11
|
Cydzik M, Abdul-Wahid A, Park S, Bourdeau A, Bowden K, Prodeus A, Kollara A, Brown TJ, Ringuette MJ, Gariépy J. Slow binding kinetics of secreted protein, acidic, rich in cysteine-VEGF interaction limit VEGF activation of VEGF receptor 2 and attenuate angiogenesis. FASEB J 2015; 29:3493-505. [PMID: 25921830 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-271775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
VEGF-A (VEGF) drives angiogenesis through activation of downstream effectors to promote endothelial cell proliferation and migration. Although VEGF binds both VEGF receptor 1 (R1) and receptor 2 (R2), its proangiogenic effects are attributed to R2. Secreted protein, acidic, rich in cysteine (SPARC) is a matricellular glycoprotein thought to inhibit angiogenesis by preventing VEGF from activating R1, but not R2. Because R2 rather than R1 mediates proangiogenic activities of VEGF, the role of human SPARC in angiogenesis was reevaluated. We confirm that association of SPARC with VEGF inhibits VEGF-induced HUVEC adherence, motility, and proliferation in vitro and blocks VEGF-induced blood vessel formation ex vivo. SPARC decreases VEGF-induced phosphorylation of R2 and downstream effectors ERK, Akt, and p38 MAPK as shown by Western blot and/or phosphoflow analysis. Surface plasmon resonance indicates that SPARC binds slowly to VEGF (0.865 ± 0.02 × 10(4) M(-1) s(-1)) with a Kd of 150 nM, forming a stable complex that dissociates slowly (1.26 ± 0.003 × 10(-3) s(-1)). Only domain III of SPARC binds VEGF, exhibiting a 15-fold higher affinity than full-length SPARC. These findings support a model whereby SPARC regulates angiogenesis by sequestering VEGF, thus restricting the activation of R2 and the subsequent activation of downstream targets critical for endothelial cell functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Cydzik
- *Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Cell & Systems Biology, Department of Immunology, and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aws Abdul-Wahid
- *Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Cell & Systems Biology, Department of Immunology, and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Soyeon Park
- *Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Cell & Systems Biology, Department of Immunology, and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Annie Bourdeau
- *Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Cell & Systems Biology, Department of Immunology, and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katherine Bowden
- *Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Cell & Systems Biology, Department of Immunology, and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aaron Prodeus
- *Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Cell & Systems Biology, Department of Immunology, and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexandra Kollara
- *Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Cell & Systems Biology, Department of Immunology, and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Theodore J Brown
- *Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Cell & Systems Biology, Department of Immunology, and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maurice J Ringuette
- *Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Cell & Systems Biology, Department of Immunology, and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jean Gariépy
- *Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Cell & Systems Biology, Department of Immunology, and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sweeney SM, Orgel JP, Fertala A, McAuliffe JD, Turner KR, Di Lullo GA, Chen S, Antipova O, Perumal S, Ala-Kokko L, Forlino A, Cabral WA, Barnes AM, Marini JC, Antonio JDS. Candidate cell and matrix interaction domains on the collagen fibril, the predominant protein of vertebrates. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:21187-97. [PMID: 18487200 PMCID: PMC2475701 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m709319200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2007] [Revised: 04/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I collagen, the predominant protein of vertebrates, polymerizes with type III and V collagens and non-collagenous molecules into large cable-like fibrils, yet how the fibril interacts with cells and other binding partners remains poorly understood. To help reveal insights into the collagen structure-function relationship, a data base was assembled including hundreds of type I collagen ligand binding sites and mutations on a two-dimensional model of the fibril. Visual examination of the distribution of functional sites, and statistical analysis of mutation distributions on the fibril suggest it is organized into two domains. The "cell interaction domain" is proposed to regulate dynamic aspects of collagen biology, including integrin-mediated cell interactions and fibril remodeling. The "matrix interaction domain" may assume a structural role, mediating collagen cross-linking, proteoglycan interactions, and tissue mineralization. Molecular modeling was used to superimpose the positions of functional sites and mutations from the two-dimensional fibril map onto a three-dimensional x-ray diffraction structure of the collagen microfibril in situ, indicating the existence of domains in the native fibril. Sequence searches revealed that major fibril domain elements are conserved in type I collagens through evolution and in the type II/XI collagen fibril predominant in cartilage. Moreover, the fibril domain model provides potential insights into the genotype-phenotype relationship for several classes of human connective tissue diseases, mechanisms of integrin clustering by fibrils, the polarity of fibril assembly, heterotypic fibril function, and connective tissue pathology in diabetes and aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shawn M. Sweeney
- Cardiovascular Institute, University
of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, the
Center for Synchrotron Radiation Research
and Instrumentation, Department of Biological, Chemical, and Physical
Sciences, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616, the
Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous
Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, the
Department of Statistics, Wharton School,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, Pennsylvania, the
Chicago Medical School, North Chicago,
Illinois 60064, the Collagen Research
Unit, Biocenter and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,
University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland,
Connective Tissue Gene Tests, Allentown,
Pennsylvania 18103, the Department of
Biochemistry A. Castellani, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy, the
Bone and Extracellular Matrix Branch,
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human
Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, and the
Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic
Research and Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Joseph P. Orgel
- Cardiovascular Institute, University
of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, the
Center for Synchrotron Radiation Research
and Instrumentation, Department of Biological, Chemical, and Physical
Sciences, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616, the
Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous
Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, the
Department of Statistics, Wharton School,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, Pennsylvania, the
Chicago Medical School, North Chicago,
Illinois 60064, the Collagen Research
Unit, Biocenter and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,
University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland,
Connective Tissue Gene Tests, Allentown,
Pennsylvania 18103, the Department of
