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Mukherjee J, Chaturvedi D, Mishra S, Jain R, Dandekar P. Microfluidic technology for cell biology-related applications: a review. J Biol Phys 2024; 50:1-27. [PMID: 38055086 PMCID: PMC10864244 DOI: 10.1007/s10867-023-09646-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluid flow at the microscale level exhibits a unique phenomenon that can be explored to fabricate microfluidic devices integrated with components that can perform various biological functions. In this manuscript, the importance of physics for microscale fluid dynamics using microfluidic devices has been reviewed. Microfluidic devices provide new opportunities with regard to spatial and temporal control over cell growth. Furthermore, the manuscript presents an overview of cellular stimuli observed by combining surfaces that mimic the complex biochemistries and different geometries of the extracellular matrix, with microfluidic channels regulating the transport of fluids, soluble factors, etc. We have also explained the concept of mechanotransduction, which defines the relation between mechanical force and biological response. Furthermore, the manipulation of cellular microenvironments by the use of microfluidic systems has been highlighted as a useful device for basic cell biology research activities. Finally, the article focuses on highly integrated microfluidic platforms that exhibit immense potential for biomedical and pharmaceutical research as robust and portable point-of-care diagnostic devices for the assessment of clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joydeb Mukherjee
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Deepa Chaturvedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Shlok Mishra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Ratnesh Jain
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Prajakta Dandekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, 400019, India.
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2
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Bordhan P, Razavi Bazaz S, Jin D, Ebrahimi Warkiani M. Advances and enabling technologies for phase-specific cell cycle synchronisation. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:445-462. [PMID: 35076046 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00724f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cell cycle synchronisation is the process of isolating cell populations at specific phases of the cell cycle from heterogeneous, asynchronous cell cultures. The process has important implications in targeted gene-editing and drug efficacy of cells and in studying cell cycle events and regulatory mechanisms involved in the cell cycle progression of multiple cell species. Ideally, cell cycle synchrony techniques should be applicable for all cell types, maintain synchrony across multiple cell cycle events, maintain cell viability and be robust against metabolic and physiological perturbations. In this review, we categorize cell cycle synchronisation approaches and discuss their operational principles and performance efficiencies. We highlight the advances and technological development trends from conventional methods to the more recent microfluidics-based systems. Furthermore, we discuss the opportunities and challenges for implementing high throughput cell synchronisation and provide future perspectives on synchronisation platforms, specifically hybrid cell synchrony modalities, to allow the highest level of phase-specific synchrony possible with minimal alterations in diverse types of cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritam Bordhan
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia.
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Sajad Razavi Bazaz
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia.
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Dayong Jin
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Majid Ebrahimi Warkiani
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia.
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
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3
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Jannesar EA, Hamzehpour H. Acoustic tweezing of microparticles in microchannels with sinusoidal cross sections. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17902. [PMID: 34504163 PMCID: PMC8429439 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97132-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Acoustic tweezing of bioparticles has distinct advantages over other manipulation methods such as electrophoresis or magnetophoresis in biotechnological applications. This manipulation method guarantees the viability of the bio-particles during and after the process. In this paper, the effects of sinusoidal boundaries of a microchannel on acoustophoretic manipulation of microparticles are studied. Our results show that while top and bottom walls are vertically actuated at the horizontal half-wave resonance frequency, a large mono-vortex appears, which is never achievable in a rectangular geometry with flat walls and one-dimensional oscillations. The drag force caused by such a vortex in combination with the tilted acoustic radiation force leads to trapping and micromixing of microparticles with diameters larger and smaller than the critical size, respectively. Simulation results in this paper show that efficient particle trapping occurs at the intermediate sinusoidal boundary amplitudes. It is also indicated that in a square-sinusoidal geometry there are two strong vortices, instead of one vortex. Sub-micrometer particles tend to be trapped dramatically faster in such a geometry than in the rectangular-sinusoidal ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Attar Jannesar
- Department of Physics, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, 15875-4416, Iran
| | - Hossein Hamzehpour
- Department of Physics, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, 15875-4416, Iran. .,School of Physics, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, 19395-5531, Iran.
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Steckel AG, Bruus H. Numerical study of bulk acoustofluidic devices driven by thin-film transducers and whole-system resonance modes. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021; 150:634. [PMID: 34340467 DOI: 10.1121/10.0005624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In bulk acoustofluidic devices, acoustic resonance modes for fluid and microparticle handling are traditionally excited by bulk piezoelectric (PZE) transducers. In this work, it is demonstrated by numerical simulations in three dimensions that integrated PZE thin-film transducers, constituting less than 0.1% of the bulk device, work equally well. The simulations are performed using a well-tested and experimentally validated numerical model. A water-filled straight channel embedded in a mm-sized bulk glass chip with a 1- μm-thick thin-film transducer made of Al0.6Sc0.4N is presented as a proof-of-concept example. The acoustic energy, radiation force, and microparticle focusing times are computed and shown to be comparable to those of a conventional bulk silicon-glass device actuated by a bulk lead-zirconate-titanate transducer. The ability of thin-film transducers to create the desired acoustofluidic effects in bulk acoustofluidic devices relies on three physical aspects: the in-plane-expansion of the thin-film transducer under the applied orthogonal electric field, the acoustic whole-system resonance of the device, and the high Q-factor of the elastic solid, constituting the bulk part of the device. Consequently, the thin-film device is remarkably insensitive to the Q-factor and resonance properties of the thin-film transducer.
