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Tanaka K, Shoji A, Sugawara M. An enzyme-entrapped agarose gel for visualization of ischemia-induced L-glutamate fluxes in hippocampal slices in a flow system. ANAL SCI 2015; 31:321-5. [PMID: 25864676 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.31.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An agarose gel slip containing L-glutamate oxidase (GluOx), horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and a dye DA-64 is proposed as a tool for visualizing ischemia-induced L-glutamate release in hippocampal slices in a flow system. The agarose slip with a detection limit of 6.0 ± 0.8 μmol L(-1) for L-glutamate enabled us to visualize L-glutamate fluxes in a flow system. The leak of a dye from the agarose gel was negligible and a diffusion blur due to spreading of Bindshedler's Green (BG) within the gel was suppressed. Monitoring the time-dependent change of ischemia-induced L-glutamate fluxes at neuronal regions CA1, DG and CA3 of hippocampal slices is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhisa Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University
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Liu K, Yu P, Lin Y, Wang Y, Ohsaka T, Mao L. Online Electrochemical Monitoring of Dynamic Change of Hippocampal Ascorbate: Toward a Platform for In Vivo Evaluation of Antioxidant Neuroprotective Efficiency against Cerebral Ischemia Injury. Anal Chem 2013; 85:9947-54. [DOI: 10.1021/ac402620c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Liu
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Ping Yu
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yuqing Lin
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yuexiang Wang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Takeo Ohsaka
- Department
of Electronic Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science
and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan
| | - Lanqun Mao
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical
Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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Traynelis SF, Wollmuth LP, McBain CJ, Menniti FS, Vance KM, Ogden KK, Hansen KB, Yuan H, Myers SJ, Dingledine R. Glutamate receptor ion channels: structure, regulation, and function. Pharmacol Rev 2010; 62:405-96. [PMID: 20716669 PMCID: PMC2964903 DOI: 10.1124/pr.109.002451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2579] [Impact Index Per Article: 184.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian ionotropic glutamate receptor family encodes 18 gene products that coassemble to form ligand-gated ion channels containing an agonist recognition site, a transmembrane ion permeation pathway, and gating elements that couple agonist-induced conformational changes to the opening or closing of the permeation pore. Glutamate receptors mediate fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system and are localized on neuronal and non-neuronal cells. These receptors regulate a broad spectrum of processes in the brain, spinal cord, retina, and peripheral nervous system. Glutamate receptors are postulated to play important roles in numerous neurological diseases and have attracted intense scrutiny. The description of glutamate receptor structure, including its transmembrane elements, reveals a complex assembly of multiple semiautonomous extracellular domains linked to a pore-forming element with striking resemblance to an inverted potassium channel. In this review we discuss International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology glutamate receptor nomenclature, structure, assembly, accessory subunits, interacting proteins, gene expression and translation, post-translational modifications, agonist and antagonist pharmacology, allosteric modulation, mechanisms of gating and permeation, roles in normal physiological function, as well as the potential therapeutic use of pharmacological agents acting at glutamate receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen F Traynelis
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Rollins Research Center, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322-3090, USA.
