1
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Herrald AL, Ambrogi EK, Mirica KA. Electrochemical Detection of Gasotransmitters: Status and Roadmap. ACS Sens 2024; 9:1682-1705. [PMID: 38593007 PMCID: PMC11196117 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c02529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Gasotransmitters, including nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S), are a class of gaseous, endogenous signaling molecules that interact with one another in the regulation of critical cardiovascular, immune, and neurological processes. The development of analytical sensing mechanisms for gasotransmitters, especially multianalyte mechanisms, holds vast importance and constitutes a growing area of study. This review provides an overview of electrochemical sensing mechanisms with an emphasis on opportunities in multianalyte sensing. Electrochemical methods demonstrate good sensitivity, adequate selectivity, and the most well-developed potential for the multianalyte detection of gasotransmitters. Future research will likely address challenges with sensor stability and biocompatibility (i.e., sensor lifetime and cytotoxicity), sensor miniaturization, and multianalyte detection in biological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey L Herrald
- Department of Chemistry, Burke Laboratory, Dartmouth College, 41 College Street, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Emma K Ambrogi
- Department of Chemistry, Burke Laboratory, Dartmouth College, 41 College Street, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Katherine A Mirica
- Department of Chemistry, Burke Laboratory, Dartmouth College, 41 College Street, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
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2
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Utagawa Y, Ino K, Hiramoto K, Iwase K, Nashimoto Y, Honma I, Shiku H. Vasculature-on-a-Chip with a Porous Membrane Electrode for In Situ Electrochemical Detection of Nitric Oxide Released from Endothelial Cells. Anal Chem 2023; 95:18158-18165. [PMID: 38014683 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Vasculature-on-a-chip is a microfluidic cell culture device used for modeling vascular functions by culturing endothelial cells. Porous membranes are widely used to create cell culture environments. However, in situ real-time measurements of cellular metabolites in microchannels are challenging. In this study, a novel microfluidic device with a porous membrane electrode was developed for the in situ monitoring of nitric oxide (NO) released by endothelial cells in real time. In this system, a porous Au membrane electrode was placed directly beneath the cells for in situ and real-time measurements of NO, a biomarker of endothelial cells. First, the device was electrochemically characterized to construct a calibration plot for NO. Next, NO released by human umbilical vein endothelial cells under l-arginine stimulation was successfully quantified. Furthermore, the changes in NO release with culture time (in days) using the same sample were successfully recorded by exploiting minimally invasive measurements. This is the first report on the combination of a microfluidic device and porous membrane electrode for the electrochemical analysis of endothelial cells. This device will contribute to the development of organ-on-a-chip technology for real-time in situ cell analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinobu Utagawa
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Kosuke Ino
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Kaoru Hiramoto
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-0845, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Iwase
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Yuji Nashimoto
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Itaru Honma
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shiku
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8759, Japan
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3
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Tabish TA, Zhu Y, Shukla S, Kadian S, Sangha GS, Lygate CA, Narayan RJ. Graphene nanocomposites for real-time electrochemical sensing of nitric oxide in biological systems. APPLIED PHYSICS REVIEWS 2023; 10:041310. [PMID: 38229764 PMCID: PMC7615530 DOI: 10.1063/5.0162640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) signaling plays many pivotal roles impacting almost every organ function in mammalian physiology, most notably in cardiovascular homeostasis, inflammation, and neurological regulation. Consequently, the ability to make real-time and continuous measurements of NO is a prerequisite research tool to understand fundamental biology in health and disease. Despite considerable success in the electrochemical sensing of NO, challenges remain to optimize rapid and highly sensitive detection, without interference from other species, in both cultured cells and in vivo. Achieving these goals depends on the choice of electrode material and the electrode surface modification, with graphene nanostructures recently reported to enhance the electrocatalytic detection of NO. Due to its single-atom thickness, high specific surface area, and highest electron mobility, graphene holds promise for electrochemical sensing of NO with unprecedented sensitivity and specificity even at sub-nanomolar concentrations. The non-covalent functionalization of graphene through supermolecular interactions, including π-π stacking and electrostatic interaction, facilitates the successful immobilization of other high electrolytic materials and heme biomolecules on graphene while maintaining the structural integrity and morphology of graphene sheets. Such nanocomposites have been optimized for the highly sensitive and specific detection of NO under physiologically relevant conditions. In this review, we examine the building blocks of these graphene-based electrochemical sensors, including the conjugation of different electrolytic materials and biomolecules on graphene, and sensing mechanisms, by reflecting on the recent developments in materials and engineering for real-time detection of NO in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanveer A. Tabish
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, British Heart Foundation (BHF) Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Yangzhi Zhu
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California 90064, USA
| | - Shubhangi Shukla
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7907, USA
| | - Sachin Kadian
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7907, USA
| | - Gurneet S. Sangha
