1
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Dutta A, Santra AK, Ganguly R. Temperature gradient focusing of bio-analyte in a microfluidic channel dealing with non-Newtonian electrolyte considering temperature-dependent zeta potential. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:1369-1376. [PMID: 37332180 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Temperature gradient focusing (TGF) relies on establishing a precise balance between the electrophoretic motility of a target analyte and the advective flow of the background electrolyte (BGE) to locally concentrate the analyte in a microfluidic configuration. This paper presents a finite-element-based numerical analysis where the coupled electric field and the transport equations are solved to describe the effects of the shear-dependent apparent viscosity of a non-Newtonian BGE on the localized concentration buildup of a charged bio-sample inside a microchannel by TGF via Joule heating. Effects of the temperature-dependent nature of the wall zeta potential and the flow behavior index (n) of BGE on the flow, thermal, and species concentration profiles inside the microchannel have been investigated. Study using a fluorescein-Na analyte sample shows that the maximum normalized analyte concentration (Cmax /C0 ) reduces as the zeta potential increases linearly with temperature. The maximum concentration enhancement is achieved when the BGE displays the Newtonian rheology. For example, Cmax /C0 increases 134- to 280-fold when n is increased from 0.8 to 1 (pseudoplastic regime) and again reduces to 190-fold when n increases further from 1 to 1.2 (dilatant regime).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitava Dutta
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aliah University, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Ranjan Ganguly
- Department of Power Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
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2
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Kumar Y, Sinha ASK, Nigam KDP, Dwivedi D, Sangwai JS. Functionalized nanoparticles: Tailoring properties through surface energetics and coordination chemistry for advanced biomedical applications. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:6075-6104. [PMID: 36928281 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr07163k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Significant advances in nanoparticle-related research have been made in the past decade, and amelioration of properties is considered of utmost importance for improving nanoparticle bioavailability, specificity, and catalytic performance. Nanoparticle properties can be tuned through in-synthesis and post-synthesis functionalization operations, with thermodynamic and kinetic parameters playing a crucial role. In spite of robust functionalization techniques based on surface chemistry, scalable technologies have not been explored well. The coordination enhancement via surface functionalization through organic/inorganic/biomolecules material has attracted much attention with morphology modification and shape tuning, which are indispensable aspects in the colloidal phase during biomedical applications. It is envisioned that surface amelioration influences the anchoring properties of nano interfaces for the immobilization of functional groups and biomolecules. In this work, various nanostructure and anchoring methodologies have been discussed, aiming to exploit their full potential in precision engineering applications. Simultaneous discussions on emerging characterization strategies for functionalized assemblies have been made to gain insights into functionalization chemistry. An overview of current advances and prospects of functionalized nanoparticles has been presented, with an emphasis on controllable attributes such as size, shape, morphology, functionality, surface features, Debye and Casimir interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogendra Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036, India.
| | - A S K Sinha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Jais - 229304, India.
| | - K D P Nigam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Jais - 229304, India.
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Adelaide, North Terrace Campus, Adelaide (SA) 5005, Australia
| | - Deepak Dwivedi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Jais - 229304, India.
| | - Jitendra S Sangwai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036, India.
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3
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Thompson JR, Crooks RM. Enriching Cations Using Electric Field Gradients Generated by Bipolar Electrodes in the Absence of Buffer. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202200251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St., Stop A5300 Austin Texas 78712-1224 United States
| | - Richard M. Crooks
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St., Stop A5300 Austin Texas 78712-1224 United States
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4
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Taylor DP, Mathur P, Renaud P, Kaigala GV. Microscale hydrodynamic confinements: shaping liquids across length scales as a toolbox in life sciences. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:1415-1437. [PMID: 35348555 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc01101d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hydrodynamic phenomena can be leveraged to confine a range of biological and chemical species without needing physical walls. In this review, we list methods for the generation and manipulation of microfluidic hydrodynamic confinements in free-flowing liquids and near surfaces, and elucidate the associated underlying theory and discuss their utility in the emerging area of open space microfluidics applied to life-sciences. Microscale hydrodynamic confinements are already starting to transform approaches in fundamental and applied life-sciences research from precise separation and sorting of individual cells, allowing localized bio-printing to multiplexing for clinical diagnosis. Through the choice of specific flow regimes and geometrical boundary conditions, hydrodynamic confinements can confine species across different length scales from small molecules to large cells, and thus be applied to a wide range of functionalities. We here provide practical examples and implementations for the formation of these confinements in different boundary conditions - within closed channels, in between parallel plates and in an open liquid volume. Further, to enable non-microfluidics researchers to apply hydrodynamic flow confinements in their work, we provide simplified instructions pertaining to their design and modelling, as well as to the formation of hydrodynamic flow confinements in the form of step-by-step tutorials and analytical toolbox software. This review is written with the idea to lower the barrier towards the use of hydrodynamic flow confinements in life sciences research.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Taylor
- IBM Research - Europe, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland.
- Microsystems Laboratory 4, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Prerit Mathur
- IBM Research - Europe, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland.
- Dept. of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH), Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Renaud
- Microsystems Laboratory 4, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Govind V Kaigala
- IBM Research - Europe, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland.
