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Xue J, Bai Y, Liu H. Hybrid methods of surface plasmon resonance coupled to mass spectrometry for biomolecular interaction analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:3721-3729. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01906-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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2
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Healey GD, Frostell A, Fagge T, Gonzalez D, Conlan RS. A RAGE-Targeted Antibody-Drug Conjugate: Surface Plasmon Resonance as a Platform for Accelerating Effective ADC Design and Development. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:antib8010007. [PMID: 31544813 PMCID: PMC6640708 DOI: 10.3390/antib8010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies, antibody-like molecules, and therapeutics incorporating antibodies as a targeting moiety, such as antibody-drug conjugates, offer significant potential for the development of highly efficacious drugs against a wide range of disorders. Despite some success, truly harnessing the superior targeting properties of these molecules requires a platform from which to effectively identify the best candidates for drug development. To streamline the development of antibody-drug conjugates targeting gynecological cancers within our laboratory, we incorporated surface plasmon resonance analysis (Biacore™ T200) into our development toolkit. Antibodies, selected based on positive ELISA screens as suitable for development as antibody-drug conjugates, were evaluated using surface plasmon resonance to determine a wide range of characteristics including specificity, kinetics/affinity, the effect of linker binding, the impact of the drug to antibody ratio, and the effect of endosomal pH on antibody-antigen binding. Analysis revealed important kinetics data and information regarding the effect of conjugation and endosomal pH on our antibody candidates that correlated with cell toxicity and antibody internalization data. As well as explaining observations from cell-based assays regarding antibody-drug conjugate efficacies, these data also provide important information regarding intelligent antibody selection and antibody-drug conjugate design. This study demonstrates the application of surface plasmon resonance technology as a platform, where detailed information can be obtained, supporting the requirements for rapid and high-throughput screening that will enable enhanced antibody-drug conjugate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth D Healey
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Asa Frostell
- GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences, SE-751 84 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Tim Fagge
- GE Healthcare, Little Chalfont, Buckinghamshire, HP7 9NA, UK.
| | - Deyarina Gonzalez
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - R Steven Conlan
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
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3
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Obi N, Fukuda T, Nakayama N, Ervin J, Bando Y, Nishimura T, Nagatoishi S, Tsumoto K, Kawamura T. Development of drug discovery screening system by molecular interaction kinetics-mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:665-671. [PMID: 29441684 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Drug discovery studies invariably require qualitative and quantitative analyses of target compounds at every stage of drug discovery. We have developed a system combining molecular interaction analysis and mass spectrometry (LC-MS) using the principle of nanopore optical interferometry (nPOI) called molecular interaction kinetics-mass spectrometry (MIK-MS). Since nPOI has high binding capacity, the bond-dissociated compound can be directly detected using LC-MS. In this study, we use carbonic anhydrase II (CAII) as a ligand and apply six small compounds as analytes and report the affinity analysis using MIK-MS. METHODS CAII was immobilized onto a COOH sensor chip using standard amine coupling. A reference surface was prepared by activating and subsequently blocking the surface under identical conditions. An amount of 50 μL of mix solution was injected over the reference channel and sample channel for CAII immobilization. The solutions eluting from the sensor chip were collected from the waste-line of the SKi Pro system every 30 s. Reconstructed elution samples were then injected into the LC-MS/MS system. RESULTS A mixture containing furosemide, acetazolamide, 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid, 5-(dimethylamino)-1-naphthalene sulfonamide (DNSA), sulfanilamide and sulpiride (15 μM each) was injected into the CAII-immobilized sensor chip, and the fractions eluted from the SKi Pro system were collected and subjected to selected reaction monitoring LC-MS characterization. Specific results were obtained for acetazolamide, DNSA, furosemide and sulpiride. The results suggest that the association-dissociation curve of a mixed sample can be obtained by one-time MIK-MS analysis. CONCLUSIONS Six small-molecule binders of CAII were analyzed quantitatively using nPOI and MIK-MS, and the results were compared to published surface plasmon resonance (SPR) results. The nPOI and SPR results show good agreement, confirming the reliability of the analysis. Time-dependent binding results may be obtained by our MS sensorgram approach. Drugs that meet medical needs in a short period are required; this nPOI-LC-MS system is considered an important tool for rapid drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Noboru Nakayama
- Biosys Technologies Inc., Tokyo, Japan
- Translational Medicine Informatics, St Marianna University School of Medicine, Research & Development, Biosys Technologies Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - John Ervin
- Silicon Kinetics Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Toshihide Nishimura
- Biosys Technologies Inc., Tokyo, Japan
- Translational Medicine Informatics, St Marianna University School of Medicine, Research & Development, Biosys Technologies Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kawamura
- Proteomics Laboratory, Isotope Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratories for Systems Biology and Medicine (LSBM), Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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4
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan P. R. China, 410083
| | - Feimeng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90032, United States
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5
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Zhang Y, Xu S, Wen L, Bai Y, Niu L, Song D, Liu H. A dielectric barrier discharge ionization based interface for online coupling surface plasmon resonance with mass spectrometry. Analyst 2016; 141:3343-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an00561f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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6