Biochemistry A. Castellani, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy, the
Bone and Extracellular Matrix Branch,
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human
Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, and the
Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic
Research and Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Andrzej Fertala
- Cardiovascular Institute, University
of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, the
Center for Synchrotron Radiation Research
and Instrumentation, Department of Biological, Chemical, and Physical
Sciences, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616, the
Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous
Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, the
Department of Statistics, Wharton School,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, Pennsylvania, the
Chicago Medical School, North Chicago,
Illinois 60064, the Collagen Research
Unit, Biocenter and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,
University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland,
Connective Tissue Gene Tests, Allentown,
Pennsylvania 18103, the Department of
Biochemistry A. Castellani, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy, the
Bone and Extracellular Matrix Branch,
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human
Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, and the
Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic
Research and Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Jon D. McAuliffe
- Cardiovascular Institute, University
of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, the
Center for Synchrotron Radiation Research
and Instrumentation, Department of Biological, Chemical, and Physical
Sciences, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616, the
Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous
Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, the
Department of Statistics, Wharton School,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, Pennsylvania, the
Chicago Medical School, North Chicago,
Illinois 60064, the Collagen Research
Unit, Biocenter and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,
University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland,
Connective Tissue Gene Tests, Allentown,
Pennsylvania 18103, the Department of
Biochemistry A. Castellani, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy, the
Bone and Extracellular Matrix Branch,
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human
Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, and the
Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic
Research and Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Kevin R. Turner
- Cardiovascular Institute, University
of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, the
Center for Synchrotron Radiation Research
and Instrumentation, Department of Biological, Chemical, and Physical
Sciences, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616, the
Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous
Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, the
Department of Statistics, Wharton School,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, Pennsylvania, the
Chicago Medical School, North Chicago,
Illinois 60064, the Collagen Research
Unit, Biocenter and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,
University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland,
Connective Tissue Gene Tests, Allentown,
Pennsylvania 18103, the Department of
Biochemistry A. Castellani, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy, the
Bone and Extracellular Matrix Branch,
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human
Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, and the
Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic
Research and Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Gloria A. Di Lullo
- Cardiovascular Institute, University
of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, the
Center for Synchrotron Radiation Research
and Instrumentation, Department of Biological, Chemical, and Physical
Sciences, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616, the
Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous
Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, the
Department of Statistics, Wharton School,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, Pennsylvania, the
Chicago Medical School, North Chicago,
Illinois 60064, the Collagen Research
Unit, Biocenter and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,
University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland,
Connective Tissue Gene Tests, Allentown,
Pennsylvania 18103, the Department of
Biochemistry A. Castellani, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy, the
Bone and Extracellular Matrix Branch,
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human
Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, and the
Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic
Research and Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Steven Chen
- Cardiovascular Institute, University
of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, the
Center for Synchrotron Radiation Research
and Instrumentation, Department of Biological, Chemical, and Physical
Sciences, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616, the
Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous
Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, the
Department of Statistics, Wharton School,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, Pennsylvania, the
Chicago Medical School, North Chicago,
Illinois 60064, the Collagen Research
Unit, Biocenter and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,
University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland,
Connective Tissue Gene Tests, Allentown,
Pennsylvania 18103, the Department of
Biochemistry A. Castellani, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy, the
Bone and Extracellular Matrix Branch,
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human
Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, and the
Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic
Research and Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Olga Antipova
- Cardiovascular Institute, University
of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, the
Center for Synchrotron Radiation Research
and Instrumentation, Department of Biological, Chemical, and Physical
Sciences, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616, the
Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous
Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, the
Department of Statistics, Wharton School,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, Pennsylvania, the
Chicago Medical School, North Chicago,
Illinois 60064, the Collagen Research
Unit, Biocenter and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,
University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland,
Connective Tissue Gene Tests, Allentown,
Pennsylvania 18103, the Department of
Biochemistry A. Castellani, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy, the
Bone and Extracellular Matrix Branch,
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human
Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, and the
Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic
Research and Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Shiamalee Perumal
- Cardiovascular Institute, University
of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, the
Center for Synchrotron Radiation Research
and Instrumentation, Department of Biological, Chemical, and Physical
Sciences, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616, the
Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous
Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, the
