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Rajarathinam T, Thirumalai D, Jayaraman S, Yang S, Ishigami A, Yoon JH, Paik HJ, Lee J, Chang SC. Glutamate oxidase sheets-Prussian blue grafted amperometric biosensor for the real time monitoring of glutamate release from primary cortical neurons. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127903. [PMID: 37939751 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate (GLU) is a primary excitatory neurotransmitter, and its dysregulation is associated with several neurodegenerative disorders. A major challenge in GLU estimation is the existence of other biomolecules in the brain that could directly get oxidized at the electrode. Hence, highly selective electroenzymatic biosensors that enable rapid estimation of GLU are needed. Initially, a copolymer, poly(2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate- styrene) was synthesized through reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization to noncovalently functionalize reduced graphene oxide (rGO), named DS-rGO. Glutamate oxidase macromolecule immobilized DS-rGO formed enzyme nanosheets, which was drop-coated over Prussian blue electrodeposited disposable electrodes to fabricate the GLU biosensor. The interconnectivity between the enzyme nanosheets and the Prussian blue endows the biosensor with enhanced conductivity and electrochemical activity. The biosensor exhibited a linearity: 3.25-250 μM; sensitivity: 3.96 μA mM-1 cm-2, and a limit of detection: 0.96 μM for GLU in the Neurobasal Medium. The biosensor was applied to an in vitro primary rat cortical model to discriminate GLU levels in Neurobasal Medium, before and after KCl mediated depolarization, which provides new insights for elucidating neuronal functioning in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thenmozhi Rajarathinam
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Dinakaran Thirumalai
- BIT Convergence-based Innovative Drug Development Targeting Metainflammation, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Sivaguru Jayaraman
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonguk Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Akihito Ishigami
- Molecular Regulation of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Jang-Hee Yoon
- Busan Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jong Paik
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewon Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung-Cheol Chang
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
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Khan ZM, Wilts E, Vlaisavljevich E, Long TE, Verbridge SS. Electroresponsive Hydrogels for Therapeutic Applications in the Brain. Macromol Biosci 2021; 22:e2100355. [PMID: 34800348 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202100355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Electroresponsive hydrogels possess a conducting material component and respond to electric stimulation through reversible absorption and expulsion of water. The high level of hydration, soft elastomeric compliance, biocompatibility, and enhanced electrochemical properties render these hydrogels suitable for implantation in the brain to enhance the transmission of neural electric signals and ion transport. This review provides an overview of critical electroresponsive hydrogel properties for augmenting electric stimulation in the brain. A background on electric stimulation in the brain through electroresponsive hydrogels is provided. Common conducting materials and general techniques to integrate them into hydrogels are briefly discussed. This review focuses on and summarizes advances in electric stimulation of electroconductive hydrogels for therapeutic applications in the brain, such as for controlling delivery of drugs, directing neural stem cell differentiation and neurogenesis, improving neural biosensor capabilities, and enhancing neural electrode-tissue interfaces. The key challenges in each of these applications are discussed and recommendations for future research are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerin M Khan
- Virginia Tech - Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Emily Wilts
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Eli Vlaisavljevich
- Virginia Tech - Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Timothy E Long
- Biodesign Center for Sustainable Macromolecular Materials and Manufacturing, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Scott S Verbridge
- Virginia Tech - Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
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3
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Seven F, Gölcez T, ŞEN M. Nanoporous carbon-fiber microelectrodes for sensitive detection of H2O2 and dopamine. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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4
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SEN M. Using Electropolymerization-based Doping for the Electro-addressable Functionalization of a Multi-electrode Array Probe for Nucleic Acid Detection. ANAL SCI 2019; 35:565-569. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.18p324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa SEN
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Izmir Katip Celebi University
- Biomedical Technologies Graduate Program, Izmir Katip Celebi University
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5
