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Tonleu Temgoua RC, Kenfack Tonlé I, Boujtita M. Electrochemistry coupled with mass spectrometry for the prediction of the environmental fate and elucidation of the degradation mechanisms of pesticides: current status and future prospects. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:340-350. [PMID: 36661397 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00451h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
One of the crucial steps in the development of a new pesticide (active molecule) is predicting its environmental and in vivo fate, so as to determine potential consequences to a living organism's health and ecology as a whole. In this regard, pesticides undergo transformation processes in response to biotic and abiotic stress. Therefore, there is a need to investigate pesticide transformation products (TPs) and the formation processes they could undergo during the manufacturing process and when discharged into the ecosystem. Although methods based on biological in vitro and in vivo experimental models are tools of choice for the elucidation of metabolic pathways of pesticides (xenobiotics in general), electrochemistry-based techniques offer numerous advantages such as rapid and low-cost analysis, easy implementation, low sample volume requirement, no matrix effects, and miniaturization to improve the performance of the developed methods. However, for greater efficiency, electrochemistry (EC) should be coupled with analytical techniques such as mass spectrometry (MS) and sometimes liquid chromatography (LC), leading to the so-called EC-MS and EC-LC-MS hybrid techniques. In this review, past studies, current applications and utilization of EC-MS and EC-LC-MS techniques for the simulation of environmental fate/degradation of pesticides were reviewed by selected studies with chemical transformation, structures of metabolites, and some experimental conditions. The current challenges and future trends for the mimicry and prediction of the environmental fate/degradation of pesticides based on electrochemical methods combined with mass spectrometry were highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranil Clément Tonleu Temgoua
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France.
- University of Yaoundé I, Higher Teacher Training College, PO Box 47, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- University of Dschang, Electrochemistry and Chemistry of Materials, Department of Chemistry, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Ignas Kenfack Tonlé
- University of Dschang, Electrochemistry and Chemistry of Materials, Department of Chemistry, Dschang, Cameroon
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2
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Grint I, Crea F, Vasiliadou R. The Combination of Electrochemistry and Microfluidic Technology in Drug Metabolism Studies. Chemistry 2022; 11:e202200100. [PMID: 36166688 PMCID: PMC9716038 DOI: 10.1002/open.202200100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Drugs are metabolized within the liver (pH 7.4) by phase I and phase II metabolism. During the process, reactive metabolites can be formed that react covalently with biomolecules and induce toxicity. Identifying and detecting reactive metabolites is an important part of drug development. Preclinical and clinical investigations are conducted to assess the toxicity and safety of a new drug candidate. Electrochemistry coupled to mass spectrometry is an ideal complementary technique to the current preclinical studies, a pure instrumental approach without any purification steps and tedious protocols. The combination of microfluidics with electrochemistry towards the mimicry of drug metabolism offers portability, low volume of reagents and faster reaction times. This review explores the development of microfluidic electrochemical cells for mimicking drug metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isobel Grint
- School of Life, Health and Chemical SciencesThe Open UniversityWalton Hall, Karen HillsMilton KeynesMK7 6AAUK
| | - Francesco Crea
- School of Life, Health and Chemical SciencesThe Open UniversityWalton Hall, Karen HillsMilton KeynesMK7 6AAUK
| | - Rafaela Vasiliadou
- School of Life, Health and Chemical SciencesThe Open UniversityWalton Hall, Karen HillsMilton KeynesMK7 6AAUK
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3
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Gorbunov A, Bardin A, Ilyushonok S, Kovach J, Petrenko A, Sukhodolov N, Krasnov K, Krasnov N, Zorin I, Obornev A, Babakov V, Radilov A, Podolskaya E. Multiwell photocatalytic microreactor device integrating drug biotransformation modeling and sample preparation on a MALDI target. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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4
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Bussy U, Boisseau R, Croyal M, Temgoua RCT, Boujtita M. In-line formation and identification of toxic reductive metabolites of aristolochic acid using electrochemistry mass spectrometry coupling. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:2363-2370. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-03874-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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5
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Korzhenko O, Führer P, Göldner V, Olthuis W, Odijk M, Karst U. Microfluidic Electrochemistry Meets Trapped Ion Mobility Spectrometry and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry-In Situ Generation, Separation, and Detection of Isomeric Conjugates of Paracetamol and Ethoxyquin. Anal Chem 2021; 93:12740-12747. [PMID: 34495637 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 3 decades, electrochemistry (EC) has been successfully applied in phase I and phase II metabolism simulation studies. The electrochemically generated phase I metabolite-like oxidation products can react with selected reagents to form phase II conjugates. During conjugate formation, the generation of isomeric compounds is possible. Such isomeric conjugates are often separated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Here, we demonstrate a powerful approach that combines EC with ion mobility spectrometry to separate possible isomeric conjugates. In detail, we present the hyphenation of a microfluidic electrochemical chip with an integrated mixer coupled online to trapped ion mobility spectrometry (TIMS) and time-of-flight high-resolution mass spectrometry (ToF-HRMS), briefly chipEC-TIMS-ToF-HRMS. This novel method achieves results in several minutes, which is much faster than traditional separation approaches like HPLC, and was applied to the drug paracetamol and the controversial feed preservative ethoxyquin. The analytes were oxidized in situ in the electrochemical microfluidic chip under formation of reactive intermediates and mixed with different thiol-containing reagents to form conjugates. These were analyzed by TIMS-ToF-HRMS to identify possible isomers. It was observed that the oxidation products of both paracetamol and ethoxyquin form two isomeric conjugates, which are characterized by different ion mobilities, with each reagent. Therefore, using this hyphenated technique, it is possible to not only form reactive oxidation products and their conjugates in situ but also separate and detect these isomeric conjugates within only a few minutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oxana Korzhenko
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Pascal Führer
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Valentin Göldner
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany.,International Graduate School for Battery Chemistry, Characterization, Analysis, Recycling and Application (BACCARA), University of Münster, Corrensstr. 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Wouter Olthuis
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Mathieu Odijk
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Uwe Karst
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany.,International Graduate School for Battery Chemistry, Characterization, Analysis, Recycling and Application (BACCARA), University of Münster, Corrensstr. 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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6
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Temgoua RC, Bussy U, Alvarez-Dorta D, Galland N, Hémez J, Thobie-Gautier C, Tonlé IK, Boujtita M. Using electrochemistry coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry for the simulation of the environmental degradation of the recalcitrant fungicide carbendazim. Talanta 2021; 221:121448. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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7
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Bandookwala M, Nemani KS, Chatterjee B, Sengupta P. Reactive Metabolites: Generation and Estimation with Electrochemistry Based Analytical Strategy as an Emerging Screening Tool. CURR ANAL CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573411016666200131154202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Analytical scientists have constantly been in search for more efficient and
economical methods for drug simulation studies. Owing to great progress in this field, there are various
techniques available nowadays that mimic drug metabolism in the hepatic microenvironment.
