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Vidal FX, Deloche A, Zeder-Lutz G, Hideux M, Wagner R, Dugas V, Demesmay C. Ligand Screening of Membrane Proteins Embedded in Nanodiscs: How to Manage Non-Specific Interactions in Weak Affinity Chromatography? Molecules 2024; 29:2814. [PMID: 38930880 PMCID: PMC11207011 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Miniaturized weak affinity chromatography is emerging as an interesting alternative to conventional biophysical tools for performing fragment-screening studies in the context of fragment-based drug discovery. In order to push back the analytical limits, it is necessary not only to control non-specific interactions with chromatographic support, but also to adapt this methodology by comparing the results obtained on an affinity column to a control column. The work presented in this study focused on fragment screening that targets a model membrane protein, the adenosine A2A receptor, embedded in nanodiscs (NDs) as biomimetic membranes. By studying the retention behavior of test fragment mixtures on supports modified with different types of NDs, we were able to determine the contribution of ND-related non-specific interactions, in particular the electrostatic effect of anionic phospholipids and the hydrophobic effect of neutral phospholipids. Different strategies for the preparation of control columns (empty NDs, orthosteric site blocking) were investigated and are presented for the first time. With these two types of control columns, the screening enabled the identification of two new fragments of AA2AR, which were confirmed by competition experiments and whose Kd values, estimated directly during the screening or after the competition experiments in frontal mode, were in good agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- François-Xavier Vidal
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR5280, CNRS, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France (A.D.); (V.D.)
| | - Adrien Deloche
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR5280, CNRS, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France (A.D.); (V.D.)
| | - Gabrielle Zeder-Lutz
- Plateforme IMPReSs, CNRS UMR7242, Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France; (G.Z.-L.); (R.W.)
| | - Maria Hideux
- Institut de Recherche et Développement SERVIER Paris-Saclay-22, Route 128, 91190 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Renaud Wagner
- Plateforme IMPReSs, CNRS UMR7242, Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France; (G.Z.-L.); (R.W.)
| | - Vincent Dugas
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR5280, CNRS, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France (A.D.); (V.D.)
| | - Claire Demesmay
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon1, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR5280, CNRS, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France (A.D.); (V.D.)
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Identifying potential ligands specifically binding to beta1-adrenoceptor from Radix Aconiti Lateralis Praeparata extract by affinity chromatographic method. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 220:115022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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3
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Liang Q, Shi B, Yao Q, Wang T, Ji X, Zhang Y, Wang J, Zhao X. Early potential evaluation of lead compounds from a DNA-encoded library by the determination of their thermodynamics through a chromatographic method based on immobilized β 2-adrenoceptor. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 68:116864. [PMID: 35671625 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Early potential evaluation of lead compounds is critical to decrease downstream lead-optimization cycle times and clinical attrition rates for drug development. This increasingly necessitates the methodologies for accurately evaluating the potential compounds. This work immobilized β2-adrenoceptor (β2-AR) onto microspheres through Halo-tag mediated reaction. Characterizing the resulting microspheres by elemental and functional analysis, we utilized the immobilized receptor to determine the thermodynamics of terbutaline, tulobuterol, clorprenaline, salbutamol, and methoxyphenamine. The association constants correlated to their capacity factors on the column containing the immobilized β2-AR, thus providing a possibility for early potential evaluation of lead compounds from complex matrices like a DNA-encoded library. By this model, the lead compound (XC267) was predicted to have an association constant higher than terbutaline, salbutamol, and methoxyphenamine, but lower than tulobuterol and clorprenaline. The binding interaction between XC267 and β2-AR is a spontaneous endothermic process with an association constant of (6.62 ± 0.13) × 104 M-1 at 37 °C. The change of Gibbs free energy(ΔGθ), enthalpy change (ΔHθ), and entropy change (ΔSθ) was -28.49 kJ/mol, -10.58 kJ/mol, and 57.79 J/moL·K at 37 °C. By the semi-empirical rule of Ross, the driving force of the interaction between XC267 and β2-AR was electrostatic interaction. Such binding force was also achieved by molecular docking. These results suggested that XC267 is a candidate to treat asthma by specific binding to β2-AR. We reasoned that receptor chromatography is able to the early potential evaluation of lead compounds from complex matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Bowen Shi
- Xi'an International Medical Center Hospital, Xi'an 710100, China
| | - Qingqing Yao
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Taotao Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Xu Ji
- Engineering Research Center of Tibetan Medicine Detection Technology, Ministry of Education, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang 712082, China
| | - Yajun Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Xinfeng Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
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Shayiranbieke A, Liang Q, Wang T, Ma J, Li G, Du X, Zhang G, Wang C, Zhao X. Development of immobilized beta1-adrenoceptor chromatography for rapid discovery of ligands specifically binding to the receptor from herbal extract. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1677:463298. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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5
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Sun J, Zhang C. Screening the bioactive compound from Coptis chinensis inflorescence by immobilized Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:2855-2864. [PMID: 35671063 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202101014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Coptis chinensis inflorescence is a by-product of Coptis chinensis Franch and riches in alkaloids. We screened the bioactive compounds in the by-product through an immobilized peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. The receptor was covalently immobilized on the macroporous silica gel through amino groups to generate the affinity stationary phase and was applied for screening. Berberine, palmatine, and jatrorrhizine were identified as the retained components of the herb on the affinity column. We evaluated the binding of the three bioactive compounds with the receptor by nonlinear chromatography and molecular docking. The affinities of the compounds to the receptor were (1.42±0.10) ×108 M-1 , (4.88±0.38) ×107 M-1 , and (1.65±0.13) ×107 M-1 for berberine, palmatine, and jatrorrhizine, with dissociation rate constants of (17.70±0.03) ×10-3 S-1 , (5.18±0.25) ×10-2 S-1 , and (15.7±0.05) ×10-2 S-1 , respectively. Cys285, Arg288, Ile326, Leu330, and His449 in the agonist binding pocket of the receptor participated in the formation of bioactive compound-receptor conjugates. These data indicated that the immobilized receptor is a reliable alternative for screening the bioactive compounds. In addition, Coptis chinensis inflorescence has the potential to be a source for drug discovery. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchun Sun
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Chaofeng Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
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Design and synthesis of first environment-sensitive coumarin fluorescent agonists for MrgX2. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 203:481-491. [PMID: 35051504 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mas related G-protein-coupled receptor member X2 (MrgX2) has been identified as the crucial receptor in drug induced pseudo-allergic reactions and allergic diseases. In this research, the first type of fluorescent agonists (ZX1, ZX2 and ZX3) for MrgX2 were developed by conjugating environment-sensitive fluorophore coumarin to MrgX2 selective agonists (R)-ZINC-3573. Their environment-sensitive property was confirmed by the dramatically increase of fluorescent intensity after binding to the hydrophobic ligand binding domain MrgX2, which help to overcome the high background signal. Based on these characteristics, they can be used for selective visualization of MrgX2 in living cells even with their own background interference. Among these fluorescent agonists, compound ZX2 possessed splendid spectroscopic properties, outstanding pharmacological activities (EC50 = 0.93 μM, KD = 1.97 μM). And a competitive binding assay was established with ZX2 to analysis the binding affinity of MrgX2 agonists, which shown high coherence with the results of cell membrane chromatography. To our knowledge, these probes are the first fluorescent ligands of MrgX2 with agonistic activity and environment-sensitive property, which is expected to use for the development of MrgX2 molecular pharmacology and serve as a convenient high-throughput screening tool for the drug candidates targeting MrgX2.
