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Han X, Gross RW. The foundations and development of lipidomics. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100164. [PMID: 34953866 PMCID: PMC8953652 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
For over a century, the importance of lipid metabolism in biology was recognized but difficult to mechanistically understand due to the lack of sensitive and robust technologies for identification and quantification of lipid molecular species. The enabling technological breakthroughs emerged in the 1980s with the development of soft ionization methods (Electrospray Ionization and Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization) that could identify and quantify intact individual lipid molecular species. These soft ionization technologies laid the foundations for what was to be later named the field of lipidomics. Further innovative advances in multistage fragmentation, dramatic improvements in resolution and mass accuracy, and multiplexed sample analysis fueled the early growth of lipidomics through the early 1990s. The field exponentially grew through the use of a variety of strategic approaches, which included direct infusion, chromatographic separation, and charge-switch derivatization, which facilitated access to the low abundance species of the lipidome. In this Thematic Review, we provide a broad perspective of the foundations, enabling advances, and predicted future directions of growth of the lipidomics field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianlin Han
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; Departments of Medicine - Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - Richard W Gross
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
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2
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Xu X, Yu Y, Wang Z, Zhu T, Wang Y, Zhu J, Chen Z, He Y, Ju L, Li Y. Mass spectrometry based phospholipidomics of mammalian thymus and leukemia patients: implication for function of iNKT cells. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:5267-78. [PMID: 23595640 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6923-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In previous studies phospholipids have been proved to be involved in biochemical, physiological, and pathological processes. As a special class of phospholipids, peroxisome-derived lipids (PDLs) have been proved to be potential ligands of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells in recent studies. Here, on the basis of phospholipidomics, we focused on the relative quantity of PDLs extracted from mammalian thymus or bone marrow using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (MS). In phospholipid analysis, we identified 12 classes of phospholipids and accounted for their relative quantities by comparing their relative abundances in the MS(1) map. Our results show that PDLs are present in mammalian thymus as well as mouse spleen and liver. Interestingly, the relative quantity of PDLs extracted from human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) bone marrows is higher than that extracted from bone marrow of healthy donors. Our results may help to explain the close correlation between PDLs and iNKT cell function in thymus, spleen, liver, and especially in leukemia patients. We think that our phospholipidomics work may reveal a function of iNKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiukun Xu
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Tumor Immunology, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Jiangsu Laboratory of Infection Immunity, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
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3
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Xu Y, Brenna JT. Atmospheric pressure covalent adduct chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry for double bond localization in monoene- and diene-containing triacylglycerols. Anal Chem 2007; 79:2525-36. [PMID: 17279727 PMCID: PMC2517902 DOI: 10.1021/ac062055a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report a method to elucidate the structure of triacyl-glycerols (TAGs) containing monoene or diene fatty acyl groups by atmospheric pressure covalent adduct chemical ionization (APCACI) tandem mass spectrometry using acetonitrile as an adduct formation reagent. TAGs were synthesized with the structures ABB and BAB, where A is palmitate (C16:0) and B is an isomeric C18 monoene unsaturated at position 9, 11, or 13 or an isomeric diene unsaturated at positions 9 and 11, 10 and 12, or 9 and 12. In addition to the species at m/z 54 observed in previous CI studies of fatty acid methyl esters, we also found that ions at m/z 42, 81, and 95 undergo covalent reaction with TAGs containing double bonds to yield ions at m/z 40, 54, 81, and 95 units greater than that of the parent TAG: [M + 40]+, [M + 54]+, [M + 81]+, and [M + 95]+ ions. When collisionally dissociated, these ions fragment to produce two or three diagnostic ions that locate the double bonds in the TAG. In addition, ions [RCH=C=O + 40]+ and [RCH=C=O + 54]+ formed from collisional dissociation are of strong abundance in MS/MS spectra, and collisional activation of these ions produces two intense confirmatory diagnostic ions in the MS3 spectra. Fragment ions reflecting neutral loss of an sn-1-acyl group from [M + 40]+ and [M + 54]+ are more abundant than those reflecting neutral loss of an sn-2-acyl group, analogous to previous reports for protonated TAGs. The position of each acyl group on the glycerol backbone is thus determined by the relative abundances of these ions. Under the conditions in our instrument, the [M + 40]+ adduct is at the highest signal and also yields all information about the double bond position and TAG stereochemistry. With the exception of geometries about the double bonds, racemic TAG isomers containing two monoenes or dienes and a saturate can be fully characterized by APCACI-MS/MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J. Thomas Brenna
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
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Lin JT, McKeon TA. SEPARATION OF INTACT PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE MOLECULAR SPECIES BY HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100101491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. T. Lin
- a United States Department of Agriculture , Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service , 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, California, 94710, U.S.A
| | - T. A. McKeon
- a United States Department of Agriculture , Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service , 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, California, 94710, U.S.A
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5
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Bleijerveld OB, Houweling M, Thomas MJ, Cui Z. Metabolipidomics: Profiling metabolism of glycerophospholipid species by stable isotopic precursors and tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2006; 352:1-14. [PMID: 16564484 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2006.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2005] [Revised: 02/13/2006] [Accepted: 02/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Onno B Bleijerveld