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Affiliation(s)
- André G Steckel
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Physics Building 309, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Henrik Bruus
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Physics Building 309, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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5
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Lei Y, Hu H. SAW-driven droplet jetting technology in microfluidic: A review. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2020; 14:061505. [PMID: 33343781 PMCID: PMC7728459 DOI: 10.1063/5.0014768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of surface acoustic wave (SAW) technology on microfluidics has shown its powerfully controlling and actuating fluid and particle capability in a micro-nano scale, such as fluid mixing, fluid translation, microfluidic pumping, microfluidic rotational motor, microfluidic atomization, particle or cell concentration, droplet or cell sorting, reorientation of nano-objects, focusing and separation of particles, and droplet jetting. The SAW-driven droplet jetting technology enjoys the advantages of simple structure to fabricate with little hindrance, compact size to integrate with other components, high biocompatibility with biological cells or other molecule samples, large force in realizing fast fluidic actuation, and contact-free manipulation with fluid. The realization of this technology can effectively overcome some bottleneck problems in the current micro-injection technology, such as mechanical swear, complicated and bulky structure, and strict limitation of requirements on fluidic characteristics. This article reviews and reorganizes SAW-microfluidic jetting technology from decades of years, referring to the interaction mechanism theory of SAW and fluid, experimental methods of SAW-microfluidic jetting, effects of related parameters on objected pinch-off droplets, and applications of individual structures. Finally, we made a summary of the research results of the current literature and look forward and appraise where this discipline of SAW-microfluidic jetting could go in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Lei
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Hong Hu
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
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6
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Tahmasebipour A, Friedrich L, Begley M, Bruus H, Meinhart C. Toward optimal acoustophoretic microparticle manipulation by exploiting asymmetry. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2020; 148:359. [PMID: 32752779 DOI: 10.1121/10.0001634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The performance of a micro-acousto-fluidic device designed for microparticle trapping is simulated using a three-dimensional (3D) numerical model. It is demonstrated by numerical simulations that geometrically asymmetric architecture and actuation can increase the acoustic radiation forces in a liquid-filled cavity by almost 2 orders of magnitude when setting up a standing pressure half wave in a microfluidic chamber. Similarly, experiments with silicon-glass devices show a noticeable improvement in acoustophoresis of 20-μm silica beads in water when asymmetric devices are used. Microparticle acoustophoresis has an extensive array of applications in applied science fields ranging from life sciences to 3D printing. A more efficient and powerful particle manipulation system can boost the overall effectiveness of an acoustofluidic device. The numerical simulations are developed in the COMSOL Multiphysics® software package (COMSOL AB, Stockholm, Sweden). By monitoring the modes and magnitudes of simulated acoustophoretic fields in a relatively wide range of ultrasonic frequencies, a map of device performance is obtained. 3D resonant acoustophoretic fields are identified to quantify the improved performance of the chips with an asymmetric layout. Four different device designs are analyzed experimentally, and particle tracking experimental data qualitatively supports the numerical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Tahmasebipour
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Leanne Friedrich
- Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Matthew Begley
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Henrik Bruus
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet Physics Building 309, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Carl Meinhart
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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7
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Qiu W, Bruus H, Augustsson P. Particle-size-dependent acoustophoretic motion and depletion of micro- and nano-particles at long timescales. Phys Rev E 2020; 102:013108. [PMID: 32794927 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.102.013108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present three-dimensional measurements of particle-size-dependent acoustophoretic motion of microparticles with diameters from 4.8 μm down to 0.5 μm suspended in either homogeneous or inhomogeneous fluids inside a glass-silicon microchannel and exposed to a standing ultrasound wave. To study the crossover from radiation force dominated to streaming dominated motion as the particle size is decreased, we extend previous studies to long timescales, where the particles smaller than the crossover size move over distances comparable to the channel width. We observe a particle-size-dependent particle depletion at late times for the particles smaller than the crossover size. The mechanisms behind this depletion in homogeneous fluids are rationalized by numerical simulations which take the Brownian motion into account. Experimentally, the particle trajectories in inhomogeneous fluids show focusing in the bulk of the microchannel at early times, even for the particles below the critical size, which clearly demonstrates the potential to manipulate submicrometer particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qiu
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Physics Building 309, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Ole Römers väg 3, 22363, Lund, Sweden
| | - Henrik Bruus
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Physics Building 309, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Per Augustsson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Ole Römers väg 3, 22363, Lund, Sweden
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8
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Olm F, Lim HC, Schallmoser K, Strunk D, Laurell T, Scheding S. Acoustophoresis Enables the Label‐Free Separation of Functionally Different Subsets of Cultured Bone Marrow Stromal Cells. Cytometry A 2020; 99:476-487. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Olm
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund Stem Cell Center and Molecular Hematology Lund University Lund Sweden
| | - Hooi Ching Lim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund Stem Cell Center and Molecular Hematology Lund University Lund Sweden
| | - Katharina Schallmoser
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg Austria
| | - Dirk Strunk
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Cell Therapy, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg Austria
| | - Thomas Laurell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Lund University Lund Sweden
| | - Stefan Scheding
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund Stem Cell Center and Molecular Hematology Lund University Lund Sweden
- Department of Haematology Skåne University Hospital Lund Sweden
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Voronin DV, Kozlova AA, Verkhovskii RA, Ermakov AV, Makarkin MA, Inozemtseva OA, Bratashov DN. Detection of Rare Objects by Flow Cytometry: Imaging, Cell Sorting, and Deep Learning Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2323. [PMID: 32230871 PMCID: PMC7177904 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Flow cytometry nowadays is among the main working instruments in modern biology paving the way for clinics to provide early, quick, and reliable diagnostics of many blood-related diseases. The major problem for clinical applications is the detection of rare pathogenic objects in patient blood. These objects can be circulating tumor cells, very rare during the early stages of cancer development, various microorganisms and parasites in the blood during acute blood infections. All of these rare diagnostic objects can be detected and identified very rapidly to save a patient's life. This review outlines the main techniques of visualization of rare objects in the blood flow, methods for extraction of such objects from the blood flow for further investigations and new approaches to identify the objects automatically with the modern deep learning methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis V. Voronin
- Laboratory of Biomedical Photoacoustics, Saratov State University, 410012 Saratov, Russia
- Department of Physical and Colloid Chemistry, National University of Oil and Gas (Gubkin University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasiia A. Kozlova
- Laboratory of Biomedical Photoacoustics, Saratov State University, 410012 Saratov, Russia
| | - Roman A. Verkhovskii
- Laboratory of Biomedical Photoacoustics, Saratov State University, 410012 Saratov, Russia
- School of Urbanistics, Civil Engineering and Architecture, Yuri Gagarin State Technical University of Saratov, 410054 Saratov, Russia
| | - Alexey V. Ermakov
- Laboratory of Biomedical Photoacoustics, Saratov State University, 410012 Saratov, Russia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail A. Makarkin
- Laboratory of Biomedical Photoacoustics, Saratov State University, 410012 Saratov, Russia
| | - Olga A. Inozemtseva
- Laboratory of Biomedical Photoacoustics, Saratov State University, 410012 Saratov, Russia
| | - Daniil N. Bratashov
- Laboratory of Biomedical Photoacoustics, Saratov State University, 410012 Saratov, Russia
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10
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Differential impedance spectra analysis reveals optimal actuation frequency in bulk mode acoustophoresis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19081. [PMID: 31836756 PMCID: PMC6911075 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55333-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This work reports a method to select the optimal working frequency in transversal bulk resonator acoustophoretic devices by electrical impedance measurements. The impedance spectra of acoustophoretic devices are rich in spurious resonance peaks originating from different resonance modes in the system not directly related to the channel resonance, why direct measurement of the piezoelectric transducer impedance spectra is not a viable strategy. This work presents, for the first time, that the resonance modes of microchip integrated acoustophoresis channels can be identified by sequentially measuring the impedance spectra of the acoustophoretic device when the channel is filled with two different fluids and subsequently calculate the Normalized Differential Spectrum (NDS). Seven transversal bulk resonator acoustophoretic devices of different materials and designs were tested with successful results. The developed method enables a rapid, reproducible and precise determination of the optimal working frequency.
