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Řezanka T, Lukavský J, Rozmoš M, Nedbalová L, Jansa J. Separation of triacylglycerols containing positional isomers of hexadecenoic acids by enantiomeric liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1208:123401. [PMID: 35921696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Triacylglycerols (TAGs) containing positional isomers of hypogeic (Hy), palmitoleic (Po), and palmitvaccenic (Pv) acids from three microorganisms (top-fermenting brewer's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, green alga Coccomyxa elongata, and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Rhizophagus irregularis) were analyzed. Dozens of regioisomers and enantiomers of TAGs containing one, two or three hexadecenoic acids have been identified by means of reversed phase chromatography/mass spectrometry (RP-HPLC/MS). The regioisomers of TAGs containing two palmitic acids and any hexadecenoic acid were separated. Analysis of regioisomers of TAGs having one Pv residue showed that asymmetric molecular species such as PvPP or PPPv were dominant in Rhizophagus. TAGs were also analyzed on a chiral phase column and nine molecular species of TAGs containing two palmitic and any of three hexadecenoic acids were separated and identified. In the case of TAGs containing one palmitic and two hexadecenoic acids, the separation was successful only if the hexadecenoic acids were identical. Separation of TAGs containing three hexadecenoic acids was successful only if all three hexadecenoic acids were identical. Regardless of the type of TAG, it was found that TAGs in the AM fungus and containing palmitvaccenic acid bound at the sn-1 position of the glycerol backbone were dominant, suggesting similarity in the biosynthesis of the different TAGs. The covalent adduct chemical ionization method was used for identification of TAGs as adduct with (1-methyleneimino)-1-ethenyl ion, which reacted with double bond of the unsaturated fatty acid. Tandem MS thus makes it possible to identify TAGs containing various hexadecenoic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Řezanka
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Jaromír Lukavský
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dukelská 135, 379 82 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Rozmoš
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Linda Nedbalová
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Jansa
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
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Alessenko AV, Shupik MA, Gutner UA, Zateyshchikov DA, Minushkina LO, Rogozhina AA, Lebedev AT, Maloshitskaya OA, Sokolov SA, Kurochkin IN. Prospects for Using Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry for the Determination of Lipids in Clinical Cardiolipidology. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934822040025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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3
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Horká P, Vrkoslav V, Kindl J, Schwarzová-Pecková K, Cvačka J. Structural Characterization of Unusual Fatty Acid Methyl Esters with Double and Triple Bonds Using HPLC/APCI-MS 2 with Acetonitrile In-Source Derivatization. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216468. [PMID: 34770878 PMCID: PMC8588306 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Double and triple bonds have significant effects on the biological activities of lipids. Determining multiple bond positions in their molecules by mass spectrometry usually requires chemical derivatization. This work presents an HPLC/MS method for pinpointing the double and triple bonds in fatty acids. Fatty acid methyl esters were separated by reversed-phase HPLC with an acetonitrile mobile phase. In the APCI source, acetonitrile formed reactive species, which added to double and triple bonds to form [M + C3H5N]+• ions. Their collisional activation in an ion trap provided fragments helpful in localizing the multiple bond positions. This approach was applied to fatty acids with isolated, cumulated, and conjugated double bonds and triple bonds. The fatty acids were isolated from the fat body of early-nesting bumblebee Bombus pratorum and seeds or seed oils of Punicum granatum, Marrubium vulgare, and Santalum album. Using the method, the presence of the known fatty acids was confirmed, and new ones were discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Horká
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 542/2, 166 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (P.H.); (V.V.); (J.K.)
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030/8, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic;
| | - Vladimír Vrkoslav
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 542/2, 166 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (P.H.); (V.V.); (J.K.)
| | - Jiří Kindl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 542/2, 166 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (P.H.); (V.V.); (J.K.)
| | - Karolina Schwarzová-Pecková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030/8, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic;
| | - Josef Cvačka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 542/2, 166 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (P.H.); (V.V.); (J.K.)
