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Vloemans D, Pieters A, Dal Dosso F, Lammertyn J. Revolutionizing sample preparation: a novel autonomous microfluidic platform for serial dilution. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:2791-2801. [PMID: 38691394 DOI: 10.1039/d4lc00195h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Dilution is a standard fluid operation widely employed in the sample preparation process of many bio(chemical) assays. It serves multiple essential functions such as sample mixing with certain reagents at specific dilution ratios, reducing sample matrix effects, bringing target analytes within the linear assay detection range, among many others. Traditionally, sample processing is performed in laboratory settings through manual or automated pipetting. When working in resource-limited settings, however, neither trained personnel nor proper laboratory equipment are available limiting the accessibility to high-quality diagnostic tests. In this work, we present a novel standalone and fully automated microfluidic platform for the stepwise preparation of serial dilutions without the need for any active elements. Stepwise dilution is achieved using the coordinated burst action of hydrophobic burst valves to first isolate a precisely metered volume from an applied sample drop and subsequently merge it with a prefilled diluent liquid. Downstream, expansion chambers are used to mix both reagents into a homogeneous solution. The dilution module was characterized to generate accurate and reproducible (CV < 7%) dilutions for targeted dilution factors of 2, 5 and 10×, respectively. Three dilution modules were coupled in series to generate three-fold logarithmic (log5 or log10) dilutions, with excellent linearity (R2 > 0.99). Its compatibility with whole blood was furthermore illustrated, proving its applicability for automating and downscaling bioassays with complex biological matrices. Finally, autonomous on-chip serial dilution was demonstrated by incorporating the self-powered (i)SIMPLE technology as a passive driving source for liquid manipulation. We believe that the simplicity and modularity of the presented autonomous dilution platform are of interest to many point-of-care applications in which sample dilution and reagent mixing are of importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dries Vloemans
- KU Leuven, Department of Biosystems, Biosensors Group, Willem de Croylaan 42, box 2428, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Alexander Pieters
- KU Leuven, Department of Biosystems, Biosensors Group, Willem de Croylaan 42, box 2428, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Francesco Dal Dosso
- KU Leuven, Department of Biosystems, Biosensors Group, Willem de Croylaan 42, box 2428, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Jeroen Lammertyn
- KU Leuven, Department of Biosystems, Biosensors Group, Willem de Croylaan 42, box 2428, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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2
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Liu Y, Cheng QY, Gao H, Chen HY, Xu JJ. Microfluidic Gradient Culture Arrays for Cell Pro-oxidation Analysis Using Bipolar Electrochemiluminescence. Anal Chem 2023; 95:8376-8383. [PMID: 37184375 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A microfluidic gradient array is a widely used screening and analysis device, which has characteristics of high efficiency, high automation, and low consumption. Bipolar electrode electrochemiluminescence (BPE-ECL) has special value in microfluidic array chips. The combination of the microfluidic gradient and BPE arrays has potential for high-throughput screening. In this article, a microfluidic BPE array chip for gradient culture and conditional screening of cancer cells was designed. The generation of concentration gradients, continuous culture of cancer cells with high throughput, and drug screening through BPE-ECL of the Ru(bpy)32+/TPrA system can be performed in one chip. We tested gradient pro-oxidation of MCF-7 by ascorbic acid and the synergistic effect of pro-oxidation on doxorubicin. The method achieves high analysis efficiency through a BPE array while simplifying the tedious procedures required by cell culture methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qiu-Yue Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hong-Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jing-Juan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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3
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Chen C, Li P, Guo T, Chen S, Xu D, Chen H. Generation of Dynamic Concentration Profile Using A Microfluidic Device Integrating Pneumatic Microvalves. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12100868. [PMID: 36291005 PMCID: PMC9599525 DOI: 10.3390/bios12100868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Generating and maintaining the concentration dilutions of diffusible molecules in microchannels is critical for high-throughput chemical and biological analysis. Conventional serial network microfluidic technologies can generate high orders of arbitrary concentrations by a predefined microchannel network. However, a previous design requires a large occupancy area and is unable to dynamically generate different profiles in the same chip, limiting its applications. This study developed a microfluidic device enabling dynamic variations of both the concentration in the same channel and the concentration distribution in multiple channels by adjusting the flow resistance using programmable pneumatic microvalves. The key component (the pneumatic microvalve) allowed dynamic adjustment of the concentration profile but occupied a tiny space. Additionally, a Matlab program was developed to calculate the flow rates and flow resistance of various sections of the device, which provided theoretical guidance for dimension design. In silico investigations were conducted to evaluate the microvalve deformation with widths from 100 to 300 µm and membrane thicknesses of 20 and 30 µm under the activation pressures between 0 and 2000 mbar. The flow resistance of the deformed valve was studied both numerically and experimentally and an empirical model for valve flow resistance with the form of Rh=aebP was proposed. Afterward, the fluid flow in the valve region was characterized using Micro PIV to further demonstrate the adjustment mechanism of the flow resistance. Then, the herringbone structures were employed for fast mixing to allow both quick variation of concentration and minor space usage of the channel network. Finally, an empirical formula-supported computational program was developed to provide the activation pressures required for the specific concentration profile. Both linear (Ck = -0.2k + 1) and nonlinear (Ck = (110)k) concentration distribution in four channels were varied using the same device by adjusting microvalves. The device demonstrated the capability to control the concentration profile dynamically in a small space, offering superior application potentials in analytical chemistry, drug screening, and cell biology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Panpan Li
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Tianruo Guo
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Siyuan Chen
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Dong Xu
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Huaying Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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4