The conventional in vitro and in vivo studies pose inherent methodological drawbacks due to which
alternative analytical approaches are devised for different drug metabolism experiments.
Methods:
Electrochemistry has gained attention due to its benefits over conventional metabolism
studies. Because of the protein binding nature of reactive metabolites, it is difficult to identify them
directly after formation, although the use of trapping agents aids in their successful identification.
Furthermore, various scientific reports confirmed the successful simulation of drug metabolism studies
by electrochemical cells. Electrochemical cells coupled with chromatography and mass spectrometry
made it easy for direct detection of reactive metabolites. In this review, an insight into the application
of electrochemical techniques for metabolism simulation studies has been provided. The sole
use of electrochemical cells, as well as their setups on coupling to liquid chromatography and mass
spectrometry has been discussed. The importance of metabolism prediction in early drug discovery
and development stages along with a brief overview of other conventional methods has also been
highlighted.
Conclusion:
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first article to review the electrochemistry
based strategy for the analysis of reactive metabolites. The outcome of this ‘first of its kind’ review
will significantly help the researchers in the application of electrochemistry based bioanalysis for metabolite
detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bandookwala
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Kavya Sri Nemani
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Bappaditya Chatterjee
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management (SPPSPTM), NMIMS University, Mumbai, India
| | - Pinaki Sengupta
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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Delcourt V, Barnabé A, Loup B, Garcia P, André F, Chabot B, Trévisiol S, Moulard Y, Popot MA, Bailly-Chouriberry L. MetIDfyR: An Open-Source R Package to Decipher Small-Molecule Drug Metabolism through High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:13155-13162. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Delcourt
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, 15 rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - Agnès Barnabé
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, 15 rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - Benoit Loup
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, 15 rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - Patrice Garcia
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, 15 rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - François André
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, 15 rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - Benjamin Chabot
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, 15 rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - Stéphane Trévisiol
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, 15 rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - Yves Moulard
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, 15 rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson, France
| | - Marie-Agnès Popot
- GIE-LCH, Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques, 15 rue de Paradis, 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson, France
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Yang J, Ye LH, Wang B, Zheng H, Cao J. Electrochemical microreactor combined with mass spectrometry for online oxidation and real-time detection of alkaloids. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:3969-3981. [PMID: 32823375 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the prototypes and oxidation products of alkaloids with the use of an online electrochemistry/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry system. The metabolism of oxidative phase I and II was simulated in an electrochemical reaction cell. The metabolic processes for coptisine and jatrorrhizine were simulated in a thin-layer cell fitted with a glassy carbon working electrode, while the metabolic processes for berberine and palmatine were simulated by using a boron-doped diamond working electrode. By using the new experimental system, dehydrogenation, demethylation, methylation, hydroxylation, and the formation of two hydroxylation adducts were detected by applying different potentials to the electrochemical cell. The online reaction with glutathione yielded different covalent glutathione adducts. The results obtained from the electrochemical simulation were found to be in good accordance with those reported previously in vivo, showing that electrochemistry/mass spectrometry is an effective tool for studying metabolic reactions for various complex components. Moreover, analysis of alkaloids in liver microsomes by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry confirmed the possibility of using an electrochemistry technique to simulate the metabolism of target compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Yang
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Li-Hong Ye
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Bin Wang
- Lianyungang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Hui Zheng
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jun Cao
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
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10
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Simulation of the environmental degradation of diuron (herbicide) using electrochemistry coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Herl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and BiosensorsUniversity of Regensburg Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Frank‐Michael Matysik
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and BiosensorsUniversity of Regensburg Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
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12
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Navarro Suarez L, Thein S, Kallinich C, Rohn S. Electrochemical Oxidation as a Tool for Generating Vitamin D Metabolites. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24132369. [PMID: 31248057 PMCID: PMC6651080 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24132369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The electrochemical behavior of the vitamers cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol was investigated in order to determine whether it is possible to evaluate phase-I and phase-II metabolism of these steroids and yield metabolites that can serve as reference material. The vitamers were electrochemically-oxidized using an electrochemical system (ROXY™ EC system). The influence of pH value, solvent, and potential was evaluated. When using methanol or ethanol, the formation of artificial methoxy or ethoxy groups, respectively, was observed, while the use of acetonitrile did not show any formation of further functional groups. A neutral pH value and use of a constant potential led to the highest number of oxidation products with intensive signals. Additionally, a binding study between vitamin D and glucuronic acid as an example for phase-II conjugation was carried out. It was possible to detect adduct formation. Coupling mass spectrometry directly to electrochemistry (EC-MS) is a promising approach for generating vitamin D metabolites and/or yielding a number of metabolites without in vivo or in vitro test systems. It can support or even replace animal studies in the long-term and might be promising for yielding reference compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Navarro Suarez