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Weltin A, Kieninger J, Urban GA. Microfabricated, amperometric, enzyme-based biosensors for in vivo applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:4503-21. [PMID: 26935934 PMCID: PMC4909808 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9420-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Miniaturized electrochemical in vivo biosensors allow the measurement of fast extracellular dynamics of neurotransmitter and energy metabolism directly in the tissue. Enzyme-based amperometric biosensing is characterized by high specificity and precision as well as high spatial and temporal resolution. Aside from glucose monitoring, many systems have been introduced mainly for application in the central nervous system in animal models. We compare the microsensor principle with other methods applied in biomedical research to show advantages and drawbacks. Electrochemical sensor systems are easily miniaturized and fabricated by microtechnology processes. We review different microfabrication approaches for in vivo sensor platforms, ranging from simple modified wires and fibres to fully microfabricated systems on silicon, ceramic or polymer substrates. The various immobilization methods for the enzyme such as chemical cross-linking and entrapment in polymer membranes are discussed. The resulting sensor performance is compared in detail. We also examine different concepts to reject interfering substances by additional membranes, aspects of instrumentation and biocompatibility. Practical considerations are elaborated, and conclusions for future developments are presented. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Weltin
- Laboratory for Sensors, Department of Microsystems Engineering – IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Kieninger
- Laboratory for Sensors, Department of Microsystems Engineering – IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gerald A. Urban
- Laboratory for Sensors, Department of Microsystems Engineering – IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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6
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Sirca D, Vardeu A, Pinna M, Diana M, Enrico P. A robust, state-of-the-art amperometric microbiosensor for glutamate detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 61:526-31. [PMID: 24951923 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Scientific knowledge of glutamate (GLU) neurobiology is severely hampered by the inadequacy of the available in vivo brain sampling techniques. Due to the crucial role of GLU in central nervous system function and pathology, the development of a reliable sampling device is mandatory. GLU biosensor holds potential to address many of the known issues of in vivo GLU measurement. We report here on the development and test of a labor- and cost-effective microbiosensor, suitable to be applied for measuring brain GLU. A glycerol-based cryopreservation method was also tested. Needle type Pt biosensors were coated with a permselective Nafion-Poly(o-phenylenediamine) layer and cross-linked to l-glutamate oxidase with poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether. Tested in vitro, the device shows high sensitivity and specificity for GLU, while being poorly influenced by common interfering substances such as ascorbate, dopamine and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid. Further, the cryopreservation procedure kept sensitivity unaltered for 30 days and possibly longer. We conclude that a highly efficient GLU biosensor of minimal dimensions can be consistently and affordably constructed with relative ease. Together with the possibility of cryopreservation this shall foster diffusion and exploitation of GLU biosensors technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Sirca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonella Vardeu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Milo Pinna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Marco Diana
- "G. Minardi" Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Paolo Enrico
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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7
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A New Trend on Biosensor for Neurotransmitter Choline/Acetylcholine—an Overview. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 169:1927-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0099-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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McKenzie JR, Palubinsky AM, Brown JE, McLaughlin B, Cliffel DE. Metabolic multianalyte microphysiometry reveals extracellular acidosis is an essential mediator of neuronal preconditioning. ACS Chem Neurosci 2012; 3:510-8. [PMID: 22860220 DOI: 10.1021/cn300003r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic adaptation to stress is a crucial yet poorly understood phenomenon, particularly in the central nervous system (CNS). The ability to identify essential metabolic events which predict neuronal fate in response to injury is critical to developing predictive markers of outcome, for interpreting CNS spectroscopic imaging, and for providing a richer understanding of the relevance of clinical indices of stress which are routinely collected. In this work, real-time multianalyte microphysiometry was used to dynamically assess multiple markers of aerobic and anaerobic respiration through simultaneous electrochemical