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Liu F, Whitley J, Ng NL, Lu H. Time-Resolved Single-Cell Assay for Measuring Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species upon Exposure to Ambient Particulate Matter. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:13121-13130. [PMID: 32914962 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Health risks associated with exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) are a major concern around the world. Adverse PM health effects have been proposed to be linked to oxidative stress through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In vitro cellular assays can provide insights into components or characteristics of PM that best account for its toxicity at a cellular level. However, most current assays report cell population averages and are mostly time endpoint measurements and thus provide no temporal information. This poses limitations on our understanding of PM health effects. In this study, we developed a microfluidic assay that can measure cellular ROS responses at the single-cell level and evaluate temporal dynamic behavior of single cells. We first established a protocol that enables culturing cells in our microfluidic platform and that can provide reproducible ROS readouts. We further examined the heterogeneous ROS responses of cell populations and tracked the dynamics of individual cellular responses upon exposure to different concentrations of PM extracts. Our results show that in an alveolar macrophage cell line, cellular ROS responses are highly heterogeneous. ROS responses from different cells can vary over an order of magnitude, and large coefficients of variation at each timepoint measurement indicate a high variability. The dynamic behavior of single-cell responses is strongly dependent on PM concentrations. Our work serves as a proof-of-principle demonstration of the capability of our microfluidic technology to study time-resolved single-cell responses upon PM exposure. We envision applying this high-resolution, high-content assay to investigate a wide array of single-cell responses (beyond ROS) upon exposure to different types of PM in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fobang Liu
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Josh Whitley
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Nga Lee Ng
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- School of Earth & Atmospheric Science, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Hang Lu
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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5
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Liu B, Ma Z, Yang J, Gao G, Liu H. A Concentration Gradients Tunable Generator with Adjustable Position of the Acoustically Oscillating Bubbles. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11090827. [PMID: 32878158 PMCID: PMC7570149 DOI: 10.3390/mi11090827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
It is essential to control concentration gradients at specific locations for many biochemical experiments. This paper proposes a tunable concentration gradient generator actuated by acoustically oscillating bubbles trapped in the bubble channels using a controllable position based on the gas permeability of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The gradient generator consists of a glass substrate, a PDMS chip, and a piezoelectric transducer. When the trapped bubbles are activated by acoustic waves, the solution near the gas–liquid interface is mixed. The volume of the bubbles and the position of the gas–liquid interface are regulated through the permeability of the PDMS wall. The tunable concentration gradient can be realized by changing the numbers and positions of the bubbles that enable the mixing of fluids in the main channel, and the amplitude of the applied voltage. This new device is easy to fabricate, responsive, and biocompatible, and therefore has great application prospects. In particular, it is suitable for biological research with high requirements for temporal controllability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bendong Liu
- Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (Z.M.); (J.Y.); (G.G.); (H.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-010-67396187
| | - Zhigao Ma
- Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (Z.M.); (J.Y.); (G.G.); (H.L.)
| | - Jiahui Yang
- Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (Z.M.); (J.Y.); (G.G.); (H.L.)
- Electrical and Mechanical College, Beijing Vocational College of Agriculture, Beijing 102208, China
| | - Guohua Gao
- Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (Z.M.); (J.Y.); (G.G.); (H.L.)
| | - Haibin Liu
- Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (Z.M.); (J.Y.); (G.G.); (H.L.)
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6
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Pei H, Yu M, Dong D, Wang Y, Li Q, Li L, Tang B. Phenotype-related drug sensitivity analysis of single CTCs for medicine evaluation. Chem Sci 2020; 11:8895-8900. [PMID: 34123143 PMCID: PMC8163339 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc05566e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the heterogeneous and variable drug sensitivity of tumor cells, real-time monitoring of a patient's drug response is desirable for implementing personalized and dynamic therapy. Although considerable efforts have been directed at drug screening in living cells, performing repeated drug sensitivity analysis using patient-derived primary tumor cells at the single-cell level remains challenging. Here, we present an efficient approach to assess phenotype-related drug sensitivity at the single-cell level using patient-derived circulating tumor cells (CTCs) based on a drug sensitivity microfluidic chip (DS-Chip). The DS-Chip consists of a drug gradient generator and parallel cell traps, achieving continuous single CTC capture, drug gradient distributions, drug stimulation, fluorescent probe labeling and three-color fluorescence imaging. Based on the established DS-Chip, we investigated the drug sensitivity of single cells by simultaneously monitoring epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) biomarkers and apoptosis in living cells, and verified the correlation between EMT gradients and drug sensitivity. Using the new approach, we further tested the optimal drug response dose in individual CTCs isolated from 5 cancer patients through fluorescence analysis of EMT and apoptosis. The DS-Chip allows noninvasive and real-time measurements of the drug sensitivity of a patient's tumor cells during therapy. This developed approach has practical significance and can effectively guide drug selection and therapeutic evaluation for personalized medicine. Due to the heterogeneous and variable drug sensitivity of tumor cells, real-time monitoring of a patient's drug response is desirable for implementing personalized and dynamic therapy.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Haimeng Pei
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Mei Yu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Defang Dong
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Yiguo Wang
- Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, The First Hospital Affiliated with Shandong First Medical University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Qingling Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Lu Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 P. R. China
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7