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Zhang Y, Li X, Nie H, Yang L, Li Z, Bai Y, Niu L, Song D, Liu H. Interface for Online Coupling of Surface Plasmon Resonance to Direct Analysis in Real Time Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2015; 87:6505-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiding Zhang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic
Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Xianjiang Li
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic
Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Honggang Nie
- Analytical
Instrumentation Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Li Yang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic
Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Ze Li
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic
Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yu Bai
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic
Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Li Niu
- State
Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute
of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, Jilin, P. R. China
| | - Daqian Song
- College
of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, Jilin, P. R. China
| | - Huwei Liu
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic
Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
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7
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Musso J, Buchmann W, Gonnet F, Jarroux N, Bellon S, Frydman C, Brunet DL, Daniel R. Biomarkers probed in saliva by surface plasmon resonance imaging coupled to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry in array format. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:1285-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8373-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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8
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Stigter E, de Jong G, van Bennekom W. Coupling surface-plasmon resonance and mass spectrometry to quantify and to identify ligands. Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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9
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García M, Orozco J, Guix M, Gao W, Sattayasamitsathit S, Escarpa A, Merkoçi A, Wang J. Micromotor-based lab-on-chip immunoassays. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:1325-1331. [PMID: 23123833 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr32400h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Here we describe the first example of using self-propelled antibody-functionalized synthetic catalytic microengines for capturing and transporting target proteins between the different reservoirs of a lab-on-a-chip (LOC) device. A new catalytic polymer/Ni/Pt microtube engine, containing carboxy moieties on its mixed poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)/COOH-PEDOT polymeric outermost layer, is further functionalized with the antibody receptor to selectively recognize and capture the target protein. The new motor-based microchip immunoassay operations are carried out without any bulk fluid flow, replacing the common washing steps in antibody-based protein bioassays with the active transport of the captured protein throughout the different reservoirs, where each step of the immunoassay takes place. A first microchip format involving an 'on-the-fly' double-antibody sandwich assay (DASA) is used for demonstrating the selective capture of the target protein, in the presence of excess of non-target proteins. A secondary antibody tagged with a polymeric-sphere tracer allows the direct visualization of the binding events. In a second approach the immuno-nanomotor captures and transports the microsphere-tagged antigen through a microchannel network. An anti-protein-A modified microengine is finally used to demonstrate the selective capture, transport and convenient label-free optical detection of a Staphylococcus aureus target bacteria (containing proteinA in its cell wall) in the presence of a large excess of non-target (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cells. The resulting nanomotor-based microchip immunoassay offers considerable potential for diverse applications in clinical diagnostics, environmental and security monitoring fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel García
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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10
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Madian AG, Rochelle NS, Regnier FE. Mass-linked immuno-selective assays in targeted proteomics. Anal Chem 2012; 85:737-48. [PMID: 22950521 DOI: 10.1021/ac302071k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf G Madian
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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11
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Schuck P, Zhao H. The role of mass transport limitation and surface heterogeneity in the biophysical characterization of macromolecular binding processes by SPR biosensing. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 627:15-54. [PMID: 20217612 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-670-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This chapter presents an introduction to the kinetic analysis of SPR biosensor data for the determination of affinity and kinetic rate constants of biomolecular interactions between an immobilized and a soluble binding partner. The need to be aware of and critically test the assumptions underlying the analysis models is emphasized and the consequences for the experimental design are discussed. The two most common sources of deviation in SPR surface binding kinetics from the ideal pseudo-first-order binding kinetics of bimolecular reactions are mass transport limitations and the heterogeneity of the surface sites. These problems are intrinsic to the use of a biosensor surface for characterizing interactions. The effect of these factors on the observed binding kinetics, and strategies to account for them are reviewed, both in the context of mathematical data analysis, as well as the design of the experiments and controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schuck
- Dynamics of Macromolecular Assembly, Laboratory of Bioengineering and Physical Science, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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12
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Abstract
The combination of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and mass spectrometry (MS) creates a comprehensive protein investigation approach wherein SPR is employed for protein quantification and MS is utilized to structurally characterize the proteins. In such, MS utterly complements the SPR detection and reveals intrinsic protein structural modifications that go unregistered via the SPR detection. Protein complexes and non-specific binding can also be delineated via the SPR-MS approach. Described here are the protocols and know-how for successful and reproducible integration of SPR and MS. The individual steps of the entire SPR-MS process are illustrated via an example showing analysis of myoglobin from human plasma.
