1
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Park H, Park JH. Electrochemical Characterization of Neurotransmitters in a Single Submicron Droplet. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:102. [PMID: 38392021 PMCID: PMC10886559 DOI: 10.3390/bios14020102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Single-entity electrochemistry, which employs electrolysis during the collision of single particles on ultramicroelectrodes, has witnessed significant advancements in recent years, enabling the observation and characterization of individual particles. Information on a single aqueous droplet (e.g., size) can also be studied based on the redox species contained therein. Dopamine, a redox-active neurotransmitter, is usually present in intracellular vesicles. Similarly, in the current study, the electrochemical properties of neurotransmitters in submicron droplets were investigated. Because dopamine oxidation is accompanied by proton transfer, unique electrochemical properties of dopamine were observed in the droplet. We also investigated the electrochemical properties of the adsorbed droplets containing DA and the detection of oxidized dopamine by the recollision phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jun Hui Park
- Department of Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
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2
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Colón-Quintana GS, Clarke TB, Dick JE. Interfacial solute flux promotes emulsification at the water|oil interface. Nat Commun 2023; 14:705. [PMID: 36759528 PMCID: PMC9911786 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35964-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Emulsions are critical across a broad spectrum of industries. Unfortunately, emulsification requires a significant driving force for droplet dispersion. Here, we demonstrate a mechanism of spontaneous droplet formation (emulsification), where the interfacial solute flux promotes droplet formation at the liquid-liquid interface when a phase transfer agent is present. We have termed this phenomenon fluxification. For example, when HAuCl4 is dissolved in an aqueous phase and [NBu4][ClO4] is dissolved in an oil phase, emulsion droplets (both water-in-oil and oil-in-water) can be observed at the interface for various oil phases (1,2-dichloroethane, dichloromethane, chloroform, and nitrobenzene). Emulsification occurs when AuCl4- interacts with NBu4+, a well-known phase-transfer agent, and transfers into the oil phase while ClO4- transfers into the aqueous phase to maintain electroneutrality. The phase transfer of SCN- and Fe(CN)63- also produce droplets. We propose a microscopic mechanism of droplet formation and discuss design principles by tuning experimental parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas B. Clarke
- grid.169077.e0000 0004 1937 2197Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Jeffrey E. Dick
- grid.169077.e0000 0004 1937 2197Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA ,grid.169077.e0000 0004 1937 2197Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
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3
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Liu C, Ma Y, Xu Z, You Y, Bai S, Nan J, Wang L. Galvani Potential-Dependent Single Collision/Fusion Impacts at Liquid/Liquid Interface: Faradic or Capacitive? J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:9705-9714. [PMID: 36356196 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c05741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A new subtype of nano-impacts by emulsion droplets via reorganization of the electric double layer (EDL) at the liquid/liquid interface (LLI) is reported. This subtype shows anodic, bipolar, and cathodic transient currents with a potential of zero charge (PZC) dependence, revealing the non-faradic characteristic of single fusion impacts. In addition, the absolute integrated mean charge is proportional to the Galvani potential at the ITIES, indicating that the EDL at the LLI may obey the discrete Helmholtz model. The exact PZC point is interpolated from the fitting curve, and the droplet size distribution is estimated from the integrated charge distribution. Moreover, the different values of Epzc between single fusion impacts of MgCl2 droplets and pure water droplets is due to the specific absorption between Mg2+ and antagonistic anion in the organic phase. The influence of the concentration of the supporting electrolyte is also investigated. The above work gives physicochemical insights into the EDL at the micropipette-supported LLI and provides potential application to measure micro/nanoscale heterogeneous media without catalytic, reactive, or charge-transfer activity via impact experiments at LLI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Liu
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou510006, China
| | - Yamin Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510641, China
| | - Zhidan Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510641, China
| | - Yongtao You
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510641, China
| | - Silan Bai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510641, China
| | - Junmin Nan
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou510006, China
| | - Lishi Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510641, China
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4
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Ma Y, Liu C, Wang L. Defined Ion-Transfer Voltammetry of a Single Microdroplet at a Polarized Liquid/Liquid Interface. Anal Chem 2022; 94:1850-1858. [PMID: 35023726 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A strategy for the fast analysis of ion transfer/facilitated ion transfer toward a tiny (femtoliter) water-in-oil droplet has been established. This scenario is embodied by the fusion of a w/o microdroplet at the micro liquid/liquid (L/L) interface, with the use of Fourier transform fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FT-FSCV) to express the apparent half-wave potentials of anions or cations encapsulated inside the w/o microdroplet. First, the half-wave potential is in strict accordance with the transfer Gibbs free energy of either cations or anions. Second, the half-wave potential has been found to be positively proportional to the logarithmic concentration of ions, shedding thermodynamic insight into ion transfer. Third, as an instance of multivalent biopolymers, the transfer of protamine inside the single w/o microdroplet has been investigated. Obvious discrepancies in the behaviors of the fusion impacts at different pH, as well as in the absence and presence of the cationic surfactant DNNS-, are revealed. The internal mechanism of protamine transfer has been thoroughly investigated. This work proposes a strategy to sensitively and quickly determine the transfer Gibbs energy and the concentration of ions encapsulated in a single microdroplet, and it provides the possibility of analyzing the interfacial transfer properties of trace biomacromolecules inside an aqueous micro- or nanoscale droplet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamin Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China.,School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lishi Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