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80176, 3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Wang C, Yang J, Gao P, Lu X, Xu G. Identification of phospholipid structures in human blood by direct-injection quadrupole-linear ion-trap mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2005; 19:2443-53. [PMID: 16059884 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Direct-injection electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in combination with information-dependent data acquisition (IDA), using a triple-quadrupole/linear ion trap combination, allows high-throughput qualitative analysis of complex phospholipid species from child whole blood. In the IDA experiments, scans to detect specific head groups (precursor ion or neutral loss scans) were used as survey scans to detect phospholipid classes. An enhanced resolution scan was then used to confirm the mass assignments, and the enhanced product ion scan was implemented as a dependent scan to determine the composition of each phospholipid class. These survey and dependent scans were performed sequentially and repeated for the entire duration of analysis, thus providing the maximum information from a single injection. In this way, 50 different phospholipids belonging to the phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin classes were identified in child whole blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Wang
- National Chromatographic R and A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, PR China
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7
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Owen JS, Wykle RL, Samuel MP, Thomas MJ. An improved assay for platelet-activating factor using HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry. J Lipid Res 2004; 46:373-82. [PMID: 15520455 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d400029-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe an improved assay for platelet-activating factor (PAF; 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) using HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The present method can readily detect as little as 1 pg (1.9 fmol) of PAF, a significant improvement over previously described LC-MS/MS methods, and gives a linear response up to 1,000 pg of PAF. Our method also overcomes the artifacts from isobaric lipids that have limited the usefulness of certain existing LC-MS/MS assays for PAF. In the course of these studies, we detected three novel lipid species in human neutrophils. One of the novel lipids appears to be a new molecular species of PAF, and the other two have chromatographic and mass spectrometric properties consistent with stearoyl-formyl-glycerophosphocholine and oleoyl-formyl-glycerophosphocholine. These observations identify previously unknown potential interferences in the measurement of PAF by LC-MS/MS. Moreover, our data suggest that the previously described palmitoyl-formyl-glycerophosphocholine is not unique but rather is a member of a new and poorly understood family of formylated lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Owen
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
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Boukhchina S, Sebai K, Cherif A, Kallel H, Mayer PM. Identification of glycerophospholipids in rapeseed, olive, almond, and sunflower oils by LCMS and LCMSMS. CAN J CHEM 2004. [DOI: 10.1139/v04-094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
HPLC employing a thermostatted Lichrospher 100 diol column was used to separate mixtures of glycerophospholipids of rapeseed, olive, almond, and sunflower oils. Elution was performed with a binary gradient of two mixed solvents A: hexane isopropanol acetic acid triethylamine (82:17:1.0:0.08 v/v/v/v) and B: isopropanol water acetic acid triethylamine (85:14:1.0:0.08 v/v/v/v). The LC effluent was directly introduced into the mass spectrometer through an electrospray capillary. Information about the fatty acid composition of each glycerophos pho lipid class was given by tandem mass spectrometry (MSMS). These techniques permitted a rapid separation and identification of complex mixtures of glycerophospholipids. The relative abundance of each lipid class in each oil was also determined. The resulting glycerophospholipid signature may provide an efficient means of identifying oil origin and possible adulteration.Key words: glycerophospholipids, vegetable oils, tandem mass spectrometry, LCMS.
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9
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Al-Saad KA, Siems WF, Hill HH, Zabrouskov V, Knowles NR. Structural analysis of phosphatidylcholines by post-source decay matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2003; 14:373-382. [PMID: 12686484 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-0305(03)00068-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The utility of post-source decay (PSD) matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) was investigated for the structural analysis of phosphatidylcholine (PC). PC did not produce detectable negative molecular ion from MALDI, but positive ions were observed as both [PC+H](+) and [PC+Na](+). The PSD spectra of the protonated PC species contained only one fragment corresponding to the head group (m/z 184), while the sodiated precursors produced many fragment ions, including those derived from the loss of fatty acids. The loss of fatty acid from the C-1 position (sn-1) of the glycerol backbone was favored over the loss of fatty acid from the C-2 position (sn-2). Ions emanating from the fragmentation of the head group (phosphocholine) included [PC+Na-59](+), [PC+Na-183](+) and [PC+Na-205](+), which corresponded to the loss of trimethylamine (TMA), non-sodiated choline phosphate and sodiated choline phosphate, respectively. Other fragments reflecting the structure of the head group were observed at m/z 183, 146 and 86. The difference in the fragmentation patterns for the PSD of [PC+Na](+) compared to [PC+H](+) is attributed to difference in the binding of Na(+) and H(+). While the proton binds to a negatively charged oxygen of the phosphate group, the sodium ion can be associated with several regions of the PC molecule. Hence, in the sodiated PC, intermolecular interaction of the negatively charged oxygen of the phosphate group, along with sodium association at multiple sites, can lead to a complex and characteristic ion fragmentation pattern. The preferential loss of sn-1 fatty acid group could be explained by the formation of an energetically favorable six-member ring intermediate, as apposed to the five-member ring intermediate formed prior to the loss of sn-2 fatty acid group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid A Al-Saad
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, USA
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10
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Vernooij EAAM, Brouwers JFHM, Kettenes-Van den Bosch JJ, Crommelin DJA. RP-hPLC/ESI MS determination of acyl chain positions in phospholipids. J Sep Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1615-9314(20020401)25:5/6<285::aid-jssc285>3.0.co;2-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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11
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Dobson G, Deighton N. Analysis of phospholipid molecular species by liquid chromatography--atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry of diacylglycerol nicotinates. Chem Phys Lipids 2001; 111:1-17. [PMID: 11438280 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-3084(01)00130-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A method using liquid chromatography - atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry was evaluated for determining the molecular species composition of phospholipids (phosphatidylcholines from soybean, egg yolk and bovine liver) after conversion to diacylglycerol nicotinate derivatives. The structures could be deduced from pseudo-molecular ions ([MH-123](+)) and three pairs of monoacyl containing fragment ions. All molecular species in mixed peaks were readily identified and many minor components, earlier not encountered in the samples under investigation, were identified. Acyl chain regioisomers were readily distinguished by the ratio of the [MH-RCHCO](+) ions. Molecular species differing only in the position of the double bonds in one polyunsaturated acyl chain were separated on the basis of retention times. A half quantitative estimation of the molecular species composition of complex samples was achieved by a combination of UV detection and, for mixed peaks, the areas of [MH-123](+) ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Dobson
- Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK.