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Lee B, Jeong SG, Jin SH, Mishra R, Peter M, Lee CS, Lee SS. Quantitative analysis of yeast MAPK signaling networks and crosstalk using a microfluidic device. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:2646-2655. [PMID: 32597919 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00203h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells developed complex mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling networks to sense their intra- and extracellular environment and respond to various stress conditions. For example, S. cerevisiae uses five distinct MAP kinase pathways to orchestrate meiosis or respond to mating pheromones, osmolarity changes and cell wall stress. Although each MAPK module has been studied individually, the mechanisms underlying crosstalk between signaling pathways remain poorly understood, in part because suitable experimental systems to monitor cellular outputs when applying different signals are lacking. Here, we investigate the yeast MAPK signaling pathways and their crosstalk, taking advantage of a new microfluidic device coupled to quantitative microscopy. We designed specific micropads to trap yeast cells in a single focal plane, and modulate the magnitude of a given stress signal by microfluidic serial dilution while keeping other signaling inputs constant. This approach enabled us to quantify in single cells nuclear relocation of effectors responding to MAPK activation, like Yap1 for oxidative stress, and expression of stress-specific reporter expression, like pSTL1-qV and pFIG1-qV for high-osmolarity or mating pheromone signaling, respectively. Using this quantitative single-cell analysis, we confirmed bimodal behavior of gene expression in response to Hog1 activation, and quantified crosstalk between the pheromone- and cell wall integrity (CWI) signaling pathways. Importantly, we further observed that oxidative stress inhibits pheromone signaling. Mechanistically, this crosstalk is mediated by Pkc1-dependent phosphorylation of the scaffold protein Ste5 on serine 185, which prevents Ste5 recruitment to the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byungjin Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Garcia-Hernando M, Calatayud-Sanchez A, Etxebarria-Elezgarai J, de Pancorbo MM, Benito-Lopez F, Basabe-Desmonts L. Optical Single Cell Resolution Cytotoxicity Biosensor Based on Single Cell Adhesion Dot Arrays. Anal Chem 2020; 92:9658-9665. [PMID: 32460483 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Low cost, easy to use cell viability tests are needed in the pharmaceutical, biomaterial, and environmental industries to measure adverse cellular effects. We present a new methodology to track cell death with high resolution. Adherent cells commonly detach from the surface when they die, but some toxic compounds promote cell adhesion. A methodology that enables both dynamic detachment monitoring but also rapid detection of toxic effects of compounds that promote cell adhesion would constitute a step forward toward high-throughput cytotoxicity measurements. We achieved dynamic digital quantification of cell viability by simple optical imaging using "single cell adhesion dot arrays" (SCADA), fibronectin (FN) dot arrays designed to accommodate a single cell on each fibronectin dot. For cytotoxicity measurements, cell-filled SCADA substrates were exposed to K2CrO4, HgSO4 salts, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The toxic effect of DMSO and K2CrO4 was dynamically monitored by measuring the cell detachment rate during more than 30 h by quantifying the number of occupied dots in the SCADA array. HgSO4 inhibited cellular detachment from the surface, and cytotoxicity was monitored using the trypan blue life/death assay directly on the surface. In all cases, the cytotoxicity effects were easily monitored with single cell resolution, and the results were comparable to previous reports. SCADA enabled dynamic measurements at the highest resolution due to the digital measuring in this method. The integration of SCADA substrates into microfluidic platforms will provide a practical tool that will extend to fundamental research and commercial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite Garcia-Hernando
- BIOMICs-Microfluidics Research Group, Microfluidics & BIOMICS Cluster UPV/EHU, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.,Analytical Microsystems & Materials for Lab-on-a-Chip (AMMa-LOAC) Group, Microfluidics & BIOMICS Cluster UPV/EHU, Analytical Chemistry Department, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Alba Calatayud-Sanchez
- BIOMICs-Microfluidics Research Group, Microfluidics & BIOMICS Cluster UPV/EHU, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Jaione Etxebarria-Elezgarai
- BIOMICs-Microfluidics Research Group, Microfluidics & BIOMICS Cluster UPV/EHU, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Marian M de Pancorbo
- BIOMICS Research Group, Microfluidics & BIOMICS Cluster UPV/EHU, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Fernando Benito-Lopez
- Analytical Microsystems & Materials for Lab-on-a-Chip (AMMa-LOAC) Group, Microfluidics & BIOMICS Cluster UPV/EHU, Analytical Chemistry Department, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Lourdes Basabe-Desmonts
- BIOMICs-Microfluidics Research Group, Microfluidics & BIOMICS Cluster UPV/EHU, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation of Science, 48013 Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
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9
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Single identical cell toxicity assay on coordinately ordered patterns. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1065:56-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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10
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McCormick S, Smith LE, Holmes AM, Tong Z, Lombi E, Voelcker NH, Priest C. Multiparameter toxicity screening on a chip: Effects of UV radiation and titanium dioxide nanoparticles on HaCaT cells. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2019; 13:044112. [PMID: 31893008 PMCID: PMC6932853 DOI: 10.1063/1.5113729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic screening is gaining attention as an efficient method for evaluating nanomaterial toxicity. Here, we consider a multiparameter treatment where nanomaterials interact with cells in the presence of a secondary exposure (UV radiation). The microfluidic device contains channels that permit immobilization of HaCaT cells (human skin cell line), delivery of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TNPs), and exposure to a known dose of UV radiation. The effect of single-parameter exposures (UV or TNP) was first studied as a benchmark, and then multiparameter toxicity (UV and TNP) at different concentrations was explored. The results demonstrate a concentration-dependent protective effect of TNP when exposed to UV irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Louise E. Smith
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes Boulevard, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Amy M. Holmes
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Ziqiu Tong
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Enzo Lombi
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes Boulevard, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | | | - Craig Priest
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes Boulevard, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
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11
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Vasilakis N, Papadimitriou KI, Morgan H, Prodromakis T. Modular Pressure and Flow Rate-Balanced Microfluidic Serial Dilution Networks for Miniaturised Point-of-Care Diagnostic Platforms. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19040911. [PMID: 30795601 PMCID: PMC6412972 DOI: 10.3390/s19040911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Fast, efficient and more importantly accurate serial dilution is a necessary requirement for most biochemical microfluidic-based quantitative diagnostic applications. Over the last two decades, a multitude of microfluidic devices has been proposed, each one demonstrating either a different type of dilution technique or complex system architecture based on various flow source and valving combinations. In this work, a novel serial dilution network architecture is demonstrated, implemented on two entirely different substrates for validation and performance characterisation. The single layer, stepwise serial diluter comprises an optimised microfluidic network, where identical dilution ratios per stage are ensured, either by applying equal pressure or equal flow rates at both inlets. The advantages of this serial diluter are twofold: Firstly, it is structured as a modular unit cell, simplifying the required fluid driving mechanism to a single source for both sample and buffer solution. Thus, this unit cell can be used as a fundamental microfluidic building block, forming multistage serial dilution cascades, once combined appropriately with itself or other similar unit cells. Secondly, the serial diluter can tolerate the inevitable flow source fluctuations, ensuring constant dilution ratios without the need to employ damping mechanisms, making it ideal for Point of Care (PoC) platforms. Proof-of-concept experiments with glucose have demonstrated good agreement between simulations and measurements, highlighting the validity of our serial diluter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Vasilakis