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13
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Gronewold TMA, Baumgartner A, Hierer J, Sierra S, Blind M, Schäfer F, Blümer J, Tillmann T, Kiwitz A, Kaiser R, Zabe-Kühn M, Quandt E, Famulok M. Kinetic binding analysis of aptamers targeting HIV-1 proteins by a combination of a microbalance array and mass spectrometry (MAMS). J Proteome Res 2009; 8:3568-77. [PMID: 19469583 DOI: 10.1021/pr900265r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
An enhanced chip-based detection platform was developed by integrating a surface acoustic wave biosensor of the Love-wave type with protein identification by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF MS). The system was applied to characterize the interaction of aptamers with their cognate HIV-1 proteins. The aptamers, which target two proteins of HIV-1, were identified using an automated in vitro selection platform. For aptamers S66A-C6 and S68B-C5, which target the V3 loop of the HIV-1 envelope protein gp120, KD values of 406 and 791 nM, respectively, were measured. Aptamer S69A-C15 was shown to bind HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (HIV-1 RT) with a KD value of 637 nM when immobilized on the biosensor surface. HIV-1 RT was identified with high significance using MALDI-ToF MS even in crude protein mixtures. The V3-loop of gp120 could be directly identified when using chip-bound purified protein samples. From crude protein mixtures, it could be identified indirectly with high significance via its fusion-partner glutathione-S-transferase (GST). Our data show that the combination of the selectivity of aptamers with a sensitive detection by MS enables the reliable and quantitative analysis of kinetic binding events of protein solutions in real time.
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14
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Bellon S, Buchmann W, Gonnet F, Jarroux N, Anger-Leroy M, Guillonneau F, Daniel R. Hyphenation of Surface Plasmon Resonance Imaging to Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry by On-Chip Mass Spectrometry and Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis. Anal Chem 2009; 81:7695-702. [DOI: 10.1021/ac901140m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Bellon
- CNRS, UMR8587, Université d’Evry-Val-d’Essonne, Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l’Environnement, 91025 Evry, France, Université d’Evry-Val-d’Essonne, Laboratoire Matériaux Polymères aux Interfaces, 91025 Evry, France, GENOPTICS Bio Interactions-HORIBA Scientific, 91401 Orsay, France, and Université Paris Descartes, Plate-Forme Protéomique Paris 5, 75014 Paris, France
| | - W. Buchmann
- CNRS, UMR8587, Université d’Evry-Val-d’Essonne, Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l’Environnement, 91025 Evry, France, Université d’Evry-Val-d’Essonne, Laboratoire Matériaux Polymères aux Interfaces, 91025 Evry, France, GENOPTICS Bio Interactions-HORIBA Scientific, 91401 Orsay, France, and Université Paris Descartes, Plate-Forme Protéomique Paris 5, 75014 Paris, France
| | - F. Gonnet
- CNRS, UMR8587, Université d’Evry-Val-d’Essonne, Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l’Environnement, 91025 Evry, France, Université d’Evry-Val-d’Essonne, Laboratoire Matériaux Polymères aux Interfaces, 91025 Evry, France, GENOPTICS Bio Interactions-HORIBA Scientific, 91401 Orsay, France, and Université Paris Descartes, Plate-Forme Protéomique Paris 5, 75014 Paris, France
| | - N. Jarroux
- CNRS, UMR8587, Université d’Evry-Val-d’Essonne, Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l’Environnement, 91025 Evry, France, Université d’Evry-Val-d’Essonne, Laboratoire Matériaux Polymères aux Interfaces, 91025 Evry, France, GENOPTICS Bio Interactions-HORIBA Scientific, 91401 Orsay, France, and Université Paris Descartes, Plate-Forme Protéomique Paris 5, 75014 Paris, France
| | - M. Anger-Leroy
- CNRS, UMR8587, Université d’Evry-Val-d’Essonne, Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l’Environnement, 91025 Evry, France, Université d’Evry-Val-d’Essonne, Laboratoire Matériaux Polymères aux Interfaces, 91025 Evry, France, GENOPTICS Bio Interactions-HORIBA Scientific, 91401 Orsay, France, and Université Paris Descartes, Plate-Forme Protéomique Paris 5, 75014 Paris, France