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Okumura W, Moridera N, Kanazawa E, Shoji A, Hirano-Iwata A, Sugawara M. Visualizing L-glutamate fluxes in acute hippocampal slices with glutamate oxidase-immobilized coverslips. Anal Biochem 2008; 385:326-33. [PMID: 19026980 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2008.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2008] [Revised: 10/28/2008] [Accepted: 10/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We used a glutamate oxidase (GluOx)-immobilized glass coverslip for reducing diffusional blur and improving the temporal resolution of visualizing L-glutamate fluxes in acute brain slices. The immobilization of GluOx on an avidin modified glass coverslips was achieved by optimized the amine coupling method. The GluOx coverslip was applied to the imaging of L-glutamate fluxes in acute hippocampal slices under hypoxia and KCl stimulation. A slice from mouse brain was loaded with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and substrate DA-64, and placed on the GluOx coverslip for stimulation. The regional distribution of hypoxia-induced L-glutamate fluxes was analyzed. The maximum flux at 3 min after the onset of hypoxia increased in the order CA1>CA3>DG. The time-courses of the L-glutamate fluxes at CA1 and DG were biphasic, while that at CA3 decreased monotonously. The KCl-stimulated release of L-glutamate in the presence of the DL-TBOA uptake inhibitor was imaged. While no noticeable change was observed in the absence of DL-TBOA, L-glutamate fluxes in the presence of the inhibitor increased in the order CA1>CA3>DG, reflecting the effect of uptake processes. The present approach suppressed diffusional blur of the glutamate signal and improved the temporal resolution as compared with the BSA-HRP membrane method described earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Okumura
- Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, Sakurajousui, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
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Li XH, Xian YZ, Xie ZH, Min H, Li CX, Jin LT. Amperometric Sensor Based on Neutral Red-Doped Silica Nanoparticles Coupled with Microdialysis for the Measurement of Glutamate in the Rat Striatum. CHINESE J CHEM 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.200790185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Oldenziel WH, van der Zeyden M, Dijkstra G, Ghijsen WEJM, Karst H, Cremers TIFH, Westerink BHC. Monitoring extracellular glutamate in hippocampal slices with a microsensor. J Neurosci Methods 2007; 160:37-44. [PMID: 16978703 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2006.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2006] [Revised: 08/08/2006] [Accepted: 08/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The direct local assessment of glutamate in brain slices may improve our understanding of glutamatergic neurotransmission significantly. However, an analytical technique that monitors glutamate directly in brain slices is currently not available. Most recording techniques either monitor derivatives of glutamate or detect glutamate that diffuses out of the slice. Microsensors provide a promising solution to fulfill this analytical requirement. In the present study we have implanted a 10 microm diameter hydrogel-coated microsensor in the CA1 area of hippocampal slices to monitor extracellular glutamate levels. The influence of several pharmacological agents, which facilitate glutamate release from neurons or astrocytes, was investigated to explore the applicability of the microsensor. It was observed that KCl, veratradine, alpha-latrotoxine (LTX), DL-threo-beta-benzyloxyaspartate (dl-TBOA) and L-cystine rapidly increased the extracellular glutamate levels. As far as we know this is the first study in which a microsensor is applied to monitor dynamic changes of glutamate in brain slices and in our opinion this type of research may contribute greatly to improve our understanding of the physiology of glutamatergic neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Oldenziel
- Department of Biomonitoring and Sensoring, University Center for Pharmacy, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Sugawara M. Methodological aspects ofin vitro sensing ofL-glutamate in acute brain slices. CHEM REC 2007; 7:317-25. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.20126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Moridera N, Yamamoto M, Okumura W, Sugawara M. Glucose Oxidase-immobilized Glass Disks for Imaging of D-Glucose in Acute Brain Slices. ANAL SCI 2007; 23:39-44. [PMID: 17213621 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.23.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A biotinylated glucose oxidase (bGOD)-immobilized glass disk was prepared for visualizing D-glucose fluxes in acute brain slices. A mouse hippocampal slice was placed on the bGOD disk and stimulated with a stimulant solution containing horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and a substrate DA-64, followed by capturing digital images of Bindschedler's Green (BG), an oxidized form of DA-64, with a CCD camera. The bGOD membranes responded proportionally to D-glucose, ranging from 2.0 to 5.0 mM. Sucrose, GABA, L-glutamic acid, L-aspartic acid, glycine, acetylcholine and L-ascorbic acid at 10 mM did not cause any responses. The D-glucose fluxes in mouse hippocampal slices stimulated by a hypoxia solution were neuronal region-dependent, i.e., dentate gyrus (DG), cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) and cornu ammonis 3 (CA3), while those stimulated by KCl was independent of the neuronal regions. The response of bGOD disks is discussed in terms of the principle, concentration dependence and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobukatsu Moridera
- Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
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HIRANO A. Development of Biosensing Methods for Extracellular Neuronal Messengers and Their Application to In Situ Detection in Acute Brain Slices. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2006. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.55.535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi HIRANO
- Division of Neurophysiology, National Institute for Medical Research
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Nakamura N, Negishi K, Hirano A, Sugawara M. Real-time monitoring of L-glutamate release from mouse brain slices under ischemia with a glass capillary-based enzyme electrode. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 383:660-7. [PMID: 16158299 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-0033-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2005] [Revised: 07/12/2005] [Accepted: 07/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Real-time monitoring of L-glutamate release from various neuronal regions of mouse hippocampal slices under ischemia (a glucose-free hypoxia condition) is described. A glass capillary microelectrode with a tip size of approximately 10 microm containing a very small volume ( approximately 2 microL) of a solution of glutamate oxidase (GluOx) and ascorbate oxidase was used. First, the amperometric response behavior of the electrode at 0 V versus Ag/AgCl was characterized with a standard glutamate solution in terms of continuous measurements, effect of oxygen, viscosity of solution and concentration dependence. The electrode was applied to the real-time monitoring of L-glutamate released from different neuronal regions of acute hippocampal slices submerged in a hypoxia solution. The time-resolved amounts of L-glutamate released at various neuronal regions (CA1, CA3 and DG) of mouse hippocampal slices were quantified and compared with the reported L-glutamate fluxes using difference-image analysis during ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, Sakurajousui, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8550, Japan
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Banke TG, Dravid SM, Traynelis SF. Protons trap NR1/NR2B NMDA receptors in a nonconducting state. J Neurosci 2005; 25:42-51. [PMID: 15634765 PMCID: PMC6725198 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3154-04.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2004] [Revised: 11/13/2004] [Accepted: 11/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
NMDA receptors are highly expressed in the CNS and are involved in excitatory synaptic transmission, as well as synaptic plasticity. Given that overstimulation of NMDA receptors can cause cell death, it is not surprising that these channels are under tight control by a series of inhibitory extracellular ions, including zinc, magnesium, and H+. We studied the inhibition by extracellular protons of recombinant NMDA receptor NR1/NR2B single-channel and macroscopic responses in transiently transfected human embryonic kidney HEK 293 cells using patch-clamp techniques. We report that proton inhibition proceeds identically in the absence or presence of agonist, which rules out the possibility that protonation inhibits receptors by altering coagonist binding. The response of macroscopic currents in excised patches to rapid jumps in pH was used to estimate the microscopic association and dissociation rates for protons, which were 1.4 x 10(9) m(-1) sec(-1) and 110-196 sec(-1), respectively (K(d) corresponds to pH 7.2). Protons reduce the open probability without altering the time course of desensitization or deactivation. Protons appear to slow at least one time constant describing the intra-activation shut-time histogram and modestly reduce channel open time, which we interpret to reflect a reduction in the overall channel activation rate and possible proton-induced termination of openings. This is consistent with a modest proton-dependent slowing of the macroscopic response rise time. From these data, we propose a physical model of proton inhibition that can describe macroscopic and single-channel properties of NMDA receptor function over a range of pH values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tue G Banke
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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Ajito K, Han C, Torimitsu K. Detection of Glutamate in Optically Trapped Single Nerve Terminals by Raman Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2004; 76:2506-10. [PMID: 15117190 DOI: 10.1021/ac049969m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter and is of particular interest in light of current models of memory and learning. The paper describes the first in situ detection of glutamate in single nerve terminals (synaptosomes), which is achieved by using laser trapping Raman spectroscopy. The near-infrared laser light captures a single synaptosome obtained from a Wister rat brain. The release of glutamate in a single laser-trapped synaptosome was detected by subtracting the Raman spectrum before depolarization from that after depolarization with the addition of the K(+)-channel blocker, 4-aminopyridine. The result indicated that the single synaptosome released approximately 3 amol of glutamate and that the release rate depended on the 4-aminopyridine concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiro Ajito
- NTT Basic Research Laboratories, NTT Corporation, JST/SORST 3-1, Morinosato-Wakamiya, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan.
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