- Nanoelectronics & Nanotechnology Research Group, Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Konstantinos I Papadimitriou
- Nanoelectronics & Nanotechnology Research Group, Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Hywel Morgan
- Nanoelectronics & Nanotechnology Research Group, Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Themistoklis Prodromakis
- Zepler Institute for Photonics and Nanoelectronics, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
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12
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McCormick S, Tong Z, Ivask A, Morozesk M, Voelcker NH, Lombi E, Priest C. Optimization of binding B-lymphocytes in a microfluidic channel: surface modification, stasis time and shear response. Biofabrication 2017; 10:014101. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/aa9554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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13
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McCormick SC, Kriel FH, Ivask A, Tong Z, Lombi E, Voelcker NH, Priest C. The Use of Microfluidics in Cytotoxicity and Nanotoxicity Experiments. MICROMACHINES 2017. [PMCID: PMC6190054 DOI: 10.3390/mi8040124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Many unique chemical compounds and nanomaterials are being developed, and each one requires a considerable range of in vitro and/or in vivo toxicity screening in order to evaluate their safety. The current methodology of in vitro toxicological screening on cells is based on well-plate assays that require time-consuming manual handling or expensive automation to gather enough meaningful toxicology data. Cost reduction; access to faster, more comprehensive toxicity data; and a robust platform capable of quantitative testing, will be essential in evaluating the safety of new chemicals and nanomaterials, and, at the same time, in securing the confidence of regulators and end-users. Microfluidic chips offer an alternative platform for toxicity screening that has the potential to transform both the rates and efficiency of nanomaterial testing, as reviewed here. The inherent advantages of microfluidic technologies offer high-throughput screening with small volumes of analytes, parallel analyses, and low-cost fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C. McCormick
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Blvd., Mawson Lakes, 5098 SA, Australia; (S.C.M.); (F.H.K.); (A.I.); (Z.T.); (E.L.); (N.H.V.)
| | - Frederik H. Kriel
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Blvd., Mawson Lakes, 5098 SA, Australia; (S.C.M.); (F.H.K.); (A.I.); (Z.T.); (E.L.); (N.H.V.)
| | - Angela Ivask
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Blvd., Mawson Lakes, 5098 SA, Australia; (S.C.M.); (F.H.K.); (A.I.); (Z.T.); (E.L.); (N.H.V.)
| | - Ziqiu Tong
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Blvd., Mawson Lakes, 5098 SA, Australia; (S.C.M.); (F.H.K.); (A.I.); (Z.T.); (E.L.); (N.H.V.)
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, 3052 VIC, Australia
| | - Enzo Lombi
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Blvd., Mawson Lakes, 5098 SA, Australia; (S.C.M.); (F.H.K.); (A.I.); (Z.T.); (E.L.); (N.H.V.)
| | - Nicolas H. Voelcker
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Blvd., Mawson Lakes, 5098 SA, Australia; (S.C.M.); (F.H.K.); (A.I.); (Z.T.); (E.L.); (N.H.V.)
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, 3052 VIC, Australia
| | - Craig Priest
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Blvd., Mawson Lakes, 5098 SA, Australia; (S.C.M.); (F.H.K.); (A.I.); (Z.T.); (E.L.); (N.H.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-8-8302-5146
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14
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Gi HJ, Han D, Park JK. Optoelectrofluidic printing system for fabricating hydrogel sheets with on-demand patterned cells and microparticles. Biofabrication 2017; 9:015011. [PMID: 28092631 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/aa564c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a novel optoelectrofluidic printing system that facilitates not only the optoelectrofluidic patterning of microparticles and mammalian cells but also the harvesting of the patterned microparticles encapsulated within poly(ethylene glycol) dicarylate (PEGDA) hydrogel sheets. Although optoelectrofluidic technology has numerous advantages for programmable and on-demand patterning and the feasibility of manipulating single microparticles, practical applications using existing laboratory infrastructure in biological and clinical research fields have been strictly restricted due to the impossibility of recovering the final patterned product. In order to address these harvesting limitations, PEGDA was employed to utilize optoelectrofluidic printing. The Clausius-Mossotti factor was calculated to investigate the dielectrophoretic mobility of the microparticle and the cell in the PEGDA precursor solution. As a proof of concept, three basic controllabilities of the optoelectrofluidic printing system were characterized: the number of microparticles, the distance between the microparticle columns, and the ratio of two different microparticles. Furthermore, the optoelectrofluidic patterning and printing of human liver carcinoma cells (HepG2) were demonstrated in 5 min with a single-cell level of resolution. The appropriate ranges of frequency were experimentally defined based on the calculated result of the dielectrophoretic mobility of HepG2 cells. Finally, optoelectrofluidically cell-patterned hydrogel sheets were successfully recovered under a highly viable physiological condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ji Gi
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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15
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Gomyo H, Ookawa M, Oshibuchi K, Sugamura Y, Hosokawa M, Shionoiri N, Maeda Y, Matsunaga T, Tanaka T. Evaluation of a Microbial Sensor as a Tool for Antimicrobial Activity Test of Cosmetic Preservatives. Biocontrol Sci 2016; 20:247-53. [PMID: 26699856 DOI: 10.4265/bio.20.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
For high-throughput screening of novel cosmetic preservatives, a rapid and simple assay to evaluate the antimicrobial activities should be developed because the conventional agar dilution method is time-consuming and labor-intensive. To address this issue, we evaluated a microbial sensor as a tool for rapid antimicrobial activity testing. The sensor consists of an oxygen electrode and a filter membrane that holds the test microorganisms, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. The antimicrobial activity of the tested cosmetic preservative was evaluated by measuring the current increases corresponding to the decreases in oxygen consumption in the microbial respiration. The current increases detected by the sensor showed positive correlation to the concentrations of two commercially used preservatives, chlorphenesin and 2-phenoxyethanol. The same tendency was also observed when a model cosmetic product was used as a preservative solvent, indicating the feasibility in practical use. Furthermore, the microbial sensor and microfluidic flow-cell was assembled to achieve sequential measurements. The sensor system presented in this study could be useful in large-scale screening experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Gomyo