| | - F. Guillonneau
- CNRS, UMR8587, Université d’Evry-Val-d’Essonne, Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l’Environnement, 91025 Evry, France, Université d’Evry-Val-d’Essonne, Laboratoire Matériaux Polymères aux Interfaces, 91025 Evry, France, GENOPTICS Bio Interactions-HORIBA Scientific, 91401 Orsay, France, and Université Paris Descartes, Plate-Forme Protéomique Paris 5, 75014 Paris, France
| | - R. Daniel
- CNRS, UMR8587, Université d’Evry-Val-d’Essonne, Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l’Environnement, 91025 Evry, France, Université d’Evry-Val-d’Essonne, Laboratoire Matériaux Polymères aux Interfaces, 91025 Evry, France, GENOPTICS Bio Interactions-HORIBA Scientific, 91401 Orsay, France, and Université Paris Descartes, Plate-Forme Protéomique Paris 5, 75014 Paris, France
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15
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Visser NFC, Heck AJR. Surface plasmon resonance mass spectrometry in proteomics. Expert Rev Proteomics 2008; 5:425-33. [PMID: 18532910 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.5.3.425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Due to the enormous complexity of the proteome, focus in proteomics shifts more and more from the study of the complete proteome to the targeted analysis of part of the proteome. The isolation of this specific part of the proteome generally includes an affinity-based enrichment. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR), a label-free technique able to follow enrichment in real-time and in a semiquantitative manner, is an emerging tool for targeted affinity enrichment. Furthermore, in combination with mass spectrometry (MS), SPR can be used to both selectively enrich for and identify proteins from a complex sample. Here we illustrate the use of SPR-MS to solve proteomics-based research questions, describing applications that use very different types of immobilized components: such as small (drug or messenger) molecules, peptides, DNA and proteins. We evaluate the current possibilities and limitations and discuss the future developments of the SPR-MS technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasja F C Visser
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research & Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Sorbonnelaan 16, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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16
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Jason-Moller L, Murphy M, Bruno J. Overview of Biacore systems and their applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; Chapter 19:Unit 19.13. [PMID: 18429302 DOI: 10.1002/0471140864.ps1913s45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) allows for the investigation of the functional nature of binding interactions and provides detailed kinetic information across a wide range of molecular weights, including small molecules, all without the use of labels. Here the various Biacore instrument platforms and their primary uses, ranging from semi-automated systems designed for simple, flexible basic research to fully automated, high-throughput systems, and systems designed to function in regulated environments, are all highlighted. The available sensor chip surfaces and immobilization techniques are also discussed. Biacore SPR biosensors can be used for a wide variety of assays, including specificity, active concentration measurement, kinetics, and affinity and thermodynamic parameters. Biacore SPR biosensors, which measure real-time analysis of biospecific interactions without the use of labeled molecules, can be used for a wide variety of protein interaction assays. In this unit, examples and recommendations for studying protein interactions with a variety of molecules are provided. This unit also shows how the technology can be used to determine binding specificity, active concentration measurements, and the determination of kinetic and thermodynamic parameters.