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8278 Paint Branch Dr., College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Craig A. Lygate
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, British Heart Foundation (BHF) Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Roger J. Narayan
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7907, USA
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4
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Yeganegi A, Yazdani K, Tasnim N, Fardindoost S, Hoorfar M. Microfluidic integrated gas sensors for smart analyte detection: a comprehensive review. Front Chem 2023; 11:1267187. [PMID: 37767341 PMCID: PMC10520252 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1267187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The utilization of gas sensors has the potential to enhance worker safety, mitigate environmental issues, and enable early diagnosis of chronic diseases. However, traditional sensors designed for such applications are often bulky, expensive, difficult to operate, and require large sample volumes. By employing microfluidic technology to miniaturize gas sensors, we can address these challenges and usher in a new era of gas sensors suitable for point-of-care and point-of-use applications. In this review paper, we systematically categorize microfluidic gas sensors according to their applications in safety, biomedical, and environmental contexts. Furthermore, we delve into the integration of various types of gas sensors, such as optical, chemical, and physical sensors, within microfluidic platforms, highlighting the resultant enhancements in performance within these domains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mina Hoorfar
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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5
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Kaaliveetil S, Yang J, Alssaidy S, Li Z, Cheng YH, Menon NH, Chande C, Basuray S. Microfluidic Gas Sensors: Detection Principle and Applications. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1716. [PMID: 36296069 PMCID: PMC9607434 DOI: 10.3390/mi13101716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid growth of emerging point-of-use (POU)/point-of-care (POC) detection technologies, miniaturized sensors for the real-time detection of gases and airborne pathogens have become essential to fight pollution, emerging contaminants, and pandemics. However, the low-cost development of miniaturized gas sensors without compromising selectivity, sensitivity, and response time remains challenging. Microfluidics is a promising technology that has been exploited for decades to overcome such limitations, making it an excellent candidate for POU/POC. However, microfluidic-based gas sensors remain a nascent field. In this review, the evolution of microfluidic gas sensors from basic electronic techniques to more advanced optical techniques such as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy to detect analytes is documented in detail. This paper focuses on the various detection methodologies used in microfluidic-based devices for detecting gases and airborne pathogens. Non-continuous microfluidic devices such as bubble/droplet-based microfluidics technology that have been employed to detect gases and airborne pathogens are also discussed. The selectivity, sensitivity, advantages/disadvantages vis-a-vis response time, and fabrication costs for all the microfluidic sensors are tabulated. The microfluidic sensors are grouped based on the target moiety, such as air pollutants such as carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides, and airborne pathogens such as E. coli and SARS-CoV-2. The possible application scenarios for the various microfluidic devices are critically examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreerag Kaaliveetil
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Juliana Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Saud Alssaidy
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Zhenglong Li
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Yu-Hsuan Cheng
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Niranjan Haridas Menon
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Charmi Chande
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Sagnik Basuray
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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6
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John RAB, Ruban Kumar A. A review on resistive-based gas sensors for the detection of volatile organic compounds using metal-oxide nanostructures. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2021.108893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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7
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Ling PH, Zang XN, Qian CH, Gao F. A metal-organic framework with multienzyme activity as a biosensing platform for real-time electrochemical detection of nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide. Analyst 2021; 146:2609-2616. [PMID: 33720222 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00142f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A Metal-Organic Framework (MOFs) with large surface area, exposed active site, excellent catalytic performance and high chemical stability has been used as an artificial enzyme and designed for nonenzymatic electrochemical sensors. Here, a strategy of using an enhanced electrochemical sensing platform for the detection of nitic oxide (NO) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was designed via a nano-metalloporphyrinic metal-organic framework (NporMOF(Fe)) as an electrode material. By taking advantage of the small size, high surface area and exposed Fe active site, the obtained NporMOF(Fe) displays excellent electrocatalytic activity toward NO and H2O2. The NporMOF(Fe) modified electrode shows high sensing ability toward the in situ generated NO in NO2- containing phosphate buffer (PB) solution with a wide linear detection range of 5 μM to 200 μM and a very low detection limit of 1.3 μM. Moreover, NporMOF(Fe) exhibits high electrocatalytic activity toward the reduction of H2O2 and the practical detection of H2O2 released from HeLa cells. Furthermore, the NporMOF(Fe) modified electrode shows excellent selectivity toward the detection of NO and H2O2 in the presence of other physiologically important analytes. This method shows excellent biosensing performance, implying the universal applicability of MOFs-based artificial nanozymes for biosensors and the potential application for third generation biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Hua Ling
- Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, P. R. China.