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11
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Mirtaheri E, Dolatmoradi A, El-Zahab B. Thermally Assisted Acoustofluidic Separation Based on Membrane Protein Content. Anal Chem 2019; 91:13953-13961. [PMID: 31590489 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The over- and under-expression of certain proteins in extracellular vesicles has been observed in many physiological and pathological conditions; however, a simple method to sort vesicles based on contrast in protein content is yet to be developed. We herein present a nonaffinity-based method for rapid and inexpensive isolation of lipid vesicles based on their membrane protein content. Based on a composition-specific thermophysical property change of vesicles at different protein contents, an acoustic property change that enabled an acoustophoretic separation was observed. This change was demonstrated in a thermally modulated acoustofluidic device in the form of a shift in vesicle migration from the nodal plane to antinodal plane at a specific temperature known as the acoustic contrast temperature (TΦ). Using phosphatidylcholine vesicles containing the membrane proteins gramicidin D, alamethicin, and melittin at molar contents ranging from 0.001% to 10%, we observed that increasing the membrane protein content brought about conformational changes in the membrane which afforded the vesicles distinctive acoustic properties. Then, by establishing an acoustic contrast temperature window, vesicles with the same protein but different molar content were successfully separated. The efficiency of the separation was studied for various vesicle mixtures and a separation efficiency as high as 97% was accomplished. In order to confirm the technique's applicability for biological samples, sheep red blood cells with various melittin peptide contents similarly demonstrated the depressing effects of melittin on membrane bending modulus and depressed the TΦ of the cells. This method holds promise for a myriad of applications in the biomedical field, especially in bioanalytical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Mirtaheri
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering , Florida International University , Miami , Florida 33174 , United States
| | - Ata Dolatmoradi
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering , Florida International University , Miami , Florida 33174 , United States.,Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences , University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco , California 94158 , United States
| | - Bilal El-Zahab
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering , Florida International University , Miami , Florida 33174 , United States
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12
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Pal D, Chakraborty S. New regimes of dispersion in microfluidics as mediated by travelling temperature waves. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2019; 475:20190382. [DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2019.0382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We unveil new regimes of dispersion in miniaturized fluidic devices, by considering fluid flow triggered by a travelling temperature wave. When a temperature wave travels along a channel wall, it alters the density and viscosity of the adjacent fluid periodically. Successive expansion–contraction of the fluid volume through a spatio-temporally evolving viscosity field generates a net fluidic current. Based on the temporal evolution of the axial dispersion coefficient, new regimes of dispersion—such as a short-time ‘oscillating regime’ and a large-time ‘stable regime’—have been identified, which are absent in traditionally addressed flows through miniaturized fluidic devices. Our analysis reveals that the oscillation of axial dispersion persists until the variance of species concentration becomes equal to half of the square of the wavelength of the thermal wave. The time period of oscillation in the dispersion coefficient turns out to be a unique function of the thermal wavelength and net flow velocity induced by thermoviscous pumping. The results of this study are likely to contribute towards the improvement of microscale systems that are subjected to periodic temperature variations, including microreactors and DNA amplification devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debashis Pal
- Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics Department, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology Shibpur, Howrah 711103, India
| | - Suman Chakraborty
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
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13
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Abstract
Cellular analysis is a central concept for both biology and medicine. Over the past two decades, acoustofluidic technologies, which marry acoustic waves with microfluidics, have significantly contributed to the development of innovative approaches for cellular analysis. Acoustofluidic technologies enable precise manipulations of cells and the fluids that confine them, and these capabilities have been utilized in many cell analysis applications. In this review article, we examine various applications where acoustofluidic methods have been implemented, including cell imaging, cell mechanotyping, circulating tumor cell phenotyping, sample preparation in clinics, and investigation of cell-cell interactions and cell-environment responses. We also provide our perspectives on the technological advantages, limitations, and potential future directions for this innovative field of methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Xie
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Hunter Bachman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
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14
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Wu M, Ozcelik A, Rufo J, Wang Z, Fang R, Jun Huang T. Acoustofluidic separation of cells and particles. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2019; 5:32. [PMID: 31231539 PMCID: PMC6545324 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-019-0064-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Acoustofluidics, the integration of acoustics and microfluidics, is a rapidly growing research field that is addressing challenges in biology, medicine, chemistry, engineering, and physics. In particular, acoustofluidic separation of biological targets from complex fluids has proven to be a powerful tool due to the label-free, biocompatible, and contact-free nature of the technology. By carefully designing and tuning the applied acoustic field, cells and other bioparticles can be isolated with high yield, purity, and biocompatibility. Recent advances in acoustofluidics, such as the development of automated, point-of-care devices for isolating sub-micron bioparticles, address many of the limitations of conventional separation tools. More importantly, advances in the research lab are quickly being adopted to solve clinical problems. In this review article, we discuss working principles of acoustofluidic separation, compare different approaches of acoustofluidic separation, and provide a synopsis of how it is being applied in both traditional applications, such as blood component separation, cell washing, and fluorescence activated cell sorting, as well as emerging applications, including circulating tumor cell and exosome isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxi Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Adem Ozcelik
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, 09010 Aydin, Turkey
| | - Joseph Rufo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Zeyu Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Rui Fang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
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15
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Alam MK, Koomson E, Zou H, Yi C, Li CW, Xu T, Yang M. Recent advances in microfluidic technology for manipulation and analysis of biological cells (2007–2017). Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1044:29-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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16
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Bach JS, Bruus H. Theory of pressure acoustics with viscous boundary layers and streaming in curved elastic cavities. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2018; 144:766. [PMID: 30180663 DOI: 10.1121/1.5049579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The acoustic fields and streaming in a confined fluid depend strongly on the viscous boundary layer forming near the wall. The width of this layer is typically much smaller than the bulk length scale set by the geometry or the acoustic wavelength, which makes direct numerical simulations challenging. Based on this separation in length scales, the classical theory of pressure acoustics is extended by deriving a boundary condition for the acoustic pressure that takes viscous boundary-layer effects fully into account. Using the same length-scale separation for the steady second-order streaming, and combining it with time-averaged short-range products of first-order fields, the usual limiting-velocity theory is replaced with an analytical slip-velocity condition on the long-range streaming field at the wall. The derived boundary conditions are valid for oscillating cavities of arbitrary shape and wall motion, as long as both the wall curvature and displacement amplitude are sufficiently small. Finally, the theory is validated by comparison with direct numerical simulation in two examples of two-dimensional water-filled cavities: The well-studied rectangular cavity with prescribed wall actuation, and a more generic elliptical cavity embedded in an externally actuated rectangular elastic glass block.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob S Bach
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Physics Building 309, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Henrik Bruus
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Physics Building 309, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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17
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18