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5
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Thompson JR, Wilder LM, Crooks RM. Filtering and continuously separating microplastics from water using electric field gradients formed electrochemically in the absence of buffer. Chem Sci 2021; 12:13744-13755. [PMID: 34760159 PMCID: PMC8549819 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03192a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we use experiments and finite element simulations to investigate the electrokinetics within straight microchannels that contain a bipolar electrode and an unbuffered electrolyte solution. Our findings indicate that in the presence of a sufficiently high electric field, water electrolysis proceeds at the bipolar electrode and leads to variations in both solution conductivity and ionic current density along the length of the microchannel. The significance of this finding is twofold. First, the results indicate that both solution conductivity and ionic current density variations significantly contribute to yield sharp electric field gradients near the bipolar electrode poles. The key point is that ionic current density variations constitute a fundamentally new mechanism for forming electric field gradients in solution. Second, we show that the electric field gradients that form near the bipolar electrode poles in unbuffered solution are useful for continuously separating microplastics from water in a bifurcated microchannel. This result expands the potential scope of membrane-free separations using bipolar electrodes. Water electrolysis at a bipolar electrode in the absence of buffer forms electric field gradients in a fundamentally new way. These electric field gradients are useful for continuously separating microplastics from water.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St., Stop A5300 Austin Texas 78712-1224 USA +1-512-475-8674
| | - Logan M Wilder
- Department of Chemistry, Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St., Stop A5300 Austin Texas 78712-1224 USA +1-512-475-8674
| | - Richard M Crooks
- Department of Chemistry, Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St., Stop A5300 Austin Texas 78712-1224 USA +1-512-475-8674
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6
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Cornejo MA, Linz TH. Harnessing Joule heating in microfluidic thermal gel electrophoresis to create reversible barriers for cell enrichment. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:1238-1246. [PMID: 33570796 PMCID: PMC8178196 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Gel electrophoresis is a ubiquitous bioanalytical technique used to characterize the components of cell lysates. However, analyses of bulk lysates sacrifice detection sensitivity because intracellular biomolecules become diluted, and the liberation of proteases and nucleases can degrade target analytes. This report describes a method to enrich cells directly within a microfluidic gel as a first step toward online measurement of trace intracellular biomolecules with minimal dilution and degradation. Thermal gels were employed as the gel matrix because they can be reversibly converted between liquid and solid phases as a function of temperature. Rather than fabricate costly heating elements into devices to control temperature-and thus the phase of the gel-Joule heating was used instead. Adjoining regions of liquid-phase and solid-phase gel were formed within microfluidic channels by selectively inducing localized Joule heat. Cells migrated through the liquid gel but could not enter the solid gel-accumulating at the liquid-solid gel boundary-whereas small molecule contaminants passed through to waste. Barriers were then liquified on-demand by removing Joule heat to collect the purified, non-lysed cells for downstream analyses. Using voltage-controlled Joule heating to regulate the phase of thermal gels is an innovative approach to facilitate in-gel cell enrichment in low-cost microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario A Cornejo
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Thomas H Linz
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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7
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Xuan X. Review of nonlinear electrokinetic flows in insulator-based dielectrophoresis: From induced charge to Joule heating effects. Electrophoresis 2021; 43:167-189. [PMID: 33991344 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Insulator-based dielectrophoresis (iDEP) has been increasingly used for particle manipulation in various microfluidic applications. It exploits insulating structures to constrict and/or curve electric field lines to generate field gradients for particle dielectrophoresis. However, the presence of these insulators, especially those with sharp edges, causes two nonlinear electrokinetic flows, which, if sufficiently strong, may disturb the otherwise linear electrokinetic motion of particles and affect the iDEP performance. One is induced charge electroosmotic (ICEO) flow because of the polarization of the insulators, and the other is electrothermal flow because of the amplified Joule heating in the fluid around the insulators. Both flows vary nonlinearly with the applied electric field (either DC or AC) and exhibit in the form of fluid vortices, which have been utilized to promote some applications while being suppressed in others. The effectiveness of iDEP benefits from a comprehensive understanding of the nonlinear electrokinetic flows, which is complicated by the involvement of the entire iDEP device into electric polarization and thermal diffusion. This article is aimed to review the works on both the fundamentals and applications of ICEO and electrothermal flows in iDEP microdevices. A personal perspective of some future research directions in the field is also given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangchun Xuan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
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8
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Arango-Restrepo A, Rubi JM. Role of Interfacial Entropy in the Particle-Size Dependence of Thermophoretic Mobility. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:045901. [PMID: 32794822 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.045901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We show that changes in the surface tension of a particle due to the presence of nonionic surfactants and impurities, which alter the interfacial entropy, have an impact on the value of the thermophoretic mobility. We have found the existence of different behaviors of this quantity in terms of particle size which can be summarized through a power law. For particles that are small enough, the thermophoretic mobility is a constant, whereas for larger particles it is linear in the particle radius. These results show the important role of the interfacial entropic effects on the behavior of the thermophoretic mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Arango-Restrepo
- Departament de Física de la Matéria Condensada, Facultat de Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - J M Rubi
- Departament de Física de la Matéria Condensada, Facultat de Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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9
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Tutorial review: Enrichment and separation of neutral and charged species by ion concentration polarization focusing. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1128:149-173. [PMID: 32825899 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Ion concentration polarization focusing (ICPF) is an electrokinetic technique, in which analytes are enriched and separated along a localized electric field gradient in the presence of a counter flow. This field gradient is generated by depletion of ions of the background electrolyte at an ion permselective junction. In this tutorial review, we summarize the fundamental principles and experimental parameters that govern selective ion transport and the stability of the enriched analyte plug. We also examine faradaic ICP (fICP), in which local ion concentration is modulated via electrochemical reactions as an attractive alternative to ICP that achieves similar performance with a decrease in both power consumption and Joule heating. The tutorial covers important challenges to the broad application of ICPF including undesired pH gradients, low volumetric throughput, samples that induce biofouling or are highly conductive, and limited approaches to on- or off-chip analysis. Recent developments in the field that seek to address these challenges are reviewed along with new approaches to maximize enrichment, focus uncharged analytes, and achieve enrichment and separation in water-in-oil droplets. For new practitioners, we discuss practical aspects of ICPF, such as strategies for device design and fabrication and the relative advantages of several types of ion selective junctions and electrodes. Lastly, we summarize tips and tricks for tackling common experimental challenges in ICPF.
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10
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Rasmussen MK, Pedersen JN, Marie R. Size and surface charge characterization of nanoparticles with a salt gradient. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2337. [PMID: 32393750 PMCID: PMC7214416 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15889-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nanometer-sized lipid vesicles present in liquid biopsies and used as biomarkers for several diseases including cancer, Alzheimer’s, and central nervous system diseases. Purification and subsequent size and surface characterization are essential to exosome-based diagnostics. Sample purification is, however, time consuming and potentially damaging, and no current method gives the size and zeta potential from a single measurement. Here, we concentrate exosomes from a dilute solution and measure their size and zeta potential in a one-step measurement with a salt gradient in a capillary channel. The salt gradient causes oppositely directed particle and fluid transport that trap particles. Within minutes, the particle concentration increases more than two orders of magnitude. A fit to the spatial distribution of a single or an ensemble of exosomes returns both their size and surface charge. Our method is applicable for other types of nanoparticles. The capillary is fabricated in a low-cost polymer device. Exosomes are used as disease biomarkers, but their characterization in biological samples is challenging. Here the authors achieve simultaneous characterization of size and zeta potential of individual nanoparticles and particle mixtures at physiological salinity conditions, exploiting a salt gradient in a capillary channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin K Rasmussen
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Oersteds Plads building 345c, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jonas N Pedersen
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Oersteds Plads building 345c, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Rodolphe Marie
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Oersteds Plads building 345c, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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11
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Courtney M, Thompson E, Glawdel T, Ren CL. Counterflow Gradient Focusing in Free-Flow Electrophoresis for Protein Fractionation. Anal Chem 2020; 92:7317-7324. [PMID: 32336087 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Courtney
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L3G1, Canada
| | - Ethan Thompson
- Department of Nanotechnology Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L3G1, Canada
| | - Tomasz Glawdel
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L3G1, Canada
| | - Carolyn L. Ren
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L3G1, Canada
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12
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Ji Q, Hu T, Chen Q, Xin W, Liu X, Chen H. Scalable and continuous preparation of nano-stirbars by electrospinning. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:11767-11770. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04408c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Continuous and scalable synthesis of nano-stirbars is achieved by combining electrospinning and ultrasonic breaking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaozhen Ji
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Centre for Advanced Materials