| | - Xiao-Na Zang
- Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, P. R. China.
| | - Cai-Hua Qian
- Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, P. R. China.
| | - Feng Gao
- Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, P. R. China.
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8
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Möller MN, Rios N, Trujillo M, Radi R, Denicola A, Alvarez B. Detection and quantification of nitric oxide-derived oxidants in biological systems. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:14776-14802. [PMID: 31409645 PMCID: PMC6779446 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev119.006136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The free radical nitric oxide (NO•) exerts biological effects through the direct and reversible interaction with specific targets (e.g. soluble guanylate cyclase) or through the generation of secondary species, many of which can oxidize, nitrosate or nitrate biomolecules. The NO•-derived reactive species are typically short-lived, and their preferential fates depend on kinetic and compartmentalization aspects. Their detection and quantification are technically challenging. In general, the strategies employed are based either on the detection of relatively stable end products or on the use of synthetic probes, and they are not always selective for a particular species. In this study, we describe the biologically relevant characteristics of the reactive species formed downstream from NO•, and we discuss the approaches currently available for the analysis of NO•, nitrogen dioxide (NO2•), dinitrogen trioxide (N2O3), nitroxyl (HNO), and peroxynitrite (ONOO-/ONOOH), as well as peroxynitrite-derived hydroxyl (HO•) and carbonate anion (CO3•-) radicals. We also discuss the biological origins of and analytical tools for detecting nitrite (NO2-), nitrate (NO3-), nitrosyl-metal complexes, S-nitrosothiols, and 3-nitrotyrosine. Moreover, we highlight state-of-the-art methods, alert readers to caveats of widely used techniques, and encourage retirement of approaches that have been supplanted by more reliable and selective tools for detecting and measuring NO•-derived oxidants. We emphasize that the use of appropriate analytical methods needs to be strongly grounded in a chemical and biochemical understanding of the species and mechanistic pathways involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías N Möller
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Natalia Rios
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Madia Trujillo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Rafael Radi
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ana Denicola
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Beatriz Alvarez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Laboratorio de Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
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9
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Brown MD, Schoenfisch MH. Electrochemical Nitric Oxide Sensors: Principles of Design and Characterization. Chem Rev 2019; 119:11551-11575. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Micah D. Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 3290, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Mark H. Schoenfisch
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 3290, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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10
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Brown MD, Schoenfisch MH. Selective and Sensocompatible Electrochemical Nitric Oxide Sensor with a Bilaminar Design. ACS Sens 2019; 4:1766-1773. [PMID: 31244005 PMCID: PMC6759084 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages mediate mammalian inflammation in part by the release of the gasotransmitter, nitric oxide (NO). Electrochemical methods represent the best means of direct, continuous measurement of NO, but monitoring continuous release from immunostimulated macrophages remains analytically challenging. Long release durations necessitate consistent sensor performance (i.e., sensitivity and selectivity for NO) in proteinaceous media. Herein, we describe the fabrication of an electrochemical sensor modified by an electropolymerized 5-amino-1-naphthol (poly(5A1N)) film in conjunction with a fluorinated xerogel topcoat. The unique combination of these membranes ensures selective detection of NO that is maintained over extended periods of use (>24 h) in biological media without performance deterioration. The hydrophobic xerogel topcoat protects the underlying NO-selective poly(5A1N) film from hydration-induced desorption. The bilaminar sensor is then readily adapted for measurement of the temporal NO-release profiles from immunostimulated macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah D. Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 3290, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Mark H. Schoenfisch
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 3290, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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11