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12
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Zabrouskov V, Al-Saad KA, Siems WF, Hill HH, Knowles NR. Analysis of plant phosphatidylcholines by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2001; 15:935-40. [PMID: 11400199 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) for the quantitative determination of phospholipid (PL) molecular species has been problematic, due primarily to the formation of multiple signals (corresponding to the molecular ion and other adducts) for some classes of PL. For example, analysis of phosphatidylcholine (PC) yielded signals that corresponded to protonated and sodiated molecules in the MALDI spectrum. The resulting spectral overlap among various molecular species (e.g. [PC(16:0/18:2) + Na] and [PC(18:2/18:3)]) made it impossible to ascertain their relative amounts using this technique. Other spectral ambiguities existed among different structural isomers, such as PC(18:1/18:1) and PC(18:0/18:2). We determined that molecular species could be resolved by MALDI-TOFMS by first removing the polar head (e.g. phosphocholine) from the phospholipid to effect production of only the sodiated molecules of the corresponding diacylglycerols (DAGs). Analysis of the resulting spectrum allowed unequivocal determination of the molecular species profile of PC from potato tuber and soybean. Estimation of fatty acid composition based on the molecular species determined by MALDI-TOFMS analysis agreed with that from GC-FID analysis. Post-source decay (PSD) was used to resolve standard isomers of PC (e.g. 18:1/18:1 vs. 18:0/18:2). Our results indicated that PSD is a useful approach for resolving structural isomers of PL molecular species.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Zabrouskov
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6414, USA
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13
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Park KH, Kim HJ. Analysis of fatty acids by graphite plate laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2001; 15:1494-1499. [PMID: 11507764 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acids obtained from triglycerides (trioelin, tripalmitin), foods (milk, corn oil), and phospholipids (phosphotidylcholine, phosphotidylserine, phosphatidic acid) upon alkaline hydrolysis were observed directly without derivatization by graphite plate laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GPLDI-TOFMS). Mass-to-charge ratios predicted for sodium adducts of expected fatty acids (e.g. palmitic, oleic, linoleic and arachidonic acids) were observed without interference. Although at present no quantitation is possible, the graphite plate method enables a simple and rapid qualitative analysis of fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Park
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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14
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Hvattum E, Røsjø C, Gjøen T, Rosenlund G, Ruyter B. Effect of soybean oil and fish oil on individual molecular species of Atlantic salmon head kidney phospholipids determined by normal-phase liquid chromatography coupled to negative ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2000; 748:137-49. [PMID: 11092593 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00359-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effect of soybean oil (SO) and fish oil (FO) on the relative molecular species distribution of phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphatidylserine (PS) in Atlantic salmon head kidney was studied using normal-phase liquid chromatography coupled with negative ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. The conformation of identity of the phospholipid species was based on retention time, the mass of the [M-H]- ([M-15]- for PC) molecular ions and the carboxylate anion fragments in the product ion spectrum. The intensity ratio of sn-1/sn-2 fragment ions increased with increasing number of double bonds in the sn-2 acyl chain but was not affected by increasing number of double bonds in the sn-1 acyl chain of the species examined. The relative distribution of the molecular species was determined by multiple reaction monitoring of the carboxylate anion fragment from the sn-1 position. A total of 68 different phospholipid species were determined in the head kidney and the largest amount was found in PE (22 species). Depending on the diet, the main species identified in the different phospholipid classes were; PC 16:0/18:1, PE 16:0/22:6, PI 18:0/20:4 and PS 16:0/22:6. The SO diet significantly increased the 18:2, 20:3 and most 20:4 containing species and significantly reduced the 14:0 and most 20:5 and 22:6 fatty acid containing species. The increase of the 20:4 and the decrease of the 20:5 and 22:6 containing species were dependent on the fatty acid combination of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Hvattum
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Norway, As.
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Hsu FF, Turk J. Structural determination of sphingomyelin by tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2000; 11:437-49. [PMID: 10790848 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-0305(99)00150-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Alkaline metal adduct ions of sphingomyelin were formed by electrospray ionization in positive ion mode. Under low energy collisionally activated dissociation (CAD), the product ion spectra yield abundant fragment ions representative of both long chain base and fatty acid which permit unequivocal determination of the structure. Tandem spectra obtained by constant neutral loss scanning permit identification of sphingomyelin class and specific long chain base subclass in the mixture. The fragmentation pathways under CAD were proposed, and were further confirmed by source CAD tandem mass spectrometry. The total analysis of sphingomyelin mixtures from bovine brain, bovine erythrocytes, and chicken egg yolk is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- F F Hsu
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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Carrier A, Parent J, Dupuis S. Quantitation and characterization of phospholipids in pharmaceutical formulations by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2000; 876:97-109. [PMID: 10823505 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00148-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A simple and fast method for phospholipid analysis was developed using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with an atmospheric pressure ionization interface. Separation of the phospholipid molecular species was achieved using a linear gradient of a mixture of chloroform-10 mM ammonium acetate-methanol (30:5:65) on a silica column. Optimization of the mass spectrometer conditions has allowed the method to separate and detect the phospholipids mainly as protonated molecular species. In comparison to existing LC-MS methods, improvement in the total analysis time and sensitivity were achieved. Separation of all major phospholipid molecular classes was achieved in less than 6 min. Marked improvement was observed in the linearity of the response of the phospholipids studied providing a linear response over three orders of magnitude. Data supporting the validation of this method for the characterization of major phospholipids molecular species are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Carrier
- RTP Pharma Inc., Ile des Soeurs, Québec, Canada.
