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Geddes da Filicaia E, Evershed RP, Peggie DA. Review of recent advances on the use of mass spectrometry techniques for the study of organic materials in painted artworks. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1246:340575. [PMID: 36764767 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The study of painted artworks using scientific methods is fundamental for understanding the techniques used in their creation and their appropriate conservation. The ethical constraints involved in the handling of, and sampling from, these objects has steered recent developments in the field of Heritage science towards a range of new non-invasive/non-destructive spectroscopic techniques capable of providing important insights into their elemental or bulk chemical compositions. Due to the inherent complexities of heritage artefacts, however, their organic components are especially difficult to study in this way and their identification and degradation pathways are thus often best investigated using mass spectrometric (MS) techniques. The versatility, sensitivity and specificity of MS techniques are constantly increasing, with technological advances pushing the boundaries of their use in this field. The progress in the past ten years in the use of MS techniques for the analysis of paint media are described in the present review. While some historical context is included, the body of the review is structured around the five most widely used or emerging capabilities offered by MS. The first pertains to the use of spatially resolved MS to obtain chemical maps of components in cross-sections, which may yield information on both inorganic and organic materials, while the second area describes the development of novel sample preparation approaches for gas chromatography (GC)-MS to allow simultaneous analysis of a variety of components. The third focuses on thermally assisted analysis (either with direct MS or coupled with GC-MS), a powerful tool for studying macromolecules requiring zero (or minimal) sample pre-treatment. Subsequently, the use of soft ionisation techniques often combined with high-resolution MS for the study of peptides (proteomics) and other macromolecules (such as oligosaccharides and triglycerides) is outlined. The fifth area covers the advances in radiocarbon dating of painting components with accelerator MS (AMS). Lastly, future applications of other MS techniques to the study of paintings are mentioned; such as direct analysis in real time MS (DART-MS) and stable isotope ratio MS (IRMS). The latter, having proven its efficiency for the study of lipids in archaeological artefacts, is envisioned to become a valuable tool for this area, whereas DART-MS is already being utilised to study the surface composition of various museum objects. Rapid technological advances, resulting in increased sensitivity and selectivity of MS techniques, are opening up new approaches for paintings analysis, overcoming the fundamental hurdle of sample size available for destructive analysis. Importantly, while the last decade has seen proteomics applications come to the fore, this review aims to emphasise the wider potential of advanced MS techniques for the study of painting materials and their conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Geddes da Filicaia
- Scientific Department, National Gallery, Trafalgar Square, London, WC2N 5DN, UK; Organic Geochemistry Unit, Bristol Biogeochemistry Research Centre, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1T, UK.
| | - Richard P Evershed
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, Bristol Biogeochemistry Research Centre, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1T, UK
| | - David A Peggie
- Scientific Department, National Gallery, Trafalgar Square, London, WC2N 5DN, UK
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2
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Technical steps towards enhanced localization of proteins in cultural heritage samples by immunofluorescence microscopy and micro-reflectance imaging spectroscopy. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Krmpotić M, Jembrih-Simbürger D, Siketić Z, Anghelone M, Radović IB. Study of UV ageing effects in modern artists’ paints with MeV-SIMS. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Bouvier C, Van Nuffel S, Walter P, Brunelle A. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging in cultural heritage: A focus on old paintings. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2022; 57:e4803. [PMID: 34997666 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) imaging is a surface analysis technique that identifies and spatially resolves the chemical composition of a sample with a lateral resolution of less than 1 μm. Depth analyses can also be performed over thicknesses of several microns. In the case of a painting cross section, for example, TOF-SIMS can identify the organic composition, by detecting molecular ions and fragments of binders, as well as the mineral composition of most of the pigments. Importantly, the technique is almost not destructive and is therefore increasingly used in cultural heritage research such as the analysis of painting samples, especially old paintings. In this review, state of the art of TOF-SIMS analysis methods will be described with a particular focus on tuning the instruments for the analysis of painting cross sections and with several examples from the literature showing the added value of this technique when studying cultural heritage samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Bouvier
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Archéologie Moléculaire et Structurale (LAMS), Paris, France
| | - Sebastiaan Van Nuffel
- M4I, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Philippe Walter
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Archéologie Moléculaire et Structurale (LAMS), Paris, France
| | - Alain Brunelle
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Archéologie Moléculaire et Structurale (LAMS), Paris, France
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Izzo FC, Kratter M, Nevin A, Zendri E. A Critical Review on the Analysis of Metal Soaps in Oil Paintings. ChemistryOpen 2021; 10:904-921. [PMID: 34532965 PMCID: PMC8446710 DOI: 10.1002/open.202100166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Up to 70 % of the oil paintings conserved in collections present metal soaps, which result from the chemical reaction between metal ions present in the painted layers and free fatty acids from the lipidic binders. In recent decades, conservators and conservation scientists have been systematically identifying various and frequent conservation problems that can be linked to the formation of metal soaps. It is also increasingly recognized that metal soap formation may not compromise the integrity of paint so there is a need for careful assessment of the implications of metal soaps for conservation. This review aims to critically assess scientific literature related to commonly adopted analytical techniques for the analysis of metal soaps in oil paintings. A comparison of different analytical methods is provided, highlighting advantages associated with each, as well as limitations identified through the analysis of reference materials and applications to the analysis of samples from historical paintings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Caterina Izzo
- Sciences and Technologies for the Conservation of Cultural Heritage, Department ofEnvironmental Sciences, Informatics and StatisticsCa' Foscari University of VeniceVia Torino 155/b30173VeniceItaly
| | - Matilde Kratter
- Sciences and Technologies for the Conservation of Cultural Heritage, Department ofEnvironmental Sciences, Informatics and StatisticsCa' Foscari University of VeniceVia Torino 155/b30173VeniceItaly
| | - Austin Nevin
- Head of Conservation The Courtauld Institute of ArtVernon Square, Penton RiseKings CrossWC1X 9EWLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Elisabetta Zendri
- Sciences and Technologies for the Conservation of Cultural Heritage, Department ofEnvironmental Sciences, Informatics and StatisticsCa' Foscari University of VeniceVia Torino 155/b30173VeniceItaly
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MA-XRF for the Characterisation of the Painting Materials and Technique of the Entombment of Christ by Rogier van der Weyden. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11136151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
At present, macro X-ray fluorescence (MA-XRF) is one of the most essential analytical methods exploited by heritage science. By providing spatial distribution elemental maps, not only does it allow for material characterisation but also to understand, or at least to have a likely idea of, the production techniques of an analysed object. INFN-CHNet, the Cultural Heritage Network of the Italian National Institute of Nuclear Physics, designed and developed a MA-XRF scanner aiming to be a lightweight, easy to transport piece of equipment for use in in situ measurements. In this study, the INFN-CHNet MA-XRF scanner was employed for the analysis of a painting by the Flemish artist Rogier van der Weyden. The painting belongs to the collection of the Uffizi gallery in Florence and was analysed during conservation treatments at the Opificio delle Pietre Dure, one of the main conservation centres in Italy. The research aims were to characterise the materials employed by the artist and to possibly understand his painting technique. Although MA-XRF alone cannot provide a comprehensive characterisation, it nonetheless proved to be an invaluable tool for providing an initial overview or hypothesis of the painting materials and techniques used.