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7
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Zhao X, Fu X, Yuan X, Shayiranbieke A, Xu R, Cao F, Ren J, Liang Q, Zhao X. Development and characterization of a selective chromatographic approach to the rapid discovery of ligands binding to muscarinic-3 acetylcholine receptor. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1653:462443. [PMID: 34365202 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The pursuit of new ligands binding to muscarinic-3 acetylcholine receptor (M3R) is viewed as challenging due to the lack of screening methods with high efficiency. To address such challenges, this work developed and characterized an approach to the rapid discovery of M3R ligands using the immobilized receptor as the chromatographic stationary phase. We fused haloalkane dehalogenase (Halo) as a tag at the C-terminus of M3R. The fusion M3R was immobilized on 6-chlorocaproic acid-activated ammino-microspheres by the specific covalent reaction between the Halo-tag and the linker. Comprehensive characterizations of the immobilized M3R were performed by scanning electron microscope, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and the investigation on the binding of three specific ligands to the receptor. The feasibility of the immobilized M3R in complex matrices was tested by screening the bioactive compounds in Zhisou oral liquid, assessing the interaction between the screened compounds and the receptor using zonal elution, and evaluating the in vivo activity of the targeted compounds. The results evidenced that the immobilized M3R has high specificity, good stability, and the capacity to separate M3R ligands from complex matrices. These allowed us to identify naringin, hesperidin, liquiritigenin, platycodin D, and glycyrrhizic acid as the potential ligands of M3R. The association constants of the five compounds to M3R were 4.44 × 104, 1.11 × 104, 7.20 × 104, 4.15 × 104, and 3.36 × 104 M-1. The synergistic application of the five compounds exhibited an equivalent expectorant activity to the original formula. We reasoned that the current method is possible to provide a highly efficient strategy for the discovery of receptor ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Xiaoying Fu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Xinyi Yuan
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | | | - Ru Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Fang Cao
- Shaanxi Pharmaceutical Holding Group Shanhaidan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Xi'an 710075, China
| | - Jianping Ren
- Medicine Researchinstitution of Shaanxi Pharmaceutical Holding Cooperation, Xi'an 710065, China
| | - Qi Liang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
| | - Xinfeng Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
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8
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Fu X, Zhao X, Zheng X, Wang T, Shayiranbieke A, Li L, Cao F, Ren J, Li Q, Zhao X. Rapidly identifying bioactive compounds from Zhisou oral liquid by immobilized receptor-based high-performance affinity chromatography. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:3219-3228. [PMID: 34212514 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The identification of bioactive compounds in complex matrices remains a major challenge due to the lack of highly efficient and specific methods. This work developed an approach based on high-performance affinity chromatography to identify the potential antitussive compounds from Zhisou oral liquid . The main methods include the synthesis of immobilized beta2-adrenoceptor by a one-step method, the screening and identification of the potential bioactive compounds by the receptor column coupled with mass spectrometry, and the binding mechanism analysis of the compounds to the receptor by the in vivo experiment, injection amount dependent method and molecular simulation. We identified the potential bioactive compounds of Zhisou oral liquid as glycyrrhizic acid, platycodin D, tuberostemonine, and hesperidin. In vivo experiment showed that the combinational utilization of the four compounds was possible to present an equivalent antitussive effect to the formula. The docking results demonstrated that hydrogen bonds and Van der Waals forces were the main forces to drive the binding of the four compounds to beta2-adrenoceptor. We concluded that the four compounds are the effective components in Zhisou oral liquid. The proposed strategy is possible to provide an alternative for the development of highly efficient methods to pursue the bioactive compounds of complex matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Fu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Xue Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Xinxin Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Taotao Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | | | - Linkang Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Fang Cao
- Shaanxi Pharmaceutical Holding Group Shanhaidan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Jianping Ren
- Medicine Research Institution of Shaanxi Pharmaceutical Holding Cooperation, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Qian Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Xinfeng Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, P. R. China
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9
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Liang Q, Zhao X, Fu X, Wang J, Li Q, Zhao X. Identification of selective ligands targeting two GPCRs by receptor-affinity chromatography coupled with high-throughput sequencing techniques. Bioorg Chem 2021; 112:104986. [PMID: 34029972 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The rapid growth of demands for drug discovery has necessitated the ongoing pursuit of new methods for specific ligands screening and identification. This work combined receptor-affinity chromatography (RAC) with high-throughput sequencing techniques to rapidly screen and identify the specific ligands. By this method, immobilized angiotensin II type I receptor (AT1R) and endothelin receptor A (ETAR) based on RAC were utilized for lead screening from a DNA-encoded library. The specific ligands of AT1R (ligand A1, A2) and ETAR (ligand B1, B2) were synthesized after decoding by high-throughput sequencing techniques. The dissociation rate constants (kd) of ligand A1, A2 to AT1R and B1, B2 to ETAR were 9.65 × 10-4, 31.1 × 10-4 and 0.66, 1.22 s-1 by peak profiling assay. The association constant (KA) to the receptors of four ligands was 5.4 × 106, 3.3 × 106 and 1.6 × 106, 2.2 × 105 by injection amount dependent method. The kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of the four specific ligands are similar to those of the positive drugs. This indicates that they are promising to drug candidates. The druggability of the four ligands through pharmacokinetic investigation by HPLC-MS/MS presented desired pharmacokinetic behavior including the fast absorption, the relatively slow elimination. These results, taking together, indicated that the RAC combined with high-throughput sequencing techniques can screen and identify the specific ligands according to various proteins, thus creating a general strategy for rapid discovery of promising drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Xiaoying Fu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Qian Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Xinfeng Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
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10