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Kim YH, So KY, Limb JK, Jhon GJ, Han SY. Identification of triacylglycerols containing two short-chain fatty acids at sn-2 and sn-3 positions from bovine udder by fast atom bombardment tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2000; 14:2230-2237. [PMID: 11114033 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0231(20001215)14:23<2230::aid-rcm156>3.0.co;2-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Several triacylglycerol (TAG) molecular species, that contain two short-chain fatty acids (C4 to C8) at the sn-2 and sn-3 positions of the glycerol backbone, were isolated from bovine udder by using solvent extraction and silica gel column chromatography. Their structures were identified by fast atom bombardment (FAB) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), based on the information obtained from collision-induced dissociation (CID) spectra of sodium-adducted molecules ([M + Na](+)) of model TAG compounds which had been synthesized from glycerol and appropriate fatty acids. For each species, the relative positions of the three fatty acids on the glycerol backbone, as well as fatty acid composition and double-bond position in the fatty acyl group, were determined. A majority of sodium-adducted molecules observed in the FAB mass spectrum were mixtures of at least two components that have different fatty acid composition but the same molecular mass. In addition, all the components present in mixtures of all the species contain a long-chain fatty acid (C12 to C18) at the sn-1 position, a short-chain fatty acid (C4 to C8) at the sn-2 position, and a butyric acid uniquely at the sn-3 position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Kim
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 220 River Bend Road, Athens, GA 30602-4712, USA.
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18
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Holcapek M, Jandera P, Fischer J, Prokes B. Analytical monitoring of the production of biodiesel by high-performance liquid chromatography with various detection methods. J Chromatogr A 1999; 858:13-31. [PMID: 10544888 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00790-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Gradient elution reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) was used for the determination of compounds occurring during the production of biodiesel from rapeseed oil. Individual triacylglycerols (TGs), diacylglycerols, monoacylglycerols and methyl esters of oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids and free fatty acids were separated in 25 min using a combined linear gradient with aqueous-organic and non-aqueous mobile phase steps: 70% acetonitrile+30% water in 0 min, 100% acetonitrile in 10 min, 50% acetonitrile+50% 2-propanol-hexane (5:4, v/v) in 20 min and 5 min final hold-up. Another method with a non-aqueous linear mobile phase gradient [from 100% methanol to 50% methanol+50% 2-propanol-hexane (5:4, v/v) in 15 min] was used for fast monitoring of conversion of rapeseed oil triacylglycerols to fatty acid methyl esters and for quantitation of residual TGs in the final biodiesel product. Sensitivity and linearity of various detection modes (UV detection at 205 nm, evaporative light scattering detection and mass spectrometric detection) were compared. The individual sample compounds were identified using coupled HPLC-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry in the positive-ion mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Holcapek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Czech Republic
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19
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Hsu FF, Turk J. Structural characterization of triacylglycerols as lithiated adducts by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry using low-energy collisionally activated dissociation on a triple stage quadrupole instrument. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 1999; 10:587-599. [PMID: 10384723 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-0305(99)00035-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We describe features of tandem mass spectra of lithiated adducts of triacylglycerol (TAG) species obtained by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ms) with low-energy collisionally activated dissociation (CAD) on a triple stage quadrupole instrument. The spectra distinguish isomeric triacylglycerol species and permit assignment of the mass of each fatty acid substituent and positions on the glycerol backbone to which substituents are esterified. Source CAD-MS2 experiments permit assignment of double bond locations in polyunsaturated fatty acid substituents. The ESI/MS/MS spectra contain [M + Li - (RnCO2H)]+, [M + Li - (RnCO2Li)]+, and RnCO+ ions, among others, that permit assignment of the masses of fatty acid substituents. Relative abundances of these ions reflect positions on the glycerol backbone to which substituents are esterified. The tandem spectra also contain ions reflecting combined elimination of two adjacent fatty acid residues, one of which is eliminated as a free fatty acid and the other as an alpha, beta-unsaturated fatty acid. Such combined losses always involve the sn-2 substituent, and this feature provides a robust means to identify that substituent. Fragment ions reflecting combined losses of both sn-1 and sn-3 substituents without loss of the sn-2 substituent are not observed. Schemes are proposed to rationalize formation of major fragment ions in tandem mass spectra of lithiated TAG that are supported by studies with deuterium-labeled TAG and by source CAD-MS2 experiments. These schemes involve initial elimination of a free fatty acid in concert with a hydrogen atom abstracted from the alpha-methylene group of an adjacent fatty acid, followed by formation of a cyclic intermediate that decomposes to yield other characteristic fragment ions. Determination of double bond location in polyunsaturated fatty acid substituents of TAG is achieved by source CAD experiments in which dilithiated adducts of fatty acid substituents are produced in the ion source and subjected to CAD in the collision cell. Product ions are analyzed in the final quadrupole to yield information on double bond location.