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Iorio M, Sodo A, Graziani V, Branchini P, Casanova Municchia A, Ricci MA, Salvadori O, Fiorin E, Tortora L. Mapping at the nanometer scale the effects of sea-salt derived chlorine on cinnabar and lead white by using delayed image extraction in ToF-SIMS. Analyst 2021; 146:2392-2399. [PMID: 33656508 DOI: 10.1039/d0an02350g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work, an innovative analytical approach focused on the use of advanced imaging techniques for the chemical mapping of degradation and/or restoration products is proposed. A representative cross-section showing a very complex stratigraphy from the Saint Wilgefortis Triptych (Hieronymus Bosch), exhibited in the Galleria dell'Accademia di Venezia, was investigated. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) experiments were performed using a time-of-flight detector operating in the so-called delayed extraction mode. The time delay applied during the extraction of the secondary ions permitted mass spectra to be obtained with an excellent mass resolution and chemical maps with nanometer scale spatial resolution. The painting's cross-section was also analysed at the micrometer scale by micro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (micro-FTIR). The combined analytical approaches highlighted the colocalization of lead chloride, oxychloride, and hydroxychloride ions, suggesting the transformation of lead white ((PbCO3)2Pb(OH)2) into laurionite (PbClOH). Furthermore, chlorine appears evenly diffused in the cinnabar (HgS) layer, inducing the alteration of its more external part into calomel (Hg2Cl2). In fact, from the chemical maps the presence in the sample of an unaltered portion of the cinnabar layer is evident. Such degradation products were probably due to the exposure of the painting to a chloride-rich atmosphere for a long time. This led to a global blackening of the painting. To protect the painting from aggressive chemical species, siloxane compounds were probably used as a modern restorative treatment. ToF-SIMS chemical maps revealed permeation of the silicon-based consolidants within the sample's cracks and no interaction products with the other constitutive materials of the painting were found. Finally, the presence of different lead soaps was detected in correspondence with the lead white layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Iorio
- LASR3 Surface Analysis Laboratory Roma Tre, via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146 Rome, Italy.
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Bouvier C, Glanville H, de Viguerie L, Merucci C, Walter P, Brunelle A. Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Cross Sections from the Bacchanals Paintings of Nicolas Poussin. Anal Chem 2021; 93:4463-4471. [PMID: 33661602 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The two paintings Infant Bacchanals (Museo Nazionale d'Arte Antica, Palazzo Barberini, Rome, Italy) executed by Nicolas Poussin (Les Andelys, 1594-Rome, 1665) in around 1626 are thought to have been painted "a guazzo", which means either with a glue or with an egg binding medium. To date, this has never been confirmed through analysis. Dual-beam time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS), using a bismuth cluster liquid metal ion gun and an argon gas cluster ion beam, allows the mapping of organic and inorganic matter on paintings cross sections, with the possibility to acquire submicrometer-resolution mass spectrometry images of the sample, together with high mass resolution using a delayed extraction of secondary ions. The surfaces of cross sections from both paintings were prepared beforehand either by polishing or by microtome cutting and then cleaned with the gas cluster ion beam directly inside the vacuum chamber of the instrument. The nature of the binders in the two paintings was investigated by TOF-SIMS analyses. By considering the uneven physical properties of the heterogeneous analyzed surfaces, several high-resolution images were recorded with different instrument settings. The detection of lipids seems to point toward an oil-containing medium, rather than a glue-binding medium. An emulsion made of oil and glue is another hypothesis to be explored to better understand the artist's working methods in his early career.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Bouvier
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Archéologie Moléculaire et Structurale, LAMS, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Helen Glanville
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Archéologie Moléculaire et Structurale, LAMS, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Laurence de Viguerie
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Archéologie Moléculaire et Structurale, LAMS, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Chiara Merucci
- Museo Nazionale d'Arte Antica, Palazzo Barberini, Via delle Quattro Fontane, 13, 00184 Roma, Italy
| | - Philippe Walter
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Archéologie Moléculaire et Structurale, LAMS, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Alain Brunelle
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Archéologie Moléculaire et Structurale, LAMS, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
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Wiggins MB, Liu M, Matsen C, Liu C, Booksh KS. Characterization of Green Paints in Ming and Qianlong Dynasties' Lin'xi Pavilion by Complimentary Techniques. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26020266. [PMID: 33430485 PMCID: PMC7826886 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During conservation of the painted ceiling decoration of Lin'xi Pavilion in the Forbidden City, two distinct paint campaigns were isolated as a unique case study into architectural paint materials during both the Ming and Qing dynasties. Paint samples and cross sections from both paint generations were analyzed with SEM-EDX, time of flight-secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), XRD, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopies. Similar organic and inorganic materials characteristic of these time periods were identified. The pigments of interest found in both paint generations were botallackite and atacamite polymorphs. This suggests a shift from natural mineral sources to synthetic copper-based pigments for these larger architectural projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcie B. Wiggins
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA;
| | - Mengyu Liu
- School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (M.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Catherine Matsen
- Scientific Research & Analysis Laboratory, Winterthur Museum, Garden & Library, Winterthur, DE 19735, USA;
| | - Chang Liu
- School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (M.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Karl S. Booksh
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-302-831-2561
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Identification of Synthetic Organic Pigments (SOPs) Used in Modern Artist's Paints with Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry with MeV Ions. Anal Chem 2020; 92:9287-9294. [PMID: 32484333 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This work reports on the first systematic study using secondary ion mass spectrometry with MeV ions (MeV-SIMS) for analysis of synthetic organic pigments (SOPs) that can be usually found in modern and contemporary art paints. In order to prove the applicability of the method to different chemical classes of SOPs, 17 pigments were selected for the analyses. The focus was on blue and green phthalocyanines, yellow and red (naphthol AS) azo pigments, red quinacridone, anthraquinone, and diketopyrrolo-pyrrole pigments. Since there are no reference spectra available for this technique, pure pigment powders were measured first to create a database. Simple two-component paint systems were also prepared for testing purposes by mixing synthetic organic pigments with alkyd and acrylic binders. Commercial paints that contain the SOPs with identical C.I. numbers as in the prepared two-component samples were analyzed. All pigments were successfully identified in commercial products in the MeV-SIMS mass spectra through molecular and larger specific fragment ion peaks in the positive-ion mode. The main advantages of MeV-SIMS over other techniques used in SOPs identification, like pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), direct-temperature resolved mass spectrometry (DTMS), and laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (LDIMS), can be summarized as follows: (i) pigments and binders can be detected simultaneously in the same mass spectrum acquired over a short measurement time (up to 500 s), (ii) only small sample flakes are required for the measurements, which are analyzed without any chemical treatment prior to the analyses, (iii) samples are not consumed during the analyses and can be reused for other measurements, e.g., multielemental analysis by other ion beam analysis (IBA) techniques, such as particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE). Compared to, e.g., Raman spectroscopy, the significant benefit of MeV-SIMS is the exact identification of the SOPs in the paints even if pigments of similar structures are measured.