- University of Hamburg, Hamburg School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Sonja Thein
- University of Hamburg, Hamburg School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Constanze Kallinich
- University of Hamburg, Hamburg School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Sascha Rohn
- University of Hamburg, Hamburg School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad H. Rahman
- School of PharmacyUniversity of Birmingham Edgbaston B15 2TT United Kingdom
| | - Mandeep K. Bal
- Faculty of Science and EngineeringManchester Metropolitan University Chester Street Manchester M1 5GD United Kingdom
| | - Alan M. Jones
- School of PharmacyUniversity of Birmingham Edgbaston B15 2TT United Kingdom
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14
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Electrochemical simulation of metabolism for antitumor-active imidazoacridinone C-1311 and in silico prediction of drug metabolic reactions. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 169:269-278. [PMID: 30884325 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The metabolism of antitumor-active 5-diethylaminoethylamino-8-hydroxyimidazoacridinone (C-1311) has been investigated widely over the last decade but some aspects of molecular mechanisms of its metabolic transformation are still not explained. In the current work, we have reported a direct and rapid analytical tool for better prediction of C-1311 metabolism which is based on electrochemistry (EC) coupled on-line with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Simulation of the oxidative phase I metabolism of the compound was achieved in a simple electrochemical thin-layer cell consisting of three electrodes (ROXY™, Antec Leyden, the Netherlands). We demonstrated that the formation of the products of N-dealkylation reactions can be easily simulated using purely instrumental approach. Newly reported products of oxidative transformations like hydroxylated or oxygenated derivatives become accessible. Structures of the electrochemically generated metabolites were elucidated on the basis of accurate mass ion data and tandem mass spectrometry experiments. In silico prediction of main sites of C-1311 metabolism was performed using MetaSite software. The compound was evaluated for cytochrome P450 1A2-, 3A4-, and 2D6-mediated reactions. The results obtained by EC were also compared and correlated with those of reported earlier for conventional in vitro enzymatic studies in the presence of liver microsomes and in the model peroxidase system. The in vitro experimental approach and the in silico metabolism findings showed a quite good agreement with the data from EC/ESI-MS analysis. Thus, we conclude here that the electrochemical technique provides the promising platform for the simple evaluation of drug metabolism and the reaction mechanism studies, giving first clues to the metabolic transformation of pharmaceuticals in the human body.
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15
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Chen G, Huang BX, Guo M. Current advances in screening for bioactive components from medicinal plants by affinity ultrafiltration mass spectrometry. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2018; 29:375-386. [PMID: 29785715 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Medicinal plants have played an important role in maintaining human health for thousands of years. However, the interactions between the active components in medicinal plants and some certain biological targets during a disease are still unclear in most cases. OBJECTIVE To conduct the high-throughput screening for small active molecules that can interact with biological targets, which is of great theoretical significance and practical value. METHODOLOGY The ultrafiltration mass spectrometry (UF-LC/MS) is a powerful bio-analytical method by combining affinity ultrafiltration and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS), which could rapidly screen and identify small active molecules that bind to biological targets of interest at the same time. Compared with other analytical methods, affinity UF-LC/MS has the characteristics of fast, sensitive and high throughput, and is especially suitable for the complicated extracts of medicinal plants. RESULTS In this review, the basic principle, characteristics and some most recent challenges in UF-LC/MS have been demonstrated. Meanwhile, the progress and applications of affinity UF-LC/MS in the discovery of the active components from natural medicinal plants and the interactions between small molecules and biological target proteins are also briefly summarised. In addition, the future directions for UF-LC/MS are also prospected. CONCLUSION Affinity UF-LC/MS is a powerful tool in studies on the interactions between small active molecules and biological protein targets, especially in the high-throughput screening of active components from the natural medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430074, Wuhan, China
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Bill X Huang
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mingquan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430074, Wuhan, China
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430074, Wuhan, China
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16
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Zhang Y, den Braver-Sewradj SP, den Braver MW, Hiemstra S, Vermeulen NPE, van de Water B, Commandeur JNM, Vos JC. Glutathione S-Transferase P1 Protects Against Amodiaquine Quinoneimines-Induced Cytotoxicity but Does Not Prevent Activation of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in HepG2 Cells. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:388. [PMID: 29720942 PMCID: PMC5915463 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation of the reactive amodiaquine quinoneimine (AQ-QI) and N-desethylamodiaquine quinoneimine (DEAQ-QI) plays an important role in the toxicity of the anti-malaria drug amodiaquine (AQ). Glutathione conjugation protects against AQ-induced toxicity and GSTP1 is able to conjugate its quinoneimine metabolites AQ-QI and DEA-QI with glutathione. In this study, HepG2 cells transiently transfected with the human GSTP1 construct were utilized to investigate the protective effect of GSTP1 in a cellular context. HepG2 cells were exposed to synthesized QIs, which bypasses the need for intracellular bioactivation of AQ or DEAQ. Exposure was accompanied by decreased cell viability, increased caspase 3 activity, and decreased intracellular GSH levels. Using high-content imaging-based BAC-GFP reporters, it was shown that AQ-QI and DEAQ-QI specifically activated the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. In contrast, oxidative stress, DNA damage, or inflammatory stress responses were not activated. Overexpression of GSTP1 resulted in a two-fold increase in GSH-conjugation of the QIs, attenuated QI-induced cytotoxicity especially under GSH-depletion condition, abolished QIs-induced apoptosis but did not significantly inhibit the activation of the ER stress response. In conclusion, these results indicate a protective role of GSTP1 by increasing enzymatic detoxification of AQ-QI and DEAQ-QI and suggest a second protective mechanism by interfering with ER stress induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Zhang