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Affiliation(s)
- F F Hsu
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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20
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Separation and characterization of peanut phospholipid molecular species using high-performance liquid chromatography and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-999-0046-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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Abidi SL. Separation procedures for phosphatidylserines. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1998; 717:279-93. [PMID: 9832250 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(98)00066-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews working procedures for the separation of phosphatidylserines (PS) in complex sample matrices. It begins with an introductory overview of important aspects of PS involvement in cellular lipid biochemistry. The main body of the review describes various procedures for the extraction, isolation, purification, and separation of the PS class and its molecular species in tissue samples. Published high-performance liquid chromatographic methods are summarized to demonstrate the variability and versatility of separation techniques. Factors influencing normal-phase and reversed-phase separations are delineated. The last section covers selected chemical derivatization procedures useful for enhancing the separation efficiency and detection sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Abidi
- US Department of Agriculture, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Food Quality and Safety Research, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
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22
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Hvattum E, Larsen A, Uran S, Michelsen PM, Skotland T. Specific detection and quantification of palmitoyl-stearoyl-phosphatidylserine in human blood using normal-phase liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1998; 716:47-56. [PMID: 9824217 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(98)00303-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A narrow-bore normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for separation of phospholipid classes using an HPLC diol column and a gradient of chloroform and methanol with 0.2% formic acid titrated to pH 5.3 with ammonia. The HPLC system was coupled on-line with an electrospray mass spectrometry (ES-MS) or electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (ES-MS-MS) system and the separation of several major phospholipid classes was shown. The molecular species of some phospholipid classes in human blood were qualitatively determined. A method was further developed for specific determination of a molecular species from phosphatidylserine, palmitoyl-stearoyl-phosphatidylserine (PSPS), in human blood using HPLC-ES-MS. The analyses were performed by single ion monitoring of the [M-H]- molecular ions of PSPS and an internal standard, dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylserine. The limit of quantification of the method was 1.2 ng of PSPS. The calibration curve ranged from 0.12 to 5.81 microg/ml of PSPS dissolved in the mobile phase. The curve was fitted to a second-order polynomial equation and found to be highly reproducible. Analysis of control samples was found to be reproducible with a between-series precision below 9.2% R.S.D. The amount of endogenous PSPS in human blood was determined in 13 subjects and found to range from 1.73 to 3.09 microg/ml. The identity of endogenous PSPS was confirmed by HPLC-ES-MS-MS.
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23
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Careri M, Mangia A, Musci M. Overview of the applications of liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry interfacing systems in food analysis: naturally occurring substances in food. J Chromatogr A 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00654-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Olsson NU, Salem N. Molecular species analysis of phospholipids. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1997; 692:245-56. [PMID: 9188812 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(96)00507-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The elucidation of phospholipid molecular species composition provides detailed structural information concerning various lipids and thus offers descriptions of crucial determinants of membrane physical and biological properties. Various methods differing in labor intensity, mode of separation and detection, type of calibration, as well as other factors, have been published. Thus precision and accuracy are expected to vary considerably between methods. Qualitative and quantitative aspects of different procedures for molecular species analysis of individual phospholipid classes are discussed in this review. Special emphasis has been given to the characterization of biological tissue samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- N U Olsson
- Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, NIAAA, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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25
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Laakso P. Analysis of triacylglycerols— approaching the molecular composition of natural mixtures. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 1996. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129609541075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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26
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Kim HY, Edsall L, Ma YC. Specificity of polyunsaturated fatty acid release from rat brain synaptosomes. Lipids 1996; 31 Suppl:S229-33. [PMID: 8729124 DOI: 10.1007/bf02637081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Release of specific polyunsaturated fatty acids for cell membranes may have a significant implication in biological function, considering the involvement of various fatty acids in cell signal transduction. In the present study, release of polyunsaturated fatty acids from rat brain synaptosomes by endogenous synaptosomal lipase activity was examined in comparison to that by cobra venom phospholipase A2 (Naja naja naja). Cobra venom phospholipase A2 (Naja naja naja) preferentially hydrolyzed docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) from both synaptosomes and lipid mixtures containing similar classes of lipids commonly found in the brain. Arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) and oleic acid (18:1n-9) were also hydrolyzed; however, monoene species was hydrolyzed slower than were polyenoic species in synaptosomes. Phosphatidylethanolamine was the most preferred phospholipid class for release of 22:6n-3 fatty acid from both lipid mixtures and synaptosomes. In contrast to hydrolysis by cobra venom phospholipase A2, endogenous synaptosomal lipase activity preferentially hydrolyzed 20:4n-6 from rat brain synaptosomes, despite the high abundance of 22:6n-3 in synaptosomal membranes. Preferential release of 20:4n-6 was observed over a wide range of pH values and calcium concentrations. Synaptosomal 22:6 species appeared to be resistant to hydrolysis even after stimulation with various agents such as phorbolmyristate, suggesting that physiological importance of 22:6n-3 in neuronal membranes may not be as the release fatty acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y Kim
- Section of Mass Spectrometry, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20892, USA
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27
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Neff WE, Byrdwell WC. Soybean oil triacylglycerol analysis by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02540986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. E. Neff
- Food Quality and Safety Research; NCAUR, ARS, USDA; Peoria Illinois 61604