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Romano C, Lam T, Newsome GA, Taillon JA, Little N, Tsang JS. Characterization of Zinc Carboxylates in an Oil Paint Test Panel. STUDIES IN CONSERVATION = ETUDES DE CONSERVATION 2020; 65:10.1080/00393630.2019.1666467. [PMID: 32103842 PMCID: PMC7043324 DOI: 10.1080/00393630.2019.1666467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Zinc (carboxylate) soaps, formed by reactions between zinc oxide (ZnO) and fatty acids in a drying oil, are known to cause deterioration in the paint layers of modern and contemporary oil paintings. This study investigates zinc carboxylates that developed in an oil painting test panel designed to mimic the aging and degradation encountered in actual works of art. Following accelerated and natural aging, protrusions were noted on the surface of the test panel. A large protrusion with erupted gel features was extracted from the test panel, mounted in top view, and then cut to reveal the sample's cross section. The gel features, which resulted from the unreacted oil binder's separation from the paint matrix, facilitated zinc carboxylate formation. Using reflectance μ-FTIR and SEM-EDX analysis, the morphologies and spatial distributions of zinc carboxylates within the gel regions of the protrusion were studied. A concentration gradient of zinc within the gel material was observed in the cross-sectional view, indicating patterns of zinc carboxylate formation and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Romano
- Museum Conservation Institute, Smithsonian Institution, Suitland, MD, USA
| | - Thomas Lam
- Museum Conservation Institute, Smithsonian Institution, Suitland, MD, USA
| | - G. Asher Newsome
- Museum Conservation Institute, Smithsonian Institution, Suitland, MD, USA
| | - Joshua A. Taillon
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Nicole Little
- Museum Conservation Institute, Smithsonian Institution, Suitland, MD, USA
| | - Jia-sun Tsang
- Museum Conservation Institute, Smithsonian Institution, Suitland, MD, USA
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Cunsolo V, Foti S, Ner‐Kluza J, Drabik A, Silberring J, Muccilli V, Saletti R, Pawlak K, Harwood E, Yu F, Ciborowski P, Anczkiewicz R, Altweg K, Spoto G, Pawlaczyk A, Szynkowska MI, Smoluch M, Kwiatkowska D. Mass Spectrometry Applications. Mass Spectrom (Tokyo) 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119377368.ch8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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13
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Mapping Natural Dyes in Archeological Textiles by Imaging Mass Spectrometry. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2331. [PMID: 30787311 PMCID: PMC6382771 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38706-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic dyes of animal and plant origin have often been used by our ancestors to create textiles with polychromic ornamental patterns, and dyestuff analyses reveal how ancient cultures used these natural colorants. Mass spectrometry can characterize ancient colorants from these textiles, but its combination with separation techniques such as liquid chromatography requires the destruction of the pattern to extract organic dyes from the fabrics. In this study we applied mass spectrometry imaging (MS imaging) on colorful patterned textiles to show the spatial distribution of indigo-type and anthraquinone-type dyes. We evaluated different sample preparation techniques for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF)-MS imaging, e.g. the production of imprints in TLC (thin layer chromatography) aluminum sheets and the embedding of the material in Technovit7100 to produce thin sections. Our protocol enabled the detection of indigo-type dyes directly on a historic textile of more than 2,000 years old embedded in Technovit7100. This is the first-time application of MALDI-TOF-MS imaging to map different organic dyestuffs on archeological remains.