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Xu H, Liao C, Liu Y, Ye BC, Liu B. Iron Phthalocyanine Decorated Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Biosensing Platform for Real-Time Detection of Nitric Oxide Released from Living Cells. Anal Chem 2018; 90:4438-4444. [PMID: 29508999 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a transcellular messenger involved in many physiological and pathological processes, but the real-time detection of NO in biological systems is still challenging due to its rapid diffusion, low concentration, and short half-life. A novel electrochemical sensing platform based on iron phthalocyanine (FePc) functionalized nitrogen-doped graphene (N-G) nanocomposites was constructed to achieve in situ monitoring of NO released from living cells on the sensing layer. By taking advantage of the synergetic effect of N-G and FePc nanocomposites, the N-G/FePc sensor displays excellent electrocatalytic activity toward NO with a high sensitivity of 0.21 μA μM-1 cm-2 and a low detection limit of 180 nmol L-1. The following layer-by-layer assembly of poly-l-lysine (PLL) and Nafion further improved the capacity of resisting disturbance as well as the biocompatibility of the sensing interface. The flexible design of the ITO substrate based electrode provides a more controlled cellular biosensing system which could capture molecular signals immediately after NO released from human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The exhibited additional features of high sensitivity, rapid response, and ease of operation implies that the proposed N-G/FePc/Nafion/PLL ITO biosensor is a promising powerful platform in various complex biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Xu
- Lab of Biosystem and Microanalysis, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Chong Liao
- Lab of Biosystem and Microanalysis, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Yujie Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials and State Key Lab of Molecular Engineering of Polymers , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
| | - Bang-Ce Ye
- Lab of Biosystem and Microanalysis, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Baohong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials and State Key Lab of Molecular Engineering of Polymers , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
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12
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Chang JYH, Chow LW, Dismuke WM, Ethier CR, Stevens MM, Stamer WD, Overby DR. Peptide-Functionalized Fluorescent Particles for In Situ Detection of Nitric Oxide via Peroxynitrite-Mediated Nitration. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6:1700383. [PMID: 28512791 PMCID: PMC5568941 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a free radical signaling molecule that plays a crucial role in modulating physiological homeostasis across multiple biological systems. NO dysregulation is linked to the pathogenesis of multiple diseases; therefore, its quantification is important for understanding pathophysiological processes. The detection of NO is challenging, typically limited by its reactive nature and short half-life. Additionally, the presence of interfering analytes and accessibility to biological fluids in the native tissues make the measurement technically challenging and often unreliable. Here, a bio-inspired peptide-based NO sensor is developed, which detects NO-derived oxidants, predominately peroxynitrite-mediated nitration of tyrosine residues. It is demonstrated that these peptide-based NO sensors can detect peroxynitrite-mediated nitration in response to physiological shear stress by endothelial cells in vitro. Using the peptide-conjugated fluorescent particle immunoassay, peroxynitrite-mediated nitration activity with a detection limit of ≈100 × 10-9 m is detected. This study envisions that the NO detection platform can be applied to a multitude of applications including monitoring of NO activity in healthy and diseased tissues, localized detection of NO production of specific cells, and cell-based/therapeutic screening of peroxynitrite levels to monitor pronitroxidative stress in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Y. H. Chang
- Department of BioengineeringImperial College LondonLondonSW7 2AZUK
- Department of OphthalmologyDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNC27710USA
| | - Lesley W. Chow
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute of Biomedical EngineeringImperial College LondonLondonSW7 2AZUK
| | - W. Michael Dismuke
- Department of OphthalmologyDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNC27710USA
| | - C. Ross Ethier
- Department of BioengineeringImperial College LondonLondonSW7 2AZUK
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical EngineeringGeorgia Institute of Technology and Emory UniversityAtlantaGA30332USA
| | - Molly M. Stevens
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, and Institute of Biomedical EngineeringImperial College LondonLondonSW7 2AZUK
| | - W. Daniel Stamer
- Department of OphthalmologyDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNC27710USA
| | - Darryl R. Overby
- Department of BioengineeringImperial College LondonLondonSW7 2AZUK
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13
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Hasanzadeh M, Shadjou N, Guardia MDL. Current advancement in electrochemical analysis of neurotransmitters in biological fluids. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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14
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Labib M, Sargent EH, Kelley SO. Electrochemical Methods for the Analysis of Clinically Relevant Biomolecules. Chem Rev 2016; 116:9001-90. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 555] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Labib
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | | | - Shana O. Kelley