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- P. R. China
| | - Ting Hu
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Centre for Advanced Materials
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- P. R. China
| | - Qiuxian Chen
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Centre for Advanced Materials
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- P. R. China
| | - Wenwen Xin
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Centre for Advanced Materials
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- P. R. China
| | - Xueyang Liu
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Centre for Advanced Materials
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- P. R. China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Centre for Advanced Materials
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- P. R. China
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13
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Arango-Restrepo A, Rubi JM. The Soret coefficient from the Faxén theorem for a particle moving in a fluid under a temperature gradient. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2019; 42:55. [PMID: 31076909 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2019-11822-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We compute the Soret coefficient for a particle moving through a fluid subjected to a temperature gradient. The viscosity and thermal conductivity of the particle are in general different from those of the solvent and its surface tension may depend on temperature. We find that the Soret coefficient depends linearly on the derivative of the surface tension with respect to temperature and decreases in accordance with the ratios between viscosities and thermal conductivities of particle and solvent. Additionally, the Soret coefficient also depends on a parameter which gives the ratio between Marangoni and shear stresses, a dependence which results from the local stresses inducing a heat flux along the particle surface. Our results are compared to those obtained by using the Stokes value for the mobility in the calculation of the Soret coefficient and in the estimation of the radius of the particle. We show cases in which these differences may be important. The new expression of the Soret coefficient can systematically be used for a more accurate study of thermophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Arango-Restrepo
- Departament de Física de la Matéria Condensada, Facultat de Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 647, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - J Miguel Rubi
- Departament de Física de la Matéria Condensada, Facultat de Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 647, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Geitenbeek RG, Vollenbroek JC, Weijgertze HMH, Tregouet CBM, Nieuwelink AE, Kennedy CL, Weckhuysen BM, Lohse D, van Blaaderen A, van den Berg A, Odijk M, Meijerink A. Luminescence thermometry for in situ temperature measurements in microfluidic devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:1236-1246. [PMID: 30815644 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc01292j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Temperature control for lab-on-a-chip devices has resulted in the broad applicability of microfluidics to, e.g., polymerase chain reaction (PCR), temperature gradient focusing for electrophoresis, and colloidal particle synthesis. However, currently temperature sensors on microfluidic chips either probe temperatures outside the channel (resistance temperature detector, RTD) or are limited in both the temperature range and sensitivity in the case of organic dyes. In this work, we introduce ratiometric bandshape luminescence thermometry in which thermally coupled levels of Er3+ in NaYF4 nanoparticles are used as a promising method for in situ temperature mapping in microfluidic systems. The results, obtained with three types of microfluidic devices, demonstrate that temperature can be monitored inside a microfluidic channel accurately (0.34 °C) up to at least 120 °C with a spot size of ca. 1 mm using simple fiber optics. Higher spatial resolution can be realized by combining luminescence thermometry with confocal microscopy, resulting in a spot size of ca. 9 μm. Further improvement is anticipated to enhance the spatial resolution and allow for 3D temperature profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin G Geitenbeek
- Condensed Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Jeroen C Vollenbroek
- BIOS, the Lab-on-a-Chip group, MESA+ Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. box 217, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Hannah M H Weijgertze
- Condensed Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Corentin B M Tregouet
- BIOS, the Lab-on-a-Chip group, MESA+ Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. box 217, Enschede, The Netherlands and Physics of Fluids, MESA+ Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. box 217, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Eva Nieuwelink
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Chris L Kennedy
- Soft Condensed Matter, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bert M Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Detlef Lohse
- Physics of Fluids, MESA+ Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. box 217, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Alfons van Blaaderen
- Soft Condensed Matter, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert van den Berg
- BIOS, the Lab-on-a-Chip group, MESA+ Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. box 217, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Mathieu Odijk
- BIOS, the Lab-on-a-Chip group, MESA+ Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. box 217, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Andries Meijerink
- Condensed Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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15
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A Handy Flexible Micro-Thermocouple Using Low-Melting-Point Metal Alloys. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19020314. [PMID: 30646594 PMCID: PMC6359204 DOI: 10.3390/s19020314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A handy, flexible micro-thermocouple using low-melting-point metal alloys is proposed in this paper. The thermocouple has the advantages of simple fabrication and convenient integration. Bismuth/gallium-based mixed alloys are used as thermocouple materials. To precisely inject the metal alloys to the location of the sensing area, a micro-polydimethylsiloxane post is designed within the sensing area to prevent outflow of the metal alloy to another thermocouple pole during the metal-alloy injection. Experimental results showed that the Seebeck coefficient of this thermocouple reached −10.54 μV/K, which was much higher than the previously reported 0.1 μV/K. The thermocouple was also be bent at 90° more than 200 times without any damage when the mass ratio of the bismuth-based alloy was <60% in the metal-alloy mixture. This technology mitigated the difficulty of depositing traditional thin–film thermocouples on soft substrates. Therefore, the thermocouple demonstrated its potential for use in microfluidic chips, which are usually flexible devices.
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16
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Tai CT, See HH. Rapid quantification of quinine by multi-stacking in a portable microchip electrophoresis system. Electrophoresis 2018; 40:455-461. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chee Tung Tai
- Centre for Sustainable Nanomaterials; Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; UTM Johor Bahru Johor Malaysia
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; UTM Johor Bahru Johor Malaysia
| | - Hong Heng See
- Centre for Sustainable Nanomaterials; Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; UTM Johor Bahru Johor Malaysia
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; UTM Johor Bahru Johor Malaysia
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17
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Wang F, Liu L, Li G, Li P, Wen Y, Zhang G, Wang Y, Lee GB, Li WJ. Thermometry of photosensitive and optically induced electrokinetics chips. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2018; 4:26. [PMID: 31057914 PMCID: PMC6220187 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-018-0029-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Optically induced electrokinetics (OEK)-based technologies, which integrate the high-resolution dynamic addressability of optical tweezers and the high-throughput capability of electrokinetic forces, have been widely used to manipulate, assemble, and separate biological and non-biological entities in parallel on scales ranging from micrometers to nanometers. However, simultaneously introducing optical and electrical energy into an OEK chip may induce a problematic temperature increase, which poses the potential risk of exceeding physiological conditions and thus inducing variations in cell behavior or activity or even irreversible cell damage during bio-manipulation. Here, we systematically measure the temperature distribution and changes in an OEK chip arising from the projected images and applied alternating current (AC) voltage using an infrared camera. We have found that the average temperature of a projected area is influenced by the light color, total illumination area, ratio of lighted regions to the total controlled areas, and amplitude of the AC voltage. As an example, optically induced thermocapillary flow is triggered by the light image-induced temperature gradient on a photosensitive substrate to realize fluidic hydrogel patterning. Our studies show that the projected light pattern needs to be properly designed to satisfy specific application requirements, especially for applications related to cell manipulation and assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 110016 Shenyang, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Shenzhen Academy of Robotics, 518057 Shenzhen, China
| | - Lianqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 110016 Shenyang, China
| | - Gongxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Process Control for Light Industry of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Automation, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Pan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 110016 Shenyang, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Yangdong Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 110016 Shenyang, China
| | | | - Yuechao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 110016 Shenyang, China
| | - Gwo-Bin Lee
- Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, 30013 Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Wen Jung Li
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 110016 Shenyang, China
- Shenzhen Academy of Robotics, 518057 Shenzhen, China
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, , City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong China
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18
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Chami B, Socol M, Manghi M, Bancaud A. Modeling of DNA transport in viscoelastic electro-hydrodynamic flows for enhanced size separation. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:5069-5079. [PMID: 29873390 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm00611c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
DNA separation and analysis have advanced over recent years, benefiting from microfluidic systems that reduce sample volumes and analysis costs, essential for sequencing and disease identification in body fluids. We recently developed the μLAS technology that enables the separation, concentration, and analysis of nucleic acids with high sensitivity. The technology combines a hydrodynamic flow actuation and an opposite electrophoretic force in viscoelastic polymer solutions. Combining hydrodynamics first principles and statistical mechanics, we provide, in this paper, a quantitative model of DNA transport capable of predicting device performance with the exclusive use of one adjustable parameter associated with the amplitude of transverse viscoelastic forces. The model proves to be in remarkable agreement with DNA separation experiments, and allows us to define optimal conditions that result in a maximal resolution length of 7 bp. We finally discuss the usefulness of our model for separation technologies involving viscoelastic liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Chami
- LAAS-CNRS, 7 avenue du colonel Roche, BP 54200, 31031 Toulouse Cedex, France.