| | - W. C. Byrdwell
- Food Quality and Safety Research; NCAUR, ARS, USDA; Peoria Illinois 61604
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28
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Singh AK, Jiang Y. Quantitative chromatographic analysis of inositol phospholipids and related compounds. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1995; 671:255-80. [PMID: 8520695 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(94)00558-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The metabolism of phospholipids and the mobilization of second messengers such as inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate, 1,2-diacylglycerol (DAG) and arachidonic acid (AA) from phospholipids is commonly studied by radiolabelling phospholipids with [3H]myo-inositol or [32P]ATP and measuring the incorporation of radioactivity in different phospholipids or their hydrolysis products. However, for the radiolabelling method to accurately reflect changes in the compound's mass, it is essential that the tissue is labelled to isotopic equilibrium which is difficult to achieve. To circumvent the disadvantages of the radiolabelling method, several analytical procedures have been developed for the mass analysis of phospholipids and inositolphosphates (IPs). Quantitation of the mass or the radiolabelling of phospholipids is a complex multi-step procedure that involves quantitative isolation of phospholipids, fractionation of individual phospholipids and either determination of radioactivity in each component or the measurement of their mass. Phospholipids, DAG and AA are extracted from tissue sample with organic solvents such as chloroform-methanol (2:1) containing HCl or formic acid. The extract is separated by TLC, cartridge-column chromatography or HPLC on a reversed-phase column. Phospholipids are quantitated by measuring inorganic phosphate, absorption at 200 nm or mass spectrometry. Inositol phosphates are extracted with perchloric acid or trichloroacetic acid and separated by ion-exchange cartridge-column or HPLC with an ion-exchange column. IPs are quantitated by measuring inorganic phosphate or by using enzymatic reaction, metal-dye coupling, NMR or mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Singh
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108, USA
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29
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Myher JJ, Kuksis A. General strategies in chromatographic analysis of lipids. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1995; 671:3-33. [PMID: 8520698 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(95)00178-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Lipid extracts of natural sources contain a large number of lipid classes and molecular species. Completely reproducible samples are obtained only with great care and skill. Analytical methods other than chromatography and/or mass spectrometry are of little use for resolution and identification of lipid molecules even in simple mixtures. The analytical information desired governs the selection of the chromatographic and mass spectrometric method, which determine the sample preparation and derivative needed. Usually a combination of chromatographic methods is necessary to identify specific species of lipids. The recent development of soft ionization techniques, that are readily interfaced with mass spectrometers, have greatly simplified the sample preparation and have largely eliminated the need for derivatization. Because these techniques require expensive equipment and dedicated operators, the methods selected must be consistent with the true analytical needs and the available resources. Although personal preference cannot be eliminated entirely, the general strategies outlined below should help to reduce the number of possibilities facing a lipid analyst to a few practical choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Myher
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, Canada
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30
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Kuksis A, Myher JJ. Application of tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of long-chain carboxylic acids. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1995; 671:35-70. [PMID: 8520701 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(95)00212-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The application of MS-MS for the analysis of long-chain carboxylic acids and their esters has proved enormously successful but expensive. It is discussed mainly on basis of results obtained with different instruments with lesser attention to principles of the method, which have been adequately reviewed elsewhere. The use of electrospray ionization (ESI) has greatly increased the sensitivity of the method and has permitted assay of total lipid extracts. The combination of HPLC with electrospray and single quadrupole mass spectrometry, LC-ESI-CID-MS, rivals the triple quadrupole MS-MS application in many instances at considerably lower cost. However, LC-ESI-MS-MS remains the most desirable system at the present time for lipid ester analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kuksis
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, Canada
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31
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Niebylski CD, Salem N. A calorimetric investigation of a series of mixed-chain polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholines: effect of sn-2 chain length and degree of unsaturation. Biophys J 1994; 67:2387-93. [PMID: 7696478 PMCID: PMC1225623 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(94)80725-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Although mammalian tissues contain high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids, our knowledge of the effects of the degree of unsaturation and double-bond location upon bilayer organization is limited. Therefore, a series of mixed-chain unsaturated phosphatidylcholines (PC) comprised of 18:0 at the sn-1 position and various unsaturates at the sn-2 position (18:1n9, 18:2n6, 18:3n6, 18:3n3, 20:2n6, 20:3n6, 20:4n6, 20:5n3, 22:4n6, 22:5n6, or 22:6n3) was studied with differential scanning calorimetry, and their gel to liquid-crystalline phase transitions yielded measurements of Tm, Tonset, delta H, and delta S. Minimal delta H values were obtained for the diene species, 1.7 and 2.9 kcal/mole for 18:2n6 and 20:2n6, respectively. These results are consistent with the dienes having an acyl chain conformation that results in perturbed chain packing. Increasing the degree of unsaturation to three or more double bonds resulted in higher delta H values, 3.7, 4.3, and 4.6 kcal/mole for 18:3n6, 20:3n6, and 20:4n6, respectively, consistent with the occurrence of a gel-state chain conformation(s), which is more tightly packed than the dienes. The 18:0,22:6n3-PC species yielded the highest delta H (6.1 kcal/mole) and delta S(22.7 cal/mol degree) of all the polyunsaturates studied. The distinctive packing properties of phospholipid bilayers containing 22:6n3 may underlie its essential role in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Niebylski
- Section of Fluorescence Studies, NIAAA, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852
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32