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
- Institute
of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
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15
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Kitagawa T, Yano T, Inomata T, Ozawa T, Masuda H. Immobilization of a Cobalt(III) Complex Possessing Selective Nitric Oxide Capturing Ability onto an Ionic Liquid-modified Au Electrode: Reactivity of the Electrode toward Nitric Oxide. CHEM LETT 2016. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.151199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Kitagawa
- Department of Frontier Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology
| | - Takuma Yano
- Department of Frontier Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology
| | - Tomohiko Inomata
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology
| | - Tomohiro Ozawa
- Department of Frontier Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology
| | - Hideki Masuda
- Department of Frontier Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Aichi Institute of Technology
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16
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Keum DH, Jung HS, Wang T, Shin MH, Kim YE, Kim KH, Ahn GO, Hahn SK. Microneedle biosensor for real-time electrical detection of nitric oxide for in situ cancer diagnosis during endomicroscopy. Adv Healthc Mater 2015; 4:1153-8. [PMID: 25728402 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201500012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A dual-diagnostic system of endom-icroscope and microneedle sensor is developed to demonstrate high-resolution imaging combined with electrical real-time detection of NO released from cancer tissues. The dual-diagnostic system can be a new platform for facile, precise, rapid, and accurate detection of cancers in various biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Hee Keum
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH); San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu Pohang Kyungbuk 790-784 Korea
| | - Ho Sang Jung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH); San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu Pohang Kyungbuk 790-784 Korea
| | - Taejun Wang
- Department of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology; POSTECH; 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu Pohang Kyungbuk 790-784 Korea
| | - Myeong Hwan Shin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH); San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu Pohang Kyungbuk 790-784 Korea
| | - Young-Eun Kim
- Department of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology; POSTECH; 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu Pohang Kyungbuk 790-784 Korea
| | - Ki Hean Kim
- Department of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology; POSTECH; 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu Pohang Kyungbuk 790-784 Korea
| | - G-One Ahn
- Department of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology; POSTECH; 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu Pohang Kyungbuk 790-784 Korea
| | - Sei Kwang Hahn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH); San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu Pohang Kyungbuk 790-784 Korea
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17
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Kaushik A, Kumar R, Arya SK, Nair M, Malhotra BD, Bhansali S. Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Nanocomposite-Based Gas Sensors for Environmental Monitoring. Chem Rev 2015; 115:4571-606. [PMID: 25933130 DOI: 10.1021/cr400659h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ajeet Kaushik
- Center
for Personalized Nanomedicine, Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology,
Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
- Bio-MEMS
Microsystems Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
College of Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33174, United States
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Bio-MEMS
Microsystems Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
College of Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33174, United States
- Department
of Physics, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Sunil K. Arya
- Bioelectronics
Program, Institute of Microelectronics, A*Star, 11 Science Park
Road, Singapore Science Park II, Singapore
| | - Madhavan Nair
- Center
for Personalized Nanomedicine, Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology,
Department of Immunology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - B. D. Malhotra
- Department
of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Shahbad Daulatpur, Delhi 110042, India
| | - Shekhar Bhansali
- Bio-MEMS
Microsystems Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
College of Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33174, United States
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18