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Ma W, Wang C, Liu R, Wang N, Lv Y, Dai B, He L. Advances in cell membrane chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1639:461916. [PMID: 33548663 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.461916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cell membrane chromatography (CMC) is a biomimetic chromatographic method based on the ability of membrane receptors to selectively interact with their ligands in vivo. Using membrane receptors as a stationary phase, the CMC method helps in determining the binding characteristics between ligands and membrane receptors and in efficiently identifying specific target components in a complex sample that produce the cellular biological effects of ligands (drugs, antibodies, enzymes, cytokines, etc.). CMC is an analytical tool for revealing characteristics of ligand-receptor interactions, screening and discovering target substances, and accurately controlling the quality of drugs. Since establishment of CMC in the early 1990s, with the rapid development of cell biology, significant progress has been made in the development of high-expression receptors, engineered cell cultures, and standardized preparations, which allowed in vitro immobilization of cell membrane receptors and miniaturization of binding assays. A variety of CMC models have been established using different membrane receptors as a stationary phase, and many new methods have been developed by combining CMC with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)/mass spectrometry or HPLC-IT-TOF technologies. CMC methods have been widely used to study drug-receptor interactions and to screen complex samples for effective or harmful components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weina Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China; Institute of Vascular Materia Medica, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710116, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China; Institute of Vascular Materia Medica, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710116, China
| | - Rui Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China; Institute of Vascular Materia Medica, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710116, China
| | - Nan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China; Institute of Vascular Materia Medica, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710116, China
| | - Yanni Lv
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China; Institute of Vascular Materia Medica, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710116, China
| | - Bingling Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China; Institute of Vascular Materia Medica, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710116, China
| | - Langchong He
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China; Institute of Vascular Materia Medica, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710116, China.
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11
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Liang Q, Fu X, Zhang J, Hao J, Feng G, Wang J, Li Q, Ahmad F, Zhao X. Immobilized angiotensin II type I receptor: A powerful method of high throughput screening for antihypertensive compound identification through binding interaction analysis. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1620:461003. [PMID: 32156458 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The enormous growth in drug discovery paradigm has necessitated continuous exploration of new methods for drug-protein interaction analysis. To enhance the role of these methodologies in designing rational drugs, this work extended an immobilized angiotensin II type I receptor (AT1R) based affinity chromatography in antihypertensive compound identification. We fused haloalkane dehalogenase at C-terminus of AT1R and expressed the fusion receptor in E. coli. The expressed receptor was covalently immobilized onto 8.0 μm microspheres by mixing the cell lysate with 6-chlorocaproic acid-modified amino polystyrene microspheres. The immobilized AT1R was utilized for thermodynamic and kinetic interaction analysis between the receptor and four specific ligands. Following confirmation of these interactions by molecular docking, we identified puerarin and rosmarinic acid by determining their binding to the receptor. Azilsartan, candesartan, valsartan and olmesartan displayed two kinds of binding sites to AT1R by injection amount-dependent method. By molecular docking, we recognize the driving forces of the interaction as electrostatic interaction, hydrogen bonds and van der Waals force. The dissociation rate constants (kd) of azilsartan, candesartan, valsartan and olmesartan to AT1R were 0.01138 ± 0.003, 0.05142 ± 0.003, 0.07547 ± 0.004 and 0.01310 ± 0.005 min-1 by peak profiling assay. Comparing with these parameters, puerarin and rosmarinic acid presented lower affinity (KA: 0.12 × 104 and 1.5 × 104/M) and slower kinetics (kd: 0.6864 ± 0.03 and 0.3005 ± 0.01 min-1) to the receptor. These results, taking together, indicated that the immobilized AT1R has the capacity to probe antihypertensive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an 710065, China
| | - Xiaoying Fu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Eighth Hospital of Xi'an City, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jiaxue Hao
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Gangjun Feng
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Qian Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Faizan Ahmad
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Xinfeng Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
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12
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Lecas L, Dugas V, Demesmay C. Affinity Chromatography: A Powerful Tool in Drug Discovery for Investigating Ligand/membrane Protein Interactions. SEPARATION & PURIFICATION REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15422119.2020.1749852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Lecas
- Institut Des Sciences Analytiques, Université De Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques (UMR 5280-CNRS, UCBLyon 1), 5 rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Vincent Dugas
- Institut Des Sciences Analytiques, Université De Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques (UMR 5280-CNRS, UCBLyon 1), 5 rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Claire Demesmay
- Institut Des Sciences Analytiques, Université De Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques (UMR 5280-CNRS, UCBLyon 1), 5 rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
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Temporini C, Brusotti G, Pochetti G, Massolini G, Calleri E. Affinity-based separation methods for the study of biological interactions: The case of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in drug discovery. Methods 2018; 146:12-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Ma W, Yang L, He L. Overview of the detection methods for equilibrium dissociation constant KD of drug-receptor interaction. J Pharm Anal 2018; 8:147-152. [PMID: 29922482 PMCID: PMC6004624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-receptor interaction plays an important role in a series of biological effects, such as cell proliferation, immune response, tumor metastasis, and drug delivery. Therefore, the research on drug-receptor interaction is growing rapidly. The equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) is the basic parameter to evaluate the binding property of the drug-receptor. Thus, a variety of analytical methods have been established to determine the KD values, including radioligand binding assay, surface plasmon resonance method, fluorescence energy resonance transfer method, affinity chromatography, and isothermal titration calorimetry. With the invention and innovation of new technology and analysis method, there is a deep exploration and comprehension about drug-receptor interaction. This review discusses the different methods of determining the KD values, and analyzes the applicability and the characteristic of each analytical method. Conclusively, the aim is to provide the guidance for researchers to utilize the most appropriate analytical tool to determine the KD values.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Langchong He
- School of Pharmacy, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No. 76, Yanta West Street, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province 710061, PR China
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15