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Valeur A, Olsson NU, Kaufmann P, Wada S, Kroon CG, Westerdahl G, Odham G. Quantification and comparison of some natural sphingomyelins by on-line high-performance liquid chromatography/discharge-assisted thermospray mass spectrometry. BIOLOGICAL MASS SPECTROMETRY 1994; 23:313-9. [PMID: 8038224 DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200230603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Sphingomyelins obtained from bovine brain, chicken egg yolk and bovine milk fat were analysed. Separation was performed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography utilizing a binary solvent gradient consisting of n-butanol-water-1-propanol-isooctane. Detection was accomplished by light scattering and on-line discharge-assisted thermospray (plasmaspray) ionization mass spectrometry. The positive ion mass spectra exhibit prominent ions related to the amine base structure and fragments which can be utilized for identification of molecular species. The abundance of the fragments containing the fatty acid reflects relatively well the fatty acid composition of natural sphingomyelin mixtures. Bovine brain sphingomyelin has, for example, two distinctive major molecular species composed of C24:1 and C18:0 acids as indicated by the m/z 630.6 and m/z 548.5 ions, respectively. While egg yolk exhibits ions of m/z 520.6 which indicate the presence of C16:0, bovine milk sphingomyelin has several prominent ions of m/z 632.5, 618.6 and 604.7, reflecting the proportions of C24:0, C23:0 and C22:0, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Valeur
- Division of Chemical Ecology, Lund University, Sweden
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33
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Celma C. Determination of the aza alkyl lysophospholipid 3-methoxy-2-N,N-methyloctadecylaminopropyloxyphosphorylcholine in rat plasma by liquid chromatography—particle beam—mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(93)80268-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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34
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Silvestro L, Da Col R, Scappaticci E, Libertucci D, Biancone L, Camussi G. Development of a high-performance liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric technique, with an ionspray interface, for the determination of platelet-activating factor (PAF) and lyso-PAF in biological samples. J Chromatogr A 1993; 647:261-9. [PMID: 8227267 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(93)83406-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
An HPLC-mass spectrometric technique with an ionspray interface was developed for the determination of platelet-activating factor (PAF) and PAF-related compounds in biological samples. HPLC separations were performed using a reversed-phase column. The mass spectra showed intense [M + H]+ ions. Collision-induced dissociation of protonated molecular ions gave characteristic daughter ions corresponding to the phosphorylcholine group. By selective-ion monitoring, a detection limit of 0.3 ng was obtained for all molecules; by multiple reaction monitoring, the same sensitivity was achieved for PAF whereas for lyso-PAF the limit was 3 ng. Finally, PAF was comparatively determined by bioassay and HPLC-MS after extraction from the cell pellets and the supernatants of human polymorphonuclear neutrophils unstimulated or stimulated with opsonized zymosan. The good correlation observed between these techniques indicated the reliability of HPLC-MS for biochemical studies on PAF and PAF-related molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Silvestro
- Res Pharma Pharmacological Research Srl, Turin, Italy
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35
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Ann Q, Adams J. Collision-induced decomposition of sphingomyelins for structural elucidation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200220504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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36
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Valeur A, Michelsen P, Odham G. On-line straight-phase liquid chromatography/plasmaspray tandem mass spectrometry of glycerolipids. Lipids 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02536649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y Kim
- Section of Mass Spectrometry, DICBR, Bethesda, MD 20892
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38
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HPLC separation of molecular species of intact sphingomyelin, utilizing multivariate design and optimization. Chromatographia 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02290247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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39
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Chapter 15 Lipids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4770(08)61508-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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40
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Lindberg C, Paulson J, Blomqvist A. Evaluation of an automated thermospray liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry system for quantitative use in bioanalytical chemistry. J Chromatogr A 1991; 554:215-26. [PMID: 1795037 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)88451-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
An automated thermospray liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry system is described, including an autosampler and a gradient liquid chromatography system controlled from the mass spectrometer data system. The performance and reliability of the equipment during unattended operation were evaluated by repeated injections of standard solutions of some antiasthmatic drugs, using deuterium-labelled analogues as internal standards. High sensitivity and reproducibility were achieved during a 19-hour run, incorporating gradient elution and a total of 54 injections. The relative standard deviation of the peak area measurement of the internal standards was in the range of 6.5-8.2%. The corticosteroid budesonide can be routinely measured in plasma down to 0.1 nmol/l. Direct injection of a small plasma volume into the thermospray liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry system could be used to monitor drug plasma levels during a toxicity study in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lindberg
- Bioanalytical Chemistry, AB Draco, Lund, Sweden
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41
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42
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Chen S, Kirschner G, Traldi P. Positive ion fast atom bombardment mass spectrometric analysis of the molecular species of glycerophosphatidylserine. Anal Biochem 1990; 191:100-5. [PMID: 2077932 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(90)90394-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The structure of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoserine was analyzed by positive ion fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry and collisional activation mass-analyzed ion kinetic energy spectroscopy. The molecular weight, the polar-head group, and the fatty acid composition of this species were identified by the appearance of protonated and solvated protonated species ions, diglyceride and monoglyceride fragment ions. After purification of glycerophosphatidylserine from bovine brain and rat kidney by normal phase high-performance liquid chromatography, molecular species were identified by either positive or negative ion fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. The study suggests that negative ion fast atom bombardment ionization is a more powerful tool for the identification of the molecular species of glycerophosphatidylserine from biological samples. Positive ion fast atom bombardment represents a useful alternative for analysis of major molecular species in natural glycerophosphatidylserine.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chen
- Fidia Research Laboratories, Terme, Italy
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43
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Pickett WC, Ramesha CS. Quantitative analysis of platelet-activating factor by gas chromatography-negative-ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Methods Enzymol 1990; 187:142-52. [PMID: 2233340 DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(90)87019-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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44