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17
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Visser NFC, Scholten A, van den Heuvel RHH, Heck AJR. Surface-plasmon-resonance-based chemical proteomics: efficient specific extraction and semiquantitative identification of cyclic nucleotide-binding proteins from cellular lysates by using a combination of surface plasmon resonance, sequential elution and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Chembiochem 2008; 8:298-305. [PMID: 17206730 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200600449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chemical proteomics is a powerful methodology for identifying the cellular targets of small molecules, however, it is biased towards abundant proteins. Therefore, quantitative strategies are needed to distinguish between specific and nonspecific interactions. Here, we explore the potential of the combination of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) coupled to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) as an alternative approach in chemical proteomics. We coupled cGMP molecules to the SPR chip, and monitored the binding and dissociation of proteins from a human lysate by using sequential elution steps and SPR. The eluted proteins were subsequently identified by LC-MS/MS. Our approach enabled the efficient and selective extraction of low-abundant cyclic-nucleotide-binding proteins such as cGMP-dependent protein kinase, and a quantitative assessment of the less- and nonspecific competitive binding proteins. The data show that SPR-based chemical proteomics is a promising alternative for the efficient specific extraction and quantitative identification of small-molecule-binding proteins from complex mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasja F C Visser
- Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Sorbonnelaan 16, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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18
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Marchesini GR, Buijs J, Haasnoot W, Hooijerink D, Jansson O, Nielen MWF. Nanoscale Affinity Chip Interface for Coupling Inhibition SPR Immunosensor Screening with Nano-LC TOF MS. Anal Chem 2008; 80:1159-68. [DOI: 10.1021/ac071564p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. R. Marchesini
- RIKILTInstitute of Food Safety, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands, GE Healthcare Europe AB, Björkgatan 30, 75125 Uppsala, Sweden, and Wageningen University, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - J. Buijs
- RIKILTInstitute of Food Safety, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands, GE Healthcare Europe AB, Björkgatan 30, 75125 Uppsala, Sweden, and Wageningen University, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - W. Haasnoot
- RIKILTInstitute of Food Safety, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands, GE Healthcare Europe AB, Björkgatan 30, 75125 Uppsala, Sweden, and Wageningen University, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - D. Hooijerink
- RIKILTInstitute of Food Safety, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands, GE Healthcare Europe AB, Björkgatan 30, 75125 Uppsala, Sweden, and Wageningen University, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - O. Jansson
- RIKILTInstitute of Food Safety, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands, GE Healthcare Europe AB, Björkgatan 30, 75125 Uppsala, Sweden, and Wageningen University, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - M. W. F. Nielen
- RIKILTInstitute of Food Safety, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands, GE Healthcare Europe AB, Björkgatan 30, 75125 Uppsala, Sweden, and Wageningen University, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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19
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Benesch JLP, Ruotolo BT, Simmons DA, Robinson CV. Protein complexes in the gas phase: technology for structural genomics and proteomics. Chem Rev 2007; 107:3544-67. [PMID: 17649985 DOI: 10.1021/cr068289b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin L P Benesch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
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Nedelkov D. Mass spectrometry-based immunoassays for the next phase of clinical applications. Expert Rev Proteomics 2007; 3:631-40. [PMID: 17181477 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.3.6.631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recent applications of affinity mass spectrometry into clinical laboratories brought a renewed interest in immunoaffinity mass spectrometry as a more specific affinity method capable of selectively targeting and studying protein biomarkers. In mass spectrometry-based immunoassays, proteins are affinity retrieved from biological samples via surface-immobilized antibodies, and are then detected via mass spectrometric analysis. The assays benefit from dual specificity, which is brought about by the affinity of the antibody and the protein mass readout. The mass spectrometry aspect of the assays enables single-step detection of protein isoforms and their individual quantification. This review offers a comprehensive review of mass spectrometry-based immunoassays, from historical perspectives in the development of the immunoaffinity mass spectrometry, to current applications of the assays in clinical and population proteomic endeavors. Described in more detail are two types of mass spectrometry-based immunoassays, one of which incorporates surface plasmon resonance detection for protein quantification. All mass spectrometry-based immunoassays offer high-throughput targeted protein investigation, with clear implications in clinical research, encompassing biomarker discovery and validation, and in diagnostic settings as the next-generation immunoassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dobrin Nedelkov
- Intrinsic Bioprobes Inc., 2155 East Conference Drive, Suite 104, Tempe, AZ 85284, USA.
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21
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Cooper MA. Optical biosensors: where next and how soon? Drug Discov Today 2006; 11:1061-7. [PMID: 17129824 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2006.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2006] [Revised: 08/17/2006] [Accepted: 10/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
From a direct comparison of the technical benefits of labelled reporter assays with the benefits of label-free assays, label-free appears to have significant advantages. Faster assay development times; accurate, high information content data; and less interference from labels. However, optical label-free platforms have not yet made a major impact in the drug discovery technology markets; are often viewed as having poor throughput, limited application; and are difficult to learn and use effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Cooper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
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22
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Lazar IM, Grym J, Foret F. Microfabricated devices: A new sample introduction approach to mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2006; 25:573-94. [PMID: 16508917 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Instrument miniaturization is one way of addressing the issues of sensitivity, speed, throughput, and cost of analysis in DNA diagnostics, proteomics, and related biotechnology areas. Microfluidics is of special interest for handling very small sample amounts, with minimal concerns related to sample loss and cross-contamination, problems typical for standard fluidic manipulations. Furthermore, the small footprint of these microfabricated structures leads to instrument designs suitable for high-density, parallel sample processing, and high-throughput analyses. In addition to miniaturized systems designed with optical or electrochemical detection, microfluidic devices interfaced to mass spectrometry have also been demonstrated. Instruments for automated sample infusion analysis are now commercially available, and microdevices utilizing chromatographic or capillary electrophoresis separation techniques are under development. This review aims at documenting the technologies and applications of microfluidic mass spectrometry for the analysis of proteomic samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iulia M Lazar
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA.