measurement of extracellular glucose, lactate, oxygen, and acid. Pure neuronal cultures and mixed cultures of neurons and glia were compared following a 90 min exposure to aglycemia. This stress was cytotoxic to neurons yet resulted in no appreciable increase in cell death in age-matched mixed cultures. The metabolic profile of the cultures was similar in that aglycemia resulted in decreases in extracellular acidification and lactate release in both pure neurons and mixed cultures. However, oxygen consumption was only diminished in the neuron enriched cultures. The differences became more pronounced when cells were returned to glucose-containing media upon which extracellular acidification and oxygen consumption never returned to baseline in cells fated to die. Taken together, these data suggest that lactate release is not predictive of neuronal survival. Moreover, they reveal a previously unappreciated relationship of astrocytes in maintaining oxygen uptake and a correlation between metabolic recovery of neurons and extracellular acidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R. McKenzie
- Departments of †Chemistry, ‡Neurology, §Pharmacology, ∥Vanderbilt Brain Institute, ⊥Vanderbilt Kennedy
Center, and #Neuroscience
Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
37232, United States
| | - Amy M. Palubinsky
- Departments of †Chemistry, ‡Neurology, §Pharmacology, ∥Vanderbilt Brain Institute, ⊥Vanderbilt Kennedy
Center, and #Neuroscience
Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
37232, United States
| | - Jacquelynn E. Brown
- Departments of †Chemistry, ‡Neurology, §Pharmacology, ∥Vanderbilt Brain Institute, ⊥Vanderbilt Kennedy
Center, and #Neuroscience
Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
37232, United States
| | - BethAnn McLaughlin
- Departments of †Chemistry, ‡Neurology, §Pharmacology, ∥Vanderbilt Brain Institute, ⊥Vanderbilt Kennedy
Center, and #Neuroscience
Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
37232, United States
| | - David E. Cliffel
- Departments of †Chemistry, ‡Neurology, §Pharmacology, ∥Vanderbilt Brain Institute, ⊥Vanderbilt Kennedy
Center, and #Neuroscience
Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
37232, United States
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9
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Wang LH, Huang WS. Electrochemical oxidation of cysteine at a film gold modified carbon fiber microelectrode its application in a flow-through voltammetric sensor. SENSORS 2012; 12:3562-77. [PMID: 22737024 PMCID: PMC3376634 DOI: 10.3390/s120303562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A flow-electrolytical cell containing a strand of micro Au modified carbon fiber electrodes (CFE) has been designedand characterized for use in a voltammatric detector for detecting cysteine using high-performance liquid chromatography. Cysteine is more efficiently electrochemical oxidized on a Au /CFE than a bare gold and carbon fiber electrode. The possible reaction mechanism of the oxidation process is described from the relations to scan rate, peak potentials and currents. For the pulse mode, and measurements with suitable experimental parameters, a linear concentration from 0.5 to 5.0 mg·L−1 was found. The limit of quantification for cysteine was below 60 ng·mL−1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai-Hao Wang
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan.
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10
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Moussawi K, Riegel A, Nair S, Kalivas PW. Extracellular glutamate: functional compartments operate in different concentration ranges. Front Syst Neurosci 2011; 5:94. [PMID: 22275885 PMCID: PMC3254064 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2011.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular glutamate of glial origin modulates glial and neuronal glutamate release and synaptic plasticity. Estimates of the tonic basal concentration of extracellular glutamate range over three orders of magnitude (0.02-20 μM) depending on the technology employed to make the measurement. Based upon binding constants for glutamate receptors and transporters, this range of concentrations translates into distinct physiological and pathophysiological roles for extracellular glutamate. Here we speculate that the difference in glutamate measurements can be explained if there is patterned membrane surface expression of glutamate release and transporter sites creating extracellular subcompartments that vary in glutamate concentration and are preferentially sampled by different technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Moussawi
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina Charleston, SC, USA
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11
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Borgmann S, Schulte A, Neugebauer S, Schuhmann W. Amperometric Biosensors. ADVANCES IN ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527644117.ch1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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12