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Watts KE, Lagalante AF. Method development for binding media analysis in painting cross-sections by desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:1324-1330. [PMID: 29873426 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Art conservation science is in need of a relatively nondestructive way of rapidly identifying the binding media within a painting cross-section and isolating binding media to specific layers within the cross-section. Knowledge of the stratigraphy of cross-sections can be helpful for removing possible unoriginal paint layers on the artistic work. METHODS Desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DESI-MS) was used in ambient mode to study cross-sections from mock-up layered paint samples and samples from a 17th century baroque painting. The DESI spray was raster scanned perpendicular to the cross-sectional layers to maximize lateral resolution then analyzed with a triple quadrupole mass analyzer in linear ion trap mode. From these scans, isobaric mass maps were created to map the locations of masses indicative of particular binding media onto the cross-sections. RESULTS Line paint-outs of pigments in different binding media showed specific and unique ions to distinguish between the modern acrylic media and the lipid-containing binding media. This included: OP (EO)9 surfactant in positive ESI mode for acrylic (m/z 621), and oleic (m/z 281), stearic (m/z 283), and azelaic (m/z 187) acids in negative ESI mode for oil and egg tempera. DESI-MS maps of mock-up cross-sections of layered pigmented binding media showed correlation between these ions and the layers with a spatial resolution of 100 μm. CONCLUSIONS DESI-MS is effective in monitoring binding media within an intact painting cross-section via mass spectrometric methods. This includes distinguishing between lipid-containing and modern binding materials present in a known mock-up cross-section matrix as well as identifying lipid-binding media in a 17th century baroque era painting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen E Watts
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, 800 E. Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA, 18085-1603, USA
| | - Anthony F Lagalante
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, 800 E. Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA, 18085-1603, USA
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15
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Muramoto S, Gillen G, Windsor ES. Chemical discrimination of multilayered paint cross sections for potential forensic applications using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.6509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shin Muramoto
- Materials Measurement Sciences Division; National Institute of Standards and Technology; Gaithersburg Maryland
| | - Greg Gillen
- Materials Measurement Sciences Division; National Institute of Standards and Technology; Gaithersburg Maryland
| | - Eric S. Windsor
- Materials Measurement Sciences Division; National Institute of Standards and Technology; Gaithersburg Maryland
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16
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Kałużna-Czaplińska J, Rosiak A, Grams J, Chałupka K, Makarowicz P, Maniukiewicz W, Szubiakiewicz E. The Studies of Archaeological Pottery with the Use of Selected Analytical Techniques. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2017; 47:490-498. [PMID: 28541719 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2017.1334534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Modern analytical methods play an important role in archaeological objects, including ceramics. This review focuses on the use of analytical methods such as: gas chromatography coupled mass spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), powder X-ray diffraction with thermal analysis to study the chemical and mineralogical composition of archaeological samples and organic residues preserved inside. In this paper, special attention was paid to the ToF-SIMS method, which allows the determination of characteristic ions on the surface of ceramic samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kałużna-Czaplińska
- a Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , Lodz University of Technology , Lodz , Poland
| | - Angelina Rosiak
- a Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , Lodz University of Technology , Lodz , Poland
| | - Jacek Grams
- a Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , Lodz University of Technology , Lodz , Poland
| | - Karolina Chałupka
- a Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , Lodz University of Technology , Lodz , Poland
| | - Przemysław Makarowicz
- b Department of Prehistory of East-Central Europe , Institute of Archaeology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań , Poznań , Poland
| | - Waldemar Maniukiewicz
- a Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , Lodz University of Technology , Lodz , Poland
| | - Elżbieta Szubiakiewicz
- a Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , Lodz University of Technology , Lodz , Poland
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Trentelman K. Analyzing the Heterogeneous Hierarchy of Cultural Heritage Materials: Analytical Imaging. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2017; 10:247-270. [PMID: 28605607 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-071015-041500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Objects of cultural heritage significance are created using a wide variety of materials, or mixtures of materials, and often exhibit heterogeneity on multiple length scales. The effective study of these complex constructions thus requires the use of a suite of complementary analytical technologies. Moreover, because of the importance and irreplaceability of most cultural heritage objects, researchers favor analytical techniques that can be employed noninvasively, i.e., without having to remove any material for analysis. As such, analytical imaging has emerged as an important approach for the study of cultural heritage. Imaging technologies commonly employed, from the macroscale through the micro- to nanoscale, are discussed with respect to how the information obtained helps us understand artists' materials and methods, the cultures in which the objects were created, how the objects may have changed over time, and importantly, how we may develop strategies for their preservation.
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Noun M, Van Elslande E, Touboul D, Glanville H, Bucklow S, Walter P, Brunelle A. High mass and spatial resolution mass spectrometry imaging of Nicolas Poussin painting cross section by cluster TOF-SIMS. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2016; 51:1196-1210. [PMID: 27615561 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) imaging using cluster primary ion beams is used for the identification of the pigments in the painting of Rebecca and Eliezer at the Well by Nicolas Poussin. The combination of the high mass resolution of the technique with a sub-micrometer spatial resolution offered by a delayed extraction of the secondary ions, together with the possibility to simultaneously identifying both minerals and organics, has proved to be the method of choice for the study of the stratigraphy of a paint cross section. The chemical compositions of small grains are shown with the help of a thorough processing of the data, with images of specific ions, mass spectra extracted from small regions of interest, and profiles drawn along the different painting layers. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manale Noun
- Laboratoire d'Archéologie Moléculaire et Structurale (LAMS), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8220, 5 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Elsa Van Elslande
- Laboratoire d'Archéologie Moléculaire et Structurale (LAMS), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8220, 5 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - David Touboul
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Helen Glanville
- Laboratoire d'Archéologie Moléculaire et Structurale (LAMS), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8220, 5 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Spike Bucklow
- Hamilton Kerr Institute, University of Cambridge, Mill Lane, Whittlesford, CB22 4NE, Cambridge, UK
| | - Philippe Walter
- Laboratoire d'Archéologie Moléculaire et Structurale (LAMS), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8220, 5 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Alain Brunelle