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45
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Hullin F, Kim HY, Salem N. Analysis of aminophospholipid molecular species by high performance liquid chromatography. J Lipid Res 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)38208-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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46
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Chen S, Benfenati E, Fanelli R, Kirschner G, Pregnolato F. Molecular species analysis of phospholipids by negative ion fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry: application of surface precipitation technique. BIOMEDICAL & ENVIRONMENTAL MASS SPECTROMETRY 1989; 18:1051-6. [PMID: 2611418 DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200181204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Eight phospholipidic classes from bovine brain cortex and soybean were prepared and purified by preparative high-performance and liquid chromatography, and their molecular species were identified by negative ion fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry using the 'surface precipitation' method. Its main advantages are: (i) clear-cut and abundant diagnostic ions for structural elucidation of the species; (ii) fragments characteristic of the main fatty acids, the polar head-group and the molecule frame in phospholipids; (iii) less background caused by the liquid matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chen
- Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy
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47
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Bossant MJ, Ninio E, Delautier D, Bessou G, Trouvin JH, Benveniste J. Quantitation of paf-acether by release of endogenous platelet serotonin assessed by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Anal Biochem 1989; 182:419-23. [PMID: 2610359 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(89)90617-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A new method to quantitate paf-acether (paf) was developed. It is based on the measurement of serotonin released from washed rabbit platelets challenged with paf. Platelets (1 X 10(8)/ml) were exposed with or without stirring to various concentrations of paf (26-130 pM) at 37 degrees C or at room temperature. Supernatants were submitted to a 4-min liquid chromatography run and serotonin was measured by electrochemical detection. We quantitated paf from three different biological sources, human neutrophils, mouse peritoneal macrophages, and cultured mast cells, comparing a classical method, i.e., platelet aggregation with the electrochemical detection of endogenous serotonin. We found similar results since, when compared with the aggregation method, the results differed by 12 to 47%. The sensitivity of both methods was 26 pM. The between-day variation coefficient was 23 and 14% (n = 12) for the aggregation method and the serotonin release, respectively, whereas the within-day variation coefficient for serotonin quantitation was less than 5% (n = 12). The superiority of the new method lies in its simplicity, the economy of platelets, and its possibility of automation. It can be applied to any agonist or any mechanism capable of releasing serotonin from platelets and more generally when a simple and fast method for measuring serotonin is desirable.
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48
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Tomer KB, Parker CE. Biochemical applications of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1989; 492:189-221. [PMID: 2670991 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)84469-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The current state-of-the-art liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is reviewed with particular attention to biomedical applications. The most common LC-MS interface designs are described and compared. These interfaces include transport, direct liquid introduction, thermospray, atmospheric pressure ionization, monodisperse aerosol generation, open-tubular LC and continuous-flow fast atom bombardment. The relative sensitivities of the techniques are compared as much as possible, as well as their tendencies to induce thermal decomposition of the sample. Applications of these various interface types to a variety of biomedically important compound classes, including peptides, nucleotides, steroids, lipids, carbohydrates, xenobiotic metabolites and drugs, are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Tomer
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
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Spink DC, Aldous KM, Kaminsky LS. Analysis of oxidative warfarin metabolites by thermospray high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 1989; 177:307-13. [PMID: 2729550 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(89)90057-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative metabolites of the anticoagulant, warfarin [4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one], produced by the actions of cytochromes P450 were analyzed by thermospray high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Warfarin, dehydrowarfarin, and the 6-, 7-, 8-, and 4'-hydroxy derivatives of warfarin were found to ionize well by the thermospray process in the presence of ammonium acetate. Thermospray mass spectra of these compounds were generally dominated by the protonated molecule, (M + H)+, and ions formed by the loss of water from the protonated molecule, (M + H - H2O)+. Fragment ions arising from the hydroxycoumarin, benzylhydroxycoumarin, and phenylbutanone portions of the molecules were observed, and the relative intensity of these fragment ions was greatly increased with filament ionization and application of a high repeller potential (100-130 V). Selected-ion monitoring of the (M + H)+ and (M + H - H2O)+ ions provided sensitivities for these compounds in the 2 to 10 ng range. A method employing thermospray HPLC/MS with selected-ion monitoring and internal standard quantitation for the analysis of the oxidative metabolites of warfarin is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Spink
- Wadsworth Center for Laboratories and Research, New York State Department of Health, Albany 12201-0509
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Bossant MJ, Farinotti R, De Maack F, Mahuzier G, Benveniste J, Ninio E. Capillary gas chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry of paf-acether and analogs: absence of 1-O-alkyl-2-propionyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in human polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Lipids 1989; 24:121-4. [PMID: 2755300 DOI: 10.1007/bf02535248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Fast atom bombardment-tandem mass spectrometry was used to identify molecular species of paf-acether (paf) produced by human polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Using this biological material, normal phase high performance liquid chromatography was necessary prior to the fast atom bombardment-tandem mass spectrometry step. Gas liquid chromatography/electron capture detection after hydrolysis with phospholipase C and conversion to heptafluorobutyrate derivatives was used to confirm the results. The results indicated the presence of mainly 1-O-hexadecyl/octadecyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, acyl analogs of paf and only trace amounts of other alkyl analogs of paf. We did not detect the 2-propionyl analog of paf. Moreover, supplementation of human polymorphonuclear neutrophils with sodium propionate did not result in formation of the 2-propionyl analog of paf.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Bossant
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique II, S.A.M.M., Faculté de Pharmacie, Chatenay Malabry, France
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