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Guy Y, Rupert AE, Sandberg M, Weber SG. A simple method for measuring organotypic tissue slice culture thickness. J Neurosci Methods 2011; 199:78-81. [PMID: 21497166 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2011.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a simple method to measure tissue slice thicknesses using an ohmmeter. The circuit described here is composed of a metal probe, an ohmmeter, a counter electrode, culture medium or physiological buffer, and tissue slice. The probe and the electrode are on opposite interfaces of an organotypic hippocampal slice culture. The circuit closes when the metal probe makes contact with the surface of the tissue slice. The probe position is recorded and compared to its position when it makes contact with the insert membrane on which the tissue grows, thus yielding a thickness measurement. The method does not reduce the viability of slice cultures. Thicknesses of the slice cultures were measured under a number of culturing protocols. An initial drop in thickness occurred between 0 and 4 days in culture. Thicknesses are rather constant thereafter. The type of culture medium and the initial thickness of the tissue explant influence the thickness. Slice thicknesses were compared to a known technique by using optical measurements of slice cross-sections to obtain thicknesses. In contrast to this known technique, the proposed method does not sacrifice the slice culture for measurement purposes. The proposed measurement technique described is straightforward and rapid, about 1 min per culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifat Guy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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13
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[C3(OH)2mim][BF4]-Au/Pt biosensor for glutamate sensing in vivo integrated with on-line microdialysis system. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 26:3227-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2010.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Hozumi S, Ikezawa K, Shoji A, Hirano-Iwata A, Bliss T, Sugawara M. Simultaneous monitoring of excitatory postsynaptic potentials and extracellular L-glutamate in mouse hippocampal slices. Biosens Bioelectron 2010; 26:2975-80. [PMID: 21194919 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2010.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Simultaneous monitoring of amperometric currents at a glass capillary sensor based on recombinant GluOx and field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) were performed in region CA1 of mouse hippocampal slices. A transient increase in the glutamate current relative to the basal one at control stimulation (0.052Hz) was evoked by stimulation at 2 Hz for 2 min. The magnitude of the glutamate current was dependent on the intensity (current) of a 2 Hz stimulus and reflected the slope of the fEPSP. The in situ calibration of the L-glutamate sensor revealed that the extracellular concentration of L-glutamate released by 2 Hz stimulation before tetanus is in the range from 0.8 to 2.2 μM and it is enhanced after tetanic stimulation. The L-glutamate level at a test stimulus (0.052 Hz) was estimated to be 32 nM. The recombinant GluOx-based sensor exhibited weak responses to glutamine above 300 μM and L-aspartic acid above 200 μM. The potential use of a glass capillary sensor in combination with fEPSP measurements for electrophysiological study is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizuko Hozumi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, Sakurajuosui, Setagayaku, Tokyo 156-8550, Japan
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15
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Rothwell SA, Kinsella ME, Zain ZM, Serra PA, Rocchitta G, Lowry JP, O'Neill RD. Contributions by a novel edge effect to the permselectivity of an electrosynthesized polymer for microbiosensor applications. Anal Chem 2009; 81:3911-8. [PMID: 19371060 DOI: 10.1021/ac900162c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Pt electrodes of different sizes (2 x 10(-5)-2 x 10(-2) cm(2)) and geometries (disks and cylinders) were coated with the ultrathin non-conducting form of poly(o-phenylenediamine), PPD, using amperometric electrosynthesis. Analysis of the ascorbic acid (AA) and H(2)O(2) apparent permeabilities for these Pt/PPD sensors revealed that the PPD deposited near the electrode insulation (Teflon or glass edge) was not as effective as the bulk surface PPD for blocking AA access to the Pt substrate. This discovery impacts on the design of implantable biosensors where electrodeposited polymers, such as PPD, are commonly used as the permselective barrier to block electroactive interference by reducing agents present in the target medium. The undesirable "edge effect" was particularly marked for small disk electrodes which have a high edge density (ratio of PPD-insulation edge length to electrode area), but was essentially absent for cylinder electrodes with a length of >0.2 mm. Sample biosensors, with a configuration based on these findings (25 microm diameter Pt fiber cylinders) and designed for brain neurotransmitter L-glutamate, behaved well in vitro in terms of Glu sensitivity and AA blocking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon A Rothwell