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Clinical Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shalenie P den Braver-Sewradj
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Michiel W den Braver
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Steven Hiemstra
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Nico P E Vermeulen
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bob van de Water
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jan N M Commandeur
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - J C Vos
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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17
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den Braver-Sewradj SP, den Braver MW, Toorneman RM, van Leeuwen S, Zhang Y, Dekker SJ, Vermeulen NPE, Commandeur JNM, Vos JC. Reduction and Scavenging of Chemically Reactive Drug Metabolites by NAD(P)H:Quinone Oxidoreductase 1 and NRH:Quinone Oxidoreductase 2 and Variability in Hepatic Concentrations. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:116-126. [PMID: 29281794 PMCID: PMC5997408 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Detoxicating
enzymes NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and
NRH:quinone oxidoreductase 2 (NQO2) catalyze the two-electron reduction
of quinone-like compounds. The protective role of the polymorphic
NQO1 and NQO2 enzymes is especially of interest in the liver as the
major site of drug bioactivation to chemically reactive drug metabolites.
In the current study, we quantified the concentrations of NQO1 and
NQO2 in 20 human liver donors and NQO1 and NQO2 activities with quinone-like
drug metabolites. Hepatic NQO1 concentrations ranged from 8 to 213
nM. Using recombinant NQO1, we showed that low nM concentrations of
NQO1 are sufficient to reduce synthetic amodiaquine and carbamazepine
quinone-like metabolites in vitro. Hepatic NQO2 concentrations
ranged from 2 to 31 μM. NQO2 catalyzed the reduction of quinone-like
metabolites derived from acetaminophen, clozapine, 4′-hydroxydiclofenac,
mefenamic acid, amodiaquine, and carbamazepine. The reduction of the
clozapine nitrenium ion supports association studies showing that
NQO2 is a genetic risk factor for clozapine-induced agranulocytosis.
The 5-hydroxydiclofenac quinone imine, which was previously shown
to be reduced by NQO1, was not reduced by NQO2. Tacrine was identified
as a potent NQO2 inhibitor and was applied to further confirm the
catalytic activity of NQO2 in these assays. While the in vivo relevance of NQO2-catalyzed reduction of quinone-like metabolites
remains to be established by identification of the physiologically
relevant co-substrates, our results suggest an additional protective
role of the NQO2 protein by non-enzymatic scavenging of quinone-like
metabolites. Hepatic NQO1 activity in detoxication of quinone-like
metabolites becomes especially important when other detoxication pathways
are exhausted and NQO1 levels are induced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalenie P den Braver-Sewradj
- AIMMS-Division of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit , De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel W den Braver
- AIMMS-Division of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit , De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robin M Toorneman
- AIMMS-Division of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit , De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephanie van Leeuwen
- AIMMS-Division of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit , De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yongjie Zhang
- AIMMS-Division of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit , De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan J Dekker
- AIMMS-Division of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit , De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nico P E Vermeulen
- AIMMS-Division of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit , De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan N M Commandeur
- AIMMS-Division of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit , De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Chris Vos
- AIMMS-Division of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit , De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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18
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Bussy U, Chung-Davidson YW, Buchinger T, Li K, Smith SA, Jones AD, Li W. Metabolism of a sea lamprey pesticide by fish liver enzymes part A: identification and synthesis of TFM metabolites. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 410:1749-1761. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0830-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Portychová L, Schug KA. Instrumentation and applications of electrochemistry coupled to mass spectrometry for studying xenobiotic metabolism: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 993:1-21. [PMID: 29078951 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge of metabolic pathways and biotransformation of xenobiotics, artificial substances foreign to the entire biological system, is crucial for elucidation of degradation routes of potentially toxic substances. Nowadays, there are many methods to simulate xenobiotic metabolism in the human body in vitro. In this review, the metabolism of various substances in the human body is described, followed by a summary of methods used for prediction of metabolic pathways and biotransformation. Above all, focus is placed on the coupling of electrochemistry to mass spectrometry, which is still a relatively new technique. This promising tool can mimic both oxidative phase I and conjugative phase II metabolism. Different experimental arrangements, with or without a separation step, and various applications of this technique are illustrated and critically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Portychová
- Research Institute for Organic Synthesis, Inc., 533 54 Rybitví, Czech Republic; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Palacký University, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Kevin A Schug
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA.