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Revealing the composition of organic materials in polychrome works of art: the role of mass spectrometry-based techniques. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:6957-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9862-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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20
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Biocca P, Santopadre P, Sidoti G, Sotgiu G, de Notaristefani F, Tortora L. ToF-SIMS study of gilding technique in the frescoVela della Castitàby Giotto's school. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.5956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Biocca
- Department of Physics and Mathematics Surface Analysis Laboratory; University Roma Tre; via della Vasca Navale 84 00146 Rome Italy
- Department of Engineering; University Roma Tre; via Vito Volterra 62 00146 Rome Italy
- INFN; University Roma Tre; Rome Italy
| | - P. Santopadre
- Istituto Superiore per la Conservazione ed il Restauro; Via di San Michele 23 00153 Rome Italy
| | - G. Sidoti
- Istituto Superiore per la Conservazione ed il Restauro; Via di San Michele 23 00153 Rome Italy
| | - G. Sotgiu
- Department of Engineering; University Roma Tre; via Vito Volterra 62 00146 Rome Italy
- INFN; University Roma Tre; Rome Italy
| | - F. de Notaristefani
- Department of Physics and Mathematics Surface Analysis Laboratory; University Roma Tre; via della Vasca Navale 84 00146 Rome Italy
- INFN; University Roma Tre; Rome Italy
| | - L. Tortora
- Department of Physics and Mathematics Surface Analysis Laboratory; University Roma Tre; via della Vasca Navale 84 00146 Rome Italy
- INFN; University Roma Tre; Rome Italy
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Dallongeville S, Garnier N, Rolando C, Tokarski C. Proteins in Art, Archaeology, and Paleontology: From Detection to Identification. Chem Rev 2015; 116:2-79. [PMID: 26709533 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Dallongeville
- Miniaturisation pour la Synthèse, l'Analyse & la Protéomique (MSAP), USR CNRS 3290, Université de Lille 1 Sciences et Technologies , 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Garnier
- SARL Laboratoire Nicolas Garnier , 63270 Vic le Comte, France
| | - Christian Rolando
- Miniaturisation pour la Synthèse, l'Analyse & la Protéomique (MSAP), USR CNRS 3290, Université de Lille 1 Sciences et Technologies , 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Caroline Tokarski
- Miniaturisation pour la Synthèse, l'Analyse & la Protéomique (MSAP), USR CNRS 3290, Université de Lille 1 Sciences et Technologies , 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
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Voras ZE, deGhetaldi K, Wiggins MB, Buckley B, Baade B, Mass JL, Beebe TP. ToF-SIMS imaging of molecular-level alteration mechanisms in Le Bonheur de vivre by Henri Matisse. APPLIED PHYSICS. A, MATERIALS SCIENCE & PROCESSING 2015; 121:1015-1030. [PMID: 27482144 PMCID: PMC4959045 DOI: 10.1007/s00339-015-9508-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) has recently been shown to be a valuable tool for cultural heritage studies, especially when used in conjunction with established analytical techniques in the field. The ability of ToF-SIMS to simultaneously image inorganic and organic species within a paint cross section at micrometer-level spatial resolution makes it a uniquely qualified analytical technique to aid in further understanding the processes of pigment and binder alteration, as well as pigment-binder interactions. In this study, ToF-SIMS was used to detect and image both molecular and elemental species related to CdS pigment and binding medium alteration on the painting Le Bonheur de vivre (1905-1906, The Barnes Foundation) by Henri Matisse. Three categories of inorganic and organic components were found throughout Le Bonheur de vivre and co-localized in cross-sectional samples using high spatial resolution ToF-SIMS analysis: (1) species relating to the preparation and photo-induced oxidation of CdS yellow pigments (2) varying amounts of long-chain fatty acids present in both the paint and primary ground layer and (3) specific amino acid fragments, possibly relating to the painting's complex restoration history. ToF-SIMS's ability to discern both organic and inorganic species via cross-sectional imaging was used to compare samples collected from Le Bonheur de vivre to artificially aged reference paints in an effort to gather mechanistic information relating to alteration processes that have been previously explored using μXANES, SR-μXRF, SEM-EDX, and SR-FTIR. The relatively high sensitivity offered by ToF-SIMS imaging coupled to the high spatial resolution allowed for the positive identification of degradation products (such as cadmium oxalate) in specific paint regions that have before been unobserved. The imaging of organic materials has provided an insight into the extent of destruction of the original binding medium, as well as identifying unexpected organic materials in specific paint layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary E. Voras
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- UD Surface Analysis Facility, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Kristin deGhetaldi
- Department of Art Conservation, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Winterthur-University of Delaware Program in Art Conservation, Winterthur, DE, USA
| | - Marcie B. Wiggins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- UD Surface Analysis Facility, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Barbara Buckley
- Department of Conservation, The Barnes Foundation, Philadelphia, PA 19130, USA
| | - Brian Baade
- Department of Art Conservation, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Mass
- Scientific Research and Analysis Laboratory, Conservation Department, Winterthur Museum, Winterthur, DE 19735, USA
| | - Thomas P. Beebe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- UD Surface Analysis Facility, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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Echard JP, Thoury M, Berrie BH, Séverin-Fabiani T, Vichi A, Didier M, Réfrégiers M, Bertrand L. Synchrotron DUV luminescence micro-imaging to identify and map historical organic coatings on wood. Analyst 2015; 140:5344-53. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an00483g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Collagen-based materials in historical coatings were characterised and imaged at the sub-micrometer scale using synchrotron DUV luminescence microspectroscopy and spectro-imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Echard
- Equipe Conservation Recherche du Musée de la musique
- CRC USR 3224
- F-75019 Paris
- France
| | - Mathieu Thoury
- IPANEMA USR 3461
- CNRS
- F-91192 Gif-sur-Yvette
- France
- Synchrotron SOLEIL
| | - Barbara H. Berrie
- Scientific Research Department
- National Gallery of Art
- Washington D.C. 20565
- USA
| | | | | | - Marie Didier
- Equipe Conservation Recherche du Musée de la musique
- CRC USR 3224
- F-75019 Paris
- France
| | | | - Loïc Bertrand
- IPANEMA USR 3461
- CNRS
- F-91192 Gif-sur-Yvette
- France
- Synchrotron SOLEIL
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Proietti N, Capitani D, Di Tullio V. Applications of nuclear magnetic resonance sensors to cultural heritage. SENSORS 2014; 14:6977-97. [PMID: 24755519 PMCID: PMC4029666 DOI: 10.3390/s140406977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In recent years nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) sensors have been increasingly applied to investigate, characterize and monitor objects of cultural heritage interest. NMR is not confined to a few specific applications, but rather its use can be successfully extended to a wide number of different cultural heritage issues. A breakthrough has surely been the recent development of portable NMR sensors which can be applied in situ for non-destructive and non-invasive investigations. In this paper three studies illustrating the potential of NMR sensors in this field of research are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Proietti
- Laboratorio di Risonanza Magnetica "Annalaura Segre", Istituto di Metodologie Chimiche, CNR Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria Km 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo (Rome), Italy.
| | - Donatella Capitani
- Laboratorio di Risonanza Magnetica "Annalaura Segre", Istituto di Metodologie Chimiche, CNR Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria Km 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo (Rome), Italy.
| | - Valeria Di Tullio
- Laboratorio di Risonanza Magnetica "Annalaura Segre", Istituto di Metodologie Chimiche, CNR Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria Km 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo (Rome), Italy.