- UCD School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Merchant SA, Tran TO, Meredith MT, Cline TC, Glatzhofer DT, Schmidtke DW. High-sensitivity amperometric biosensors based on ferrocene-modified linear poly(ethylenimine). LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:7736-7742. [PMID: 19382795 DOI: 10.1021/la9004938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Amperometric biosensors for glucose and hydrogen peroxide have been built by immobilizing glucose oxidase (GOX) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in cross-linked films of ferrocene-modified linear poly(ethylenimine). At pH 7, the glucose sensors generated limiting catalytic current densities of 1.2 mA/cm2. These current densities are approximately 4 times higher than those with other ferrocene-based redox polymers and are comparable to the highest reported values for osmium-based redox polymers with GOX. Because of the high sensitivity of these films (73 nA/cm2.microM), glucose concentrations in the micromolar range could be detected. Similarly, sensors were constructed with HRP-generated current densities of 0.9 mA/cm2 under saturation conditions and sensitivities of 500 nA/cm2.microM. The results show that the ability of Fc-LPEI to effectively communicate with a variety of enzymes has potential applications in measuring low substrate concentrations in implantable biosensors and producing high current outputs in enzymatic biofuel cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Merchant
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma Bioengineering Center, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
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Histological studies of the effects of chronic implantation of ceramic-based microelectrode arrays and microdialysis probes in rat prefrontal cortex. Brain Res 2009; 1291:12-20. [PMID: 19577548 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.06.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2008] [Revised: 06/23/2009] [Accepted: 06/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Chronic implantation of neurotransmitter measuring devices is essential for awake, behavioral studies occurring over multiple days. Little is known regarding the effects of long term implantation on surrounding brain parenchyma and the resulting alterations in the functional properties of this tissue. We examined the extent of tissue damage produced by chronic implantation of either ceramic microelectrode arrays (MEAs) or microdialysis probes. Histological studies were carried out on fixed tissues using stains for neurons (cresyl violet), astrocytes (GFAP), microglia (Iba1), glutamatergic nerve fibers (VGLUT1), and the blood-brain barrier (SMI-71). Nissl staining showed pronounced tissue body loss with microdialysis implants compared to MEAs. The MEAs produced mild gliosis extending 50-100 microm from the tracks, with a significant change in the affected areas starting at 3 days. By contrast, the microdialysis probes produced gliosis extending 200-300 microm from the track, which was significant at 3 and 7 days. Markers for microglia and glutamatergic fibers supported that the MEAs produce minimal damage with significant changes occurring only at 3 and 7 days that return to control levels by 1 month. SMI-71 staining supported the integrity of the blood-brain barrier out to 1 week for both the microdialysis probes and the MEAs. This data support that the ceramic MEA's small size and biocompatibility are necessary to accurately measure neurotransmitter levels in the intact brain. The minimal invasiveness of the MEAs reduce tissue loss, allowing for long term (>6 month) electrochemical and electrophysiological monitoring of brain activity.
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OKA T, TOMINAGA Y, WAKABAYASHI Y, SHOJI A, SUGAWARA M. Comparison of the L-Glutamate Level in Mouse Hippocampal Slices under Tetraethylammonium Chloride Stimulation as Measured with a Glass Capillary Sensor and a Patch Sensor. ANAL SCI 2009; 25:353-8. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.25.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki OKA
- Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University
| | - Yumiko TOMINAGA
- Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University
| | | | - Atsushi SHOJI
- Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University
| | - Masao SUGAWARA
- Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University
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19
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Microsensors for in vivo Measurement of Glutamate in Brain Tissue. SENSORS 2008; 8:6860-6884. [PMID: 27873904 PMCID: PMC3787420 DOI: 10.3390/s8116860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2008] [Revised: 10/24/2008] [Accepted: 11/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Several immobilized enzyme-based electrochemical biosensors for glutamate detection have been developed over the last decade. In this review, we compare first and second generation sensors. Structures, working mechanisms, interference prevention, in vitro detection characteristics and in vivo performance are summarized here for those sensors that have successfully detected brain glutamate in vivo. In brief, first generation sensors have a simpler structure and are faster in glutamate detection. They also show a better sensitivity to glutamate during calibration in vitro. For second generation sensors, besides their less precise detection, their fabrication is difficult to reproduce, even with a semi-automatic dip-coater. Both generations of sensors can detect glutamate levels in vivo, but the reported basal levels are different. In general, second generation sensors detect higher basal levels of glutamate compared with the results obtained from first generation sensors. However, whether the detected glutamate is indeed from synaptic sources is an issue that needs further attention.