Department of Statistics, Wharton School,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, Pennsylvania, the
Chicago Medical School, North Chicago,
Illinois 60064, the Collagen Research
Unit, Biocenter and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,
University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland,
Connective Tissue Gene Tests, Allentown,
Pennsylvania 18103, the Department of
Biochemistry A. Castellani, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy, the
Bone and Extracellular Matrix Branch,
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human
Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, and the
Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic
Research and Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Leena Ala-Kokko
- Cardiovascular Institute, University
of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, the
Center for Synchrotron Radiation Research
and Instrumentation, Department of Biological, Chemical, and Physical
Sciences, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616, the
Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous
Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, the
Department of Statistics, Wharton School,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, Pennsylvania, the
Chicago Medical School, North Chicago,
Illinois 60064, the Collagen Research
Unit, Biocenter and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,
University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland,
Connective Tissue Gene Tests, Allentown,
Pennsylvania 18103, the Department of
Biochemistry A. Castellani, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy, the
Bone and Extracellular Matrix Branch,
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human
Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, and the
Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic
Research and Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Antonella Forlino
- Cardiovascular Institute, University
of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, the
Center for Synchrotron Radiation Research
and Instrumentation, Department of Biological, Chemical, and Physical
Sciences, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616, the
Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous
Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, the
Department of Statistics, Wharton School,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, Pennsylvania, the
Chicago Medical School, North Chicago,
Illinois 60064, the Collagen Research
Unit, Biocenter and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,
University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland,
Connective Tissue Gene Tests, Allentown,
Pennsylvania 18103, the Department of
Biochemistry A. Castellani, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy, the
Bone and Extracellular Matrix Branch,
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human
Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, and the
Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic
Research and Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Wayne A. Cabral
- Cardiovascular Institute, University
of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, the
Center for Synchrotron Radiation Research
and Instrumentation, Department of Biological, Chemical, and Physical
Sciences, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616, the
Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous
Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, the
Department of Statistics, Wharton School,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, Pennsylvania, the
Chicago Medical School, North Chicago,
Illinois 60064, the Collagen Research
Unit, Biocenter and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,
University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland,
Connective Tissue Gene Tests, Allentown,
Pennsylvania 18103, the Department of
Biochemistry A. Castellani, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy, the
Bone and Extracellular Matrix Branch,
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human
Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, and the
Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic
Research and Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Aileen M. Barnes
- Cardiovascular Institute, University
of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, the
Center for Synchrotron Radiation Research
and Instrumentation, Department of Biological, Chemical, and Physical
Sciences, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616, the
Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous
Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, the
Department of Statistics, Wharton School,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, Pennsylvania, the
Chicago Medical School, North Chicago,
Illinois 60064, the Collagen Research
Unit, Biocenter and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,
University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland,
Connective Tissue Gene Tests, Allentown,
Pennsylvania 18103, the Department of
Biochemistry A. Castellani, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy, the
Bone and Extracellular Matrix Branch,
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human
Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, and the
Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic
Research and Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Joan C. Marini
- Cardiovascular Institute, University
of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, the
Center for Synchrotron Radiation Research
and Instrumentation, Department of Biological, Chemical, and Physical
Sciences, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616, the
Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous
Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, the
Department of Statistics, Wharton School,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, Pennsylvania, the
Chicago Medical School, North Chicago,
Illinois 60064, the Collagen Research
Unit, Biocenter and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,
University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland,
Connective Tissue Gene Tests, Allentown,
Pennsylvania 18103, the Department of
Biochemistry A. Castellani, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy, the
Bone and Extracellular Matrix Branch,
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human
Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, and the
Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic
Research and Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - James D. San Antonio
- Cardiovascular Institute, University
of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, the
Center for Synchrotron Radiation Research
and Instrumentation, Department of Biological, Chemical, and Physical
Sciences, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616, the
Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous
Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, the
Department of Statistics, Wharton School,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, Pennsylvania, the
Chicago Medical School, North Chicago,
Illinois 60064, the Collagen Research
Unit, Biocenter and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,
University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland,
Connective Tissue Gene Tests, Allentown,
Pennsylvania 18103, the Department of
Biochemistry A. Castellani, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy, the
Bone and Extracellular Matrix Branch,
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human
Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, and the
Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic
Research and Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| |
Collapse
|