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Liu G, Wang P, Li C, Wang J, Sun Z, Zhao X, Zheng X. Confirming therapeutic target of protopine using immobilized β 2 -adrenoceptor coupled with site-directed molecular docking and the target-drug interaction by frontal analysis and injection amount-dependent method. J Mol Recognit 2017; 30. [PMID: 28124461 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Drug-protein interaction analysis is pregnant in designing new leads during drug discovery. We prepared the stationary phase containing immobilized β2 -adrenoceptor (β2 -AR) by linkage of the receptor on macroporous silica gel surface through N,N'-carbonyldiimidazole method. The stationary phase was applied in identifying antiasthmatic target of protopine guided by the prediction of site-directed molecular docking. Subsequent application of immobilized β2 -AR in exploring the binding of protopine to the receptor was realized by frontal analysis and injection amount-dependent method. The association constants of protopine to β2 -AR by the 2 methods were (1.00 ± 0.06) × 105 M-1 and (1.52 ± 0.14) × 104 M-1 . The numbers of binding sites were (1.23 ± 0.07) × 10-7 M and (9.09 ± 0.06) × 10-7 M, respectively. These results indicated that β2 -AR is the specific target for therapeutic action of protopine in vivo. The target-drug binding occurred on Ser169 in crystal structure of the receptor. Compared with frontal analysis, injection amount-dependent method is advantageous to drug saving, improvement of sampling efficiency, and performing speed. It has grave potential in high-throughput drug-receptor interaction analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Pei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chan Li
- Drug Certificate Center, Shaanxi Food and Drug Administration, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhenyu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xinfeng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaohui Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
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16
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A ratiometric fluorescence RRE RNA-targeted assay for a new fluorescence ligand. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 86:287-292. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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17
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Zhang Y, Zeng K, Wang J, Gao H, Nan Y, Zheng X. Identifying the antiasthmatic target of doxofylline using immobilized β2 -adrenoceptor based high-performance affinity chromatography and site-directed molecular docking. J Mol Recognit 2016; 29:492-8. [PMID: 27173639 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
As a xanthine derivative, doxofylline is believed to be dominant for fighting against asthma in practice. Unlike other xanthines, the antiasthmatic effects of doxofylline lack any definite proof of target and mediating mechanism according to previous reports. In this work, the interaction between doxofylline and β2 -AR was investigated by high performance affinity chromatography using frontal analysis and nonlinear model. The methodology involved the immobilization of β2 -AR on the silica gel by a random linking method, the determination of the binding parameters by frontal analysis and nonlinear chromatography and the exploration of the binding mechanism by site-directed molecular docking. The association constant for doxofylline binding to immobilized β2 -AR was determined to be 7.70 × 10(4) M(-1) by nonlinear chromatography and 5.91 × 10(4) M(-1) by frontal analysis. Ser(169) and Ser(173) were the binding sites for the receptor-drug interaction on which hydrogen bond was believed to be the main driven force during the interaction. These results indicated that the antiasthmatic effects of doxofylline may be behind the mediating mechanism of β2 -AR. High performance affinity chromatography based on immobilized receptor has potential to become an alternative for drug target confirmation and drug-receptor interaction analysis. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.
| | - Kaizhu Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Haiyang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Yefei Nan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, 710065, China
| | - Xiaohui Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
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18
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Preparation and characterization of micro-cell membrane chromatographic column with silica-based porous layer open tubular capillary as cellular membrane carrier. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:2441-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9339-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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19
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Comparison of zonal elution and nonlinear chromatography in determination of the interaction between seven drugs and immobilised β2-adrenoceptor. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1401:75-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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20
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Screening bioactive compounds from Ligusticum chuanxiong by high density immobilized human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:5783-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8764-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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21
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Gallagher ES, Adem SM, Baker CA, Ratnayaka SN, Jones IW, Hall HK, Saavedra SS, Aspinwall CA. Highly stabilized, polymer-lipid membranes prepared on silica microparticles as stationary phases for capillary chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1385:28-34. [PMID: 25670414 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The ability to rapidly screen complex libraries of pharmacological modulators is paramount to modern drug discovery efforts. This task is particularly challenging for agents that interact with lipid bilayers or membrane proteins due to the limited chemical, physical, and temporal stability of conventional lipid-based chromatographic stationary phases. Here, we describe the preparation and characterization of a novel stationary phase material composed of highly stable, polymeric-phospholipid bilayers self-assembled onto silica microparticles. Polymer-lipid membranes were prepared by photochemical or redox initiated polymerization of 1,2-bis[10-(2',4'-hexadieoyloxy)decanoyl]-sn-glycero-2-phosphocholine (bis-SorbPC), a synthetic, polymerizable lipid. The resulting polymerized bis-SorbPC (poly(bis-SorbPC)) stationary phases exhibited enhanced stability compared to particles coated with 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-phosphocholine (unpolymerized) phospholipid bilayers when exposed to chemical (50 mM triton X-100 or 50% acetonitrile) and physical (15 min sonication) insults after 30 days of storage. Further, poly(bis-SorbPC)-coated particles survived slurry packing into fused silica capillaries, compared to unpolymerized lipid membranes, where the lipid bilayer was destroyed during packing. Frontal chromatographic analyses of the lipophilic small molecules acetylsalicylic acid, benzoic acid, and salicylic acid showed >44% increase in retention times (P<0.0001) for all analytes on poly(bis-SorbPC)-functionalized stationary phase compared to bare silica microspheres, suggesting a lipophilic retention mechanism. Phospholipid membrane-functionalized stationary phases that withstand the chemical and physical rigors of capillary LC conditions can substantially increase the efficacy of lipid membrane affinity chromatography, and represents a key advance toward the development of robust membrane protein-functionalized chromatographic stationary phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyssia S Gallagher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Seid M Adem
- Department of Chemistry, Washburn University, Topeka, KS 66621, United States
| | - Christopher A Baker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Saliya N Ratnayaka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Ian W Jones
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Henry K Hall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - S Scott Saavedra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States; Bio5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Craig A Aspinwall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States; Bio5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States.