- Division of Biotechnology and Life Science, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
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16
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Sarkar S, Cohen N, Sabhachandani P, Konry T. Phenotypic drug profiling in droplet microfluidics for better targeting of drug-resistant tumors. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:4441-50. [PMID: 26456240 PMCID: PMC4666301 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00923e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Acquired drug resistance is a key factor in the failure of chemotherapy. Due to intratumoral heterogeneity, cancer cells depict variations in intracellular drug uptake and efflux at the single cell level, which may not be detectable in bulk assays. In this study we present a droplet microfluidics-based approach to assess the dynamics of drug uptake, efflux and cytotoxicity in drug-sensitive and drug-resistant breast cancer cells. An integrated droplet generation and docking microarray was utilized to encapsulate single cells as well as homotypic cell aggregates. Drug-sensitive cells showed greater death in the presence or absence of Doxorubicin (Dox) compared to the drug-resistant cells. We observed heterogeneous Dox uptake in individual drug-sensitive cells while the drug-resistant cells showed uniformly low uptake and retention. Dox-resistant cells were classified into distinct subsets based on their efflux properties. Cells that showed longer retention of extracellular reagents also demonstrated maximal death. We further observed homotypic fusion of both cell types in droplets, which resulted in increased cell survival in the presence of high doses of Dox. Our results establish the applicability of this microfluidic platform for quantitative drug screening in single cells and multicellular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sarkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, 02115 MA, USA.
| | - N Cohen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, 02115 MA, USA.
| | - P Sabhachandani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, 02115 MA, USA.
| | - T Konry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, 02115 MA, USA.
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17
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18
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Ju SM, Jang HJ, Kim KB, Kim J. High-Throughput Cytotoxicity Testing System of Acetaminophen Using a Microfluidic Device (MFD) in HepG2 Cells. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2015; 78:1063-1072. [PMID: 26241707 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2015.1068650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A lab-on-a-chip (LOC) is a microfluidic device (MFD) that integrates several lab functions into a single chip of only millimeters in size. LOC provides several advantages, such as low fluidic volumes consumption, faster analysis, compactness, and massive parallelization. These properties enable a microfluidic-based high-throughput drug screening (HTDS) system to acquire cell-based abundant cytotoxicity results depending on linear gradient concentration of drug with only few hundreds of microliters of the drug. Therefore, a microfluidic device was developed containing an array of eight separate microchambers for cultivating HepG2 cells to be exposed to eight different concentrations of acetaminophen (APAP) through a diffusive-mixing-based concentration gradient generator. Every chamber array with eight different concentrations (0, 5.7, 11.4, 17.1, 22.8, 28.5, 34.2, or 40 mM) APAP had four replicating cell culture chambers. Consequently, 32 experimental results were acquired with a single microfluidic device experiment. The microfluidic high-throughput cytotoxicity device (μHTCD) and 96-well culture system showed comparable cytotoxicity results with increasing APAP concentration of 0 to 40 mM. The HTDS system yields progressive concentration-dependent cytotoxicity results using minimal reagent and time. Data suggest that the HTDS system may be applicable as alternative method for cytotoxicity screening for new drugs in diverse cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Min Ju
- a Department of Biomedical Science , Dankook University Graduate School, Dankook University , Cheonan , Chungnam , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jun Jang
- b College of Pharmacy , Dankook University, Dankook University , Cheonan , Chungnam , Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Bong Kim
- b College of Pharmacy , Dankook University, Dankook University , Cheonan , Chungnam , Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongyun Kim
- a Department of Biomedical Science , Dankook University Graduate School, Dankook University , Cheonan , Chungnam , Republic of Korea
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19
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Cao JT, Zhang PH, Liu YM, Abdel-Halim ES, Zhu JJ. Versatile Microfluidic Platform for the Assessment of Sialic Acid Expression on Cancer Cells Using Quantum Dots with Phenylboronic Acid Tags. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:14878-14884. [PMID: 26086216 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b03519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This work describes a versatile microfluidic platform for evaluation of cell-surface glycan expression at the single-cell level using quantum dots (QDs) tagged with phenylboronic acid. The platform was integrated with dual microwell arrays, allowing the introduction of cells in two states using the same cell culture chamber. The simultaneous analysis of cells in the same environment minimized errors resulting from different culture conditions. As proof-of-concept, the expressions of sialic acid (SA) groups on K562 cells, with or without 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) treatment, were evaluated in the same chamber. 3-Aminophenylboronic acid functionalized CdSeTe@ZnS-SiO2 QDs (APBA-QDs) were prepared as probes to recognize SA groups on K562 cells with only one-step labeling. The results showed that the expression of SA moieties on K562 cells was increased by 18% and 31% after treatment with 20 and 40 μM AZT, respectively. Performing the drug treatment and control experiments simultaneously in the same chamber significantly improved the robustness and effectiveness of the assay. The strategy presented here provides an alternative tool for glycan analysis in a sensitive, high-throughput, and effective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Tao Cao
- †College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, People's Republic of China
- ‡State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng-Hui Zhang
- ‡State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Ming Liu
- †College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, People's Republic of China
| | - E S Abdel-Halim
- §Petrochemical Research Chair, Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jun-Jie Zhu
- ‡State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
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20
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Chang CW, Peng CC, Liao WH, Tung YC. Polydimethylsiloxane SlipChip for mammalian cell culture applications. Analyst 2015; 140:7355-65. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an00547g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) SlipChip for in vitro mammalian cell culture applications, including multiple-treatment assays, cell co-culture, and cytokine detection assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Wen Chang