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Electrochemical Detection of Nitric Oxide and Peroxynitrite Anion in Microchannels at Highly Sensitive Platinum-Black Coated Electrodes. Application to ROS and RNS Mixtures prior to Biological Investigations. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Xu T, Scafa N, Xu LP, Su L, Li C, Zhou S, Liu Y, Zhang X. Electrochemical Sensors for Nitric Oxide Detection in Biological Applications. ELECTROANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201300564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Chen WC, Hsu YL, Venkatesan S, Zen JM. Disposable Screen-Printed Edge Band Ultramicroelectrodes for Use as Nitric Oxide Gas Sensor in Designing an Easily Applicable Method for Real Sample Analysis of Nitrite with Superior Selectivity and Sensitivity. ELECTROANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201300548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Jiang S, Cheng R, Wang X, Xue T, Liu Y, Nel A, Huang Y, Duan X. Real-time electrical detection of nitric oxide in biological systems with sub-nanomolar sensitivity. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2225. [PMID: 23887829 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Real-time monitoring of nitric oxide concentrations is of central importance for probing the diverse roles of nitric oxide in neurotransmission, cardiovascular systems and immune responses. Here we report a new design of nitric oxide sensors based on hemin-functionalized graphene field-effect transistors. With its single atom thickness and the highest carrier mobility among all materials, graphene holds the promise for unprecedented sensitivity for molecular sensing. The non-covalent functionalization through π-π stacking interaction allows reliable immobilization of hemin molecules on graphene without damaging the graphene lattice to ensure the highly sensitive and specific detection of nitric oxide. Our studies demonstrate that the graphene-hemin sensors can respond rapidly to nitric oxide in physiological environments with a sub-nanomolar sensitivity. Furthermore, in vitro studies show that the graphene-hemin sensors can be used for the detection of nitric oxide released from macrophage cells and endothelial cells, demonstrating their practical functionality in complex biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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22
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Lü R, Zhou W, Shi K, Yang Y, Wang L, Pan K, Tian C, Ren Z, Fu H. Alumina decorated TiO2 nanotubes with ordered mesoporous walls as high sensitivity NO(x) gas sensors at room temperature. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:8569-8576. [PMID: 23892951 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr01903a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Alumina (Al2O3) decorated anatase TiO2 nanotubes with ordered mesoporous pore walls (Al2O3/meso-TiO2 nanotubes) are successfully synthesized through vacuum pressure induction technology, and then combined with the thermal decomposition of a mesoporous TiO2 sol precursor, inside the cylindrical nanochannels of an anodic aluminium oxide (AAO) template. The decorated Al2O3 was formed by in situ deposition via direct reaction of the strong acid sol precursor and the nanochannel wall of the AAO template. The resultant Al2O3/meso-TiO2 nanotubes are characterized in detail by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and N2 adsorption-desorption. The experimental results reveal that the Al2O3/meso-TiO2 nanotubes have a tubular structure with an average diameter of ∼200 nm and highly ordered mesopores in the tubular walls. The Al2O3 is distributed evenly on the anatase TiO2 nanotubes. Moreover, the Al2O3/meso-TiO2 nanotubes possess a large specific surface area (136 m(2) g(-1)) and narrow mesopore size distribution (∼10 nm). By using NO(x) as a probe molecule, the Al2O3/meso-TiO2 nanotube films exhibit better sensing performance than that of mesoporous TiO2 nanotubes, in terms of their high sensitivity, fast response-recovery time, and good stability in air at room temperature. The outstanding performance in the gas sensing ability of Al2O3/meso-TiO2 nanotubes is a result of their one-dimensional tubular and mesoporous nanostructures, advantageous for the adsorption and diffusion of NO(x) gas. In addition, the sensing response is greatly improved by virtue of the decorated Al2O3 on the surfaces of the TiO2 nanotubes, which acts as an energy barrier to suppress charge recombination. The structural properties of the Al2O3/meso-TiO2 nanotubes makes them a viable novel gas sensor material at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjiang Lü
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, PR China
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23
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Hunter RA, Privett BJ, Henley WH, Breed ER, Liang Z, Mittal R, Yoseph BP, McDunn JE, Burd EM, Coopersmith CM, Ramsey JM, Schoenfisch MH. Microfluidic amperometric sensor for analysis of nitric oxide in whole blood. Anal Chem 2013; 85:6066-72. [PMID: 23692300 PMCID: PMC3712765 DOI: 10.1021/ac400932s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Standard photolithographic techniques and a nitric oxide (NO) selective xerogel polymer were utilized to fabricate an amperometric NO microfluidic sensor with low background noise and the ability to analyze NO levels in small sample volumes (~250 μL). The sensor exhibited excellent analytical performance in phosphate buffered saline, including a NO sensitivity of 1.4 pA nM(-1), a limit of detection (LOD) of 840 pM, and selectivity over nitrite, ascorbic acid, acetaminophen, uric acid, hydrogen sulfide, ammonium, ammonia, and both protonated and deprotonated peroxynitrite (selectivity coefficients of -5.3, -4.2, -4.0, -5.0, -6.0, -5.8, -3.8, -1.5, and -4.0, respectively). To demonstrate the utility of the microfluidic NO sensor for biomedical analysis, the device was used to monitor changes in blood NO levels during the onset of sepsis in a murine pneumonia model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Hunter