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Abstract
Carbon-fiber microelectrodes (CFMEs) have been a useful tool for measuring rapid changes in neurotransmitters because of their small size, sensitivity, and good electrochemical properties. In this article, we highlight recent advances using CFMEs for measuring neurotransmitters in vivo. Dopamine has been a primary neurotransmitter of interest but direct electrochemical detection of other neurochemicals including nitric oxide and adenosine has also been investigated. Surface treatments have been studied to enhance electrode sensitivity, such as covalent modification or the addition of a layer of carbon nanotubes. Enzyme-modified microelectrodes that detect non-electroactive compounds further extend the usefulness of CFMEs beyond the traditional monoamines. CFMEs continue to be used in vivo to understand basic neurobiological mechanisms and the actions of pharmacological agents, including drugs of abuse. Advances in sensitivity and instrumentation now allow CFMEs to be used for measurements of natural dopamine release that occur during behavioral experiments. A new technique combining electrochemistry with electrophysiology at a single microelectrode facilitates a better understanding of neurotransmitter concentrations and their effects on cell firing. Future research in this field will likely concentrate on fabricating smaller electrodes and electrode arrays, as well as expanding the use of CFMEs in neuroscience beyond dopamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Huffman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
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Robinson DL, Hermans A, Seipel AT, Wightman RM. Monitoring rapid chemical communication in the brain. Chem Rev 2008; 108:2554-84. [PMID: 18576692 PMCID: PMC3110685 DOI: 10.1021/cr068081q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 454] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Donita L Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, USA
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22
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Designing sensitive and selective polymer/enzyme composite biosensors for brain monitoring in vivo. Trends Analyt Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2007.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Rutherford EC, Pomerleau F, Huettl P, Strömberg I, Gerhardt GA. Chronic second-by-second measures of L-glutamate in the central nervous system of freely moving rats. J Neurochem 2007; 102:712-22. [PMID: 17630982 PMCID: PMC3482110 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04596.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
l-glutamate (Glu) is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS) and is associated with motor behavior and sensory perception. While microdialysis methods have been used to record tonic levels of Glu, little is known about the more rapid changes in Glu signals that may be observed in awake rats. We have reported acute recording methods using enzyme-based microelectrode arrays (MEA) with fast response time and low detection levels of Glu in anesthetized animals with minimal interference. The current paper concerns modification of the MEA design to allow for reliable measures in the brain of conscious rats. In this study, we characterized the effects of chronic implantation of the MEA into the brains of rats. We were capable of measuring Glu levels for 7 days without loss of sensitivity. We performed studies of tail-pinch induced stress, which caused a robust biphasic increase in Glu. Histological data show chronic implantation of the MEAs caused minimal injury to the CNS. Taken together, our data show that chronic recordings of tonic and phasic Glu can be carried out in awake rats for up to 17 days in vivo allowing longer term studies of Glu regulation in behaving rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin C. Rutherford
- Anatomy and Neurobiology, Morris K. Udall Parkinson’s Disease Research Center of Excellence, Center for Sensor Technology, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Francois Pomerleau
- Anatomy and Neurobiology, Morris K. Udall Parkinson’s Disease Research Center of Excellence, Center for Sensor Technology, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Peter Huettl
- Anatomy and Neurobiology, Morris K. Udall Parkinson’s Disease Research Center of Excellence, Center for Sensor Technology, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Ingrid Strömberg
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Greg A. Gerhardt
- Anatomy and Neurobiology, Morris K. Udall Parkinson’s Disease Research Center of Excellence, Center for Sensor Technology, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Abstract
A method based on the in situ polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) has been developed for the rapid fabrication of a novel separation platform, fiber electrophoresis microchip. To demonstrate the concept, prepolymerized MMA molding solution containing a UV initiator was sandwiched between a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) cover plate and a PMMA base plate bearing glycerol-permeated fiberglass bundles and was exposed to UV light. During the UV-initiated polymerization, the fiberglass bundles were embedded in the PMMA substrate to form fiberglass-packed microchannels. When the glycerol in the fiberglass bundles was flushed away with water, the obtained porous fiberglass-packed channels could be employed to perform electrophoresis separation. Scanning electron micrographs (SEMs) and microscopic images offered insights into the fiber electrophoresis microchip. The analytical performance of the novel microchip has been demonstrated by separating and detecting dopamine and catechol in connection with end-column amperometric detection. The fiber-based microchips can be fabricated by the new approach without the need for complicated and expensive lithography-based microfabrication techniques, indicating great promise for the low-cost production of microchips, and should find a wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
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25