- Research Center for Applied Sciences
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei 11529
- Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chung Peng
- Research Center for Applied Sciences
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei 11529
- Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hao Liao
- Research Center for Applied Sciences
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei 11529
- Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chung Tung
- Research Center for Applied Sciences
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei 11529
- Taiwan
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21
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Win Z, Vrla GD, Steucke KE, Sevcik EN, Hald ES, Alford PW. Smooth muscle architecture within cell-dense vascular tissues influences functional contractility. Integr Biol (Camb) 2014; 6:1201-10. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ib00193a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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22
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Johnson-Chavarria EM, Agrawal U, Tanyeri M, Kuhlman TE, Schroeder CM. Automated single cell microbioreactor for monitoring intracellular dynamics and cell growth in free solution. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:2688-97. [PMID: 24836754 PMCID: PMC4112730 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00057a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We report an automated microfluidic-based platform for single cell analysis that allows for cell culture in free solution with the ability to control the cell growth environment. Using this approach, cells are confined by the sole action of gentle fluid flow, thereby enabling non-perturbative analysis of cell growth away from solid boundaries. In addition, the single cell microbioreactor allows for precise and time-dependent control over cell culture media, with the combined ability to observe the dynamics of non-adherent cells over long time scales. As a proof-of-principle demonstration, we used the platform to observe dynamic cell growth, gene expression, and intracellular diffusion of repressor proteins while precisely tuning the cell growth environment. Overall, this microfluidic approach enables the direct observation of cellular dynamics with exquisite control over environmental conditions, which will be useful for quantifying the behaviour of single cells in well-defined media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M. Johnson-Chavarria
- Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Utsav Agrawal
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL, USA. Fax: +1 (217) 333-5052; Tel: +1 (217) 333-3906
| | - Melikhan Tanyeri
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL, USA. Fax: +1 (217) 333-5052; Tel: +1 (217) 333-3906
| | - Thomas E. Kuhlman
- Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Center for the Physics of Living Cells, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Charles M. Schroeder
- Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL, USA. Fax: +1 (217) 333-5052; Tel: +1 (217) 333-3906
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23
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Abstract
Nanomaterials, because of their tunable properties and performances, have been utilized extensively in everyday life related consumable products and technology. On exposure, beyond the physiological range, nanomaterials cause health risks via affecting the function of organisms, genomic systems, and even the central nervous system. Thus, new analytical approaches for nanotoxicity assessment to verify the feasibility of nanomaterials for future use are in demand. The conventional analytical techniques, such as spectrophotometric assay-based techniques, usually require a lengthy and time-consuming process and often produce false positives, and often cannot be implemented at a single cell level measurement for studying cell behavior without interference from its surrounding environment. Hence, there is a demand for a precise, accurate, sensitive assessment for toxicity using single cells. Recently, due to the advantages of automation of fluids and minimization of human errors, the integration of a cell-on-a-chip (CoC) with a microfluidic system is in practice for nanotoxicity assessments. This review explains nanotoxicity and its assessment approaches with advantages/limitations and new approaches to overcome the confines of traditional techniques. Recent advances in nanotoxicity assessment using a CoC integrated with a microfluidic system are also discussed in this review, which may be of use for nanotoxicity assessment and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratikkumar Shah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
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24
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Wang Z, Lee I, Jeon TJ, Kim SM. Micro-/nanofluidic device for tunable generation of a concentration gradient: application to Caenorhabditis elegans chemotaxis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:2679-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7663-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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25
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Unal M, Alapan Y, Jia H, Varga AG, Angelino K, Aslan M, Sayin I, Han C, Jiang Y, Zhang Z, Gurkan UA. Micro and Nano-Scale Technologies for Cell Mechanics. Nanobiomedicine (Rij) 2014; 1:5. [PMID: 30023016 PMCID: PMC6029242 DOI: 10.5772/59379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell mechanics is a multidisciplinary field that bridges cell biology, fundamental mechanics, and micro and nanotechnology, which synergize to help us better understand the intricacies and the complex nature of cells in their native environment. With recent advances in nanotechnology, microfabrication methods and micro-electro-mechanical-systems (MEMS), we are now well situated to tap into the complex micro world of cells. The field that brings biology and MEMS together is known as Biological MEMS (BioMEMS). BioMEMS take advantage of systematic design and fabrication methods to create platforms that allow us to study cells like never before. These new technologies have been rapidly advancing the study of cell mechanics. This review article provides a succinct overview of cell mechanics and comprehensively surveys micro and nano-scale technologies that have been specifically developed for and are relevant to the mechanics of cells. Here we focus on micro and nano-scale technologies, and their applications in biology and medicine, including imaging, single cell analysis, cancer cell mechanics, organ-on-a-chip systems, pathogen detection, implantable devices, neuroscience and neurophysiology. We also provide a perspective on the future directions and challenges of technologies that relate to the mechanics of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Unal
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Yunus Alapan
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
- Case Biomanufacturing and Microfabrication Laboratory, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Hao Jia
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Adrienn G. Varga
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Keith Angelino
- Department of Civil Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Mahmut Aslan
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
- Case Biomanufacturing and Microfabrication Laboratory, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Ismail Sayin
- Case Biomanufacturing and Microfabrication Laboratory, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Chanjuan Han