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030/8, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-220-183-303
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Buenger EW, Reid GE. Shedding light on isomeric FAHFA lipid structures using 213 nm ultraviolet photodissociation mass spectrometry. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2020; 26:311-323. [PMID: 32957827 DOI: 10.1177/1469066720960341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fatty Acid Esters of Hydroxy Fatty Acids (FAHFAs) are a recently discovered class of biological active lipids with anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory functions. Given that structure and function are intimately related, we report here the use of direct infusion multi-stage hybrid tandem mass spectrometry involving sequential Collisional Activated Dissociation (CAD) and 213 nm UltraViolet PhotoDissociation (UVPD), as a novel technique for the unambiguous denovo identification and detailed structural characterisation of FAHFA lipid ions, including determination of the esterified fatty acid identity, the hydroxy fatty acid identity and position of esterification, and localization of the site(s) of endogenous unsaturations, without need for chromatographic separation or authentic reference standards. The utility of this approach is demonstrated for the identification of individual FAHFA lipids introduced to the mass spectrometer in positive ionization mode as their lithiated adducts, as well as from mixtures containing isomeric FAHFA species with differing esterification sites, including those that are not resolved by current liquid chromatography methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gavin E Reid
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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Zhao J, Xie X, Lin Q, Ma X, Su P, Xia Y. Next-Generation Paternò–Büchi Reagents for Lipid Analysis by Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:13470-13477. [PMID: 32840355 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaobo Xie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qiaohong Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Pei Su
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Yu Xia
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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6
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Strmeň T, Vrkoslav V, Bosáková Z, Cvačka J. Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry at low flow rates: Importance of ion source housing. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8722. [PMID: 31912928 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Hyphenation of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) mass spectrometry with capillary and micro high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is attractive for many applications, but reliable ion sources dedicated to these conditions are still missing. There are a number of aspects to consider when designing such an ion source, including the susceptibility of the ionization processes to ambient conditions. Here we discuss the importance of ion source housing for APCI at low flow rates. METHODS Selected compounds dissolved in various solvents were used to study ionization reactions at 10 μL/min flow rate. APCI spectra were generated using the Ion Max-S source (Thermo Fisher Scientific) operated with or without the ion source housing. RESULTS The APCI spectra of most compounds measured in the open and enclosed ion sources were markedly different. The differences were explained by water and oxygen molecules that entered the plasma region of the open ion source. Water tended to suppress charge transfer processes while oxygen diminished electron capture reactions and prevented the formation of acetonitrile-related radical cations useful for localizing double bonds in lipids. The effects associated with the ion source housing were significantly less important for compounds that are easy to protonate or deprotonate. CONCLUSIONS The use of ion source housing prevented alternative ionization channels leading to unwanted or unexpected ions. Compared with the conventional flow rate mode (1 mL/min), the effects of ambient air components were significantly higher at 10 μL/min, emphasizing the need for ion source housing in APCI sources dedicated to low flow rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timotej Strmeň
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030/8, CZ-128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Vrkoslav
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Bosáková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030/8, CZ-128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Cvačka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030/8, CZ-128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic
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7
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Klein DR, Blevins MS, Macias LA, Douglass MV, Trent MS, Brodbelt JS. Localization of Double Bonds in Bacterial Glycerophospholipids Using 193 nm Ultraviolet Photodissociation in the Negative Mode. Anal Chem 2020; 92:5986-5993. [PMID: 32212719 PMCID: PMC7385702 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The need for detailed structural characterization of glycerophospholipids (GPLs) for many types of biologically motivated applications has led to the development of novel mass spectrometry-based methodologies that utilize alternative ion activation methods. Ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) has shown great utility for localizing sites of unsaturation within acyl chains and to date has predominantly been used for positive mode analysis of GPLs. In the present work, UVPD is used to localize sites of unsaturation in GPL anions. Similar to UVPD mass spectra of GPL cations, UVPD of deprotonated or formate-adducted GPLs yields diagnostic fragment ions spaced 24 Da apart. This method was integrated into a liquid chromatography workflow and used to evaluate profiles of sites of unsaturation of lipids in Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii). When assigning sites of unsaturation, E. coli was found to contain all unsaturation elements at the same position relative to the terminal methyl carbon of the acyl chain; the first carbon participating in a site of unsaturation was consistently seven carbons along the acyl chain when counting carbons from the terminal methyl carbon. GPLs from A. baumannii exhibited more variability in locations of unsaturation. For GPLs containing sites of unsaturation in both acyl chains, an MS3 method was devised to assign sites to specific acyl chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin R Klein
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Molly S Blevins
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Luis A Macias
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Martin V Douglass
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - M Stephen Trent
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Georgia, College of Arts and Sciences, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Jennifer S Brodbelt
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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8
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Glycerolipid Composition and Advanced Physicochemical Considerations of Sacha Inchi Oil toward Cosmetic Products Formulation. COSMETICS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics6040070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sacha inchi oil is a premier raw material with highly nutritional and functional features for the foodstuff, pharmaceutical, beauty, and personal care industries. One of the most important facts about this oil is the huge chemical content of unsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. However, the current available information on the characterization of the triglyceride composition and the advance physicochemical parameters relevant to emulsion development is limited. Therefore, this research focused on providing a detailed description of the lipid composition using high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry and thorough physicochemical characterization to find the value of the required hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB). For this, a study in the interfacial tension was evaluated, followed by the assessment of different parameters such as creaming index, droplet size, viscosity, zeta potential, pH, and electrical conductivity for a series emulsified at thermal stress condition. The results show that fatty acids are arranged into glycerolipids and the required HLB to achieve the maximum physical stability is around 8.