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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24
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Hunter RA, Storm WL, Coneski PN, Schoenfisch MH. Inaccuracies of nitric oxide measurement methods in biological media. Anal Chem 2013; 85:1957-63. [PMID: 23286383 PMCID: PMC3565040 DOI: 10.1021/ac303787p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite growing reports on the biological action of nitric oxide (NO) as a function of NO payload, the validity of such work is often questionable due to the manner in which NO is measured and/or the solution composition in which NO is quantified. To highlight the importance of measurement technique for a given sample type, NO produced from a small-molecule NO donor (N-diazeniumdiolated l-proline, PROLI/NO) and a NO-releasing xerogel film were quantified in a number of physiological buffers and fluids, cell culture media, and bacterial broth by the Griess assay, a chemiluminescence analyzer, and an amperometric NO sensor. Despite widespread use, the Griess assay proved to be inaccurate for measuring NO in many of the media tested. In contrast, the chemiluminescence analyzer provided superb kinetic information in most buffers but was impractical for NO analysis in proteinaceous media. The electrochemical NO sensor enabled greater flexibility across the various media with potential for spatial resolution, albeit at lower than expected NO totals versus either the Griess assay or chemiluminescence. The results of this study highlight the importance of measurement strategy for accurate NO analysis and reporting NO-based biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Hunter
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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25
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Zhang H, Wang S, Weber SG. Nanocomposite Teflon AF 2400 Films as Tunable Platforms for Selective Transport. Anal Chem 2012; 84:9920-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac3022289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Sijia Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Stephen G. Weber
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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26
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Li LM, Wang XY, Hu LS, Chen RS, Huang Y, Chen SJ, Huang WH, Huo KF, Chu PK. Vascular lumen simulation and highly-sensitive nitric oxide detection using three-dimensional gelatin chip coupled to TiC/C nanowire arrays microelectrode. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:4249-56. [PMID: 22903191 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40148g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Reproducing the physiological environment of blood vessels for the in vitro investigation of endothelial cell functions is very challenging. Here, we describe a vascular-like structure based on a three-dimensional (3D) gelatin chip with good compatibility and permeability which is also cost-effective and easy to produce. The controllable lumen diameter and wall thickness enable close mimicking of blood vessels in vitro. The 3D gelatin matrix between adjacent lumens is capable of generating soluble-factor gradients inside, and diffusion of molecules with different molecular weights through the matrix is studied. The cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells proliferate on the gelatin lumen linings to form a vascular lumen. The hemodynamic behavior including adhesion, alignment of endothelial cells (ECs) under shear stress and pulsatile stretch is studied. Furthermore, a microelectrode comprising TiC/C nanowire arrays is fabricated to detect nitric oxide with sub-nM detection limits and NO generation from the cultured ECs is monitored in real time. This vascular model reproduces the surrounding parenchyma of endothelial cells and mimics the hemodynamics inside blood vessels very well, thereby enabling potential direct investigation of hemodynamics, angiogenesis, and tumor metastasis in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Mei Li
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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27
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Riccio DA, Nutz ST, Schoenfisch MH. Visible photolysis and amperometric detection of S-nitrosothiols. Anal Chem 2011; 84:851-6. [PMID: 22201553 DOI: 10.1021/ac2031805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The concentration of S-nitrosothiols (RSNOs), endogenous transporters of the signaling molecule nitric oxide (NO), fluctuate greatly in physiology often as a function of disease state. RSNOs may be measured indirectly by cleaving the S-N bond and monitoring the liberated NO. While ultraviolet photolysis and reductive-based cleavage both decompose RSNOs to NO, poor selectivity and the need for additional reagents preclude their utility clinically. Herein, we report the coupling of visible photolysis (i.e., 500-550 nm) and amperometric NO detection to quantify RSNOs with greater selectivity and sensitivity. Enhanced sensitivity (up to 1.56 nA μM(-1)) and lowered theoretical detection limits (down to 30 nM) were achieved for low molecular weight RSNOs (i.e., S-nitrosoglutathione, S-nitrosocysteine) by tuning the irradiation exposure. Detection of nitrosated proteins (i.e., S-nitrosoalbumin) was also possible, albeit at a decreased sensitivity (0.11 nA μM(-1)). This detection scheme was used to measure RSNOs in plasma and illustrate the potential of this method for future physiological studies.