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20
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Vasiliadou R, Nasr Esfahani MM, Brown NJ, Welham KJ. A Disposable Microfluidic Device with a Screen Printed Electrode for Mimicking Phase II Metabolism. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16091418. [PMID: 27598162 PMCID: PMC5038696 DOI: 10.3390/s16091418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Human metabolism is investigated using several in vitro methods. However, the current methodologies are often expensive, tedious and complicated. Over the last decade, the combination of electrochemistry (EC) with mass spectrometry (MS) has a simpler and a cheaper alternative to mimic the human metabolism. This paper describes the development of a disposable microfluidic device with a screen-printed electrode (SPE) for monitoring phase II GSH reactions. The proposed chip has the potential to be used as a primary screening tool, thus complementing the current in vitro methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Vasiliadou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK.
| | | | - Nathan J Brown
- Department of Engineering, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK.
| | - Kevin J Welham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK.
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21
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Chipiso K, Simoyi RH. Electrochemistry-coupled to mass spectrometry in simulation of metabolic oxidation of methimazole: Identification and characterization of metabolites. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2015.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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22
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Torres S, Brown R, Szucs R, Hawkins JM, Zelesky T, Scrivens G, Pettman A, Taylor MR. The application of electrochemistry to pharmaceutical stability testing — Comparison with in silico prediction and chemical forced degradation approaches. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 115:487-501. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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23
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Büter L, Faber H, Wigger T, Vogel M, Karst U. Differential Protein Labeling Based on Electrochemically Generated Reactive Intermediates. Anal Chem 2015; 87:9931-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Büter
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Corrensstraße 30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Helene Faber
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Corrensstraße 30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Tina Wigger
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Corrensstraße 30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Vogel
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Corrensstraße 30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Uwe Karst
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Corrensstraße 30, 48149 Münster, Germany
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24
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Ongarora DSB, Strydom N, Wicht K, Njoroge M, Wiesner L, Egan TJ, Wittlin S, Jurva U, Masimirembwa CM, Chibale K. Antimalarial benzoheterocyclic 4-aminoquinolines: Structure-activity relationship, in vivo evaluation, mechanistic and bioactivation studies. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:5419-32. [PMID: 26264839 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel class of benzoheterocyclic analogues of amodiaquine designed to avoid toxic reactive metabolite formation was synthesized and evaluated for antiplasmodial activity against K1 (multidrug resistant) and NF54 (sensitive) strains of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Structure-activity relationship studies led to the identification of highly promising analogues, the most potent of which had IC50s in the nanomolar range against both strains. The compounds further demonstrated good in vitro microsomal metabolic stability while those subjected to in vivo pharmacokinetic studies had desirable pharmacokinetic profiles. In vivo antimalarial efficacy in Plasmodium berghei infected mice was evaluated for four compounds, all of which showed good activity following oral administration. In particular, compound 19 completely cured treated mice at a low multiple dose of 4×10mg/kg. Mechanistic and bioactivation studies suggest hemozoin formation inhibition and a low likelihood of forming quinone-imine reactive metabolites, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis S B Ongarora
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Natasha Strydom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Kathryn Wicht
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Mathew Njoroge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Lubbe Wiesner
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Timothy J Egan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Sergio Wittlin
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Kelly Chibale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa.
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25
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Gul T, Bischoff R, Permentier HP. Electrosynthesis methods and approaches for the preparative production of metabolites from parent drugs. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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26
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Bussy U, Boisseau R, Thobie-Gautier C, Boujtita M. Electrochemistry-mass spectrometry to study reactive drug metabolites and CYP450 simulations. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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27
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Jurva U, Weidolf L. Electrochemical generation of drug metabolites with applications in drug discovery and development. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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28
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Gul T, Bischoff R, Permentier HP. Optimization of reaction parameters for the electrochemical oxidation of lidocaine with a Design of Experiments approach. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.04.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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29
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30
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van den Brink FTG, Büter L, Odijk M, Olthuis W, Karst U, van den Berg A. Mass Spectrometric Detection of Short-Lived Drug Metabolites Generated in an Electrochemical Microfluidic Chip. Anal Chem 2015; 87:1527-35. [DOI: 10.1021/ac503384e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Floris T. G. van den Brink
- BIOS
− Lab on a Chip group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology and
MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Büter
- Institute
of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
- NRW
Graduate School of Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Mathieu Odijk
- BIOS
− Lab on a Chip group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology and
MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Olthuis
- BIOS
− Lab on a Chip group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology and
MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Uwe Karst
- Institute
of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
- NRW
Graduate School of Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Albert van den Berg
- BIOS
− Lab on a Chip group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology and
MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
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31