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9
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Tarvainen M, Kallio H, Yang B. Regiospecific Analysis of Triacylglycerols by Ultrahigh-Performance-Liquid Chromatography–Electrospray Ionization–Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2019; 91:13695-13702. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marko Tarvainen
- Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Turku Turun yliopisto FI-20014 Finland
| | - Heikki Kallio
- Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Turku Turun yliopisto FI-20014 Finland
| | - Baoru Yang
- Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Turku Turun yliopisto FI-20014 Finland
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10
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Cetraro N, Cody RB, Yew JY. Carbon-carbon double bond position elucidation in fatty acids using ozone-coupled direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry. Analyst 2019; 144:5848-5855. [PMID: 31482871 DOI: 10.1039/c9an01059a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The carbon-carbon double bond positions of unsaturated fatty acids can have markedly different effects on biological function and also serve as biomarkers of disease pathology, dietary history, and species identity. As such, there is great interest in developing methods for the facile determination of double bond position for natural product chemistry, the pharmaceutical industry, and forensics. We paired ozonolysis with direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART MS) to cleave and rapidly identify carbon-carbon double bond position in fatty acids, fatty alcohols, wax esters, and crude fatty acid extracts. In addition, ozone exposure time and DART ion source temperature were investigated to identify optimal conditions. Our results reveal that brief, offline exposure to ozone-generated aldehyde and carboxylate products that are indicative of carbon-carbon double bond position. The relative abundance of diagnostic fragments quantitatively reflects the ratios of isobaric fatty acid positional isomers in a mixture with a correlation coefficient of 0.99. Lastly, the unsaturation profile generated from unfractionated, fatty acid extracts can be used to differentiate insect species and populations. The ability to rapidly elucidate lipid double bond position by combining ozonolysis with DART MS will be useful for lipid structural elucidation, assessing isobaric purity, and potentially distinguishing between animals fed on different diets or belonging to different ecological populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Cetraro
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 1993 East West Road, Honolulu, USA 96822.
| | - Robert B Cody
- JEOL USA, Inc., 11 Dearborn Rd, Peabody, MA, USA 01960
| | - Joanne Y Yew
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 1993 East West Road, Honolulu, USA 96822.
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11
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Rustam YH, Reid GE. Analytical Challenges and Recent Advances in Mass Spectrometry Based Lipidomics. Anal Chem 2017; 90:374-397. [PMID: 29166560 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yepy H Rustam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Gavin E Reid
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.,School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.,Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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12
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Hancock SE, Poad BL, Batarseh A, Abbott SK, Mitchell TW. Advances and unresolved challenges in the structural characterization of isomeric lipids. Anal Biochem 2017; 524:45-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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13
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Poad BLJ, Green MR, Kirk JM, Tomczyk N, Mitchell TW, Blanksby SJ. High-Pressure Ozone-Induced Dissociation for Lipid Structure Elucidation on Fast Chromatographic Timescales. Anal Chem 2017; 89:4223-4229. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Berwyck L. J. Poad
- Central
Analytical Research Facility, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Martin R. Green
- Waters Corporation, Altrincham
Road, Wilmslow, Cheshire SK9 4AX, United Kingdom
| | - Jayne M. Kirk
- Waters Corporation, Altrincham
Road, Wilmslow, Cheshire SK9 4AX, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Tomczyk
- Waters Corporation, Altrincham
Road, Wilmslow, Cheshire SK9 4AX, United Kingdom
| | - Todd W. Mitchell
- School
of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Stephen J. Blanksby
- Central
Analytical Research Facility, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
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14
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Wang X, Peng Q, Li P, Zhang Q, Ding X, Zhang W, Zhang L. Identification of triacylglycerol using automated annotation of high resolution multistage mass spectral trees. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 940:84-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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15
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Pati S, Nie B, Arnold RD, Cummings BS. Extraction, chromatographic and mass spectrometric methods for lipid analysis. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 30:695-709. [PMID: 26762903 PMCID: PMC8425715 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Lipids make up a diverse subset of biomolecules that are responsible for mediating a variety of structural and functional properties as well as modulating cellular functions such as trafficking, regulation of membrane proteins and subcellular compartmentalization. In particular, phospholipids are the main constituents of biological membranes and play major roles in cellular processes like transmembrane signaling and structural dynamics. The chemical and structural variety of lipids makes analysis using a single experimental approach quite challenging. Research in the field relies on the use of multiple techniques to detect and quantify components of cellular lipidomes as well as determine structural features and cellular organization. Understanding these features can allow researchers to elucidate the biochemical mechanisms by which lipid-lipid and/or lipid-protein interactions take place within the conditions of study. Herein, we provide an overview of essential methods for the examination of lipids, including extraction methods, chromatographic techniques and approaches for mass spectrometric analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumitra Pati