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Yanxia Jiang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Zhehao Zhang
- Department of Civil Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Umut A. Gurkan
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
- Case Biomanufacturing and Microfabrication Laboratory, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, USA
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26
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Osada K, Hosokawa M, Yoshino T, Tanaka T. Monitoring of cellular behaviors by microcavity array-based single-cell patterning. Analyst 2014; 139:425-30. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an01698f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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27
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Metto EC, Evans K, Barney P, Culbertson AH, Gunasekara DB, Caruso G, Hulvey MK, da Silva JAF, Lunte SM, Culbertson CT. An integrated microfluidic device for monitoring changes in nitric oxide production in single T-lymphocyte (Jurkat) cells. Anal Chem 2013; 85:10188-95. [PMID: 24010877 PMCID: PMC3951964 DOI: 10.1021/ac401665u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A considerable amount of attention has been focused on the analysis of single cells in an effort to better understand cell heterogeneity in cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Although microfluidic devices have several advantages for single cell analysis, few papers have actually demonstrated the ability of these devices to monitor chemical changes in perturbed biological systems. In this paper, a new microfluidic channel manifold is described that integrates cell transport, lysis, injection, electrophoretic separation, and fluorescence detection into a single device, making it possible to analyze individual cells at a rate of 10 cells/min in an automated fashion. The system was employed to measure nitric oxide (NO) production in single T-lymphocytes (Jurkat cells) using a fluorescent marker, 4-amino-5-methylamino-2',7'-difluorofluorescein diacetate (DAF-FM DA). The cells were also labeled with 6-carboxyfluorescein diacetate (6-CFDA) as an internal standard. The NO production by control cells was compared to that of cells stimulated using lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is known to cause the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in immune-type cells. Statistical analysis of the resulting electropherograms from a population of cells indicated a 2-fold increase in NO production in the induced cells. These results compare nicely to a recently published bulk cell analysis of NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve C. Metto
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Karsten Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Patrick Barney
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Anne H. Culbertson
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Dulan B. Gunasekara
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, USA
| | - Giuseppe Caruso
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, USA
- Department of Chemical Science, Section of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Catania, Italy
| | - Matthew K. Hulvey
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, USA
- Akermin, Inc. St. Louis, Missouri 63132, USA
| | - Jose Alberto Fracassi da Silva
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, USA
- Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Bioanalítica, INCTBio
| | - Susan M. Lunte
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, USA
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28
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Tran TB, Cho S, Min J. Hydrogel-based diffusion chip with Electric Cell-substrate Impedance Sensing (ECIS) integration for cell viability assay and drug toxicity screening. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 50:453-9. [PMID: 23911660 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we have provided a novel analytical integration between hydrogel-based cell chip and Electric Cell-substrate Impedance Sensing (ECIS) technique to apply to a high-throughput, real-time cell viability assay and drug screening. For simulating the drug diffusion model, we have developed a hydrogel-based tissue-mimicking structure with microfluidic channel, without unwanted flow, to generate a gradient concentration with long-term stability. Along the gradient line, four individual micro-electrodes were installed to record the impedance signal changes, which result from the cell viability under drug effects. By watching for cellular impedance changes, we successfully estimated the cytotoxicity of the treatment corresponding to the various concentration values of stimuli, generated by the diffusion process along the channel. Reliable IC50 values and time-dose relationships were also achieved. With the feature of real-time monitoring capability, the advantages of non-invasion, label-free detection, time saving and simple manipulation, our integrative device has become a promising high throughput cell-based on-chip platform for cell viability assay and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trong Binh Tran
- Nano-Bio Energy Department, Chung-Ang University, Heukseok-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
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29
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Abstract
The integration of nanohole array based plasmonic sensors into microfluidic systems has enabled the emergence of platforms with unique capabilities and a diversified palette of applications. Recent advances in fabrication techniques together with novel implementation schemes have influenced the progress of these optofluidic platforms. Here, we review the advances that nanohole array based sensors have experienced since they were first merged with microfluidics. We examine established and new fabrication methodologies that have enabled both the fabrication of nanohole arrays with improved optical attributes and a reduction in manufacturing costs. The achievements of several platforms developed to date and the significant benefits obtained from operating the nanoholes as nanochannels are also reviewed herein. Finally, we discuss future opportunities for on-chip nanohole array sensors by outlining potential applications and the use of the abilities of the nanostructures beyond the optical context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Escobedo
- Chemical Engineering Department, Queen's University, Kingston, K7L 3N6, Canada.
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30
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Horrocks MH, Rajah L, Jönsson P, Kjaergaard M, Vendruscolo M, Knowles TPJ, Klenerman D. Single-molecule measurements of transient biomolecular complexes through microfluidic dilution. Anal Chem 2013; 85:6855-9. [PMID: 23782428 PMCID: PMC3748451 DOI: 10.1021/ac4010875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Single-molecule confocal microscopy
experiments require concentrations
which are low enough to guarantee that, on average, less than one
single molecule resides in the probe volume at any given time. Such
concentrations are, however, significantly lower than the dissociation
constants of many biological complexes which can therefore dissociate
under single-molecule conditions. To address the challenge of observing
weakly bound complexes in single-molecule experiments in solution,
we have designed a microfluidic device that rapidly dilutes samples
by up to one hundred thousand times, allowing the observation of unstable
complexes before they dissociate. The device can interface with standard
biochemistry laboratory experiments and generates a spatially uniform
dilution that is stable over time allowing the quantification of the
relative concentrations of different molecular species.