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Urbansky A, Ohlsson P, Lenshof A, Garofalo F, Scheding S, Laurell T. Rapid and effective enrichment of mononuclear cells from blood using acoustophoresis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17161. [PMID: 29215046 PMCID: PMC5719459 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17200-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective separation methods for fractionating blood components are needed for numerous diagnostic and research applications. This paper presents the use of acoustophoresis, an ultrasound based microfluidic separation technology, for label-free, gentle and continuous separation of mononuclear cells (MNCs) from diluted whole blood. Red blood cells (RBCs) and MNCs behave similar in an acoustic standing wave field, compromising acoustic separation of MNC from RBC in standard buffer systems. However, by optimizing the buffer conditions and thereby changing the acoustophoretic mobility of the cells, we were able to enrich MNCs relative to RBCs by a factor of 2,800 with MNC recoveries up to 88%. The acoustophoretic microchip can perform cell separation at a processing rate of more than 1 × 105 cells/s, corresponding to 5 µl/min undiluted whole blood equivalent. Thus, acoustophoresis can be easily integrated with further down-stream applications such as flow cytometry, making it a superior alternative to existing MNC isolation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Urbansky
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Pelle Ohlsson
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.,AcouSort AB, Medicon Village, 223 81, Lund, Sweden
| | - Andreas Lenshof
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fabio Garofalo
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Stefan Scheding
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.,Division of Molecular Hematology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Hematology, Skåne University Hospital, 222 41, Lund, Sweden
| | - Thomas Laurell
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Dongguk University, 04620, Seoul, South Korea
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19
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Magnusson C, Augustsson P, Lenshof A, Ceder Y, Laurell T, Lilja H. Clinical-Scale Cell-Surface-Marker Independent Acoustic Microfluidic Enrichment of Tumor Cells from Blood. Anal Chem 2017; 89:11954-11961. [PMID: 29087172 PMCID: PMC5698115 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Enumeration of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) predicts overall survival and treatment response in metastatic cancer, but as many commercialized assays isolate CTCs positive for epithelial cell markers alone, CTCs with little or no epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) expression stay undetected. Therefore, CTC enrichment and isolation by label-free methods based on biophysical rather than biochemical properties could provide a more representative spectrum of CTCs. Here, we report on a clinical-scale automated acoustic microfluidic platform processing 5 mL of erythrocyte-depleted paraformaldehyde (PFA)-fixed blood (diluted 1:2) at a flow rate of 75 μL/min, recovering 43/50 (86 ± 2.3%) breast cancer cell line cells (MCF7), with 0.11% cancer cell purity and 162-fold enrichment in close to 2 h based on intrinsic biophysical cell properties. Adjustments of the voltage settings aimed at higher cancer cell purity in the central outlet provided 0.72% cancer cell purity and 1445-fold enrichment that resulted in 62 ± 8.7% cancer cell recovery. Similar rates of cancer-cell recovery, cancer-cell purity, and fold-enrichment were seen with both prostate cancer (DU145, PC3) and breast cancer (MCF7) cell line cells. We identified eosinophil granulocytes as the predominant white blood cell (WBC) contaminant (85%) in the enriched cancer-cell fraction. Processing of viable cancer cells in erythrocyte-depleted blood provided slightly reduced results as to fixed cells (77% cancer cells in the enriched cancer cell fraction, with 0.2% WBC contamination). We demonstrate feasibility of enriching either PFA-fixed or viable cancer cells with a clinical-scale acoustic microfluidic platform that can be adjusted to meet requirements for either high cancer-cell recovery or higher purity and can process 5 mL blood samples in close to 2 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Magnusson
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University,
Malmö, Sweden
| | - Per Augustsson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Andreas Lenshof
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Yvonne Ceder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Thomas Laurell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul,
South Korea
| | - Hans Lilja
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University,
Malmö, Sweden
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Surgery (Urology Service) and
Medicine (Genitourinary Oncology Service), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center,
New York, NY 10065, U.S.A
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford,
Oxford, OX3 7LD, U.K
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20
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Sehgal P, Kirby BJ. Separation of 300 and 100 nm Particles in Fabry–Perot Acoustofluidic Resonators. Anal Chem 2017; 89:12192-12200. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prateek Sehgal
- Sibley
School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Brian J. Kirby
- Sibley
School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Weill−Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021, United States
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21
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Abstract
Acoustophoresis, the ability to acoustically manipulate particles and cells inside a microfluidic channel, is a critical enabling technology for cell-sorting applications. However, one of the major impediments for routine use of acoustophoresis at clinical laboratory has been the reliance on the inherent physical properties of cells for separation. Here, we present a microfluidic-based microBubble-Activated Acoustic Cell Sorting (BAACS) method that rely on the specific binding of target cells to microbubbles conjugated with specific antibodies on their surface for continuous cell separation using ultrasonic standing wave. In acoustophoresis, cells being positive acoustic contrast particles migrate to pressure nodes. On the contrary, air-filled polymer-shelled microbubbles being strong negative acoustic contrast particles migrate to pressure antinodes and can be used to selectively migrate target cells. As a proof of principle, we demonstrate the separation of cancer cell line in a suspension with better than 75% efficiency. Moreover, 100% of the microbubble-cell conjugates migrated to the anti-node. Hence a better upstream affinity-capture has the potential to provide higher sorting efficiency. The BAACS technique expands the acoustic cell manipulation possibilities and offers cell-sorting solutions suited for applications at point of care.
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23
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Chen Y, Wu M, Ren L, Liu J, Whitley PH, Wang L, Huang TJ. High-throughput acoustic separation of platelets from whole blood. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:3466-72. [PMID: 27477388 PMCID: PMC5010861 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00682e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Platelets contain growth factors which are important in biomedical and clinical applications. In this work, we present an acoustic separation device for high-throughput, non-invasive platelet isolation. In particular, we separated platelets from whole blood at a 10 mL min(-1) throughput, which is three orders of magnitude greater than that of existing acoustic-based platelet separation techniques. Without sample dilution, we observed more than 80% RBC/WBC removal and platelet recovery. High throughput, high separation efficiency, and biocompatibility make this device useful for many clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchao Chen
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Mengxi Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Liqiang Ren
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Jiayang Liu
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Pamela H. Whitley
- American Red Cross, Mid-Atlantic Blood Services Region, 400 Gresham Dr., Suite 100, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
| | - Lin Wang
- Ascent Bio-Nano Technologies Inc., Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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24
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Dolatmoradi A, El-Zahab B. Thermally-assisted ultrasonic separation of giant vesicles. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:3449-53. [PMID: 27477522 PMCID: PMC5010174 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00765a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report on a newly-developed membrane stiffness-based separation of vesicles using a thermally-assisted acoustophoretic approach. By tuning the temperature, we achieved the separation of vesicles of the same size, shape, and charge but with different stiffness values. It was observed that at a specific transition point, the acoustic contrast factor of vesicles changed sign from positive to negative. This change was mainly due to the change in the acoustic compressibility of the vesicles, which is inversely proportional to stiffness. The acoustic contrast temperature, corresponding to the temperature at which the acoustic contrast factor switches sign, was determined to be unique to the composition of the vesicles. This unique temperature signature allowed us to develop a separation method of vesicles with distinct membrane stiffness with target outlet purities exceeding 95%. Our studies suggest that this method may be applied for the separation of cells affected by diseases that affect the cellular stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ata Dolatmoradi
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Florida International University, Miami 33174, FL, USA.