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19
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Di Lecce S, Bresme F. Soret coefficients and thermal conductivities of alkali halide aqueous solutions via non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2018.1481960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Di Lecce
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Fernando Bresme
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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20
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Liu N, Phan DT, Lew WS. An Enclosed Paper Microfluidic Chip as a Sample Preconcentrator Based on Ion Concentration Polarization. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2017; 11:1392-1399. [PMID: 28792905 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2017.2727064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Sensitivity is an essential consideration for microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) when these devices are used for low concentration sample detection. Very recently, ion concentration polarization (ICP)-based μPADs are emerging as novel tools for bio-sample preconcentration. In this study, we develop an enclosed paper-based microfluidic platform as a preconcentrator based on the ICP effect. This paper chip is fabricated by a Parafilm embedding technique and holds many advantages over traditional open-channel μPADs, which usually suffer from sample contamination and evaporation problems. The enclosed structure minimizes sample evaporation, reduces contamination risk, and increases the mechanical strength of the paper channel. The experiment results show that more than 100-fold concentration enhancement can be achieved in the enclosed paper device, which is comparable with most reported paper-based ICP devices. Additionally, other improved ICP performance has been observed on the enclosed device, including better concentration plug profile, increased concentration durability.
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21
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Hosseini A, Philpott DN, Soleymani L. Enrichment of magnetic particles using temperature and magnetic field gradients induced by benchtop fabricated micro-electromagnets. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:4097-4104. [PMID: 29076512 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00825b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The active transport of analytes inside biosensing systems is important for reducing the response time and enhancing the limit-of-detection of these systems. Due to the ease of functionalization with bio-recognition agents and manipulation with magnetic fields, magnetic particles are widely used for active and directed transport of biological analytes. On-chip active electromagnets are ideally suited for manipulating magnetic particles in an automated and miniaturized fashion inside biosensing systems. Unfortunately, the magnetic force exerted by these devices decays rapidly as we move away from the device edges, and increasing the generated force to the levels necessary for particle manipulation requires a parallel increase in the applied current and the resultant Joule heating. In this paper, we designed a study to understand the combined role of thermal and magnetic forces on the movement of magnetic particles in order to extend the interaction distance of on-chip magnetic devices beyond the device edges. For this purpose, we used a rapid prototyping method to create an active/passive on-chip electromagnet with a micro/nano-structured active layer and a patterned ferromagnetic passive layer. We demonstrated that the measured terminal velocities of particles positioned near the electromagnet edge (∼5.5 μm) closely reflect the values obtained by multi-physics modelling. Interestingly, we observed a two orders of magnitude deviation between the experimental and modelling results for the terminal velocities of particles far from the electromagnet edge (∼55.5 μm). Heat modelling of the system using experimentally-measured thermal gradients indicates that this discrepancy is related to the enhanced fluid movement caused by thermal forces. This study enables the rational design of thermo-magnetic systems for thermally driving and magnetically capturing particles that are positioned at distances tens to hundreds of microns away from the edges of on-chip magnetic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hosseini
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
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22
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Enhanced physicochemical properties of polydimethylsiloxane based microfluidic devices and thin films by incorporating synthetic micro-diamond. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15109. [PMID: 29118385 PMCID: PMC5678186 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15408-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic micro-diamond-polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composite microfluidic chips and thin films were produced using indirect 3D printing and spin coating fabrication techniques. Microfluidic chips containing up to 60 wt% micro-diamond were successfully cast and bonded. Physicochemical properties, including the dispersion pattern, hydrophobicity, chemical structure, elasticity and thermal characteristics of both chip and films were investigated. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that the micro-diamond particles were embedded and interconnected within the bulk material of the cast microfluidic chip, whereas in the case of thin films their increased presence at the polymer surface resulted in a reduced hydrophobicity of the composite. The elastic modulus increased from 1.28 for a PDMS control, to 4.42 MPa for the 60 wt% composite, along with a three-fold increase in thermal conductivity, from 0.15 to 0.45 W m−1 K−1. Within the fluidic chips, micro-diamond incorporation enhanced heat dissipation by efficient transfer of heat from within the channels to the surrounding substrate. At a flow rate of 1000 μL/min, the gradient achieved for the 60 wt% composite chip equalled a 9.8 °C drop across a 3 cm long channel, more than twice that observed with the PDMS control chip.
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23
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An Enhanced Platform to Analyse Low-Affinity Amyloid β Protein by Integration of Electrical Detection and Preconcentrator. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14303. [PMID: 29084978 PMCID: PMC5662786 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14338-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensitivity and limit of detection (LOD) enhancement are essential criteria for the development of ultrasensitive molecular sensors. Although various sensor types have been investigated to enhance sensitivity and LOD, analyte detection and its quantification are still challenging, particularly for protein-protein interactions with low association constants. To solve this problem, here, we used ion concentration polarization (ICP)-based preconcentration to increase the local concentration of analytes in a microfluidic platform for LOD improvement. This was the first demonstration of a microfluidic device with an integrated ICP preconcentrator and interdigitated microelectrode (IME) sensor to detect small changes in surface binding between antigens and antibodies. We detected the amyloid beta (Aβ) protein, an Alzheimer's disease marker, with low binding affinity to its antibodies by adopting ICP preconcentration phenomena. We demonstrated that a combination of ICP preconcentrator and IME sensor increased the LOD by 13.8-fold to femtomolar level (8.15 fM), which corresponds to a significant advance for clinical applications.