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22
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Exploring drug–protein interactions using the relationship between injection volume and capacity factor. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1339:137-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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23
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Gallagher ES, Mansfield E, Aspinwall CA. Stabilized phospholipid membranes in chromatography: toward membrane protein-functionalized stationary phases. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:2223-9. [PMID: 24390459 PMCID: PMC3969766 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7545-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Transmembrane protein (TMP)-functionalized materials have resulted in powerful new methods in chemical analysis. Of particular interest is the development of high-throughput, TMP-functionalized stationary phases for affinity chromatography of complex mixtures of analytes. Several natural and synthetic phospholipids and lipid mimics have been used for TMP reconstitution, although the resulting membranes often lack the requisite chemical and temporal stability for long-term use, a problem that is exacerbated in flowing separation systems. Polymerizable lipids with markedly increased membrane stability and TMP functionality have been developed over the past two decades. More recently, these lipids have been incorporated into a range of analytical methods, including separation techniques, and are now poised to have a significant impact on TMP-based separations. Here, we describe current methods for preparing TMP-containing stationary phases and examine the potential utility of polymerizable lipids in TMP affinity chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyssia S. Gallagher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, USA
| | - Elisabeth Mansfield
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, Boulder, Colorado, 80305, USA
| | - Craig A. Aspinwall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, USA
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, USA
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24
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de Moraes MC, Temporini C, Calleri E, Bruni G, Ducati RG, Santos DS, Cardoso CL, Cass QB, Massolini G. Evaluation of capillary chromatographic supports for immobilized human purine nucleoside phosphorylase in frontal affinity chromatography studies. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1338:77-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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25
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Xin-feng Z, Jing-jing H, Qian L, Lu-sha W, Jian-bin Z, Xiao-hui Z, Zi-jian L, You-yi Z. Revealing binding interaction between seven drugs and immobilized β2-adrenoceptor by high-performance affinity chromatography using frontal analysis. J Mol Recognit 2013; 26:252-7. [PMID: 23526777 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Xin-feng
- College of Life Sciences; Northwest University; Xi'an; 710069; China
| | - Huang Jing-jing
- College of Life Sciences; Northwest University; Xi'an; 710069; China
| | - Li Qian
- College of Life Sciences; Northwest University; Xi'an; 710069; China
| | - Wei Lu-sha
- College of Life Sciences; Northwest University; Xi'an; 710069; China
| | - Zheng Jian-bin
- Institute of Analytical Science; Northwest University; Xi'an; 710069; China
| | - Zheng Xiao-hui
- College of Life Sciences; Northwest University; Xi'an; 710069; China
| | - Li Zi-jian
- Institute of Vascular Medicine; Peking University; Third Hospital and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education; Beijing; 100083; China
| | - Zhang You-yi
- Institute of Vascular Medicine; Peking University; Third Hospital and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education; Beijing; 100083; China
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26
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Yakufu P, Qi H, Li M, Ling X, Chen W, Wang Y. CCR4 expressing cells cultured adherently on a capillary wall and formaldehyde fixed as the stationary phase for ligand screening by ACE. Electrophoresis 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pazilaiti Yakufu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; Beijing; P. R. China
| | - Hui Qi
- Center for Human Disease Genomics and Department of Medical Immunology of School of Basic Medical Science; Peking University; Beijing; P. R. China
| | - Meina Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; Beijing; P. R. China
| | - Xiaomei Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; Beijing; P. R. China
| | - Wenjing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; Beijing; P. R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- Center for Human Disease Genomics and Department of Medical Immunology of School of Basic Medical Science; Peking University; Beijing; P. R. China
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27
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Frontal affinity chromatography in characterizing immobilized receptors. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 54:911-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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28
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Jonker N, Kool J, Irth H, Niessen WMA. Recent developments in protein-ligand affinity mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:2669-81. [PMID: 21058031 PMCID: PMC3043251 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4350-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 10/16/2010] [Accepted: 10/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This review provides an overview of direct and indirect technologies to screen protein–ligand interactions with mass spectrometry. These technologies have as a key feature the selection or affinity purification of ligands in mixtures prior to detection. Specific fields of interest for these technologies are metabolic profiling of bioactive metabolites, natural extract screening, and the screening of libraries for bioactives, such as parallel synthesis libraries and small combichem libraries. The review addresses the principles of each of the methods discussed, with a focus on developments in recent years, and the applicability of the methods to lead generation and development in drug discovery. Schematic view of the principle of filtration based 96-well affinity selection MS binding assays ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Jonker
- BioMolecular Analysis, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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29
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Investigation of calcium antagonist–L-type calcium channel interactions by a vascular smooth muscle cell membrane chromatography method. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:1947-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3730-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Revised: 03/28/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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30
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Moaddel R, Musyimi HK, Sanghvi M, Bashore C, Frazier CR, Khadeer M, Bhatia P, Wainer IW. Synthesis and characterization of a cellular membrane affinity chromatography column containing histamine 1 and P2Y(1) receptors: a multiple G-protein coupled receptor column. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 52:416-9. [PMID: 19608372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2009] [Revised: 06/17/2009] [Accepted: 06/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A cellular membrane affinity chromatography (CMAC) column has been created using cellular membrane fragments from a 1321N1 cell line stably transfected with the P2Y(1) receptor. The CMAC(1321N1(P2Y1)) column contained functional P2Y(1) and histamine 1 receptors, which independently bound receptor-specific ligands. The data obtained with the CMAC(1321N1(P2Y1)) column demonstrate that multiple-G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) columns can be developed and used to probe interactions with the immobilized receptors and that endogenously expressed GPCRs can be used to create CMAC columns. The results also establish that the histamine 1 receptor can be immobilized with retention of ligand-specific binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruin Moaddel
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Gerontology Research Center, 5600 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224-6825, United States.