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23
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Kuroda K, Kato M, Mima J, Ueda M. Systems for the detection and analysis of protein–protein interactions. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 71:127-36. [PMID: 16568316 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-006-0395-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2005] [Revised: 02/23/2006] [Accepted: 02/25/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of protein-protein interactions is important for developing a better understanding of the functional annotations of proteins that are involved in various biochemical reactions in vivo. The discovery that a protein with an unknown function binds to a protein with a known function could provide a significant clue to the cellular pathway concerning the unknown protein. Therefore, information on protein-protein interactions obtained by the comprehensive analysis of all gene products is available for the construction of interactive networks consisting of individual protein-protein interactions, which, in turn, permit elaborate biological phenomena to be understood. Systems for detecting protein-protein interactions in vitro and in vivo have been developed, and have been modified to compensate for limitations. Using these novel approaches, comprehensive and reliable information on protein-protein interactions can be determined. Systems that permit this to be achieved are described in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouichi Kuroda
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Japan
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24
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Larsericsdotter H, Jansson O, Zhukov A, Areskoug D, Oscarsson S, Buijs J. Optimizing the surface plasmon resonance/mass spectrometry interface for functional proteomics applications: How to avoid and utilize nonspecific adsorption. Proteomics 2006; 6:2355-64. [PMID: 16548056 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200401353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A great challenge in functional or interaction proteomics is to map protein networks and establish a functional relationship between expressed proteins and their effects on cellular processes. These cellular processes can be studied by characterizing binding partners to a "bait" protein against a complex background of other molecules present in cells, tissues, or biological fluids. This so-called ligand fishing process can be performed by combining surface plasmon resonance biosensors with MS. This combination generates a unique and automated method to quantify and characterize biomolecular interactions, and identify the interaction partners. A general problem in chip-based affinity separation systems is the large surface-to-volume ratio of the fluidic system. Extreme care, therefore, is required to avoid nonspecific adsorption, resulting in losses of the target protein and carry-over during the affinity purification process, which may lead to unwanted signals in the final MS analysis and a reduction in sensitivity. In this study, carry-over of protein and low-molecular weight substances has been investigated systematically and cleaning strategies are presented. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that by the introduction of colloidal particles as a capturing and transporting agent, the recovery yield of the affinity-purified ligand could be improved nearly twofold.
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25
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Catimel B, Rothacker J, Catimel J, Faux M, Ross J, Connolly L, Clippingdale A, Burgess AW, Nice E. Biosensor-Based Micro-Affinity Purification for the Proteomic Analysis of Protein Complexes. J Proteome Res 2005; 4:1646-56. [PMID: 16212417 DOI: 10.1021/pr050132x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A biosensor-based micro-affinity purification method to recover protein binding partners and their complexes for down stream proteomics analysis has been developed using the BIAcore 3000 fitted with a prototype Surface Prep Unit (SPU). The recombinant GST-intracellular domain of E-cadherin or the recombinant GST-beta-catenin binding domain of Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC) were immobilized onto the SPU and used to affinity purify binding partners from chromatographically enriched SW480 colon cancer cell lysates. A GST- immobilized surface was used as a control. Samples recovered from the SPU were subjected to SDS-PAGE with sensitive Coomassie staining followed by automated in-gel digestion and LC-MS/MS. The results obtained using the SPU were compared with similar experiments performed using Sepharose beads.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Catimel
- The Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne Tumor Biology Branch, PO Box 2008, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria 3050, Melbourne, Australia
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26
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Grote J, Dankbar N, Gedig E, Koenig S. Surface Plasmon Resonance/Mass Spectrometry Interface. Anal Chem 2005; 77:1157-62. [PMID: 15858999 DOI: 10.1021/ac049033d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A strategy for combining surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biomolecular interaction analysis, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) is reported. Both techniques are highly complementary but need separate optimization to improve their individual specificity and sensitivity. Sensor surfaces that are optimal for kinetic analysis are not well suited for MALDI-MS and vice versa. In addition, the transfer of analyte from SPR to MS is crucial and often accompanied by sample loss. To address both of these points, a bifunctional SPR fluid cell was constructed where optimized surfaces can be used for binding studies and MS simultaneously with regard to the special need of each technique. The setup guarantees that the SPR and the loading experiment for MS are performed at identical conditions. A removable pin carries the affinity-surface-bound analyte to the mass spectrometer so that handling is minimized, avoiding analyte elution. Functionalized transfer pins can also be used independently of SPR for microaffinity capture-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Grote