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24
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Zhao C, Ge Z, Song Y, Yang C. Electrokinetically driven continuous-flow enrichment of colloidal particles by Joule heating induced temperature gradient focusing in a convergent-divergent microfluidic structure. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10803. [PMID: 28883550 PMCID: PMC5589950 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11473-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Enrichment of colloidal particles in continuous flow has not only numerous applications but also poses a great challenge in controlling physical forces that are required for achieving particle enrichment. Here, we for the first time experimentally demonstrate the electrokinetically-driven continuous-flow enrichment of colloidal particles with Joule heating induced temperature gradient focusing (TGF) in a microfluidic convergent-divergent structure. We consider four mechanisms of particle transport, i.e., advection due to electroosmosis, electrophoresis, dielectrophoresis and, and further clarify their roles in the particle enrichment. It is experimentally determined and numerically verified that the particle thermophoresis plays dominant roles in enrichment of all particle sizes considered in this study and the combined effect of electroosmosis-induced advection and electrophoresis is mainly to transport particles to the zone of enrichment. Specifically, the enrichment of particles is achieved with combined DC and AC voltages rather than a sole DC or AC voltage. A numerical model is formulated with consideration of the abovementioned four mechanisms, and the model can rationalize the experimental observations. Particularly, our analysis of numerical and experimental results indicates that thermophoresis which is usually an overlooked mechanism of material transport is crucial for the successful electrokinetic enrichment of particles with Joule heating induced TGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunlu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of MOE, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - Zhengwei Ge
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yongxin Song
- Department of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, 1 Linghai Road, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Chun Yang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
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25
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Novo P, Janasek D. Current advances and challenges in microfluidic free-flow electrophoresis-A critical review. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 991:9-29. [PMID: 29031303 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The research field on microfluidic free-flow electrophoresis has developed vast amounts of devices, methods, applications and raised new questions, often in analogy to conventional techniques from which it derives. Most efforts have been employed on device development and a myriad of architectures and fabrication techniques have been reported using simple proof-of-principle separations. As technological aspects reach a quite mature state, researchers' new challenges include the development of protocols for the separation of complex mixtures, as required in the fields of application. The success of this effort is extremely dependent on the capability to transfer the device's fabrication to an industrial setting as well as to ensure interfacing simplicity, namely at the solutions' supply and collection, and actuation such as electric potential application and temperature control. Other advanced applications such as direct interfacing to downstream systems such as mass spectrometry, integration of sensing and feedback controls will require further development in the laboratory. In this review we provide an overview on the field, from basic concepts, through advanced developments both in the theoretical and experimental arenas, and addressing the above details. A comprehensive survey of designs, materials and applications is presented with particular highlights to most recent developments, namely the integration of electrodes, flow control and hyphenation of microfluidic free-flow electrophoresis with other techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Novo
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., 44227, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6b, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Dirk Janasek
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., 44227, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6b, Dortmund, Germany.
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26
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Kim C, Yoo YK, Han SI, Lee J, Lee D, Lee K, Hwang KS, Lee KH, Chung S, Lee JH. Battery operated preconcentration-assisted lateral flow assay. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:2451-2458. [PMID: 28613296 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00036g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Paper-based analytical devices (e.g. lateral flow assays) are highly advantageous as portable diagnostic systems owing to their low costs and ease of use. Because of their low sensitivity and detection limits for biomolecules, these devices have several limitations in applications for real-field diagnosis. Here, we demonstrate a paper-based preconcentration enhanced lateral flow assay using a commercial β-hCG-based test. Utilizing a simple 9 V battery operation with a low power consumption of approximately 81 μW, we acquire a 25-fold preconcentration factor, demonstrating a clear sensitivity enhancement in the colorimetric lateral flow assay; consequently, clear colors are observed in a rapid kit test line, which cannot be monitored without preconcentration. This device can also facilitate a semi-quantitative platform using the saturation value and/or color intensity in both paper-based colorimetric assays and smartphone-based diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheonjung Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Gwangun-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, South Korea.
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27
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Abstract
Microfluidics has been undergoing fast development in the past two decades due to its promising applications in biotechnology, medicine, and chemistry. Towards these applications, enhancing concentration sensitivity and detection resolution are indispensable to meet the detection limits because of the dilute sample concentrations, ultra-small sample volumes and short detection lengths in microfluidic devices. A variety of microfluidic techniques for concentrating analytes have been developed. This article presents an overview of analyte concentration techniques in microfluidics. We focus on discussing the physical mechanism of each concentration technique with its representative advancements and applications. Finally, the article is concluded by highlighting and discussing advantages and disadvantages of the reviewed techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunlu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of MOE, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (C.Y.); Tel.: +86-29-8266-3222 (C.Z.); +65-6790-4883 (C.Y.)
| | - Zhengwei Ge
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore;
| | - Chun Yang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore;
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (C.Y.); Tel.: +86-29-8266-3222 (C.Z.); +65-6790-4883 (C.Y.)
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28
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Fang Q, Li J, Li S, Duan R, Wang S, Yi Y, Guo X, Qian Y, Huang W, Yang G. Thermally populated “bright” states for wide-range and high temperature sensing in air. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:5702-5705. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc00551b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Using thermally populated brighter excited states, organic sensors have been developed for wide-range and high temperature sensing in air.