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ben Nie
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Robert D. Arnold
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Brian S. Cummings
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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16
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Xie Y, Chen P, Hua L, Hou K, Wang Y, Wang H, Li H. Rapid Identification and Quantification of Linear Olefin Isomers by Online Ozonolysis-Single Photon Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2016; 27:144-152. [PMID: 26272248 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-015-1238-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The specific locations of the double bonds in linear olefins can facilitate olefin catalytic synthetic reactions to improve the quality of target olefin products. We developed a simple and efficient approach based on single photon ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SPI-TOFMS) combined with online ozonolysis to identify and quantify the linear olefin double bond positional isomers. The online ozonolysis cleaved the olefins at the double bond positions that led to formation of corresponding characteristic aldehydes. The aldehydes were then detected by SPI-TOFMS to achieve unique spectrometric "fingerprints" for each linear olefin to successfully identify the isomeric ones. To accurately quantify the isomeric components in olefin mixtures, an algorithm was proposed to quantify three isomeric olefin mixtures based on characteristic ion intensities and their equivalent ionization coefficients. The relative concentration errors for the olefin components were lower than 2.5% while the total analysis time was less than 2 min. These results demonstrate that the online ozonolysis SPI-TOFMS has the potential for real-time monitoring of catalytic olefin synthetic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, People's Republic of China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Hua
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Keyong Hou
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongchao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Jiangsu Province Institute of Quality and Safety Engineering, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Deimler RE, Sander M, Jackson GP. RADICAL-INDUCED FRAGMENTATION OF PHOSPHOLIPID CATIONS USING METASTABLE ATOM-ACTIVATED DISSOCIATION MASS SPECTROMETRY (MAD-MS). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 2015; 390:178-186. [PMID: 26644782 PMCID: PMC4669893 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The fragmentation pattern of several protonated 1+ phosphatidylcholines (PCs) were studied using low energy collision induced dissociation (CID) and helium metastable atom-activated dissociation (He-MAD). He-MAD of the protonated compounds produced a dominant phosphocholine head group at m/z 184 as well as typical sn-1 and sn-2 glycerol fragments such as [M+H-Rx-1CHC=O]+ and [M+H-Rx-1CO2H]+. Within the aliphatic chain, He-MAD showed fragments consistent with high-energy collision induced dissociation (HE-CID) and products/pathways consistent with Penning ionization of the 1+ precursor ions to their respective radical dications. These Penning ionization products included both singly and doubly charged radical fragments, and the fragment ions are related to the number and position of double bonds in the acyl chains. Fragments created through HE-CID-like fragmentation followed classic charge remote fragmentation pathways including ladder-like fragmentation along the acyl chain, except for additional or missing peaks due to predictable rearrangement reactions. He-MAD therefore shows utility in being able to effectively fragment singly charged lipids into a variety of useful product ions using both radical and high-energy processes in the confines of a 3D ion trap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E. Deimler
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | | | - Glen P. Jackson
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506
- Department of Forensic & Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506-6121
- Corresponding Author. Correspondence to: Glen P. Jackson, , 305-293-9236
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18
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Deimler RE, Sander M, Jackson GP. RADICAL-INDUCED FRAGMENTATION OF PHOSPHOLIPID CATIONS USING METASTABLE ATOM-ACTIVATED DISSOCIATION MASS SPECTROMETRY (MAD-MS). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 2015. [PMID: 26644782 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2015.1008.1009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The fragmentation pattern of several protonated 1+ phosphatidylcholines (PCs) were studied using low energy collision induced dissociation (CID) and helium metastable atom-activated dissociation (He-MAD). He-MAD of the protonated compounds produced a dominant phosphocholine head group at m/z 184 as well as typical sn-1 and sn-2 glycerol fragments such as [M+H-Rx-1CHC=O]+ and [M+H-Rx-1CO2H]+. Within the aliphatic chain, He-MAD showed fragments consistent with high-energy collision induced dissociation (HE-CID) and products/pathways consistent with Penning ionization of the 1+ precursor ions to their respective radical dications. These Penning ionization products included both singly and doubly charged radical fragments, and the fragment ions are related to the number and position of double bonds in the acyl chains. Fragments created through HE-CID-like fragmentation followed classic charge remote fragmentation pathways including ladder-like fragmentation along the acyl chain, except for additional or missing peaks due to predictable rearrangement reactions. He-MAD therefore shows utility in being able to effectively fragment singly charged lipids into a variety of useful product ions using both radical and high-energy processes in the confines of a 3D ion trap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Deimler
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | | | - Glen P Jackson
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506 ; Department of Forensic & Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506-6121
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19
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Campbell JL, Baba T. Near-Complete Structural Characterization of Phosphatidylcholines Using Electron Impact Excitation of Ions from Organics. Anal Chem 2015; 87:5837-45. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Takashi Baba
- SCIEX, 71 Four Valley Drive, Concord, Ontario L4K 4V8, Canada
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20