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Oberacher H, Pitterl F, Erb R, Plattner S. Mass spectrometric methods for monitoring redox processes in electrochemical cells. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2015; 34:64-92. [PMID: 24338642 PMCID: PMC4286209 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry (EC) is a mature scientific discipline aimed to study the movement of electrons in an oxidation-reduction reaction. EC covers techniques that use a measurement of potential, charge, or current to determine the concentration or the chemical reactivity of analytes. The electrical signal is directly converted into chemical information. For in-depth characterization of complex electrochemical reactions involving the formation of diverse intermediates, products and byproducts, EC is usually combined with other analytical techniques, and particularly the hyphenation of EC with mass spectrometry (MS) has found broad applicability. The analysis of gases and volatile intermediates and products formed at electrode surfaces is enabled by differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS). In DEMS an electrochemical cell is sampled with a membrane interface for electron ionization (EI)-MS. The chemical space amenable to EC/MS (i.e., bioorganic molecules including proteins, peptides, nucleic acids, and drugs) was significantly increased by employing electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS. In the simplest setup, the EC of the ESI process is used to analytical advantage. A limitation of this approach is, however, its inability to precisely control the electrochemical potential at the emitter electrode. Thus, particularly for studying mechanistic aspects of electrochemical processes, the hyphenation of discrete electrochemical cells with ESI-MS was found to be more appropriate. The analytical power of EC/ESI-MS can further be increased by integrating liquid chromatography (LC) as an additional dimension of separation. Chromatographic separation was found to be particularly useful to reduce the complexity of the sample submitted either to the EC cell or to ESI-MS. Thus, both EC/LC/ESI-MS and LC/EC/ESI-MS are common.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Oberacher
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility Metabolomics, Innsbruck Medical UniversityInnsbruck, Austria
| | - Florian Pitterl
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility Metabolomics, Innsbruck Medical UniversityInnsbruck, Austria
| | - Robert Erb
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility Metabolomics, Innsbruck Medical UniversityInnsbruck, Austria
| | - Sabine Plattner
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility Metabolomics, Innsbruck Medical UniversityInnsbruck, Austria
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32
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Torres S, Brown R, Szucs R, Hawkins JM, Scrivens G, Pettman A, Kraus D, Taylor MR. Rapid Synthesis of Pharmaceutical Oxidation Products Using Electrochemistry: A Systematic Study of N-Dealkylation Reactions of Fesoterodine Using a Commercially Available Synthesis Cell. Org Process Res Dev 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/op500312e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Susana Torres
- Pfizer Worldwide
R+D, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT139NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Roland Brown
- Pfizer Worldwide
R+D, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT139NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Roman Szucs
- Pfizer Worldwide
R+D, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT139NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Joel M. Hawkins
- Pfizer Worldwide
R+D, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut, United States
| | - Garry Scrivens
- Pfizer Worldwide
R+D, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT139NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Pettman
- Pfizer Worldwide
R+D, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT139NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Debbie Kraus
- Pfizer Worldwide
R+D, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT139NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R. Taylor
- Pfizer Worldwide
R+D, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, Kent CT139NJ, United Kingdom
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33
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Zou Y, He L, Dou K, Wang S, Ke P, Wang A. Amperometric glucose sensor based on boron doped microcrystalline diamond film electrode with different boron doping levels. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra10266e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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34
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Bussy U, Boujtita M. Advances in the Electrochemical Simulation of Oxidation Reactions Mediated by Cytochrome P450. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:1652-68. [DOI: 10.1021/tx5001943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Bussy
- Department
of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, Room 13 Natural
Resources Building, 480 Wilson Road, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Mohammed Boujtita
- LUNAM Université de Nantes, CNRS, Chimie et Interdisciplinarité: Synthèse, Analyse et Modélisation (CEISAM), UMR 6230, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, F-44322 Nantes cedex 3, France
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35
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Bussy U, Chung-Davidson YW, Li K, Li W. Phase I and phase II reductive metabolism simulation of nitro aromatic xenobiotics with electrochemistry coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:7253-60. [PMID: 25234306 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8171-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry combined with (liquid chromatography) high resolution mass spectrometry was used to simulate the general reductive metabolism of three biologically important nitro aromatic molecules: 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM), niclosamide, and nilutamide. TFM is a pesticide used in the Laurential Great Lakes while niclosamide and nilutamide are used in cancer therapy. At first, a flow-through electrochemical cell was directly connected to a high resolution mass spectrometer to evaluate the ability of electrochemistry to produce the main reduction metabolites of nitro aromatic, nitroso, hydroxylamine, and amine functional groups. Electrochemical experiments were then carried out at a constant potential of -2.5 V before analysis of the reduction products by LC-HRMS, which confirmed the presence of the nitroso, hydroxylamine, and amine species as well as dimers. Dimer identification illustrates the reactivity of the nitroso species with amine and hydroxylamine species. To investigate xenobiotic metabolism, the reactivity of nitroso species to biomolecules was also examined. Binding of the nitroso metabolite to glutathione was demonstrated by the observation of adducts by LC-ESI(+)-HRMS and the characteristics of their MSMS fragmentation. In conclusion, electrochemistry produces the main reductive metabolites of nitro aromatics and supports the observation of nitroso reactivity through dimer or glutathione adduct formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Bussy
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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36
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Faber H, Vogel M, Karst U. Electrochemistry/mass spectrometry as a tool in metabolism studies—A review. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 834:9-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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37