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25
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Tortora L, de Notaristefani F, Ioele M. ToF-SIMS investigation of gilt and painted leather: identification of indigo, oil binder and gold varnish. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.5450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Tortora
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, Surface Analysis Laboratory; University of Rome “Roma Tre”; Via della Vasca Navale 84 00146 Rome Italy
- Department of Industrial Engineering; University of Rome “Tor Vergata”; Via del Politecnico 1 00133 Rome Italy
| | - F. de Notaristefani
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, Surface Analysis Laboratory; University of Rome “Roma Tre”; Via della Vasca Navale 84 00146 Rome Italy
| | - M. Ioele
- Istituto Superiore per la Conservazione ed il Restauro; Via di San Michele 23 00153 Rome Italy
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26
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Frano KA, Mayhew HE, Svoboda SA, Wustholz KL. Combined SERS and Raman analysis for the identification of red pigments in cross-sections from historic oil paintings. Analyst 2014; 139:6450-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an01581a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
SERS and normal Raman approach to identify red pigments in cross-sections from historic oil paintings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen A. Frano
- Department of Chemistry
- College of William and Mary
- Williamsburg, USA
| | - Hannah E. Mayhew
- Department of Chemistry
- College of William and Mary
- Williamsburg, USA
| | - Shelley A. Svoboda
- Department of Conservation
- Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
- Williamsburg, USA
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27
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Non-invasive NMR stratigraphy of a multi-layered artefact: an ancient detached mural painting. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:8669-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7278-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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28
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van der Werf ID, Calvano CD, Palmisano F, Sabbatini L. A simple protocol for Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization- time of flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) analysis of lipids and proteins in single microsamples of paintings. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 718:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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29
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Poli T, Chiantore O, Giovagnoli A, Piccirillo A. FTIR imaging investigation in MIR and in an enlarged MIR–NIR spectral range. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 402:2977-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5765-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Richardin P, Mazel V, Walter P, Laprévote O, Brunelle A. Identification of different copper green pigments in Renaissance paintings by cluster-TOF-SIMS imaging analysis. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2011; 22:1729-1736. [PMID: 21952886 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-011-0171-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) imaging using cluster primary ion beams is used for the identification of a green painting layer on the scene The Angels Concert from the Issenheim Altarpiece (painted in 1516) from a German Renaissance painter, Matthias Grünewald. Copper carboxylate clusters inside a basic copper chloride (atacamite) layer have been identified and located in the copper green layer. The mechanisms of transformation of atacamite into copper carboxylates may be initiated by an aging of the paint layers. The combination of the high mass resolution of the technique together with a micrometer spatial resolution and the possibility to simultaneously identify both minerals and organics, has proven to be the method of choice for the study of the stratigraphy of a paint cross-section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Richardin
- Laboratoire du Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musées de France (LC2RMF), CNRS - UMR 171, Palais du Louvre, Porte des Lions, 14 quai François Mitterrand, 75001 Paris, France.
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31
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Spoto G, Grasso G. Spatially resolved mass spectrometry in the study of art and archaeological objects. Trends Analyt Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2011.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Sanyova J, Cersoy S, Richardin P, Laprévote O, Walter P, Brunelle A. Unexpected Materials in a Rembrandt Painting Characterized by High Spatial Resolution Cluster-TOF-SIMS Imaging. Anal Chem 2011; 83:753-60. [DOI: 10.1021/ac1017748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Sanyova
- Institut Royal du Patrimoine Artistique IRPA-KIK, 1 parc du Cinquantenaire, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sophie Cersoy
- Laboratoire du Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musées de France (LC2RMF), CNRS−UMR 171, Palais du Louvre, Porte des Lions, 14 quai François Mitterrand, 75001 Paris, France
| | - Pascale Richardin
- Laboratoire du Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musées de France (LC2RMF), CNRS−UMR 171, Palais du Louvre, Porte des Lions, 14 quai François Mitterrand, 75001 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Laprévote
- Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Chimie Toxicologie Analytique et Cellulaire, EA 4463, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Paris Descartes, 4 avenue de l’Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Walter
- Laboratoire du Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musées de France (LC2RMF), CNRS−UMR 171, Palais du Louvre, Porte des Lions, 14 quai François Mitterrand, 75001 Paris, France
| | - Alain Brunelle
- Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Multivariate chemical mapping of pigments and binders in easel painting cross-sections by micro IR reflection spectroscopy. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:3133-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4239-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Revised: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Tognazzi A, Lapucci R, Martini S, Leone G, Magnani A, Rossi C. TOF-SIMS characterization of pigments and binders in ‘the Martyrdom of St. Catherine’, in Zejtun (Malta). SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.3272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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35
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Performance evaluation of mapping and linear imaging FTIR microspectroscopy for the characterisation of paint cross sections. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 396:899-910. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3269-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Revised: 10/24/2009] [Accepted: 10/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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36
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Gao J, Li H, Zhang Y, Fei W. Non-phosgene synthesis of isocyanates based on CO2: Synthesis of methyl N-phenyl carbamate through coupling route with lead compound catalysts. Catal Today 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2009.07.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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de Viguerie L, Beck L, Salomon J, Pichon L, Walter P. Composition of Renaissance Paint Layers: Simultaneous Particle Induced X-ray Emission and Backscattering Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2009; 81:7960-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ac901141v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. de Viguerie
- Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musées de France (C2RMF, CNRS UMR 171), Palais du Louvre-Porte des Lions, 14 Quai François Mitterrand, 75001 Paris, France, and Institut National des Sciences et Techniques Nucléaires (INSTN), UESMS-CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - L. Beck
- Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musées de France (C2RMF, CNRS UMR 171), Palais du Louvre-Porte des Lions, 14 Quai François Mitterrand, 75001 Paris, France, and Institut National des Sciences et Techniques Nucléaires (INSTN), UESMS-CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - J. Salomon
- Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musées de France (C2RMF, CNRS UMR 171), Palais du Louvre-Porte des Lions, 14 Quai François Mitterrand, 75001 Paris, France, and Institut National des Sciences et Techniques Nucléaires (INSTN), UESMS-CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - L. Pichon
- Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musées de France (C2RMF, CNRS UMR 171), Palais du Louvre-Porte des Lions, 14 Quai François Mitterrand, 75001 Paris, France, and Institut National des Sciences et Techniques Nucléaires (INSTN), UESMS-CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Ph. Walter
- Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musées de France (C2RMF, CNRS UMR 171), Palais du Louvre-Porte des Lions, 14 Quai François Mitterrand, 75001 Paris, France, and Institut National des Sciences et Techniques Nucléaires (INSTN), UESMS-CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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38
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Walker AV. Why Is SIMS Underused in Chemical and Biological Analysis? Challenges and Opportunities. Anal Chem 2008; 80:8865-70. [DOI: 10.1021/ac8013687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Doménech-Carbó MT. Novel analytical methods for characterising binding media and protective coatings in artworks. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 621:109-39. [PMID: 18573376 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2008] [Revised: 05/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Since the first reported analytical studies and technical examinations of art and archaeological objects conducted in the late 18th century, analytical techniques and methods applied to the study of artworks have constantly grown. Among the materials composing the art object, organic compounds used as binding media or protective coatings have attracted the attention of the conservation profession given their noticeable ability for undergoing morphological and chemical changes on ageing. Thus, the aim of this paper is to review the most recent advances in the identification and determination of organic compounds present in art and art conservation materials. Immunofluorescence techniques have been proposed in recent decades as an alternative to the classical and simpler microchemical tests. Besides, a variety of instrumental techniques have also been improved in an attempt to enhance the sensitivity, repeatability and accuracy of the analytical results. Spectroscopic techniques, such as UV-vis, FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, have been coupled with light microscopes for these purposes. Synchrotron radiation FTIR microspectroscopy has also been successfully applied to the analysis of artworks. Mass spectrometry has also been increasingly used as a detector system coupled with a chromatographic device. Chromatographic methods have also improved in recent years. Paper and thin layer chromatographic techniques have been progressively replaced with gas chromatography (GC), pyrolysis-GC, high performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. More complex proteomics hyphenated techniques, such as nano-liquid chromatography-nano-electrospray ionisation/collision quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry, have been recently applied to the identification and determination of proteinaceous binders. Microbeam analytical techniques have also been incorporated into the list of advanced instrumental techniques for art conservation purposes. Finally, a number of new instrumental techniques have been proposed as a suitable alternative to the conventional microscopy techniques for morphological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Teresa Doménech-Carbó
- Institut de Restauració del Patrimoni, Universitat Politécnica de València, Camí de Vera s/n, 46022 València, Spain.
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Mazzeo R, Prati S, Quaranta M, Joseph E, Kendix E, Galeotti M. Attenuated total reflection micro FTIR characterisation of pigment-binder interaction in reconstructed paint films. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 392:65-76. [PMID: 18454281 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2126-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2008] [Revised: 04/02/2008] [Accepted: 04/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of pigments and binding media may result in the production of metal soaps on the surface of paintings which modifies their visible appearance and state of conservation. To characterise more fully the metal soaps found on paintings, several historically accurate oil and egg yolk tempera paint reconstructions made with different pigments and naturally aged for 10 years were submitted to attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR FTIR) microspectroscopic analyses. Standard metal palmitates were synthesised and their ATR spectra recorded in order to help the identification of metal soaps. Among the different lead-based pigments, red lead and litharge seemed to produce a larger amount of carboxylates compared with lead white, Naples yellow and lead tin yellow paints. Oil and egg tempera litharge and red lead paints appeared to be degraded into lead carbonate, a phenomenon which has been observed for the first time. The formation of metal soaps was confirmed on both oil and egg tempera paints based on zinc, manganese and copper and in particular on azurite paints. ATR mapping analyses showed how the areas where copper carboxylates were present coincided with those in which azurite was converted into malachite. Furthermore, the key role played by manganese in the production of metals soaps on burnt and raw sienna and burnt and raw umber paints has been observed for the first time. The formation of copper, lead, manganese, cadmium and zinc metal soaps was also identified on egg tempera paint reconstructions even though, in this case, the overlapping of the spectral region of the amide II band with that of metal carboxylates made their identification difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mazzeo
- Microchemistry and Microscopy Art Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Bologna, Via Tombesi dall'Ova 55, 48100, Ravenna, Italy.
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41
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Vagnini M, Pitzurra L, Cartechini L, Miliani C, Brunetti BG, Sgamellotti A. Identification of proteins in painting cross-sections by immunofluorescence microscopy. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 392:57-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2041-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2007] [Revised: 02/27/2008] [Accepted: 02/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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42
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Ultrasensitive chemiluminescent immunochemical identification and localization of protein components in painting cross-sections by microscope low-light imaging. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 392:29-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2023-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2007] [Revised: 02/19/2008] [Accepted: 02/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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43
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Mazzeo R, Joseph E, Prati S, Millemaggi A. Attenuated Total Reflection–Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopic mapping for the characterisation of paint cross-sections. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 599:107-17. [PMID: 17765070 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.07.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2007] [Revised: 07/16/2007] [Accepted: 07/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Paint cross-sections have been analysed using the attenuated total reflection technique combined with FTIR mapping microspectroscopy in order to characterise the nature of the compounds present and map their localisation in the stratigraphy. The study reveals the possibilities offered by micro-ATR devices for obtaining informations about the organic substances employed in painting techniques and in particular their distribution in the different layers, showing a real improvement over traditional analytical investigations in use for the detection of organic substances. Limitations, such as the contamination of the embedding resin and the typical spectral resolution (20 microm) are presented and alternative methods were proposed to obtain better results. In particular, the use of an infrared transparent salt (KBr) as embedding material for the cross-sections is evaluated and seems to be very promising. Furthermore, ATR mapping represent a useful non-destructive analytical technique complementary to others molecular and elemental analyses to be performed afterwards such as SEM-EDX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocco Mazzeo
- University of Bologna, Microchemistry and Microscopy Art Diagnostic Laboratory, 48100 Ravenna, Italy.