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Localization of double bonds in triacylglycerols using high-performance liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization ion-trap mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:5175-88. [PMID: 25701424 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8537-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A method for localizing double bonds in triacylglycerols using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) was developed. The technique was based on collision-induced dissociation or pulsed Q collision-induced dissociation of the C3H5N(+•) adducts ([M + 55](+•)) formed in the presence of acetonitrile in the APCI source. The spectra were investigated using a large series of standards obtained from commercial sources and prepared by randomization. The fragmentation spectra made it possible to determine (i) the total number of carbons and double bonds in the molecule, (ii) the number of carbons and double bonds in acyls, (iii) the acyl in the sn-2 position on the glycerol backbone, and (iv) the double-bond positions in acyls. The double-bond positions were determined based on two types of fragments (alpha and omega ions) formed by cleavages of C-C bonds vinylic to the original double bond. The composition of the acyls and their positions on glycerol were established from the masses and intensities of the ions formed by the elimination of fatty acids from the [M + 55](+•) precursor. The method was applied for the analysis of triacylglycerols in olive oil and vernix caseosa.
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21
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Bogseth R, Edgcomb E, Jones CM, Chess EK, Hu P. Acetonitrile adduct formation as a sensitive means for simple alcohol detection by LC-MS. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014; 25:1987-1990. [PMID: 25248412 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-014-0975-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Simple alcohols formed protonated acetonitrile adducts containing up to two acetonitrile molecules when analyzed by ESI or APCI in the presence of acetonitrile in the solvent. These acetonitrile adducts underwent dissociation to form a nitrilium ion, also referred to as the substitution ion. Diols and triols behaved differently. In ESI, they formed only one acetonitrile adduct containing one acetonitrile. The S ion was not observed in ESI and was only weakly observed from the dissociation of the (M + ACN + H)(+) ion. On the other hand, the S ion was abundantly formed from the diols in APCI. This formation of acetonitrile adducts and substitution ion from simple alcohols/diols offers an opportunity to detect simple alcohols/diols sensitively by LC-MS interfaced by ESI or APCI. The utility of this chemistry was demonstrated in a method developed for the quantification of cyclohexanol in rat plasma by monitoring the CID-induced fragmentation from the S ion to a fragment ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Bogseth
- Medical Products Division, Baxter Healthcare Corporation , 25212 W. Illinois Route 120, Round Lake, IL, 60073, USA
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22
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Pham HT, Julian RR. Mass Shifting and Radical Delivery with Crown Ether Attachment for Separation and Analysis of Phosphatidylethanolamine Lipids. Anal Chem 2014; 86:3020-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac403754j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huong T. Pham
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Ryan R. Julian
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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23
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Quadruple parallel mass spectrometry for analysis of vitamin D and triacylglycerols in a dietary supplement. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1320:48-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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24
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Brenna JT. Fatty acid analysis by high resolution gas chromatography and mass spectrometry for clinical and experimental applications. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2013; 16:548-54. [PMID: 23892505 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0b013e328363bc0a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Quantitative fatty acid profiles analyzed via fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) are among the most common metabolite panels and fit into the category of omics techniques. Recently, preparation and analysis methods for high throughput clinical analysis have become routine, and novel methods for structure analysis enable rapid identification of unknowns and confounded peaks. RECENT FINDINGS Observation of one hundred FAME in a single mixture is common with high resolution capillary gas chromatography columns. Structural analysis of FAME requires high resolution gas chromatography with specialized tandem mass spectrometry to obtain fragments indicative of structure. Covalent adduct chemical ionization provides unambiguous double bond positions, whereas electron ionization with fragmentation of the molecular ion identifies branch points. Quantitative analysis requires response calibration using external standards and/or isotopically labeled internal standards with mass spectrometry detection. SUMMARY Modern high throughput methods enable routine analysis of well behaved clinical samples. Careful attention to structure analysis using recent methods avoids biases due to interfering or mischaracterized fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Thomas Brenna
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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25
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Kubo A, Satoh T, Itoh Y, Hashimoto M, Tamura J, Cody RB. Structural analysis of triacylglycerols by using a MALDI-TOF/TOF system with monoisotopic precursor selection. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2013; 24:684-9. [PMID: 23247968 PMCID: PMC3641297 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-012-0513-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A new MALDI-TOF/TOF system with monoisotopic precursor selection was applied to the analysis of triacylglycerols in an olive oil sample. Monoisotopic precursor selection made it possible to obtain product-ion mass spectra without interference from species that differed by a single double bond. Complete structure determination of all triacylglycerols, including structural isomers, was made possible by interpreting the charge-remote fragmentation resulting from high-energy collision-induced dissociation (CID) of the sodiated triacylglycerols.