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28
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Li LM, Wang W, Zhang SH, Chen SJ, Guo SS, Français O, Cheng JK, Huang WH. Integrated Microdevice for Long-Term Automated Perfusion Culture without Shear Stress and Real-Time Electrochemical Monitoring of Cells. Anal Chem 2011; 83:9524-30. [DOI: 10.1021/ac202302t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Olivier Français
- SATIE, UMR 8029 CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan, 61 Avenue du Président Wilson, 94235 Cachan cedex, France
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29
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Wu J, Gu M. Microfluidic sensing: state of the art fabrication and detection techniques. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2011; 16:080901. [PMID: 21895307 DOI: 10.1117/1.3607430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Here we introduce the existing fabrication techniques, detection methods, and related techniques for microfluidic sensing, with an emphasis on the detection techniques. A general survey and comparison of the fabrication techniques were given, including prototyping (hot embossing, inject molding, and soft lithography) and direct fabrication (laser micromachining, photolithography, lithography, and x-ray lithography) techniques. This is followed by an in-depth look at detection techniques: optical, electrochemical, mass spectrometry, as well as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy-based sensing approaches and related techniques. In the end, we highlight several of the most important issues for future work on microfluidic sensing. This article aims at providing a tutorial review with both introductory materials and inspiring information on microfluidic fabrication and sensing for nonspecialists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- Zhejiang University, State Key Lab of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Department of Optical Engineering, Institute of Advanced Nanophotonics, Zheda Road 38, Xihu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China.
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30
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So JH, Dickey MD. Inherently aligned microfluidic electrodes composed of liquid metal. LAB ON A CHIP 2011; 11:905-11. [PMID: 21264405 DOI: 10.1039/c0lc00501k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the fabrication and characterization of microelectrodes that are inherently aligned with microfluidic channels and in direct contact with the fluid in the channels. Injecting low melting point alloys, such as eutectic gallium indium (EGaIn), into microchannels at room temperature (or just above room temperature) offers a simple way to fabricate microelectrodes. The channels that define the shape and position of the microelectrodes are fabricated simultaneously with other microfluidic channels (i.e., those used to manipulate fluids) in a single step; consequently, all of the components are inherently aligned. In contrast, conventional techniques require multiple fabrication steps and registration (i.e., alignment of the electrodes with the microfluidic channels), which are technically challenging. The distinguishing characteristic of this work is that the electrodes are in direct contact with the fluid in the microfluidic channel, which is useful for a number of applications such as electrophoresis. Periodic posts between the microelectrodes and the microfluidic channel prevent the liquid metal from entering the microfluidic channel during injection. A thin oxide skin that forms rapidly and spontaneously on the surface of the metal stabilizes mechanically the otherwise low viscosity, high surface tension fluid within the channel. Moreover, the injected electrodes vertically span the sidewalls of the channel, which allows for the application of uniform electric field lines throughout the height of the channel and perpendicular to the direction of flow. The electrodes are mechanically stable over operating conditions commonly used in microfluidic applications; the mechanical stability depends on the magnitude of the applied bias, the nature of the bias (DC vs. AC), and the conductivity of the solutions in the microfluidic channel. Electrodes formed using alloys with melting points above room temperature ensure mechanical stability over all of the conditions explored. As a demonstration of their utility, the fluidic electrodes are used for electrohydrodynamic mixing, which requires extremely high electric fields (~10(5) V m(-1)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Hee So
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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31
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Plowman BJ, Bhargava SK, O'Mullane AP. Electrochemical fabrication of metallic nanostructured electrodes for electroanalytical applications. Analyst 2011; 136:5107-19. [DOI: 10.1039/c1an15657h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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Pernites RB, Ponnapati RR, Advincula RC. Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Detection of Theophylline via Electropolymerized Molecularly Imprinted Polythiophenes. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma101868y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roderick B. Pernites
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Ramakrishna R. Ponnapati
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Rigoberto C. Advincula
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
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