- Integrated Functional Genomics, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, Medical Faculty, University of Muenster, Roentgenstrasse 21, 48149 Muenster, Germany
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27
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Li C, Lee KH. Affinity depletion of albumin from human cerebrospinal fluid using Cibacron-blue-3G-A-derivatized photopatterned copolymer in a microfluidic device. Anal Biochem 2004; 333:381-8. [PMID: 15450816 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2004.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In the context of proteomic research, affinity separations for the prefractionation of complex mixtures, such as cell lysates or human tissues, have become increasingly important. Microfluidic devices have shown significant potential to achieve fast analysis and low sample consumption. Here, we demonstrate the use of a microfluidic device to achieve affinity capture of albumin from human cerebrospinal fluid. Traditional photolithography and wet etching techniques were used to fabricate devices from borosilicate glass wafers. Monolithic porous polymer was prepared in a microfluidic channel by photopolymerization of glycidyl methacrylate and trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate. After derivatization with Cibacron-blue-3G-A, the modified polymer was used to achieve affinity capture of lysozyme and human albumin. Both fluorescence detection and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry were used to validate the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Li
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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28
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Rich RL, Myszka DG. A survey of the year 2002 commercial optical biosensor literature. J Mol Recognit 2004; 16:351-82. [PMID: 14732928 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We have compiled 819 articles published in the year 2002 that involved commercial optical biosensor technology. The literature demonstrates that the technology's application continues to increase as biosensors are contributing to diverse scientific fields and are used to examine interactions ranging in size from small molecules to whole cells. Also, the variety of available commercial biosensor platforms is increasing and the expertise of users is improving. In this review, we use the literature to focus on the basic types of biosensor experiments, including kinetics, equilibrium analysis, solution competition, active concentration determination and screening. In addition, using examples of particularly well-performed analyses, we illustrate the high information content available in the primary response data and emphasize the impact of including figures in publications to support the results of biosensor analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Rich
- Center for Biomolecular Interaction Analysis, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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29
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Burns KL, May SW. Separation methods applicable to the evaluation of enzyme-inhibitor and enzyme-substrate interactions. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2004; 797:175-90. [PMID: 14630149 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2003.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes catalyze a rich variety of metabolic transformations, and do so with very high catalytic rates under mild conditions, and with high reaction regioselectivity and stereospecificity. These characteristics make biocatalysis highly attractive from the perspectives of biotechnology, analytical chemistry, and organic synthesis. This review, containing 128 references, focuses on the use of separation techniques in the elucidation of enzyme-inhibitor and enzyme-substrate interactions. While coverage of the literature is selective, a broad perspective is maintained. Topics considered include chromatographic methods with soluble or immobilized enzymes, capillary electrophoresis, biomolecular interaction analysis tandem mass spectrometry (BIA-MS), phage and ribosomal display, and immobilized enzyme reactors (IMERs). Examples were selected to demonstrate the relevance and application of these methods for determining enzyme kinetic parameters, ranking of enzyme inhibitors, and stereoselective synthesis and separation of chiral entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi L Burns
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 30332, GA, USA
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30
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Abstract
The combination of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and mass spectrometry (MS) has created a unique approach to protein investigations. Surface plasmon resonance is used to quantify interactions between proteins and surface-immobilized ligands, and MS is used to determine the structural features of the bound proteins. Recent progress in SPR-MS includes improved methods and operations, increased limits of detection, multi-protein analysis and protein-complex delineation. With the subsequent design of SPR protein arrays, SPR-MS is expected to enter into the field of high-throughput protein interaction discovery and miniaturized diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dobrin Nedelkov
- Intrinsic Bioprobes, 625 South Smith Rd, Suite 22, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA.