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26
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Pham HT, Maccarone AT, Campbell JL, Mitchell TW, Blanksby SJ. Ozone-induced dissociation of conjugated lipids reveals significant reaction rate enhancements and characteristic odd-electron product ions. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2013; 24:286-296. [PMID: 23292977 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-012-0521-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Ozone-induced dissociation (OzID) is an alternative ion activation method that relies on the gas phase ion-molecule reaction between a mass-selected target ion and ozone in an ion trap mass spectrometer. Herein, we evaluated the performance of OzID for both the structural elucidation and selective detection of conjugated carbon-carbon double bond motifs within lipids. The relative reactivity trends for [M + X](+) ions (where X = Li, Na, K) formed via electrospray ionization (ESI) of conjugated versus nonconjugated fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were examined using two different OzID-enabled linear ion-trap mass spectrometers. Compared with nonconjugated analogues, FAMEs derived from conjugated linoleic acids were found to react up to 200 times faster and to yield characteristic radical cations. The significantly enhanced reactivity of conjugated isomers means that OzID product ions can be observed without invoking a reaction delay in the experimental sequence (i.e., trapping of ions in the presence of ozone is not required). This possibility has been exploited to undertake neutral-loss scans on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer targeting characteristic OzID transitions. Such analyses reveal the presence of conjugated double bonds in lipids extracted from selected foodstuffs. Finally, by benchmarking of the absolute ozone concentration inside the ion trap, second order rate constants for the gas phase reactions between unsaturated organic ions and ozone were obtained. These results demonstrate a significant influence of the adducting metal on reaction rate constants in the fashion Li > Na > K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huong T Pham
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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27
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Brown SHJ, Mitchell TW, Oakley AJ, Pham HT, Blanksby SJ. Time to face the fats: what can mass spectrometry reveal about the structure of lipids and their interactions with proteins? JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2012; 23:1441-1449. [PMID: 22669763 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-012-0410-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Since the 1950s, X-ray crystallography has been the mainstay of structural biology, providing detailed atomic-level structures that continue to revolutionize our understanding of protein function. From recent advances in this discipline, a picture has emerged of intimate and specific interactions between lipids and proteins that has driven renewed interest in the structure of lipids themselves and raised intriguing questions as to the specificity and stoichiometry in lipid-protein complexes. Herein we demonstrate some of the limitations of crystallography in resolving critical structural features of ligated lipids and thus determining how these motifs impact protein binding. As a consequence, mass spectrometry must play an important and complementary role in unraveling the complexities of lipid-protein interactions. We evaluate recent advances and highlight ongoing challenges towards the twin goals of (1) complete structure elucidation of low, abundant, and structurally diverse lipids by mass spectrometry alone, and (2) assignment of stoichiometry and specificity of lipid interactions within protein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon H J Brown
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
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28
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Pham HT, Ly T, Trevitt AJ, Mitchell TW, Blanksby SJ. Differentiation of Complex Lipid Isomers by Radical-Directed Dissociation Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2012; 84:7525-32. [DOI: 10.1021/ac301652a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huong T. Pham
- ARC Centre of Excellence for
Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Tony Ly
- ARC Centre of Excellence for
Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Adam J. Trevitt
- ARC Centre of Excellence for
Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Todd W. Mitchell
- School of Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Stephen J. Blanksby
- ARC Centre of Excellence for
Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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29
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Imbert L, Gaudin M, Libong D, Touboul D, Abreu S, Loiseau PM, Laprévote O, Chaminade P. Comparison of electrospray ionization, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and atmospheric pressure photoionization for a lipidomic analysis of Leishmania donovani. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1242:75-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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30
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Vrkoslav V, Cvačka J. Identification of the double-bond position in fatty acid methyl esters by liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1259:244-50. [PMID: 22591660 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were analysed by reversed-phase HPLC coupled with atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation (APCI) mass spectrometry. The chromatographic separations of the FAMEs were optimised using acetonitrile or binary acetonitrile gradients and C18 or C30 columns. The gas-phase reactions of acetonitrile and unsaturated FAMEs in the APCI source provided [M+C(3)H(5)N](+·) adducts. When fragmented, these adducts yielded diagnostic ions, allowing the unambiguous localisation of double bonds. The formation and fragmentation of the acetonitrile-related adduct was utilised for the structural characterisation of the FAMEs separated by HPLC. The APCI-MS detection of FAMEs encompassed a full-spectrum scan (providing information on the number of carbons and double bonds) and a data-dependent MS/MS scan of the [M+C(3)H(5)N](+·) ions (the position of the double bonds). The utility of this approach was demonstrated using a mixture of FAMEs from blackcurrant-seed oil. All the unsaturated fatty acids known to exist in the sample were correctly identified and several others were newly discovered. In terms of sensitivity, HPLC/APCI-MS appeared to be comparable to GC/EI-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimír Vrkoslav