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29
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Breadmore MC, Wuethrich A, Li F, Phung SC, Kalsoom U, Cabot JM, Tehranirokh M, Shallan AI, Abdul Keyon AS, See HH, Dawod M, Quirino JP. Recent advances in enhancing the sensitivity of electrophoresis and electrochromatography in capillaries and microchips (2014–2016). Electrophoresis 2016; 38:33-59. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Breadmore
- Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, School of Physical Science University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, School of Physical Science University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
- ASTech, ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies, School of Physical Science University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Alain Wuethrich
- Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, School of Physical Science University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Feng Li
- Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, School of Physical Science University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Sui Ching Phung
- Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, School of Physical Science University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Umme Kalsoom
- Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, School of Physical Science University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Joan M. Cabot
- Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, School of Physical Science University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, School of Physical Science University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Masoomeh Tehranirokh
- ASTech, ARC Training Centre for Portable Analytical Separation Technologies, School of Physical Science University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Aliaa I. Shallan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy Helwan University Cairo Egypt
| | - Aemi S. Abdul Keyon
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Johor Bahru Johor Malaysia
| | - Hong Heng See
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Johor Bahru Johor Malaysia
- Centre for Sustainable Nanomaterials, Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and industrial Research Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Johor Bahru Johor Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Dawod
- Department of Chemistry University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - Joselito P. Quirino
- Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, School of Physical Science University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
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30
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Guan ZY, Wu CY, Wu JT, Tai CH, Yu J, Chen HY. Multifunctional and Continuous Gradients of Biointerfaces Based on Dual Reverse Click Reactions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:13812-13818. [PMID: 27182777 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b03908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Chemical or biological gradients that are composed of multifunctional and/or multidirectional guidance cues are of fundamental importance for prospective biomaterials and biointerfaces. As a proof of concept, a general modification approach for generating multifunctional and continuous gradients was realized via two controlled and reversed click reactions, namely, thermo-activated thiol-yne and copper-free alkyne and azide click reactions. The cell adhesion property of fibroblasts was guided in a gradient with an enhancement, showing that the PEG molecule and RGD peptide were countercurrently immobilized to form such reversed gradients (with negating of the cell adhesion property). Using the gradient modification protocol to also create countercurrent distributions of FGF-2 and BMP-2 gradients, the demonstration of not only multifunctional but also gradient biointerfacial properties was resolved in time latencies on one surface by showing the manipulation in gradients toward proliferation and osteogenic differentiation for adipose-derived stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Yu Guan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yu Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Jyun-Ting Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Heng Tai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Jiashing Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Yeh Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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31
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Tao Y, Ren Y, Liu W, Wu Y, Jia Y, Lang Q, Jiang H. Enhanced particle trapping performance of induced charge electroosmosis. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:1326-36. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Tao
- School of Mechatronics Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin P. R. China
| | - Yukun Ren
- School of Mechatronics Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power Transmission and Control; Zhe Jiang University; Hang Zhou P.R. China
| | - Weiyu Liu
- School of Mechatronics Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin P. R. China
| | - Yupan Wu
- School of Mechatronics Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin P. R. China
| | - Yankai Jia
- School of Mechatronics Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin P. R. China
| | - Qi Lang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin P. R. China
| | - Hongyuan Jiang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin P. R. China
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32
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Food Microfluidics Biosensors. BIOSENSORS FOR SUSTAINABLE FOOD - NEW OPPORTUNITIES AND TECHNICAL CHALLENGES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.coac.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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33
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Preconcentration and Separation of Mixed-Species Samples Near a Nano-Junction in a Convergent Microchannel. SENSORS 2015; 15:30704-15. [PMID: 26690167 PMCID: PMC4721744 DOI: 10.3390/s151229824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A fluidic microchip incorporating a convergent microchannel and a Nafion-nanoporous membrane is proposed for the preconcentration and separation of multi-species samples on a single platform. In the device, sample preconcentration is achieved by means of the ion concentration polarization effect induced at the micro/nano interface under the application of an external electric field, while species separation is achieved by exploiting the different electrophoretic mobilities of the sample components. The experimental results show that the device is capable of detecting C-reactive protein (CRP) with an initial concentration as low as 9.50 × 10−6 mg/L given a sufficient preconcentration time and driving voltage. In addition, it is shown that a mixed-species sample consisting of three negatively-charged components (bovine serum albumin (BSA), tetramethylrhodamine(TAMRA) isothiocyanate-Dextran and fluorescent polymer beads) can be separated and preconcentrated within 20 min given a driving voltage of 100 V across 1 cm microchannel in length. In general, the present results confirm the feasibility of the device for the immunoassay or detection of various multi-species samples under low concentration in the biochemical and biomedical fields. The novel device can therefore improve the detection limit of traditional medical facilities.
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34
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Ha BH, Park J, Destgeer G, Jung JH, Sung HJ. Generation of Dynamic Free-Form Temperature Gradients in a Disposable Microchip. Anal Chem 2015; 87:11568-74. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Byung Hang Ha
- Department
of Mechanical
Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Jinsoo Park
- Department
of Mechanical
Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Ghulam Destgeer
- Department
of Mechanical
Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Jin Ho Jung
- Department
of Mechanical
Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Hyung Jin Sung
- Department
of Mechanical
Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea
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35
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Gagliardi LG, Tascon M, Castells CB. Effect of temperature on acid–base equilibria in separation techniques. A review. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 889:35-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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36
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Escobedo C, Bürgel SC, Kemmerling S, Sauter N, Braun T, Hierlemann A. On-chip lysis of mammalian cells through a handheld corona device. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:2990-2997. [PMID: 26055165 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00552c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
On-chip lysis is required in many lab-on-chip applications involving cell studies. In these applications, the complete disruption of the cellular membrane and a high lysis yield is essential. Here, we present a novel approach to lyse cells on-chip through the application of electric discharges from a corona handheld device. The method only requires a microfluidic chip and a low-cost corona device. We demonstrate the effective lysis of BHK and eGFP HCT 116 cells in the sub-second time range using an embedded microelectrode. We also show cell lysis of non-adherent K562 leukemia cells without the use of an electrode in the chip. Cell lysis has been assessed through the use of bright-field microscopy, high-speed imaging and cell-viability fluorescence probes. The experimental results show effective cell lysis without any bubble formation or significant heating. Due to the simplicity of both the components involved and the lysis procedure, this technique offers an inexpensive lysis option with the potential for integration into lab-on-a-chip devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Escobedo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
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37
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Acoustothermal heating of polydimethylsiloxane microfluidic system. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11851. [PMID: 26138310 PMCID: PMC4490350 DOI: 10.1038/srep11851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report an observation of rapid (exceeding 2,000 K/s) heating of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), one of the most popular microchannel materials, under cyclic loadings at high (~MHz) frequencies. A microheater was developed based on the finding. The heating mechanism utilized vibration damping in PDMS induced by sound waves that were generated and precisely controlled using a conventional surface acoustic wave (SAW) microfluidic system. The refraction of SAW into the PDMS microchip, called the leaky SAW, takes a form of bulk wave and rapidly heats the microchannels in a volumetric manner. The penetration depths were measured to range from 210 μm to 1290 μm, enough to cover most sizes of microchannels. The energy conversion efficiency was SAW frequency-dependent and measured to be the highest at around 30 MHz. Independent actuation of each interdigital transducer (IDT) enabled independent manipulation of SAWs, permitting spatiotemporal control of temperature on the microchip. All the advantages of this microheater facilitated a two-step continuous flow polymerase chain reaction (CFPCR) to achieve the billion-fold amplification of a 134 bp DNA amplicon in less than 3 min.