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25
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Karle M, Vashist SK, Zengerle R, von Stetten F. Microfluidic solutions enabling continuous processing and monitoring of biological samples: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 929:1-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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26
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Nathamgari SSP, Dong B, Zhou F, Kang W, Giraldo-Vela JP, McGuire T, McNaughton RL, Sun C, Kessler JA, Espinosa HD. Isolating single cells in a neurosphere assay using inertial microfluidics. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:4591-7. [PMID: 26511875 PMCID: PMC4665643 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00805k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Sphere forming assays are routinely used for in vitro propagation and differentiation of stem cells. Because the stem cell clusters can become heterogeneous and polyclonal, they must first be dissociated into a single cell suspension for further clonal analysis or differentiation studies. The dissociated population is marred by the presence of doublets, triplets and semi-cleaved/intact clusters which makes identification and further analysis of differentiation pathways difficult. In this work, we use inertial microfluidics to separate the single cells and clusters in a population of chemically dissociated neurospheres. In contrast to previous microfluidic sorting technologies which operated at high flow rates, we implement the spiral microfluidic channel in a novel focusing regime that occurs at lower flow rates. In this regime, the curvature-induced Dean's force focuses the smaller, single cells towards the inner wall and the larger clusters towards the center. We further demonstrate that sorting in this low flow rate (and hence low shear stress) regime yields a high percentage (>90%) of viable cells and preserves multipotency by differentiating the sorted neural stem cell population into neurons and astrocytes. The modularity of the device allows easy integration with other lab-on-a-chip devices for upstream mechanical dissociation and downstream high-throughput clonal analysis, localized electroporation and sampling. Although demonstrated in the case of the neurosphere assay, the method is equally applicable to other sphere forming assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shiva P Nathamgari
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
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27
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Warkiani ME, Wu L, Tay AKP, Han J. Large-Volume Microfluidic Cell Sorting for Biomedical Applications. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2015; 17:1-34. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071114-040818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Majid Ebrahimi Warkiani
- BioSystems and Micromechanics IRG, Singapore–MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, Singapore 138602;
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Lidan Wu
- Department of Biological Engineering and
| | - Andy Kah Ping Tay
- BioSystems and Micromechanics IRG, Singapore–MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, Singapore 138602;
| | - Jongyoon Han
- BioSystems and Micromechanics IRG, Singapore–MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, Singapore 138602;
- Department of Biological Engineering and
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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28
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Collins DJ, Morahan B, Garcia-Bustos J, Doerig C, Plebanski M, Neild A. Two-dimensional single-cell patterning with one cell per well driven by surface acoustic waves. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8686. [PMID: 26522429 PMCID: PMC4659840 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In single-cell analysis, cellular activity and parameters are assayed on an individual, rather than population-average basis. Essential to observing the activity of these cells over time is the ability to trap, pattern and retain them, for which previous single-cell-patterning work has principally made use of mechanical methods. While successful as a long-term cell-patterning strategy, these devices remain essentially single use. Here we introduce a new method for the patterning of multiple spatially separated single particles and cells using high-frequency acoustic fields with one cell per acoustic well. We characterize and demonstrate patterning for both a range of particle sizes and the capture and patterning of cells, including human lymphocytes and red blood cells infected by the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum. This ability is made possible by a hitherto unexplored regime where the acoustic wavelength is on the same order as the cell dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Collins
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Belinda Morahan
- Department of Microbiology, Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jose Garcia-Bustos
- Department of Microbiology, Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Christian Doerig
- Department of Microbiology, Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Magdalena Plebanski
- Department of Immunology, Alfred Hospital Precinct, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
- Therapeutics and Regenerative Division, Monash Institute of Medical Engineering, MIME, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Adrian Neild
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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29
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Karlsen JT, Bruus H. Forces acting on a small particle in an acoustical field in a thermoviscous fluid. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 92:043010. [PMID: 26565335 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.92.043010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We present a theoretical analysis of the acoustic radiation force on a single small spherical particle, either a thermoviscous fluid droplet or a thermoelastic solid particle, suspended in a viscous and heat-conducting fluid medium. Within the perturbation assumptions, our analysis places no restrictions on the length scales of the viscous and thermal boundary-layer thicknesses δ(s) and δ(t) relative to the particle radius a, but it assumes the particle to be small in comparison to the acoustic wavelength λ. This is the limit relevant to scattering of ultrasound waves from nanometer- and micrometer-sized particles. For particles of size comparable to or smaller than the boundary layers, the thermoviscous theory leads to profound consequences for the acoustic radiation force. Not only do we predict forces orders of magnitude larger than expected from ideal-fluid theory, but for certain relevant choices of materials, we also find a sign change in the acoustic radiation force on different-sized but otherwise identical particles. These findings lead to the concept of a particle-size-dependent acoustophoretic contrast factor, highly relevant to acoustic separation of microparticles in gases, as well as to handling of nanoparticles in lab-on-a-chip systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas T Karlsen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Physics Building 309, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Henrik Bruus
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Physics Building 309, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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30
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Grenvall C, Magnusson C, Lilja H, Laurell T. Concurrent isolation of lymphocytes and granulocytes using prefocused free flow acoustophoresis. Anal Chem 2015; 87:5596-604. [PMID: 25909882 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Microchip-based free flow acoustophoresis (FFA) in combination with two-dimensional cell prefocusing enables concurrent multiple target outlet fractionation of leukocytes into subpopulations (lymphocytes, monocytes, and granulocytes); we report on this method here. We also observed significantly increased accuracy in size-based fractionation of microbeads as compared to previously presented FFA multiple outlet systems. Fluorescence microscopy illustrates the importance of two-dimensional prefocusing where a sample mixture of 3, 7, and 10 μm beads are separated into well-confined particle streams and collected in their respective target outlets. Flow cytometry data for lymphocytes and granulocytes, respectively, in their corresponding outlets verify concurrent isolation of leukocyte subpopulations with high purity (95.2 ± 0.6% and 98.5 ± 0.7%) and high recovery (86.5 ± 10.9% and 68.4 ± 10.6%). A relatively low purity and high recovery of monocytes (25.2% ± 5.4% and 83.1 ± 4.3%) was obtained in the third target outlet. No subpopulation bias was observed. These data demonstrate an unprecedented separation of leukocyte subpopulations at flow rates of ∼100 μL/min and ∼1 M cells/mL sample concentrations, not previously reported in acoustofluidic systems. Two-dimensional prefocusing FFA with multiple target outlets is a viable alternative to current methods for particle fractionation and cell isolation, requiring a minimum of sample preparation and lowering analysis time and cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Grenvall
- †Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, PO Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Magnusson
- ‡Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Hans Lilja
- ‡Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.,§Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Surgery (Urology), and Medicine (GU Oncology), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York United States.,⊥Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,¶Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Thomas Laurell
- †Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, PO Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden.,#Department of Biomedical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, South Korea
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31
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Song S, Kim MS, Lee J, Choi S. A continuous-flow microfluidic syringe filter for size-based cell sorting. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:1250-4. [PMID: 25599969 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc01417k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This communication presents a microfluidic method for size-based cell sorting, which provides a simple and robust approach for cell cycle synchronization by manual and stand-alone operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungjeong Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-701, Republic of Korea.