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Jastrzebska E, Flis S, Rakowska A, Chudy M, Jastrzebski Z, Dybko A, Brzozka Z. A microfluidic system to study the cytotoxic effect of drugs: the combined effect of celecoxib and 5-fluorouracil on normal and cancer cells. Mikrochim Acta 2013; 180:895-901. [PMID: 23805007 PMCID: PMC3690180 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-013-1009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the response of normal and cancer cells to exposure a combination of celecoxib (Celbx) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) using a lab-on-a-chip microfluidic device. Specifically, we have tested the cytotoxic effect of Celbx on normal mouse embryo cells (Balb/c 3T3) and human lung carcinoma cells (A549). The single drugs or their combinations were adjusted to five different concentrations using a concentration gradient generator (CGG) in a single step. The results suggest that Celbx can enhanced the anticancer activity of 5-FU by stronger inhibition of cancer cell growth. We also show that the A549 cancer cells are more sensitive to Celbx than the Balb/c 3T3 normal cells. The results obtained with the microfluidic system were compared to those obtained with a macroscale in vitro cell culture method. In our opinion, the microfluidic system represents a unique approach for an evaluation of cellular response to multidrug exposure that also is more simple than respective microwell plate assays. Figureᅟ
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Jastrzebska
- Department of Microbioanalytics, Institute of Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
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Mu X, Zheng W, Sun J, Zhang W, Jiang X. Microfluidics for manipulating cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:9-21. [PMID: 22933509 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201200996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidics, a toolbox comprising methods for precise manipulation of fluids at small length scales (micrometers to millimeters), has become useful for manipulating cells. Its uses range from dynamic management of cellular interactions to high-throughput screening of cells, and to precise analysis of chemical contents in single cells. Microfluidics demonstrates a completely new perspective and an excellent practical way to manipulate cells for solving various needs in biology and medicine. This review introduces and comments on recent achievements and challenges of using microfluidics to manipulate and analyze cells. It is believed that microfluidics will assume an even greater role in the mechanistic understanding of cell biology and, eventually, in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Mu
- Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Center for NanoScience and Technology, No. 11, Beiyitiao, ZhongGuanCun, Beijing 100190, PR China
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33
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Chen Q, Wu J, Zhang Y, Lin Z, Lin JM. Targeted isolation and analysis of single tumor cells with aptamer-encoded microwell array on microfluidic device. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:5180-5. [PMID: 23108418 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40858a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic-based single cells analysis has been of great interest in recent years, promising disease diagnosis and personalized medicine. Current technologies are challenging in bioselectively isolating specific single cells from complex matrices. Herein, a novel microfluidic platform integrated with cell-recognizable aptamer-encoded microwells was specifically developed to isolate single tumor cells with satisfied single-cell occupancy and unique bioselectivity. In this work, the designed microwell-structures enable us to encourage strong 3D local topographic interactions of the target cell surface with biomolecules and regulate the single-cell resolution. Under the optimized size of microwells, the single-cell occupancy was significantly enhanced from 0.5% to 88.2% through the introduction of the aptamer. Analysis of the target cells was directly performed in short time periods (<5.0 min) with small volumes (4.5 μL). Importantly, such an aptamer-enabled microfluidic device shows an excellent selectivity for target single cells isolation compared with three control cells. Subsequently, targeted isolation and analysis of single tumor cells were demonstrated by using artificial complex cell samples at simulated conditions, and various cellular carboxylesterases were studied by time-course measurements of cellular fluorescence kinetics at individual-cell level. Thus, our technique will open up a new opportunity in single-cell level-based disease diagnosis and personalize medicine screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiushui Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Method and Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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Trouillon R, Passarelli MK, Wang J, Kurczy ME, Ewing AG. Chemical Analysis of Single Cells. Anal Chem 2012; 85:522-42. [DOI: 10.1021/ac303290s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Trouillon
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Chemistry and Molecular
Biology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Melissa K. Passarelli
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Chemistry and Molecular
Biology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jun Wang
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Chemistry and Molecular
Biology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Michael E. Kurczy
- Chalmers University, Department of Chemistry
and Biological Engineering, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrew G. Ewing
- University of Gothenburg, Department of Chemistry and Molecular
Biology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Chalmers University, Department of Chemistry
and Biological Engineering, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Cao JT, Chen ZX, Hao XY, Zhang PH, Zhu JJ. Quantum Dots-Based Immunofluorescent Microfluidic Chip for the Analysis of Glycan Expression at Single-Cells. Anal Chem 2012; 84:10097-104. [DOI: 10.1021/ac302609y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Tao Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P.R. China
| | - Zi-Xuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Yao Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P.R. China
| | - Peng-Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Jie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P.R. China
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36
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Luo Y, Wang C, Hossain M, Qiao Y, Ma L, An J, Su M. Three-Dimensional Microtissue Assay for High-Throughput Cytotoxicity of Nanoparticles. Anal Chem 2012; 84:6731-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac301191j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Luo
- Department
of Laboratory Medicine,
Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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37
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Gao D, Liu H, Jiang Y, Lin JM, Gao D, Liu H, Jiang Y. Recent developments in microfluidic devices for in vitro cell culture for cell-biology research. Trends Analyt Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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38
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Oh KW, Lee K, Ahn B, Furlani EP. Design of pressure-driven microfluidic networks using electric circuit analogy. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:515-45. [PMID: 22179505 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc20799k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews the application of electric circuit methods for the analysis of pressure-driven microfluidic networks with an emphasis on concentration- and flow-dependent systems. The application of circuit methods to microfluidics is based on the analogous behaviour of hydraulic and electric circuits with correlations of pressure to voltage, volumetric flow rate to current, and hydraulic to electric resistance. Circuit analysis enables rapid predictions of pressure-driven laminar flow in microchannels and is very useful for designing complex microfluidic networks in advance of fabrication. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the physics of pressure-driven laminar flow, the formal analogy between electric and hydraulic circuits, applications of circuit theory to microfluidic network-based devices, recent development and applications of concentration- and flow-dependent microfluidic networks, and promising future applications. The lab-on-a-chip (LOC) and microfluidics community will gain insightful ideas and practical design strategies for developing unique microfluidic network-based devices to address a broad range of biological, chemical, pharmaceutical, and other scientific and technical challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang W Oh
- SMALL (Sensors and MicroActuators Learning Lab), Department of Electrical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York at Buffalo (SUNY-Buffalo), New York 14260, USA.
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