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38
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Jen CP, Amstislavskaya TG, Chen KF, Chen YH. Sample preconcentration utilizing nanofractures generated by junction gap breakdown assisted by self-assembled monolayer of gold nanoparticles. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126641. [PMID: 25970592 PMCID: PMC4430521 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The preconcentration of proteins with low concentrations can be used to increase the sensitivity and accuracy of detection. A nonlinear electrokinetic flow is induced in a nanofluidic channel due to the overlap of electrical double layers, resulting in the fast accumulation of proteins, referred to as the exclusion-enrichment effect. The proposed chip for protein preconcentration was fabricated using simple standard soft lithography with a polydimethylsiloxane replica. This study extends our previous paper, in which gold nanoparticles were manually deposited onto the surface of a protein preconcentrator. In the present work, nanofractures were formed by utilizing the self-assembly of gold-nanoparticle-assisted electric breakdown. This reliable method for nanofracture formation, involving self-assembled monolayers of nanoparticles at the junction gap between microchannels, also decreases the required electric breakdown voltage. The experimental results reveal that a high concentration factor of 1.5×10(4) for a protein sample with an extremely low concentration of 1 nM was achieved in 30 min by using the proposed chip, which is faster than our previously proposed chip at the same conditions. Moreover, an immunoassay of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and anti-BSA was carried out to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ping Jen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Advanced Institute of Manufacturing with High-Tech Innovations, National Chung Cheng University, Chia Yi, Taiwan, R.O.C
- * E-mail: (CPJ); (YHC)
| | - Tamara G. Amstislavskaya
- Laboratory of Experimental Models of Emotional Pathology, Scientific Research Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Kuan-Fu Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Advanced Institute of Manufacturing with High-Tech Innovations, National Chung Cheng University, Chia Yi, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yu-Hung Chen
- Department of Medicine, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C
- * E-mail: (CPJ); (YHC)
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39
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Enhancing the speed of morpholino-DNA biosensor by electrokinetic concentration of DNA in a microfluidic chip. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 72:87-94. [PMID: 25966462 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Electrokinetic methods that conveniently concentrate charged analytes by orders of magnitude are highly attractive for nucleic acid assays where they can bypass the complexity and costs of enzyme-based amplification. The present study demonstrates an electrokinetic concentration device incorporating charge-neutral morpholino (MO) probes: as DNA analyte is concentrated in a microfluidic channel using ion concentration polarization (ICP) it is simultaneously hybridized to spots of complementary MO probes immobilized on the channel floor. This approach is uniquely favored by the match between the optimum buffer ionic strength of approximately 10mM for both MO-DNA surface hybridization and electrokinetic concentration. The simple and easily scalable poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microfluidic device was fabricated using soft lithography and contact printing of a conductive polymer, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-polystyrene sulfonate ( PEDOT PSS) as a cation-selective membrane material. Using the microfluidic concentrator, we could increase the concentration of DNA by three orders of magnitude in less than 5 min at an electric field of 75 Vcm(-1). The 1000-fold increase in concentration of DNA led to an increase in the speed of MO-DNA hybridization by two orders of magnitude and enabled a detection sensitivity of ~1 nM within 15 min of concentration. Using the proposed microfluidic concentrator, we also demonstrated a rapid hybridization with a binary DNA mixture, containing a fully complementary and a non-complementary sequence to mimic molecular backgrounds present in real DNA samples.
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40
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Shameli SM, Ren CL. Microfluidic two-dimensional separation of proteins combining temperature gradient focusing and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Anal Chem 2015; 87:3593-7. [PMID: 25787346 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A two-dimensional separation system is presented combining scanning temperature gradient focusing (TGF) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) in a PDMS/glass microfluidic chip. Denatured proteins are first focused and separated in a 15 mm long channel via TGF with a temperature range of 16-47 °C and a pressure scanning rate of -0.5 Pa/s and then further separated via SDS-PAGE in a 25 mm long channel. A side channel is designed at the intersection between the two dimensions to continuously inject SDS into the gel, allowing SDS molecules to be compiled within the focused bands. Separation experiments are performed using several fluorescently labeled proteins with single point detection. Experimental results show a dramatic improvement in peak capacity over one-dimensional separation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mostafa Shameli
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. West, Waterloo, Ontario Canada, N2L 3G1
| | - Carolyn L Ren
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. West, Waterloo, Ontario Canada, N2L 3G1
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41
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Song H, Wang Y, Garson C, Pant K. Concurrent DNA Preconcentration and Separation in Bipolar Electrode-Based Microfluidic Device. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2015; 7:1273-1279. [PMID: 26005497 PMCID: PMC4437544 DOI: 10.1039/c4ay01858c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a bipolar electrode (BPE) device in a microfluidic dual-channel design for concurrent preconcentration and separation of composite DNA containing samples. The novelty of the present effort relies on the combination of BPE-induced ion concentration polarization (ICP) and end-labeled free-solution electrophoresis (ELFSE). The ion concentration polarization effect arising from the faradaic reaction on the BPE is utilized to exert opposing electrophoretic and electroosmotic forces on the DNA samples. Meanwhile, end-labeled free-solution electrophoresis alters the mass-charge ratio to enable simultaneous DNA separation in free solution. The microfluidic device was fabricated using standard and soft lithography techniques to form gold-on-glass electrode capped with a PDMS microfluidic channel. Experimental testing with various DNA samples was carried out over a range of applied electric field. Concentration ratios up to 285× within 5 minutes for a 102-mer DNA, and concurrent preconcentration and free-solution separation of binary mixture of free and bound 102-mer DNA within 6 minutes was demonstrated. The effect of applied electric field was also interrogated with respect to pertinent performance metrics of preconcentration and separation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yi Wang
- Corresponding author, , Phone: +01-256-726-4915, Fax: +01-256-726-4806
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42
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Breadmore MC, Tubaon RM, Shallan AI, Phung SC, Abdul Keyon AS, Gstoettenmayr D, Prapatpong P, Alhusban AA, Ranjbar L, See HH, Dawod M, Quirino JP. Recent advances in enhancing the sensitivity of electrophoresis and electrochromatography in capillaries and microchips (2012-2014). Electrophoresis 2015; 36:36-61. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Breadmore
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Ria Marni Tubaon
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Aliaa I. Shallan
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Sui Ching Phung
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Aemi S. Abdul Keyon
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
- Faculty of Science; Department of Chemistry, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Malaysia
| | - Daniel Gstoettenmayr
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Pornpan Prapatpong
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Mahidol University; Rajathevee Bangkok Thailand
| | - Ala A. Alhusban
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Leila Ranjbar
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Hong Heng See
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
- Ibnu Sina Institute for Fundamental Science Studies; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Dawod
- Department of Chemistry; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor MI USA
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Al-Azhar University; Cairo Egypt
| | - Joselito P. Quirino
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
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43
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Song J, Chung M, Kim D. Note: A microfluidic freezer based on evaporative cooling of atomized aqueous microdroplets. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:016103. [PMID: 25638130 DOI: 10.1063/1.4905184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report for the first time water-based evaporative cooling integrated into a microfluidic chip for temperature control and freezing of biological solution. We opt for water as a nontoxic, effective refrigerant. Aqueous solutions are atomized in our device and evaporation of microdroplets under vacuum removes heat effectively. We achieve rapid cooling (-5.1 °C/s) and a low freezing temperature (-14.1 °C). Using this approach, we demonstrate freezing of deionized water and protein solution. Our simple, yet effective cooling device may improve many microfluidic applications currently relying on external power-hungry instruments for cooling and freezing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Song
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Myongji University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 449-728, South Korea
| | - Minsub Chung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Mapo-gu, Seoul 121-791, South Korea
| | - Dohyun Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Myongji University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 449-728, South Korea
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44
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Ge Z, Wang W, Yang C. Rapid concentration of deoxyribonucleic acid via Joule heating induced temperature gradient focusing in poly-dimethylsiloxane microfluidic channel. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 858:91-7. [PMID: 25597807 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports rapid microfluidic electrokinetic concentration of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) with the Joule heating induced temperature gradient focusing (TGF) by using our proposed combined AC and DC electric field technique. A peak of 480-fold concentration enhancement of DNA sample is achieved within 40s in a simple poly-dimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic channel of a sudden expansion in cross-section. Compared to a sole DC field, the introduction of an AC field can reduce DC field induced back-pressure and produce sufficient Joule heating effects, resulting in higher concentration enhancement. Within such microfluidic channel structure, negative charged DNA analytes can be concentrated at a location where the DNA electrophoretic motion is balanced with the bulk flow driven by DC electroosmosis under an appropriate temperature gradient field. A numerical model accounting for a combined AC and DC field and back-pressure driven flow effects is developed to describe the complex Joule heating induced TGF processes. The experimental observation of DNA concentration phenomena can be explained by the numerical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengwei Ge
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
| | - Wei Wang
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, 638075, Singapore
| | - Chun Yang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore.