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33
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Muller PB, Bruus H. Numerical study of thermoviscous effects in ultrasound-induced acoustic streaming in microchannels. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2014; 90:043016. [PMID: 25375602 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.90.043016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We present a numerical study of thermoviscous effects on the acoustic streaming flow generated by an ultrasound standing-wave resonance in a long straight microfluidic channel containing a Newtonian fluid. These effects enter primarily through the temperature and density dependence of the fluid viscosity. The resulting magnitude of the streaming flow is calculated and characterized numerically, and we find that even for thin acoustic boundary layers, the channel height affects the magnitude of the streaming flow. For the special case of a sufficiently large channel height, we have successfully validated our numerics with analytical results from 2011 by Rednikov and Sadhal for a single planar wall. We analyzed the time-averaged energy transport in the system and the time-averaged second-order temperature perturbation of the fluid. Finally, we have made three main changes in our previously published numerical scheme to improve the numerical performance: (i) The time-averaged products of first-order variables in the time-averaged second-order equations have been recast as flux densities instead of as body forces. (ii) The order of the finite-element basis functions has been increased in an optimal manner. (iii) Based on the International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam (IAPWS 1995, 2008, and 2011), we provide accurate polynomial fits in temperature for all relevant thermodynamic and transport parameters of water in the temperature range from 10 to 50 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Barkholt Muller
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Physics Building 309, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Henrik Bruus
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Physics Building 309, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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34
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Lenshof A, Jamal A, Dykes J, Urbansky A, Astrand-Grundström I, Laurell T, Scheding S. Efficient purification of CD4+ lymphocytes from peripheral blood progenitor cell products using affinity bead acoustophoresis. Cytometry A 2014; 85:933-41. [PMID: 25053536 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Processing of peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPC) for clinical transplantation or research applications aims to effectively isolate or deplete specific cell populations, utilizing primarily magnetic or fluorescence activated sorting methods. Here, we investigated the performance of microfluidic acoustophoresis for the separation of lymphocyte subsets from PBPC, and present a novel method for affinity-bead-mediated acoustic separation of cells which can otherwise not be acoustically discriminated. As the acoustic force on a particle depends on particle size, density and compressibility, targeting of cells by affinity specific beads will generate cell-bead complexes that exhibit distinct acoustic properties relative to nontargeted cells and are, thus, possible to isolate. To demonstrate this, PBPC samples (n = 22) were obtained from patients and healthy donors. Following density gradient centrifugation, cells were labeled with anti-CD4-coated magnetic beads (Dynal) and isolated by acoustophoresis and, for comparison, standard magnetic cell sorting technique in parallel. Targeted CD4+ lymphocytes were acoustically isolated with a mean (±SD) purity of 87 ± 12%, compared with 96 ± 3% for control magnetic sorting. Viability of sorted cells was 95 ± 4% (acoustic) and 97 ± 3% (magnetic), respectively. The mean acoustic separation efficiency of CD4+ lymphocytes to the target fraction was 65 ± 22%, compared with a mean CD4+ lymphocyte recovery of 56 ± 15% for magnetic sorting. Functional testing of targeted CD4+ lymphocytes demonstrated unimpaired mitogen-mediated proliferation capacity and cytokine production. Hematopoietic progenitor cell assays revealed a preserved colony forming ability of nontarget cells post sorting. We conclude that the acoustophoresis platform can be utilized to efficiently isolate bead-labeled CD4+ lymphocytes from PBPC samples in a continuous flow format, with preserved functional capacity of both target and nontarget cells. These results open up for simultaneous affinity-bead-mediated separation of multiple cell populations, something which is not possible with current standard magnetic cell separation technology. © 2014 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Lenshof
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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35
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Segers T, Versluis M. Acoustic bubble sorting for ultrasound contrast agent enrichment. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:1705-14. [PMID: 24651248 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc51296g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
An ultrasound contrast agent (UCA) suspension contains encapsulated microbubbles with a wide size distribution, with radii ranging from 1 to 10 μm. Medical transducers typically operate at a single frequency, therefore only a small selection of bubbles will resonate to the driving ultrasound pulse. Thus, the sensitivity can be improved by narrowing down the size distribution. Here, we present a simple lab-on-a-chip method to sort the population of microbubbles on-chip using a traveling ultrasound wave. First, we explore the physical parameter space of acoustic bubble sorting using well-defined bubble sizes formed in a flow-focusing device, then we demonstrate successful acoustic sorting of a commercial UCA. This novel sorting strategy may lead to an overall improvement of the sensitivity of contrast ultrasound by more than 10 dB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Segers
- Physics of Fluids Group and MESA+ Institute of Nanotechnology, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
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36
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Jandt U, Platas Barradas O, Pörtner R, Zeng AP. Mammalian cell culture synchronization under physiological conditions and population dynamic simulation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:4311-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5553-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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37
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Lee WC, Bhagat AAS, Lim CT. High-throughput synchronization of mammalian cell cultures by spiral microfluidics. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1104:3-13. [PMID: 24297405 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-733-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of mammalian cell cycle synchronization techniques has greatly advanced our understanding of many cellular regulatory events and mechanisms specific to different phases of the cell cycle. In this chapter, we describe a high-throughput microfluidic-based approach for cell cycle synchronization. By exploiting the relationship between cell size and its phase in the cell cycle, large numbers of synchronized cells can be obtained by size fractionation in a spiral microfluidic channel. Protocols for the synchronization of primary cells such as mesenchymal stem cells, and immortal cell lines such as Chinese hamster ovarian cells (CHO-CD36) and HeLa cells are provided as examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wong Cheng Lee
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Tian Y, Luo C, Ouyang Q. A microfluidic synchronizer for fission yeast cells. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:4071-4077. [PMID: 23966136 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50639h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Among all the cell cycle synchronization technologies, the baby machine may be considered as the most artifact-free method. A baby machine incubates "mother cells" under normal conditions and collects their "babies", producing cell cultures that are similar not only in cell cycle phase but also in age. Unlike many other synchronization methods, no cell-cycle-blocking agent or metabolic stress is introduced in this method. Several macroscale and microfluidic baby machines have been developed for producing synchronized cell colonies. However, for rod-shaped cells like fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe), it is still a challenge to immobilize only the mother cells in a microfluidic device. Here we presented a new baby machine suitable for fission yeast. The device is fixed one end of the cell and releases the free-end daughter cell every time the cell finishes cytokinesis. A variety of structures for cell immobilization were attempted to find the optimal design. For the convenience of collection and further assay, we integrated into our baby machine chip a cell screener, which exploited the deformation of polymer material to switch between opening and closing states. Synchronous populations of fission yeast cells were produced with this device, its working detail was analyzed and performance was evaluated. The device provides a new on-chip tool for cell biology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tian
- Center for Microfluidic and Nanotechnology, The State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructures and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China.
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39
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Geislinger TM, Franke T. Sorting of circulating tumor cells (MV3-melanoma) and red blood cells using non-inertial lift. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2013; 7:44120. [PMID: 24404053 PMCID: PMC3765238 DOI: 10.1063/1.4818907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the method of non-inertial lift induced cell sorting (NILICS), a continuous, passive, and label-free cell sorting approach in a simple single layer microfluidic device at low Reynolds number flow conditions. In the experiments, we exploit the non-inertial lift effect to sort circulating MV3-melanoma cells from red blood cell suspensions at different hematocrits as high as 9%. We analyze the separation process and the influence of hematocrit and volume flow rates. We achieve sorting efficiencies for MV3-cells up to EMV3 = 100% at Hct = 9% and demonstrate cell viability by recultivation of the sorted cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Geislinger
- EPI, Soft Matter and Biological Physics, University of Augsburg, D-86159 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Franke
- EPI, Soft Matter and Biological Physics, University of Augsburg, D-86159 Augsburg, Germany
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40
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Vahey MD, Pesudo LQ, Svensson JP, Samson LD, Voldman J. Microfluidic genome-wide profiling of intrinsic electrical properties in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:2754-63. [PMID: 23661198 PMCID: PMC3686985 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50162k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Methods to analyze the intrinsic physical properties of cells - for example, size, density, rigidity, or electrical properties - are an active area of interest in the microfluidics community. Although the physical properties of cells are determined at a fundamental level by gene expression, the relationship between the two remains exceptionally complex and poorly characterized, limiting the adoption of intrinsic separation technologies. To improve our current understanding of how a cell's genotype maps to a measurable physical characteristic and quantitatively investigate the potential of using these characteristics as biomarkers, we have developed a novel screen that combines microfluidic cell sorting with high-throughput sequencing and the haploid yeast deletion library to identify genes whose functions modulate one such characteristic - intrinsic electrical properties. Using this screen, we are able to establish a high-content electrical profile of the haploid yeast gene deletion strains. We find that individual genetic deletions can appreciably alter the electrical properties of cells, affecting ~10% of the 4432 gene deletion strains screened. Additionally, we find that gene deletions affecting electrical properties in specific ways (i.e. increasing or decreasing effective conductivity at higher or lower electric field frequencies) are strongly associated with an enriched subset of fundamental biological processes that can be traced to specific pathways and complexes. The screening approach demonstrated here and the attendant results are immediately applicable to the intrinsic separations community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Vahey