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v. v. i., Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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31
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Kwon Y, Lee S, Oh DC, Kim S. Simple determination of double-bond positions in long-chain olefins by cross-metathesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:8275-8. [PMID: 21710518 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201102634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongseok Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Shilim, Kwanak, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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32
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Kwon Y, Lee S, Oh DC, Kim S. Simple Determination of Double-Bond Positions in Long-Chain Olefins by Cross-Metathesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201102634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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33
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Brown SHJ, Mitchell TW, Blanksby SJ. Analysis of unsaturated lipids by ozone-induced dissociation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1811:807-17. [PMID: 21571093 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in analytical technologies have driven significant advances in lipid science. The sensitivity and selectivity of modern mass spectrometers can now provide for the detection and even quantification of many hundreds of lipids in a single analysis. In parallel, increasing evidence from structural biology suggests that a detailed knowledge of lipid molecular structure including carbon-carbon double bond position, stereochemistry and acyl chain regiochemistry is required to fully appreciate the biochemical role(s) of individual lipids. Here we review the capabilities and limitations of tandem mass spectrometry to provide this level of structural specificity in the analysis of lipids present in complex biological extracts. In particular, we focus on the capabilities of a novel technology termed ozone-induced dissociation to identify the position(s) of double bonds in unsaturated lipids and discuss its possible role in efforts to develop workflows that provide for complete structure elucidation of lipids by mass spectrometry alone: so-called top-down lipidomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon H J Brown
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
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34
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Vrkoslav V, Háková M, Pecková K, Urbanová K, Cvačka J. Localization of Double Bonds in Wax Esters by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography/Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry Utilizing the Fragmentation of Acetonitrile-Related Adducts. Anal Chem 2011; 83:2978-86. [DOI: 10.1021/ac1030682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimír Vrkoslav
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v. v. i., Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Háková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v. v. i., Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030/8, CZ-128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Karolina Pecková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030/8, CZ-128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Klára Urbanová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v. v. i., Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Cvačka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v. v. i., Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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35
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Bou Khalil M, Hou W, Zhou H, Elisma F, Swayne LA, Blanchard AP, Yao Z, Bennett SAL, Figeys D. Lipidomics era: accomplishments and challenges. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2010; 29:877-929. [PMID: 20931646 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Lipid mediators participate in signal transduction pathways, proliferation, apoptosis, and membrane trafficking in the cell. Lipids are highly complex and diverse owing to the various combinations of polar headgroups, fatty acyl chains, and backbone structures. This structural diversity continues to pose a challenge for lipid analysis. Here we review the current state of the art in lipidomics research and discuss the challenges facing this field. The latest technological developments in mass spectrometry, the role of bioinformatics, and the applications of lipidomics in lipid metabolism and cellular physiology and pathology are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maroun Bou Khalil
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1H 8M5
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36
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Blanksby SJ, Mitchell TW. Advances in mass spectrometry for lipidomics. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2010; 3:433-65. [PMID: 20636050 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.anchem.111808.073705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Recent expansion in research in the field of lipidomics has been driven by the development of new mass spectrometric tools and protocols for the identification and quantification of molecular lipids in complex matrices. Although there are similarities between the field of lipidomics and the allied field of mass spectrometry (e.g., proteomics), lipids present some unique advantages and challenges for mass spectrometric analysis. The application of electrospray ionization to crude lipid extracts without prior fractionation-the so-called shotgun approach-is one such example, as it has perhaps been more successfully applied in lipidomics than in any other discipline. Conversely, the diverse molecular structure of lipids means that collision-induced dissociation alone may be limited in providing unique descriptions of complex lipid structures, and the development of additional, complementary tools for ion activation and analysis is required to overcome these challenges. In this article, we discuss the state of the art in lipid mass spectrometry and highlight several areas in which current approaches are deficient and further innovation is required.