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45
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Shameli SM, Glawdel T, Ren CL. Model of separation performance of bilinear gradients in scanning format counter-flow gradient electrofocusing techniques. Electrophoresis 2014; 36:668-74. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mostafa Shameli
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering; University of Waterloo; Waterloo ON Canada
| | - Tomasz Glawdel
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering; University of Waterloo; Waterloo ON Canada
| | - Carolyn L. Ren
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering; University of Waterloo; Waterloo ON Canada
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46
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Yeh HC, Wang M, Chang CC, Yang RJ. Fundamentals and Modeling of Electrokinetic Transport in Nanochannels. Isr J Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201400079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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47
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Mukhitov N, Yi L, Schrell AM, Roper MG. Optimization of a microfluidic electrophoretic immunoassay using a Peltier cooler. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1367:154-60. [PMID: 25263064 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Successful analysis of electrophoretic affinity assays depends strongly on the preservation of the affinity complex during separations. Elevated separation temperatures due to Joule heating promotes complex dissociation leading to a reduction in sensitivity. Affinity assays performed in glass microfluidic devices may be especially prone to this problem due to poor heat dissipation due to the low thermal conductivity of glass and the large amount of bulk material surrounding separation channels. To address this limitation, a method to cool a glass microfluidic chip for performing an affinity assay for insulin was achieved by a Peltier cooler localized over the separation channel. The Peltier cooler allowed for rapid stabilization of temperatures, with 21°C the lowest temperature that was possible to use without producing detrimental thermal gradients throughout the device. The introduction of cooling improved the preservation of the affinity complex, with even passive cooling of the separation channel improving the amount of complex observed by 2-fold. Additionally, the capability to thermostabilize the separation channel allowed for utilization of higher separation voltages than what was possible without temperature control. Kinetic CE analysis was utilized as a diagnostic of the affinity assay and indicated that optimal conditions were at the highest separation voltage, 6 kV, and the lowest separation temperature, 21°C, leading to 3.4% dissociation of the complex peak during the separation. These optimum conditions were used to generate a calibration curve and produced 1 nM limits of detection, representing a 10-fold improvement over non-thermostated conditions. This methodology of cooling glass microfluidic devices for performing robust and high sensitivity affinity assays on microfluidic systems should be amenable in a number of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Mukhitov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftain Way, Dittmer Building, Tallahassee, FL 32306, United States
| | - Lian Yi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftain Way, Dittmer Building, Tallahassee, FL 32306, United States
| | - Adrian M Schrell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftain Way, Dittmer Building, Tallahassee, FL 32306, United States
| | - Michael G Roper
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftain Way, Dittmer Building, Tallahassee, FL 32306, United States.
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48
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Hsu WL, Harvie DJE, Davidson MR, Jeong H, Goldys EM, Inglis DW. Concentration gradient focusing and separation in a silica nanofluidic channel with a non-uniform electroosmotic flow. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:3539-49. [PMID: 25027204 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00504j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The simultaneous concentration gradient focusing and separation of proteins in a silica nanofluidic channel of various geometries is investigated experimentally and theoretically. Previous modelling of a similar device [Inglis et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2011, 50, 7546] assumed a uniform velocity profile along the length of the nanochannel. Using detailed numerical analysis incorporating charge regulation and viscoelectric effects, we show that in reality the varying axial electric field and varying electric double layer thickness caused by the concentration gradient, induce a highly non-uniform velocity profile, fundamentally altering the protein trapping mechanism: the direction of the local electroosmotic flow reverses and two local vortices are formed near the centreline of the nanochannel at the low salt concentration end, enhancing trapping efficiency. Simulation results for yellow/red fluorescent protein R-PE concentration enhancement, peak focusing position and peak focusing width are in good agreement with experimental measurements, validating the model. The predicted separation of yellow/red (R-PE) from green (Dyl-Strep) fluorescent proteins mimics that from a previous experiment [Inglis et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2011, 50, 7546] conducted in a slightly different geometry. The results will inform the design of new class of matrix-free particle focusing and separation devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Lun Hsu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
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49
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Kitagawa S, Buno H, Sakabe K, Nakagawa H, Ohtani H. Analyte zone sharpening in pressurized capillary electrochromatography based on electrophoretic migration under a heterogeneous field. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:3181-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Kitagawa
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering; Nagoya Institute of Technology; Gokiso Showa Nagoya Japan
| | - Hiroki Buno
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering; Nagoya Institute of Technology; Gokiso Showa Nagoya Japan
| | - Koichi Sakabe
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering; Nagoya Institute of Technology; Gokiso Showa Nagoya Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakagawa
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering; Nagoya Institute of Technology; Gokiso Showa Nagoya Japan
| | - Hajime Ohtani
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering; Nagoya Institute of Technology; Gokiso Showa Nagoya Japan
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50
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Cheow LF, Sarkar A, Kolitz S, Lauffenburger D, Han J. Detecting kinase activities from single cell lysate using concentration-enhanced mobility shift assay. Anal Chem 2014; 86:7455-62. [PMID: 25025773 PMCID: PMC4144746 DOI: 10.1021/ac502185v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Electrokinetic preconcentration coupled with mobility shift assays can give rise to very high detection sensitivities. We describe a microfluidic device that utilizes this principle to detect cellular kinase activities by simultaneously concentrating and separating substrate peptides with different phosphorylation states. This platform is capable of reliably measuring kinase activities of single adherent cells cultured in nanoliter volume microwells. We also describe a novel method utilizing spacer peptides that significantly increase separation resolution while maintaining high concentration factors in this device. Thus, multiplexed kinase measurements can be implemented with single cell sensitivity. Multiple kinase activity profiling from single cell lysate could potentially allow us to study heterogeneous activation of signaling pathways that can lead to multiple cell fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lih Feng Cheow
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and ‡Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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