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Faber H, Lutze H, Lareo PL, Frensemeier L, Vogel M, Schmidt TC, Karst U. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry to study oxidative degradation of environmentally relevant pharmaceuticals by electrochemistry and ozonation. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1343:152-9. [PMID: 24767796 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.03.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the potential of electrochemical oxidation as a tool for the rapid prediction of transformation products in water appearing after ozonation is investigated. These two approaches were compared by choosing the two environmentally relevant model compounds diclofenac and metoprolol and comparison of their transformation products after electrochemical oxidation and treatment with ozone. Within these two approaches, certain similarities were observed in the resulting chromatograms: Six transformation products of the electrochemical oxidation of metoprolol were also detected in the ozone samples. For diclofenac two transformation products matched. Additionally, five of the electrochemically generated oxidation products were reported in literature to occur after water treatment processes. The application of a boron-doped diamond working electrode for electrochemical oxidation allowed the generation of hydroxyl radicals, which was shown by spin trapping experiments with p-chlorobenzoic acid. This allowed the generation of certain transformation products previously not obtained by electrochemical oxidation. Concluding, the hyphenation of electrochemistry with liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry offers a useful tool in transformation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Faber
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Corrensstraße 30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Holger Lutze
- Universität Duisburg-Essen, Instrumentelle Analytische Chemie, Universitätsstraße 4, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Pablo Lores Lareo
- Universität Duisburg-Essen, Instrumentelle Analytische Chemie, Universitätsstraße 4, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Lisa Frensemeier
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Corrensstraße 30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Vogel
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Corrensstraße 30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- Universität Duisburg-Essen, Instrumentelle Analytische Chemie, Universitätsstraße 4, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Uwe Karst
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Corrensstraße 30, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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38
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Campos B, Altenburger R, Gómez C, Lacorte S, Piña B, Barata C, Luckenbach T. First evidence for toxic defense based on the multixenobiotic resistance (MXR) mechanism in Daphnia magna. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 148:139-151. [PMID: 24486881 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The water flea Daphnia magna is widely used as test species in ecotoxicological bioassays. So far, there is no information available to which extent ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter based multixenobiotic resistance (MXR) counteracts adverse chemical effects in this species. This, however, would be important for assessing to which extent the bio-active potential of a compound determined with this species depends on this cellular defense. We here present molecular, functional and toxicological studies that provide first evidence for ABC transporter-based MXR in D. magna. We cloned putatively MXR-related partial abcb1, abcc1/3, abcc4 and abcc5 coding sequences; respective transcripts were constitutively expressed in different D. magna life stages. MXR associated efflux activity was monitored in D. magna using the fluorescent substrate dyes rhodamine 123, rhodamine B and calcein-AM combined with inhibitors of human ABCB1 and/or ABCC transporter activities reversin 205, MK571 and cyclosporin A. With inhibitors present, efflux of dye substrates was reduced in D. magna in a concentration-dependent mode, as indicated by elevated accumulation of the dyes in D. magna tissues. In animals pre-exposed to mercury, pentachlorophenol or dacthal applied as inducers of ABC transporter expression, levels of some ABC transporter transcripts were increased in some cases showing that these genes can be chemically induced. Likewise, pre-exposure of animals to these chemicals decreased dye accumulation in tissue, indicating enhanced MXR transporter activity, likely associated with higher transporter protein levels. Toxicity assays with toxic transporter substrates mitoxantrone and chlorambucil that were applied singly and in combination with inhibitors were performed to study the tolerance role of Abcb1 and Abcc efflux transporters in D. magna. Joint toxicities of about half of the binary combinations of test compounds applied (substrate/inhibitor, substrate/substrate, inhibitor/inhibitor) were greater than joint effects predicted with mixture toxicity models, which can be explained by chemosensitization through MXR efflux transporter interference. Our data indicate the presence of an MXR efflux system in D. magna. It needs to be considered when assessing the bioactive potential of test compounds with this species. Further, chemosensitization may explain joint toxicities of compound mixtures to D. magna that are higher than expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Campos
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rolf Altenburger
- UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Cristian Gómez
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Lacorte
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Benjamin Piña
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Barata
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Till Luckenbach
- UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
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Bussy U, Giraudeau P, Tea I, Boujtita M. Understanding the degradation of electrochemically-generated reactive drug metabolites by quantitative NMR. Talanta 2013; 116:554-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Structural characterization of electrochemically and in vitro biologically generated oxidation products of atorvastatin using UHPLC/MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:7181-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7133-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Affum AO, Lowor S, Osae SD, Dickson A, Gyan BA, Tulasi D. A pilot study on quality of artesunate and amodiaquine tablets used in the fishing community of Tema, Ghana. Malar J 2013; 12:220. [PMID: 23809666 PMCID: PMC3722045 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-12-220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ineffectiveness of artesunate and amodiaquine tablets in malaria treatment remains a health burden to WHO and governments of malaria-endemic countries, including Ghana. The proliferation of illegitimate anti-malarial drugs and its use by patients is of primary concern to international and local drug regulatory agencies because such drugs are known to contribute to the development of the malaria-resistant parasites in humans. No data exist on quality of these drugs in the fishing village communities in Ghana although the villagers are likely users of such drugs. A pilot study on the quality of anti-malarial tablets in circulation during the major fishing season at a malarious fishing village located along the coast of Tema in southern Ghana was determined. METHODS Blisterpacks of anti-malarial tablets were randomly sampled. The International Pharmacopoeia and Global Pharma Health Fund Minilab protocols were used to assess the quality of anti-malarial tablets per blisterpacks allegedly manufactured by Guilin Pharmaceutical Co Ltd, China (GPCL) and Letap Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Ghana (LPL) and sold in chemical sales outlets at Kpone-on-Sea. Ferric chloride and cobaltous thiocyanate tests confirmed the presence of active ingredients