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Laia Quiros Pesudo
- Biological Engineering Department, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Biology Department, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - J. Peter Svensson
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, 14183 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Leona D. Samson
- Biological Engineering Department, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Biology Department, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Joel Voldman
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
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41
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Johnson LM, Gao L, Shields IV CW, Smith M, Efimenko K, Cushing K, Genzer J, López GP. Elastomeric microparticles for acoustic mediated bioseparations. J Nanobiotechnology 2013; 11:22. [PMID: 23809852 PMCID: PMC3706277 DOI: 10.1186/1477-3155-11-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acoustophoresis has been utilized successfully in applications including cell trapping, focusing, and purification. One current limitation of acoustophoresis for cell sorting is the reliance on the inherent physical properties of cells (e.g., compressibility, density) instead of selecting cells based upon biologically relevant surface-presenting antigens. Introducing an acoustophoretic cell sorting approach that allows biochemical specificity may overcome this limitation, thus advancing the value of acoustophoresis approaches for both the basic research and clinical fields. RESULTS The results presented herein demonstrate the ability for negative acoustic contrast particles (NACPs) to specifically capture and transport positive acoustic contrast particles (PACPs) to the antinode of an ultrasound standing wave. Emulsification and post curing of pre-polymers, either polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) or polyvinylmethylsiloxane (PVMS), within aqueous surfactant solution results in the formation of stable NACPs that focus onto pressure antinodes. We used either photochemical reactions with biotin-tetrafluorophenyl azide (biotin-TFPA) or end-functionalization of Pluronic F108 surfactant to biofunctionalize NACPs. These biotinylated NACPs bind specifically to streptavidin polystyrene microparticles (as cell surrogates) and transport them to the pressure antinode within an acoustofluidic chip. CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of using NACPs as carriers for transport of PACPs in an ultrasound standing wave. By using different silicones (i.e., PDMS, PVMS) and curing chemistries, we demonstrate versatility of silicone materials for NACPs and advance the understanding of useful approaches for preparing NACPs. This bioseparation scheme holds potential for applications requiring rapid, continuous separations such as sorting and analysis of cells and biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah M Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, 101 Science Drive, 3361 CIEMAS, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Lu Gao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Box 90300 Hudson Hall, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- NSF Research Triangle Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Duke University, Box 90271, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - C Wyatt Shields IV
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, 101 Science Drive, 3361 CIEMAS, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- NSF Research Triangle Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Duke University, Box 90271, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Margret Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, 101 Science Drive, 3361 CIEMAS, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Kirill Efimenko
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Engineering Building 1, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Kevin Cushing
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of New Mexico, 210 University Blvd NE, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
- National Flow Cytometry Resource, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Jan Genzer
- NSF Research Triangle Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Duke University, Box 90271, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Engineering Building 1, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Gabriel P López
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, 101 Science Drive, 3361 CIEMAS, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Box 90300 Hudson Hall, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- NSF Research Triangle Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Duke University, Box 90271, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of New Mexico, 210 University Blvd NE, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
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Song S, Choi S. Design rules for size-based cell sorting and sheathless cell focusing by hydrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1302:191-6. [PMID: 23838306 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We describe the effects of geometric and operational parameters on the performances of hydrophoresis devices for optimal size-based cell sorting and sheathless cell focusing. Hydrophoresis has been recently demonstrated to precisely control cells in a continuous flow with advantages of sheathless, high resolution, and easy parallelization. To date, key parameters for optimal design and operation of hydrophoresis systems have yet to be fully studied. In this study we have investigated geometric parameters such as channel width and oblique angle of slanted grooves, and an operational parameter, flow rate that can potentially influence the device performances. The channel width is found to be the most significant geometric factor that affects the device performances, while the oblique angle of slanted grooves has no significant influence. Size-based separation of cells having size diversity (≈11% in a coefficient of variation (CV)), as well as sheathless cell focusing, was performed with optimal designs, demonstrating the potential use of hydrophoresis as a microfluidic component to precisely control cells for integrated cell sorting and analysis systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungjeong Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-701, Republic of Korea
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Burguillos MA, Magnusson C, Nordin M, Lenshof A, Augustsson P, Hansson MJ, Elmér E, Lilja H, Brundin P, Laurell T, Deierborg T. Microchannel acoustophoresis does not impact survival or function of microglia, leukocytes or tumor cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64233. [PMID: 23724038 PMCID: PMC3664584 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of acoustic forces to manipulate particles or cells at the microfluidic scale (i.e. acoustophoresis), enables non-contact, label-free separation based on intrinsic cell properties such as size, density and compressibility. Acoustophoresis holds great promise as a cell separation technique in several research and clinical areas. However, it has been suggested that the force acting upon cells undergoing acoustophoresis may impact cell viability, proliferation or cell function via subtle phenotypic changes. If this were the case, it would suggest that the acoustophoresis method would be a less useful tool for many cell analysis applications as well as for cell therapy. METHODS We investigate, for the first time, several key aspects of cellular changes following acoustophoretic processing. We used two settings of ultrasonic actuation, one that is used for cell sorting (10 Vpp operating voltage) and one that is close to the maximum of what the system can generate (20 Vpp). We used microglial cells and assessed cell viability and proliferation, as well as the inflammatory response that is indicative of more subtle changes in cellular phenotype. Furthermore, we adapted a similar methodology to monitor the response of human prostate cancer cells to acoustophoretic processing. Lastly, we analyzed the respiratory properties of human leukocytes and thrombocytes to explore if acoustophoretic processing has adverse effects. RESULTS BV2 microglia were unaltered after acoustophoretic processing as measured by apoptosis and cell turnover assays as well as inflammatory cytokine response up to 48 h following acoustophoresis. Similarly, we found that acoustophoretic processing neither affected the cell viability of prostate cancer cells nor altered their prostate-specific antigen secretion following androgen receptor activation. Finally, human thrombocytes and leukocytes displayed unaltered mitochondrial respiratory function and integrity after acoustophoretic processing. CONCLUSION We conclude that microchannel acoustophoresis can be used for effective continuous flow-based cell separation without affecting cell viability, proliferation, mitochondrial respiration or inflammatory status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Burguillos
- Neuronal Survival Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Centrum Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Magnusson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Maria Nordin
- Department of Measurement Technology and Industrial Electrical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Andreas Lenshof
- Department of Measurement Technology and Industrial Electrical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Per Augustsson
- Department of Measurement Technology and Industrial Electrical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Magnus J. Hansson
- Mitochondrial Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Eskil Elmér
- Mitochondrial Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hans Lilja
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
- Departments of Surgery (Urology) and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States of America
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Patrik Brundin
- Neuronal Survival Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Thomas Laurell
- Department of Measurement Technology and Industrial Electrical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tomas Deierborg
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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López-Riquelme N, Minguela A, Villar-Permuy F, Ciprian D, Castillejo A, Álvarez-López MR, Soto JL. Imaging cytometry for counting circulating tumor cells: comparative analysis of the CellSearch vs ImageStream systems. APMIS 2013; 121:1139-43. [PMID: 23510386 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cell (CTC) enumeration is important clinically for identifying prognostic and predictive factors in patients with solid cancers. The CellSearch device (Veridex) is an immunomagnetic CTC selection and enumeration system used in clinical practice. The ImageStream (Amnis) combines the strengths of flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy in a single platform and has potential application for CTC counting. The performance in CTC enumeration was compared between the ImageStream and CellSearch systems. Various numbers of PANC-1 tumor cells were spiked into 7.5 mL of peripheral blood from a healthy donor. Before cell analysis by the ImageStream, tumor cell enrichment was performed by immunomagnetic selection with anti-EpPCAM. Anti-CD45 and anti-CK markers were used to discriminate between tumor cells and leukocytes. The ratios of tumor cells recovered from each dilution were calculated for both methods. The Wilcoxon rank test was applied to compare the results of the two methods and the reference value. The results of the two tested methods differed significantly from the reference value, but did not differ between them. Nevertheless, lower level of trueness and precision was observed in ImageStream when fewer numbers of CTCs were analyzed. Our results suggest that ImageStream platform for CTC enumeration has a potential value for the early diagnosis of disseminated disease, but needs an improvement of precision for the enumeration of low number of CTC.