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O'Brien KB, Killoran SJ, O'Neill RD, Lowry JP. Development and characterization in vitro of a catalase-based biosensor for hydrogen peroxide monitoring. Biosens Bioelectron 2007; 22:2994-3000. [PMID: 17258901 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2006.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2006] [Revised: 11/20/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) may act as a neuromodulator in the brain, as well as contributing to neurodegeneration in diseased states, such as Parkinson's disease. The ability to monitor changes in endogenous H(2)O(2)in vivo with high temporal resolution is essential in order to further elucidate the roles of H(2)O(2) in the central nervous system. Here, we describe the in vitro characterization of an implantable catalase-based H(2)O(2) biosensor. The biosensor comprises two amperometric electrodes, one with catalase immobilized on the surface and one without enzyme (blank). The analytical signal is then the difference between the two electrodes. The H(2)O(2) sensitivity of various designs was compared, and ranged from 0 to 56+/-4 mA cm(-2)M(-1). The most successful design incorporated a Nafion layer followed by a poly-o-phenylenediamine (PPD) polymer layer. Catalase was adsorbed onto the PPD layer and then cross-linked with glutaraldehyde. The ability of the biosensors to exclude interference from ascorbic acid, and other interference species found in vivo, was also tested. A variety of the catalase-based biosensor designs described here show promise for in vivo monitoring of endogenous H(2)O(2) in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B O'Brien
- Sensors Development Unit, BioAnalytics Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Co, Kildare, Ireland
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26
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Modifications of Poly(o-phenylenediamine) Permselective Layer on Pt-Ir for Biosensor Application in Neurochemical Monitoring. SENSORS 2007. [DOI: 10.3390/s7040420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Oldenziel WH, van der Zeyden M, Dijkstra G, Ghijsen WEJM, Karst H, Cremers TIFH, Westerink BHC. Monitoring extracellular glutamate in hippocampal slices with a microsensor. J Neurosci Methods 2007; 160:37-44. [PMID: 16978703 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2006.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2006] [Revised: 08/08/2006] [Accepted: 08/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The direct local assessment of glutamate in brain slices may improve our understanding of glutamatergic neurotransmission significantly. However, an analytical technique that monitors glutamate directly in brain slices is currently not available. Most recording techniques either monitor derivatives of glutamate or detect glutamate that diffuses out of the slice. Microsensors provide a promising solution to fulfill this analytical requirement. In the present study we have implanted a 10 microm diameter hydrogel-coated microsensor in the CA1 area of hippocampal slices to monitor extracellular glutamate levels. The influence of several pharmacological agents, which facilitate glutamate release from neurons or astrocytes, was investigated to explore the applicability of the microsensor. It was observed that KCl, veratradine, alpha-latrotoxine (LTX), DL-threo-beta-benzyloxyaspartate (dl-TBOA) and L-cystine rapidly increased the extracellular glutamate levels. As far as we know this is the first study in which a microsensor is applied to monitor dynamic changes of glutamate in brain slices and in our opinion this type of research may contribute greatly to improve our understanding of the physiology of glutamatergic neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Oldenziel
- Department of Biomonitoring and Sensoring, University Center for Pharmacy, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Sugawara M. Methodological aspects ofin vitro sensing ofL-glutamate in acute brain slices. CHEM REC 2007; 7:317-25. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.20126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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30
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Schuvailo O, Gáspár S, Soldatkin A, Csöregi E. Ultramicrobiosensor for the Selective Detection of Glutamate. ELECTROANAL 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200603707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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31
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Oldenziel WH, Dijkstra G, Cremers TIFH, Westerink BHC. In vivo monitoring of extracellular glutamate in the brain with a microsensor. Brain Res 2006; 1118:34-42. [PMID: 16956598 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2006] [Revised: 07/26/2006] [Accepted: 08/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent discoveries have revealed that glutamatergic neurotransmission in the central nervous system is mediated by a dynamic interplay between neurons and astrocytes. To enhance our understanding of this process, the study of extracellular glutamate is crucial. At present, microdialysis is the most frequently used analytical technique to monitor extracellular glutamate levels directly in the brain. However, the neuronal and physiological origin of the detected glutamate levels is questioned as they do not fulfil the classical release criteria for exocytotic release, such as calcium dependency or response to the sodium channel blocker tetrodotoxine (TTX). It is hypothesized that an analytical technique with a higher spatial and temporal resolution is required. Glutamate microsensors provide a promising analytical solution to meet this requirement. In the present study, we applied a 10 micro m diameter hydrogel-coated glutamate microsensor to monitor extracellular glutamate levels in the striatum of anesthetized rats. To explore the potential of the microsensor, different pharmacological agents were injected in the vicinity of the sensor at an approximate distance of 100 micro m. It was observed that KCl, exogenous glutamate, kainate and the reuptake inhibitor DL-threo-beta-benzyloxyaspartate (DL-TBOA) increased the extracellular glutamate levels significantly. TTX decreased the basal extracellular glutamate levels approximately 90%, which indicates that the microsensor is capable of detecting neuronally derived glutamate. This is one of the first studies in which a microsensor is applied in vivo on a routine base, and it is concluded that microsensor research can contribute significantly to improve our understanding of the physiology of glutamatergic neurotransmission in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Oldenziel
- Department of Biomonitoring and Sensoring, University Center for Pharmacy, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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