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Cotte M, Welcomme E, Solé VA, Salomé M, Menu M, Walter P, Susini J. Synchrotron-Based X-ray Spectromicroscopy Used for the Study of an Atypical Micrometric Pigment in 16th Century Paintings. Anal Chem 2007; 79:6988-94. [PMID: 17691752 DOI: 10.1021/ac0708386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Grünewald is a famous German painter of the 16th century, whose celebrity is associated with his unique skill in handling colors. This article presents the analysis of materials used to render a metallic aspect in the Isenhein Altarpiece and the Basel's Crucifixion. Such samples are challenging objects for microanalysis due to both chemical and physical complexity. Their study by synchrotron-based X-ray microscopy techniques was made possible thanks to recent developments carried out at the ID21 beam line (European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, ESRF). A submicron X-ray fluorescence probe revealed the main presence of lead, sulfur, antimony, and calcium. The fluorescence-line interferences (in particular K-lines of sulfur with M-lines of lead, and K-lines of calcium with L-lines of antimony) were resolved with the fitting program, PyMCA. 2D-mapping highlighted the presence of micrometer grains of sulfur and antimony into a lead matrix. XANES measurements were performed at both the sulfur K-edge and the antimony L-edge to refine information from an atomic to a molecular level. Beam stability was a key point in this study to selectively probe micrometer pigment grains, dispersed in the lead matrix. They confirm that the grains are made of stibnite (antimony sulfide), a very atypical pigment. Chemical mapping of sulfides is perfectly correlated with antimony mapping and provides a clear visualization of the stibnite pigments, in addition to their identification. Besides its artistic relevancy, this work aims at illustrating developments of synchrotron X-ray microprobe methods for the chemical characterization and observation of complex and micrometer-scale materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cotte
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, BP 220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex, France.
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Abstract
Imaging mass spectrometry combines the chemical specificity and parallel detection of mass spectrometry with microscopic imaging capabilities. The ability to simultaneously obtain images from all analytes detected, from atomic to macromolecular ions, allows the analyst to probe the chemical organization of a sample and to correlate this with physical features. The sensitivity of the ionization step, sample preparation, the spatial resolution, and the speed of the technique are all important parameters that affect the type of information obtained. Recently, significant progress has been made in each of these steps for both secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) imaging of biological samples. Examples demonstrating localization of proteins in tumors, a reduction of lamellar phospholipids in the region binding two single celled organisms, and sub-cellular distributions of several biomolecules have all contributed to an increasing upsurge in interest in imaging mass spectrometry. Here we review many of the instrumental developments and methodological approaches responsible for this increased interest, compare and contrast the information provided by SIMS and MALDI imaging, and discuss future possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam A McDonnell
- FOM Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics, Kruislaan 407, 1098 SJ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Garrett TJ, Yost RA. Analysis of intact tissue by intermediate-pressure MALDI on a linear ion trap mass spectrometer. Anal Chem 2007; 78:2465-9. [PMID: 16579637 DOI: 10.1021/ac0522761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The use of an intermediate-pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (IP-MALDI) source working at 0.17 Torr on a linear ion trap (LIT) was investigated for the analysis of tissue specimens, in particular, spinal cord sections. MALDI, with 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) as the matrix, was employed for the detection of phospholipids. The matrix was applied to the tissue using electrospray to avoid analyte migration. The results indicate that analyzing tissue specimens at nontraditional MALDI vacuum pressures is possible. Coupling MALDI to an LIT permits the use of MSn, which is critical for the ability to identify compounds desorbed directly from tissue specimens. Using MSn, ions detected from m/z 600-1000 were characterized as phosphatidlycholines, PC. Specifically, using tandem MS, PC ions could be classified as either [M + H]+ or [M + Na]+ because the fragmentation patterns of protonated and sodiated phosphatidlycholines follow different pathways.
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Zhou X, Zhang P, Li Z, Rao G. Miscibility Behavior of Ethylene/Vinyl Acetate and C5 Petroleum Resin by FTIR Imaging. ANAL SCI 2007; 23:877-80. [PMID: 17625334 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.23.877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
FTIR microscopic imaging was used to investigate the miscibility behavior of ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and C5 petroleum resin. Images with an area of 500 x 500 microm(2) were collected in the reflection mode. The miscibility was characterized by probing the spatial distribution of the carbonyl group (C=O) of EVA in the whole images. It was found that a 1:1 hot-melt mixture of EVA and C5 resin showed a good miscibility behavior. For two different EVA copolymers, one with 18% vinyl acetate (VAc) content showed a better miscibility behavior than that with 28% VAc content. Our results demonstrated that this method allowed a direct, convenient and nondestructive visualization. This developed technique promises to become a powerful tool for studying the miscibility behavior of composite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- School of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
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48
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Chemical imaging techniques for the analysis of complex mixtures: New application to the characterization of ritual matters on African wooden statuettes. Anal Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.03.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Van Ham R, Van Vaeck L, Adams F, Adriaens A. Feasibility of analyzing molecular pigments in paint layers using TOF S–SIMS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 383:991-7. [PMID: 16261320 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-0088-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2005] [Revised: 08/25/2005] [Accepted: 08/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A first attempt to measure the molecular compositions of pigments in paintings using static SIMS was made. An investigation of pellets of pure pigments such as auripigment and verdigris allowed the detection of numerous high m/z ions useful for molecular identification. Analysis of pigments in embedded paint fragments, on the other hand, only yielded elemental information because of charge build-up and contamination problems. Optimization of the form in which the sample is presented to the analysis method is obviously the price to pay for the ultimate sensitivity and information depth of S-SIMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Van Ham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
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Kuckova S, Nemec I, Hynek R, Hradilova J, Grygar T. Analysis of organic colouring and binding components in colour layer of art works. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 382:275-82. [PMID: 15800763 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-3108-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2004] [Revised: 12/23/2004] [Accepted: 01/16/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Two methods of analysis of organic components of colour layers of art works have been tested: IR microspectroscopy of indigo, Cu-phthalocyanine, and Prussian blue, and MALDI-TOF-MS of proteinaceous binders and a protein-containing red dye. The IR spectra distortion common for smooth outer surfaces and polished cross sections of colour layer of art works is suppressed by reflectance measurement of microtome slices. The detection limit of the three blue pigments examined is approximately 0.3 wt% in reference colour layers in linseed oil binder with calcite as extender and lead white as a drying agent. The sensitivity has been sufficient to identify Prussian blue in repaints on a Gothic painting. MALDI-TOF-MS has been used to identify proteinaceous binders in two historical paintings, namely isinglass (fish glue) and rabbit glue. MALDI-TOF-MS has also been proposed for identification of an insect red dye, cochineal carmine, according to its specific protein component. The enzymatic cleavage with trypsin before MALDI-TOF-MS seems to be a very gentle and specific way of dissolution of the colour layers highly polymerised due to very long aging of old, e.g. medieval, samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kuckova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Charles University, 12840 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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