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5
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Liu C, Ma Y, Nan J, Wang L. Ion Transfer-Resolved Fusion Impacts of Single Droplets Probed at the Liquid/Liquid Interface. Anal Chem 2020; 92:15394-15402. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Liu
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ya Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Junmin Nan
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lishi Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
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6
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Terry Weatherly CK, Glasscott MW, Dick JE. Voltammetric Analysis of Redox Reactions and Ion Transfer in Water Microdroplets. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:8231-8239. [PMID: 32559107 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report a set of voltammetric experiments for studying redox reactions and ion transfer in water microdroplets emulsified in 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE). The electrochemistry of microdroplets (rdrop ∼ 700 nm) loaded with either ferrocyanide ([Fe(CN)6]4-) or ferricyanide ([Fe(CN)6]3-), chosen due to their hydrophilic nature, was tracked using cyclic voltammetry. These heterogeneous reactions necessitated ion transfer at the droplet interface to maintain charge balance in the two liquid phases during oxidation or reduction, which was facilitated by the tetrabutylammonium perchlorate ([TBA][ClO4]) salt in the DCE phase. Experiments were performed with (1) a single macrodroplet (10-7 L) on a macroelectrode (r ∼ 1.5 mm), (2) millions of microdroplets (10-15 L) adsorbed on to a macroelectrode (r ∼ 1.5 mm), and (3) at the single microdroplet level via observing individual microdroplet collisions at an ultramicroelectrode (r ∼ 5 μm). We demonstrate that when millions of microdroplets are adsorbed onto a macroelectrode, there are two surprising observations: (1) the half-wave potential (E1/2) for the [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- redox couple shifts by +100 mV, which is shown to depend on the number of droplets on the electrode surface. (2) The reduction of [Fe(CN)6]3-, which is assisted by the transfer of TBA+ into the water droplet, displays two waves in the voltammogram. This dual-wave behavior can be explained by the formation of TBAxK3-xFe(CN)6, which is soluble in DCE. Additionally, we demonstrate that the adsorption of microdroplets onto an electrode surface offers significant amplification (×103) of the water/oil/electrode three-phase boundary when compared to the adsorption of larger macrodroplets, permitting a rigorous evaluation of heterogeneous chemistry at this distinct interface. In combination, these experiments provide new energetic and mechanistic insights for droplet systems, as well as reactivity differences between microscale and bulk multiphase systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew W Glasscott
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jeffrey E Dick
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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7
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Step potential as a diagnostic tool in square-wave voltammetry of quasi-reversible electrochemical processes. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.134997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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8
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ZHONG LJ, GAO LF, LI FH, GAN SY, NIU L. Neurotransmitter Biomolecule Transfers Across Liquid/Liquid Interface Through A Thick Organic Membrane-Modified Electrode. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(18)61137-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Facilitated proton transfer-electron transfer coupled reactions at thick-film modified electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.11.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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Liu C, Peljo P, Huang X, Cheng W, Wang L, Deng H. Single Organic Droplet Collision Voltammogram via Electron Transfer Coupled Ion Transfer. Anal Chem 2017; 89:9284-9291. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Liu
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Pekka Peljo
- Laboratoire
d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL Valais Wallis), Rue de
I’Industrie, 17, 1951 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Xinjian Huang
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Wenxue Cheng
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Lishi Wang
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Haiqiang Deng
- Institute
of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
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11
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Zanotto FM, Fernández RA, Dassie SA. Theoretical model of ion transfer-electron transfer coupled reactions at the thick-film modified electrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Deng H, Dick JE, Kummer S, Kragl U, Strauss SH, Bard AJ. Probing Ion Transfer across Liquid–Liquid Interfaces by Monitoring Collisions of Single Femtoliter Oil Droplets on Ultramicroelectrodes. Anal Chem 2016; 88:7754-61. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haiqiang Deng
- Center
for Electrochemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jeffrey E. Dick
- Center
for Electrochemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Sina Kummer
- Division
of Analytical and Technical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Udo Kragl
- Division
of Analytical and Technical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Steven H. Strauss
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Allen J. Bard
- Center
for Electrochemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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13