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31
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Calleri E, Temporini C, Caccialanza G, Massolini G. Target-Based Drug Discovery: the Emerging Success of Frontal Affinity Chromatography Coupled to Mass Spectrometry. ChemMedChem 2009; 4:905-16. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200800436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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32
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Zhao X, Zheng X, Wei Y, Bian L, Wang S, Zheng J, Zhang Y, Li Z, Zang W. Thermodynamic study of the interaction between terbutaline and salbutamol with an immobilized β2-adrenoceptor by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:911-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2008] [Revised: 02/12/2009] [Accepted: 02/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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33
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Moaddel R, Wainer IW. The preparation and development of cellular membrane affinity chromatography columns. Nat Protoc 2009; 4:197-205. [PMID: 19180089 PMCID: PMC4605383 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2008.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cellular membrane affinity chromatography is a technique that is based on the immobilization of a target trans-membrane protein onto a stationary phase. The target protein is isolated by homogenization and solubilization of a source (e.g., cell line) followed by immobilization on either the immobilized artificial membrane-phosphatidyl choline (IAM-PC) stationary phase or the surface of an open tubular capillary during a dialysis step. The procedure typically takes 3-4 d for the IAM-PC stationary phase, whereas the open-tubular method takes an extra week for the preparation of the capillary. The resulting columns can then be used to characterize binding sites on the target protein through frontal chromatographic and/or nonlinear chromatographic studies using a wide variety of ligands including small molecules and polypeptides. The columns have been used in drug discovery as well as in the screening of tobacco smoke condensates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruin Moaddel
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging/NIH, 5600 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA.
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34
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Development of an immobilized GPR17 receptor stationary phase for binding determination using frontal affinity chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2008; 384:123-9. [PMID: 18835238 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2008.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 08/14/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A liquid chromatographic stationary phase containing immobilized membranes from cells expressing the P2Y-like receptor GPR17 is described. Cellular membranes from 1321N1 cells transiently transfected with GPR17 vector [GPR17+] and from the same cell line transfected with the corresponding empty vector [GPR17(-)] were entrapped on immobilized artificial membrane (IAM) support and packed into 6.6-mm-i.d. glass columns to create GPR17(+)-IAM and GPR17(-)-IAM stationary phases. Frontal chromatography experiments on both GPR17(+)-IAM and GPR17(-)-IAM demonstrated the presence of a specific interaction with GPR17 only in the former that was maximized by increasing the membrane/IAM ratio. GPR17(+)-IAM was used in frontal affinity chromatography experiments to calculate the dissociation constants (K(d)) of three ligands-the antagonist cangrelor (formerly AR-C69931MX, a P2Y(12)/P2Y(13) antagonist), MRS2179 (a P2Y(1) receptor antagonist), and the agonist UDP-all of which have been reported to also interact with GPR17. Immobilized GPR17 retained its ability to specifically bind the three analytes, as demonstrated by the agreement of the calculated K(d) values with previously reported data. Preliminary ranking experiments suggest the application of GPR17(+)-IAM in ranking affinity studies for the selection of new potential candidates.
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35
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Sharma J, Besanger TR, Brennan JD. Assaying Small-Molecule−Receptor Interactions by Continuous Flow Competitive Displacement Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2008; 80:3213-20. [DOI: 10.1021/ac702421e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jai Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - Travis R. Besanger
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - John D. Brennan
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
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36
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Moaddel R, Oliveira RV, Kimura T, Hyppolite P, Juhaszova M, Xiao Y, Kellar KJ, Bernier M, Wainer IW. Initial synthesis and characterization of an alpha7 nicotinic receptor cellular membrane affinity chromatography column: effect of receptor subtype and cell type. Anal Chem 2007; 80:48-54. [PMID: 18062706 DOI: 10.1021/ac701943b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, cellular membrane fragments from SH-EP1-pCEP4-halpha7 and alpha7 HEK-293 cell lines were used to synthesize cellular membrane affinity chromatography (CMAC) columns containing functional alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, CMAC(alpha7 nAChR) columns. The synthesis of stable columns required the addition of cholesterol to the 2% cholate solubilization/immobilization (s/i) buffer and to the mobile phase. In addition, when membranes from the SH-EP1 cell line were used, l-alpha-phosphatidylserine and l-alpha-phosphatidylethanolamine also had to be added to the s/i buffer. A CMAC(alpha4beta2 nAChR) column was prepared using membrane fragments from a SH-EP1-pCEP4-halpha4beta2 cell line, and this process required the addition of l-alpha-phosphatidylserine and l-alpha-phosphatidylethanolamine to the s/i buffer, but not cholesterol. The s/i buffers from the three columns were compared with the s/i buffer utilized in the preparation of a CMAC(alpha4beta2 nAChR) column prepared using an alpha4beta2 HEK-293 cell line, which required no additions to the 2% cholate s/i buffer. The data demonstrate that both cell type and receptor type affect the protocol required to produce a stable CMAC column and that, at the current time, the development of an optimum immobilization protocol is an empirical process. The results are also consistent with the observation that the alpha7 nAChR is localized in lipid rafts in both of these cell lines and that the cholate detergent removed cholesterol from these microdomains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruin Moaddel
- Gerontology Research Center, National Institutes on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224-6825, USA.
