0004 to 1 and from 1 to 2500). Using this special cell we designed, only very small volumes of both phase were needed for r equal to unity, which is very useful for the investigation of the distribution of ionizable species at a biphasic system when the available amount of species is limited. The ionic partition diagrams were obtained for different phase volume ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
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46
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Zhang J, Bond AM, Belcher WJ, Wallace KJ, Steed JW. Electrochemical Studies on the Modular Podand 1,3,5-Tris(3-((ferrocenylmethyl)amino)pyridiniumyl)-2,4,6-triethylbenzene Hexafluorophosphate in Conventional Solvents and Ionic Liquids. J Phys Chem B 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp027699a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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47
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48
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Hossain MA, Kang SO, Powell D, Bowman-James K. Anion receptors: a new class of amide/quaternized amine macrocycles and the chelate effect. Inorg Chem 2003; 42:1397-9. [PMID: 12611503 DOI: 10.1021/ic0263140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A new class of tetraamide macrocyclic receptors for anions with two quaternized amine functionalities exhibited higher affinities for anions compared with the corresponding neutral amides. In two crystal structures of halide complexes of the prototypes with phenyl and pyridine spacers, the anions are held by hydrogen bonding with the amide hydrogens. The pyridine analogues display higher affinities in general than the phenyl systems, a phenomenon which is attributed to the anion version of the chelate effect.
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49
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Farrell D, Gloe K, Gloe K, Goretzki G, McKee V, Nelson J, Nieuwenhuyzen M, Pál I, Stephan H, Town RM, Wichmann K. Towards promising oxoanion extractants: azacages and open-chain counterparts. Dalton Trans 2003. [DOI: 10.1039/b210289g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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50
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Bakker
- Department of Chemistry, Auburn University, Alabama 36849, USA
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