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45
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Garz A, Sandmann M, Rading M, Ramm S, Menzel R, Steup M. Cell-to-cell diversity in a synchronized Chlamydomonas culture as revealed by single-cell analyses. Biophys J 2013; 103:1078-86. [PMID: 23009858 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2012.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In a synchronized photoautotrophic culture of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, cell size, cell number, and the averaged starch content were determined throughout the light-dark cycle. For single-cell analyses, the relative cellular starch was quantified by measuring the second harmonic generation (SHG). In destained cells, amylopectin essentially represents the only biophotonic structure. As revealed by various validation procedures, SHG signal intensities are a reliable relative measure of the cellular starch content. During photosynthesis-driven starch biosynthesis, synchronized Chlamydomonas cells possess an unexpected cell-to-cell diversity both in size and starch content, but the starch-related heterogeneity largely exceeds that of size. The cellular volume, starch content, and amount of starch/cell volume obey lognormal distributions. Starch degradation was initiated by inhibiting the photosynthetic electron transport in illuminated cells or by darkening. Under both conditions, the averaged rate of starch degradation is almost constant, but it is higher in illuminated than in darkened cells. At the single-cell level, rates of starch degradation largely differ but are unrelated to the initial cellular starch content. A rate equation describing the cellular starch degradation is presented. SHG-based three-dimensional reconstructions of Chlamydomonas cells containing starch granules are shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Garz
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, Department of Photonics, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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46
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Watarai H. Continuous separation principles using external microaction forces. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2013; 6:353-78. [PMID: 23772659 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-062012-092551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
During the past decade, methods for the continuous separation of microparticles with microaction forces have rapidly advanced. Various action forces have been used in designs of both microchannel and capillary continuous separation systems, which depend on properties such as conductivity, permittivity, absorptivity, refractive index, magnetic susceptibility, and compressibility. Particle migration velocity has been used to characterize the particles. Biological cells have been the most interesting targets of these continuous separation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Watarai
- Institute for NanoScience Design, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan.
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47
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Yang AHJ, Soh HT. Acoustophoretic sorting of viable mammalian cells in a microfluidic device. Anal Chem 2012; 84:10756-62. [PMID: 23157478 DOI: 10.1021/ac3026674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We report the first use of ultrasonic acoustophoresis for the label-free separation of viable and nonviable mammalian cells within a microfluidic device. Cells that have undergone apoptosis are physically smaller than viable cells, and our device exploits this fact to achieve efficient sorting based on the strong size dependence of acoustic radiation forces within a microchannel. As a model, we have selectively enriched viable MCF-7 breast tumor cells from heterogeneous mixtures of viable and nonviable cells. We found that this mode of separation is gentle and enables efficient, label-free isolation of viable cells from mixed samples containing 10(6) cells/mL at flow rates of up to 12 mL/h. We have extensively characterized the device, and we report the effects of piezoelectric voltage and sample flow rate on device performance and describe how these parameters can be tuned to optimize recovery, purity, or throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen H J Yang
- Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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48
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Barnkob R, Augustsson P, Laurell T, Bruus H. Acoustic radiation- and streaming-induced microparticle velocities determined by microparticle image velocimetry in an ultrasound symmetry plane. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2012; 86:056307. [PMID: 23214876 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.86.056307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We present microparticle image velocimetry measurements of suspended microparticles of diameters from 0.6 to 10 μm undergoing acoustophoresis in an ultrasound symmetry plane in a microchannel. The motion of the smallest particles is dominated by the Stokes drag from the induced acoustic streaming flow, while the motion of the largest particles is dominated by the acoustic radiation force. For all particle sizes we predict theoretically how much of the particle velocity is due to radiation and streaming, respectively. These predictions include corrections for particle-wall interactions and ultrasonic thermoviscous effects and match our measurements within the experimental uncertainty. Finally, we predict theoretically and confirm experimentally that the ratio between the acoustic radiation- and streaming-induced particle velocities is proportional to the actuation frequency, the acoustic contrast factor, and the square of the particle size, while it is inversely proportional to the kinematic viscosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune Barnkob
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Nanotech Building 345 East, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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Augustsson P, Magnusson C, Nordin M, Lilja H, Laurell T. Microfluidic, label-free enrichment of prostate cancer cells in blood based on acoustophoresis. Anal Chem 2012; 84:7954-62. [PMID: 22897670 DOI: 10.1021/ac301723s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTC) are shed in peripheral blood at advanced metastatic stages of solid cancers. Surface-marker-based detection of CTC predicts recurrence and survival in colorectal, breast, and prostate cancer. However, scarcity and variation in size, morphology, expression profile, and antigen exposure impairs reliable detection and characterization of CTC. We have developed a noncontact, label-free microfluidic acoustophoresis method to separate prostate cancer cells from white blood cells (WBC) through forces generated by ultrasonic resonances in microfluidic channels. Implementation of cell prealignment in a temperature-stabilized (±0.5 °C) acoustophoresis microchannel dramatically enhanced the discriminatory capacity and enabled the separation of 5 μm microspheres from 7 μm microspheres with 99% purity. Next, we determined the feasibility of employing label-free microfluidic acoustophoresis to discriminate and divert tumor cells from WBCs using erythrocyte-lysed blood from healthy volunteers spiked with tumor cells from three prostate cancer cell-lines (DU145, PC3, LNCaP). For cells fixed with paraformaldehyde, cancer cell recovery ranged from 93.6% to 97.9% with purity ranging from 97.4% to 98.4%. There was no detectable loss of cell viability or cell proliferation subsequent to the exposure of viable tumor cells to acoustophoresis. For nonfixed, viable cells, tumor cell recovery ranged from 72.5% to 93.9% with purity ranging from 79.6% to 99.7%. These data contribute proof-in-principle that label-free microfluidic acoustophoresis can be used to enrich both viable and fixed cancer cells from WBCs with very high recovery and purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Augustsson
- Department of Measurement Technology, Lund University, Sweden
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50
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Shaw J, Payer K, Son S, Grover WH, Manalis SR. A microfluidic "baby machine" for cell synchronization. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:2656-2663. [PMID: 22627487 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40277g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Common techniques used to synchronize eukaryotic cells in the cell cycle often impose metabolic stress on the cells or physically select for size rather than age. To address these deficiencies, a minimally perturbing method known as the "baby machine" was developed previously. In the technique, suspension cells are attached to a membrane, and as the cells divide, the newborn cells are eluted to produce a synchronous population of cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. However, the existing "baby machine" is only suitable for cells which can be chemically attached to a surface. Here, we present a microfluidic "baby machine" in which cells are held onto a surface by pressure differences rather than chemical attachment. As a result, our method can in principle be used to synchronize a variety of cell types, including cells which may have weak or unknown surface attachment chemistries. We validate our microfluidic "baby machine" by using it to produce a synchronous population of newborn L1210 mouse lymphocytic leukemia cells in G1 phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Shaw
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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