in the tablets. A confirmatory test for the active ingredient was achieved with artesunate (ICRS1409) and amodiaquine (ICRS0209) reference standards. A high performance liquid chromatography analysis confirmed the amount of artesunate found in tablets. RESULTS Based on the International Pharmacopoeia acceptable range of 96/98 to 102% for genuine artesunate per tablet, 10% [relative standard deviation (RSD): 3.2%] of field-selected artesunate blisterpack per tablets manufactured by GPCL, and 50% (RSD: 5.1%) of a similar package per tablet by LPL, passed the titrimetric test. However, 100% (RSD: 2.2%) of amodiaquine blisterpack per tablet by GPCL were found to be within the International Pharmacopeia acceptable range of 90 to 110% for genuine amodiaquine in tablet, whilst 17% of a similar package per tablet by LPL failed spectrophotometric testing. CONCLUSION Inadequate amounts of artesunate and amodiaquine detected in the tablets suggest that both pharmaceutical companies may not be following recommended drug formulation procedures, or the active pharmaceutical ingredients might have been degraded by improper storage conditions. Thus, drugs being sold at Kpone-on-Sea, Ghana may likely be classified as substandard drugs and not suitable for malaria treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrews O Affum
- Nuclear Chemistry and Environmental Research Centre, National Nuclear Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P.O. Box LG 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Samuel Lowor
- Cocoa Research Institute of Ghsana, P.O. Box 8, New Tafo-Akim, Ghana
| | - Shiloh D Osae
- Nuclear Chemistry and Environmental Research Centre, National Nuclear Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P.O. Box LG 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Adomako Dickson
- Nuclear Chemistry and Environmental Research Centre, National Nuclear Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P.O. Box LG 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Benjamin A Gyan
- Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Delali Tulasi
- Nuclear Chemistry and Environmental Research Centre, National Nuclear Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P.O. Box LG 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana
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Influence of cimetidine and its metabolites on Cisplatin—Investigation of adduct formation by means of electrochemistry/liquid chromatography/electrospray mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1279:49-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.12.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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43
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Liu P, Lu M, Zheng Q, Zhang Y, Dewald HD, Chen H. Recent advances of electrochemical mass spectrometry. Analyst 2013; 138:5519-39. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an00709j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Odijk M, Olthuis W, van den Berg A, Qiao L, Girault H. Improved Conversion Rates in Drug Screening Applications Using Miniaturized Electrochemical Cells with Frit Channels. Anal Chem 2012; 84:9176-83. [DOI: 10.1021/ac301888g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Odijk
- BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip Group, MESA+ Institute
for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Olthuis
- BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip Group, MESA+ Institute
for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - A. van den Berg
- BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip Group, MESA+ Institute
for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Liang Qiao
- Laboratory of Physical and Analytical
Chemistry, EPFL, Lausanne,
Switzerland
| | - Hubert Girault
- Laboratory of Physical and Analytical
Chemistry, EPFL, Lausanne,
Switzerland
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Jahn S, Karst U. Electrochemistry coupled to (liquid chromatography/) mass spectrometry—Current state and future perspectives. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1259:16-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Jahn S, Faber H, Zazzeroni R, Karst U. Electrochemistry/mass spectrometry as a tool in the investigation of the potent skin sensitizer p-phenylenediamine and its reactivity toward nucleophiles. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:1453-1464. [PMID: 22592989 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Although para-phenylenediamine (PPD) is known to cause severe allergic contact dermatitis in consequence of autoxidation and/or skin metabolism pathways, it is commonly utilized as an ingredient in permanent hair dyes. The aim of this work was to simultaneously accelerate the autoxidation process and to simulate the metabolic activation of PPD using a purely instrumental system. METHODS Electrochemistry (EC) in combination with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) was used in this study to assess the skin-sensitizing potential of PPD. Online and offline coupled EC/ESI-MS experiments were carried out and the emerging oxidation products were investigated. In a second approach, these primary species were allowed to react with the nucleophiles glutathione (GSH), cysteine (Cys), potassium cyanide (KCN) and lysine (Lys) in order to evaluate their reactivity. RESULTS The reactive p-phenylene quinone diimine (PPQD), which can form upon autoxidation and/or skin metabolism of PPD, was effectively generated in a simple EC cell next to further oxidation products, including the trimeric product Bandrowski's Base (BB). Conjugation with GSH and Cys was successfully proven, but no adducts with KCN or Lys were observed. Furthermore, the application of different concentration ratios between PPD and nucleophile was shown to play a crucial role concerning the type of oxidation products and adducts being formed. CONCLUSIONS It was found that EC/MS is a well-suited approach for the targeted generation of reactive haptens such as PPQD while avoiding detection problems due to the complexity of matrices encountered when conducting conventional in vitro or in vivo experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Jahn
- University of Münster, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry and NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Corrensstr. 30, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Electrochemical oxidation and protein adduct formation of aniline: a liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry study. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:377-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5673-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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48
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Investigation of the biotransformation pathway of verapamil using electrochemistry/liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry – A comparative study with liver cell microsomes. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:9210-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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49
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Karady M, Novák O, Horna A, Strnad M, Doležal K. High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Electrochemistry-Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (HPLC/EC/ESI-MS) for Detection and Characterization of Roscovitine Oxidation Products. ELECTROANAL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201100383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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50
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Study of electrochemical oxidation of cyanidin glycosides by online combination of electrochemistry with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-011-0650-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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