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Moaddel R, Jozwiak K, Wainer IW. Allosteric modifiers of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: new methods, new opportunities. Med Res Rev 2007; 27:723-53. [PMID: 17238157 DOI: 10.1002/med.20091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Allosteric, non-competitive inhibitors (NCIs) of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have been shown to produce a wide variety of clinically relevant responses. Many of the observed effects are desired as the nAChR is the therapeutic target, while others are undesired consequences due to off-target binding at the nAChR. Thus, the determination of whether or not a lead drug candidate is an NCI should play an important role in drug discovery programs. However, the current experimental techniques used to identify NCIs are challenging, expensive, and time consuming. This review focuses on an alternative approach to the investigation of interactions between test compounds and nAChRs based upon liquid chromatographic stationary phases containing cellular fragments from cell lines expressing nAChRs. The development and validation of these phases as well as their use in drug discovery and pharmacophore modeling are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruin Moaddel
- Gerontology Research Center, Laboratory of Clinical Investigations, National Institute on Aging/NIH, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Moaddel R, Marszałł MP, Bighi F, Yang Q, Duan X, Wainer IW. Automated ligand fishing using human serum albumin-coated magnetic beads. Anal Chem 2007; 79:5414-7. [PMID: 17579480 DOI: 10.1021/ac070268+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human serum albumin, HSA, was immobilized onto the surface of silica-based magnetic beads. The beads were used to isolate known HSA ligands from a mixture containing ligands and nonligands. The separation was accomplished manually and was also automated. The results indicate that an automated "ligand-fishing" technique can be developed using magnetic beads containing an immobilized protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Moaddel
- Gerontology Research Center, National Institutes in Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224-6825, USA.
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Moaddel R, Calleri E, Massolini G, Frazier CR, Wainer IW. The synthesis and initial characterization of an immobilized purinergic receptor (P2Y1) liquid chromatography stationary phase for online screening. Anal Biochem 2007; 364:216-8. [PMID: 17391632 PMCID: PMC1931501 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2007.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2006] [Revised: 01/18/2007] [Accepted: 02/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruin Moaddel
- Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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Wang Y, Yuan B, Deng X, He L, Wang S, Zhang Y, Han Q. Comparison of alpha1-adrenergic receptor cell-membrane stationary phases prepared from expressed cell line and from rabbit hepatocytes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 386:2003-11. [PMID: 17072598 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0859-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2006] [Revised: 09/11/2006] [Accepted: 09/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A G-protein-coupled receptor-cell-membrane stationary phase (CMSP) has been prepared by immobilizing cell membranes on the surface of silica, as carrier. The resulting HEK293 alpha1A adrenoceptor cell-membrane stationary phase can be used for rapid on-line chromatographic determination of potential subtype-selective alpha1-adrenoceptor ligand-binding affinities for alpha 1-adrenoceptor subtypes. The objective of the research was to study whether cell lines stably overexpressing subtype receptors could improve the sensitivity and specificity of cell-membrane chromatography (CMC) compared with use of homogenized tissue and cells in primary culture. Effects of mobile-phase ionic strength, sample concentration, and the presence of competitive agents on ligand-receptor interaction in CMSP were also evaluated. We found that cell lines stably overexpressing subtype receptors led to improved sensitivity and specificity in CMC. The technique leads to useful procedures-cell-membrane stationary phases may, for example, facilitate exploration of ligand-receptor interaction and determination of ligand-receptor binding affinity in initial screening and separation of lead compounds or active components in Chinese traditional natural medicine and herbs. This might eventually be an important contribution and an addition to our collection of techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Medical School, 710061 Xi'an, People's Republic of China
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41
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Besanger TR, Hodgson RJ, Guillon D, Brennan JD. Monolithic membrane-receptor columns: Optimization of column performance for frontal affinity chromatography/mass spectrometry applications. Anal Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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de Jong LAA, Uges DRA, Franke JP, Bischoff R. Receptor–ligand binding assays: Technologies and Applications. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2005; 829:1-25. [PMID: 16253574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2005] [Revised: 09/26/2005] [Accepted: 10/02/2005] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-ligand interactions play a crucial role in biological systems and their measurement forms an important part of modern pharmaceutical development. Numerous assay formats are available that can be used to screen and quantify receptor ligands. In this review, we give an overview over both radioactive and non-radioactive assay technologies with emphasis on the latter. While radioreceptor assays are fast, easy to use and reproducible, their major disadvantage is that they are hazardous to human health, produce radioactive waste, require special laboratory conditions and are thus rather expensive on a large scale. This has led to the development of non-radioactive assays based on optical methods like fluorescence polarization, fluorescence resonance energy transfer or surface plasmon resonance. In light of their application in high-throughput screening environments, there has been an emphasis on so called "mix-and-measure" assays that do not require separation of bound from free ligand. The advent of recombinant production of receptors has contributed to the increased availability of specific assays and some aspects of the expression of recombinant receptors will be reviewed. Applications of receptor-ligand binding assays described in this review will relate to screening and the quantification of pharmaceuticals in biological matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutea A A de Jong