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37
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Pittenauer E, Allmaier G. The renaissance of high-energy CID for structural elucidation of complex lipids: MALDI-TOF/RTOF-MS of alkali cationized triacylglycerols. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2009; 20:1037-47. [PMID: 19251438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2009.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2008] [Revised: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 01/16/2009] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Triacylglycerols were analyzed as cationized species (Li(+), Na(+), K(+)) by high-energy CID at 20 keV collisions utilizing MALDI-TOF/RTOF mass spectrometry. Precursor ions, based on [M + Li](+)-adduct ions exhibited incomplete fragmentation in the high and low m/z region whereas [M + K](+)-adducts did not show useful fragmentation. Only sodiated precursor ions yielded product ion spectra with structurally diagnostic product ions across the whole m/z range. The high m/z region of the CID spectra is dominated by abundant charge-remote fragmentation of the fatty acid substituents. In favorable cases also positions of double bonds or of hydroxy groups of the fatty acid alkyl chains could be determined. A-type product ions represent the end products of these charge-remote fragmentations. B- and C-type product ions yield the fatty acid composition of individual triacylglycerol species based on loss of either one neutral fatty acid or one sodium carboxylate residue, respectively. Product ions allowing fatty acid substituent positional determination were present in the low m/z range enabling identification of either the sn-1/sn-3 substituents (E-, F-, and G-type ions) or the sn-2 substituent (J-type ion). These findings were demonstrated with synthetic triacylglycerols and plant oils such as cocoa butter, olive oil, and castor bean oil. Typical features of 20 keV CID spectra of sodiated triacylglycerols obtained by MALDI-TOF/RTOF MS were an even distribution of product ions over the entire m/z range and a mass accuracy of +/-0.1 to 0.2 u. One limitation of the application of this technique is mainly the insufficient precursor ion gating after MS1 (gating window at 4 u) of species separated by 2 u.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst Pittenauer
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria.
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38
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From lipids analysis towards lipidomics, a new challenge for the analytical chemistry of the 21st century. Part II: Analytical lipidomics. Trends Analyt Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2008.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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39
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Mitchell TW, Pham H, Thomas MC, Blanksby SJ. Identification of double bond position in lipids: from GC to OzID. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:2722-35. [PMID: 19250888 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2008] [Revised: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in mass spectrometry and chromatography provide new possibilities for the identification and in some instances quantification of a wide range of lipids in complex matrices. These advances in analytical technologies have provided a tantalizing glimpse of the true structural diversity of lipids in nature and have reinvigorated interest in the role of lipids in biology. While technological advances have been impressive, difficulties in the ready identification of sites of unsaturation (i.e., double bond position) within these molecules presents a significant impediment to understanding lipid biochemistry. This is of particular importance given the growing body of literature suggesting that the presence of naturally occurring lipid double bond isomers can have a significant influence, both positive and negative, on the development of pathologies such as cancer, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. This article provides a critical review of the current suite of analytical approaches to the challenge of identification of the position of carbon-carbon double bonds in intact lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd W Mitchell
- School of Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
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Thomas MC, Mitchell TW, Blanksby SJ. OnLine ozonolysis methods for the determination of double bond position in unsaturated lipids. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 579:413-441. [PMID: 19763488 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-322-0_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Modern lipidomics relies heavily on mass spectrometry for the structural characterization and quantification of lipids of biological origins. Structural information is gained by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) whereby lipid ions are fragmented to elucidate lipid class, fatty acid chain length, and degree of unsaturation. Unfortunately, however, in most cases double bond position cannot be assigned based on MS/MS data alone and thus significant structural diversity is hidden from such analyses. For this reason, we have developed two online methods for determining double bond position within unsaturated lipids; ozone electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (OzESI-MS) and ozone-induced dissociation (OzID). Both techniques utilize ozone to cleave C-C double bonds that result in chemically induced fragment ions that locate the position(s) of unsaturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Thomas
- School of Chemistry and Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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Recent developments in tandem mass spectrometry for lipidomic analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 627:62-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2008] [Revised: 06/17/2008] [Accepted: 06/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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