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Uehara A, Chang SY, Booth SG, Schroeder SL, Mosselmans JW, Dryfe RA. Redox and Ligand Exchange during the Reaction of Tetrachloroaurate with Hexacyanoferrate(II) at a Liquid-Liquid Interface: Voltammetry and X-ray Absorption Fine-Structure Studies. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.12.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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14
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Gu J, Zhao W, Chen Y, Zhang X, Xie X, Liu S, Wu X, Zhu Z, Li M, Shao Y. Study of Ion Transfer Coupling with Electron Transfer by Hydrophilic Droplet Electrodes. Anal Chem 2015; 87:11819-25. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gu
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wenbo Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ye Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiang Xie
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shujuan Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Meixian Li
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuanhua Shao
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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15
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Crespo GA, Cuartero M, Bakker E. Thin Layer Ionophore-Based Membrane for Multianalyte Ion Activity Detection. Anal Chem 2015; 87:7729-37. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gastón A. Crespo
- Department
of Inorganic and
Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maria Cuartero
- Department
of Inorganic and
Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eric Bakker
- Department
of Inorganic and
Analytical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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16
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Mirceski V, Mitrova B, Ivanovski V, Mitreska N, Aleksovska A, Gulaboski R. Studying the ion transfer across liquid interface of thin organic-film-modified electrodes in the presence of glucose oxidase. J Solid State Electrochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-015-2863-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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17
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Langmaier J, Samec Z, Samcová E, Tůma P. Correlation between the standard Gibbs energies of an anion transfer from water to highly hydrophobic ionic liquids and to 1,2-dichloroethane. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2013.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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18
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Mirceski V, Gulaboski R, Lovric M, Bogeski I, Kappl R, Hoth M. Square-Wave Voltammetry: A Review on the Recent Progress. ELECTROANAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201300369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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19
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Murakami W, Eda K, Yamamoto M, Osakai T. A revisit to the non-Bornian theory of the Gibbs energy of ion transfer between two immiscible liquids. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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20
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Gan S, Zhou M, Zhang J, Zhong L, Ulstrup J, Niu L. Ion Transfer Voltammetry Associated with Two Polarizable Interfaces Within Water and Moderately Hydrophobic Ionic Liquid Systems. ELECTROANAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201200123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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21
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Investigation of the electrochemical processes related to IT coupling with ET by hydrophilic droplet electrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2012.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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22
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Molina Á, Serna C, Ortuño JA, Torralba E. Studies of ion transfer across liquid membranes by electrochemical techniques. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2pc90005j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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23
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Zhou M, Gan S, Zhong L, Dong X, Ulstrup J, Han D, Niu L. Improvement in the assessment of direct and facilitated ion transfers by electrochemically induced redox transformations of common molecular probes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:3659-68. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp23184k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Molina Á, Torralba E, Serna C, Martínez-Ortíz F, Laborda E. Some insights into the facilitated ion transfer voltammetric responses at ITIES exhibiting interfacial and bulk membrane kinetic effects. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:15340-54. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp42307c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ángela Molina
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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25
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Increasing the potential window of the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions to more than 1.2V. Electrochem commun 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2011.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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26
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7,7′,8,8′-Tetracyanoquinodimethane as a redox probe for studying cation transfer across the water/2-nitrophenyl octyl ether interface at three-phase junctions supported by carbon ink screen-printed electrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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27
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Selective transfer of target heavy metal ions with a simple water-droplet modified approach. Electrochem commun 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2010.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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28
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Gründer Y, Ho HLT, Mosselmans JFW, Schroeder SLM, Dryfe RAW. Inhibited and enhanced nucleation of gold nanoparticles at the water|1,2-dichloroethane interface. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:15681-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp21536a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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