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, University Centre for Pharmacy, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Moaddel R, Wainer IW. Development of immobilized membrane-based affinity columns for use in the online characterization of membrane bound proteins and for targeted affinity isolations. Anal Chim Acta 2005; 564:97-105. [PMID: 17723367 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2005] [Revised: 09/06/2005] [Accepted: 09/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Membranes obtained from cell lines that express or do not express a target membrane bound protein have been immobilized on a silica-based liquid chromatographic support or on the surface of an activated glass capillary. The resulting chromatographic columns have been placed in liquid chromatographic systems and used to characterize the target proteins and to identify small molecules that bind to the target. Membranes containing ligand gated ion channels, G-protein coupled receptors and drug transporters have been prepared and characterized. If a marker ligand has been identified for the target protein, frontal or zonal displacement chromatographic techniques can be used to determine binding affinities (K(d) values) and non-linear chromatography can be used to assess the association (k(on)) and dissociation (k(off)) rate constants and the thermodynamics of the binding process. Membrane-based affinity columns have been created using membranes from a cell line that does not express the target protein (control) and the same cell line that expresses the target protein (experimental) after genomic transfection. The resulting columns can be placed in a parallel chromatography system and the differential retention between the control and experimental columns can be used to identify small molecules and protein that bind to the target protein. These applications will be illustrated using columns created using cellular membranes containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and the drug transporter P-glycoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruin Moaddel
- Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 5600 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224-6825, USA
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Characterization of small-molecule–biomacromolecule interactions: From simple to complex. Trends Analyt Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2005.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ott D, Neldner Y, Cèbe R, Dodevski I, Plückthun A. Engineering and functional immobilization of opioid receptors. Protein Eng Des Sel 2005; 18:153-60. [PMID: 15790572 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzi012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Opioid receptors, like many G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), are notoriously unstable in detergents. We have now developed a more stable variant of the mu-opioid receptor (MOR) and also a method for the immobilization of solubilized, functional opioid receptors on a solid phase (magnetic beads). Starting with the intrinsically more stable kappa-opioid receptor (KOR), we optimized the conditions (i.e. detergents and stabilizing ligands) for receptor extraction from lipid bilayers of HEK293T cells to obtain maximal amounts of functional, immobilized receptor. After immobilization, the ligand binding profile remains the same as observed for the membrane-embedded receptor. For the immobilized wild-type mu-opioid receptor, however, no conditions were found under which ligand binding capacity was retained. To solve this problem, we engineered the receptor chimera KKM where the N-terminus and the first transmembrane helix (TM1) of wild-type MOR is exchanged for the homologous receptor parts of the wild-type KOR. This hybrid receptor behaves exactly as the wild-type MOR in functional assays. Interestingly, the modified MOR is expressed at six times higher levels than wild-type MOR and is similarly stable as wild-type KOR after immobilization. Hence the immobilized MOR, represented by the chimera KKM, is now also amenable for biophysical characterization. These results are encouraging for future stability engineering of GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ott
- Biochemisches Institut, Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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Moaddel R, Patel S, Jozwiak K, Yamaguchi R, Ho PC, Wainer IW. Enantioselective binding to the human organic cation transporter-1 (hOCT1) determined using an immobilized hOCT1 liquid chromatographic stationary phase. Chirality 2005; 17:501-6. [PMID: 16113995 DOI: 10.1002/chir.20195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A liquid chromatography stationary phase containing immobilized membranes obtained from a cell line that expresses the human organic cation transporter (hOCT1-IAM) has been used to study the binding of the enantiomers of propranolol, atenolol, pseudoephedrine, and alpha-methylbenzylamine to the immobilized hOCT1. Frontal displacement chromatography was used to determine the binding affinities (K(d) values), and the data demonstrate that there was an enantioselective difference in the K(d) values of the enantiomers of propranolol, atenolol, and pseudoephedrine, while alpha-methylbenzylamine did not significantly bind to the transporter. Competitive inhibition studies with the cell line used to create the chromatographic column demonstrated that, for the enantiomers of propranolol, the ratio of the chromatographically determined K(d) values [K(d (+)-(R)-propranolol)/K(d (-)-(S)-propranolol) = 2.98] reflected an enantioselective difference in the functional activity of the two enantiomers [IC(50 (+)-(R)-propranolol)/IC(50 (-)-(S)-propranolol) = 2.75]. The chromatographically determined K(d) values were used to construct an initial pharmacophore which contains a hydrogen bond donating site that appears to be responsible for the observed enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Moaddel
- Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
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Beigi F, Chakir K, Xiao RP, Wainer IW. G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Chromatographic Stationary Phases. 2. Ligand-Induced Conformational Mobility in an Immobilized β2-Adrenergic Receptor. Anal Chem 2004; 76:7187-93. [PMID: 15595859 DOI: 10.1021/ac048910c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Membranes from a HEK-293 cell line expressing the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor (beta(2)-AR) have been immobilized on an artificial membrane liquid chromatographic stationary phase. The resulting phase was packed into a glass column (1.8 x 0.5 (i.d.) cm) and used in on-line chromatographic system. Frontal displacement affinity chromatography was used to determine the dissociation constants (K(d)) of CGP 12177A (552.6 nM) and (S)-propranolol (84.3 nM). Zonal displacement chromatography using CGP 12177A as the marker and racemic mixtures of the antagonists nadolol and propranolol demonstrated that the immobilized beta(2)-AR retained its ability to specifically bind these compounds. Similar experiments with (R)- and (S)-propranolol demonstrated that the immobilized receptor retained its enantioselectivity as (S)-propranolol displaced the CGP 12177 marker to a great extent that the (R)-enantiomer. The addition of the agonist butoxamine to the mobile phase increased the retention of the CGP-12177A as did the addition of the agonist fenoterol. These results indicate that the immobilized beta(2)-AR retained its ability to undergo ligand-induced conformational changes. The data from this study suggest that the immobilized beta(2)-AR can be used to screen for ligand binding interactions in both the resting and active states of the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farideh Beigi
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation and Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, NIA, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland 21224-6825, USA
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Time-resolved chemiluminescence: a novel tool for improved emission sequence in stopped-flow analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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