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31
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Figeys D. Proteomics in 2002: a year of technical development and wide-ranging applications. Anal Chem 2003; 75:2891-905. [PMID: 12945794 DOI: 10.1021/ac030142m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Figeys
- MDS-Proteomics, 251 Attwell Drive, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M9W 7H4
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32
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Svitel J, Balbo A, Mariuzza RA, Gonzales NR, Schuck P. Combined affinity and rate constant distributions of ligand populations from experimental surface binding kinetics and equilibria. Biophys J 2003; 84:4062-77. [PMID: 12770910 PMCID: PMC1302986 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(03)75132-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2002] [Accepted: 02/21/2003] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present article considers the influence of heterogeneity in a mobile analyte or in an immobilized ligand population on the surface binding kinetics and equilibrium isotherms. We describe strategies for solving the inverse problem of calculating two-dimensional distributions of rate and affinity constants from experimental data on surface binding kinetics, such as obtained from optical biosensors. Although the characterization of a heterogeneous population of analytes binding to uniform surface sites may be possible under suitable experimental conditions, computational difficulties currently limit this approach. In contrast, the case of uniform analytes binding to heterogeneous populations of surface sites is computationally feasible, and can be combined with Tikhonov-Phillips and maximum entropy regularization techniques that provide the simplest distribution that is consistent with the data. The properties of this ligand distribution analysis are explored with several experimental and simulated data sets. The resulting two-dimensional rate and affinity constant distributions can describe well experimental kinetic traces measured with optical biosensors. The use of kinetic surface binding data can give significantly higher resolution than affinity distributions from the binding isotherms alone. The shape and the level of detail of the calculated distributions depend on the experimental conditions, such as contact times and the concentration range of the analyte. Despite the flexibility introduced by considering surface site distributions, the impostor application of this model to surface binding data from transport limited binding processes or from analyte distributions can be identified by large residuals, if a sufficient range of analyte concentrations and contact times are used. The distribution analysis can provide a rational interpretation of complex experimental surface binding kinetics, and provides an analytical tool for probing the homogeneity of the populations of immobilized protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Svitel
- Division of Bioengineering & Physical Science, ORS, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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33
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Abstract
A series of exciting reports over the past two years has established the usefulness of protein chips and made important advances in preparing protein arrays. However, several technical challenges must still be addressed to make these tools available to the wider community of researchers. Here, we discusses these challenges and survey recent opportunities for creating quantitative assays, preparing and immobilizing large numbers of proteins, using detection methods to analyze the results of chip-based experiments, and using informatics tools to interpret these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Sam Lee
- Dept Chemistry and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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34
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Gonzales NR, Schuck P, Schlom J, Kashmiri SVS. Surface plasmon resonance-based competition assay to assess the sera reactivity of variants of humanized antibodies. J Immunol Methods 2002; 268:197-210. [PMID: 12215388 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(02)00205-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
While clinical trials are the only way to evaluate the immunogenicity, in patients, of murine or genetically engineered humanized variants of a potentially therapeutic or diagnostic monoclonal antibody (MAb), ethical and logistical considerations of clinical trials do not permit the evaluation of variants of a given MAb that are generated to minimize its immunogenicity. The most promising variant could be identified by comparing the reactivities of the parental antibody (Ab) and its variants to the sera of patients containing anti-variable region (anti-VR) Abs to the administered parental Ab. We have developed a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor-based assay to monitor the binding of the sera anti-VR Abs to the parental Ab and the inhibition of this binding by the variants. SPR biosensors allow the real-time detection and monitoring of the binding between an immobilized protein and its soluble ligand without the need for prior purification and labeling of the mobile analyte. This new assay requires no radiolabeling, is relatively less time-consuming, and uses only small amounts of serum (5-20 microl of diluted serum) through a new microfluidic sample handling technique. To validate the assay, we have tested the relative reactivities of the CDR-grafted anti-carcinoma Ab, HuCC49, and its two variants, designated V5 and V10, to the sera of patients who were earlier administered radiolabeled murine CC49 in a clinical trial. A comparison of IC(50)s (the concentrations of the competitor Abs required for 50% inhibition of the binding of sera to immobilized HuCC49) showed that V5 and V10 were less reactive than HuCC49 to the three patients' sera tested. We have also demonstrated, for the first time, the specific detection and comparison of relative amounts of anti-VR Abs present in the sera of different patients without prior removal of anti-murine Fc Abs and/or circulating antigen. This may facilitate the rapid screening, for the presence of anti-VR Abs, of the sera of patients undergoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noreen R Gonzales
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Room 8B09, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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